Every high priest
The term "high priest" in Greek is "archiereus," which denotes the chief religious leader among the Israelites. Historically, the high priest held a significant role in the Jewish religious system, serving as the primary mediator between God and the people. This position was established by God through the lineage of Aaron, as seen in the Old Testament. The high priest's duties were central to the Day of Atonement, where he entered the Holy of Holies to offer sacrifices for the people's sins. This role foreshadows the ultimate high priesthood of Jesus Christ, who mediates a new covenant.

is appointed
The Greek word "kathistemi" means to set down, establish, or appoint. This indicates that the high priest's role is not self-assumed but divinely ordained. In the Old Testament, God specifically chose the tribe of Levi and the family of Aaron for the priesthood, emphasizing that spiritual leadership is a calling from God, not a position of personal ambition. This divine appointment underscores the sacredness and responsibility of the high priest's duties.

from among men
The phrase highlights the humanity of the high priest. He is chosen from the people he represents, sharing in their weaknesses and experiences. This is crucial because it allows the high priest to empathize with those he serves. In the context of Jesus, this phrase takes on profound significance, as He, though divine, took on human flesh to fully identify with humanity, making His priesthood both relatable and effective.

to represent them
The Greek term "hyper" means on behalf of or for the sake of. The high priest acts as an intermediary, standing in the gap between a holy God and sinful humanity. This representation is not merely ceremonial but deeply relational, as the high priest carries the people's needs, sins, and offerings before God. This anticipates Christ's role as our advocate before the Father, interceding on our behalf.

in matters relating to God
This phrase encompasses all spiritual and religious duties that connect humanity with the divine. The high priest's responsibilities include teaching the law, leading worship, and performing sacrifices. These duties are sacred, as they maintain the covenant relationship between God and His people. In Christ, we see the fulfillment of these duties, as He perfectly bridges the gap between God and man.

to offer gifts and sacrifices
The Greek words "dora" (gifts) and "thysia" (sacrifices) refer to the offerings presented to God. Gifts often symbolize thanksgiving and devotion, while sacrifices are primarily for atonement and reconciliation. The high priest's role in offering these is central to maintaining the spiritual health of the community. Jesus, as our high priest, offered Himself as the ultimate sacrifice, fulfilling and surpassing the Old Testament sacrificial system.

for sins
Sin, in the biblical context, is any action, thought, or attitude that falls short of God's holiness. The high priest's primary duty was to address the sin problem through sacrifices, which temporarily covered the people's sins. However, these sacrifices pointed to the need for a perfect, once-for-all sacrifice. Jesus' atoning death on the cross accomplished what the blood of bulls and goats could not, providing complete forgiveness and reconciliation with God.

He is able to deal gently
The phrase "He is able to deal gently" is derived from the Greek word "metriopathein," which means to moderate one's feelings or to show compassion. This term is significant in the context of the high priest's role, emphasizing the balance between justice and mercy. Historically, the high priest in Israel was expected to embody this balance, serving as a mediator between God and the people. The ability to deal gently is not just a passive trait but an active, compassionate engagement with others, reflecting the heart of Christ, our ultimate High Priest, who understands human frailty.

with those who are ignorant and misguided
The words "ignorant and misguided" refer to those who sin out of lack of knowledge or understanding. In the Old Testament, there were provisions for sins committed in ignorance (Leviticus 4:2, Numbers 15:22-29), highlighting God's grace and the need for atonement even when sin is not deliberate. The Greek terms "agnoousin" (ignorant) and "planōmenois" (misguided) suggest a wandering or straying from the path, akin to sheep without a shepherd. This imagery is powerful, reminding us of Jesus' parable of the lost sheep (Luke 15:3-7) and His mission to seek and save the lost.

since he himself is beset by weakness
The phrase "since he himself is beset by weakness" underscores the humanity of the high priest, who shares in the frailties and limitations of those he serves. The Greek word "perikeitai" (beset) conveys the idea of being surrounded or encircled, indicating that weakness is an inherent part of the human condition. This acknowledgment of shared weakness fosters empathy and understanding, essential qualities for a compassionate mediator. In the broader scriptural context, this points to Jesus, who, though without sin, took on human weakness to fully identify with us (Hebrews 4:15), offering a perfect model of empathy and intercession.

That is why
This phrase connects the current verse to the preceding context, emphasizing the reason or purpose behind the actions described. In the broader context of Hebrews, the author is discussing the role of the high priest. The Greek phrase "διὰ τοῦτο" (dia touto) indicates a causal relationship, pointing back to the human weaknesses and limitations of the high priest, which necessitate the actions that follow.

he is obligated
The Greek word "ὀφείλει" (opheilei) conveys a sense of duty or necessity. This obligation is not merely a suggestion but a requirement placed upon the high priest. In the Levitical system, the high priest had a divinely mandated role to mediate between God and the people, highlighting the seriousness and sacredness of his duties.

to offer sacrifices
The act of offering sacrifices is central to the priestly function. The Greek term "προσφέρειν" (prospherein) means to bring or present, often in a religious context. Sacrifices were a fundamental aspect of the Old Testament covenant, serving as a means of atonement and reconciliation with God. This practice underscores the gravity of sin and the need for a mediator.

for his own sins
This phrase highlights the humanity and imperfection of the high priest. Unlike Christ, who is sinless, the earthly high priests were themselves sinners. The Greek "ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ" (hyper heautou) indicates that the high priest must first address his own sinfulness before interceding for others. This requirement underscores the limitations of the Levitical priesthood and foreshadows the need for a perfect, sinless high priest in Jesus Christ.

as well as for the sins of the people
The high priest's role extended beyond personal atonement to include the entire community. The Greek "καὶ ὑπὲρ τῶν τοῦ λαοῦ" (kai hyper tōn tou laou) emphasizes the collective responsibility and the priest's intercessory role. This dual responsibility illustrates the comprehensive nature of the priestly office and the communal aspect of sin and redemption in the Old Testament.

And no one takes this honor upon himself
This phrase emphasizes the divine calling and appointment necessary for the priesthood. The Greek word for "honor" (τιμή, timē) implies a value or worth that is not self-assumed but conferred by God. Historically, the priesthood in Israel was not a position one could aspire to through personal ambition or self-selection. It was a sacred office, divinely instituted, as seen in the appointment of Aaron and his descendants (Exodus 28:1). This underscores the principle that spiritual leadership is a calling from God, not a career choice.

he must be called by God
The necessity of being "called by God" (καλούμενος ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ, kaloumenos hypo tou Theou) is a central theme in understanding the legitimacy of spiritual authority. The calling is not merely an internal feeling but an external confirmation and appointment by God. This reflects the Old Testament pattern where God explicitly called individuals to serve as priests, prophets, or kings. The calling of Moses at the burning bush (Exodus 3) and the anointing of David by Samuel (1 Samuel 16) are prime examples of divine selection and appointment.

just as Aaron was
Aaron's calling as the first high priest of Israel (Exodus 28:1) serves as the archetype for all subsequent priestly appointments. The mention of Aaron highlights the continuity of God's plan and the importance of divine ordination. Aaron's selection was not based on personal merit but on God's sovereign choice, setting a precedent for understanding the priesthood as a divinely instituted office. This also points to the New Testament fulfillment in Christ, who, like Aaron, was appointed by God to be the ultimate High Priest, as elaborated in Hebrews 5:5-6.

So also Christ
The phrase "So also Christ" connects the role of Jesus to the preceding discussion about the high priesthood. The Greek word for "Christ" is "Χριστός" (Christos), meaning "Anointed One." This title signifies Jesus' divine appointment and mission. In the context of Hebrews, it emphasizes that Jesus, like the high priests of old, was chosen by God, not self-appointed. This highlights the humility and obedience of Christ, aligning with the broader biblical narrative of Jesus as the obedient Son who fulfills God's redemptive plan.

did not take upon Himself the glory
The phrase underscores the humility of Christ. The Greek word for "glory" is "δόξα" (doxa), often associated with divine honor and majesty. Jesus did not seek this glory for Himself, reflecting Philippians 2:6-7, where He "did not consider equality with God something to be grasped." This selflessness is central to the Christian understanding of Jesus' character and mission, serving as a model for believers to emulate humility and submission to God's will.

of becoming a high priest
The role of the high priest in Jewish tradition was one of mediation between God and the people, offering sacrifices for sin. The Greek term "ἀρχιερεύς" (archiereus) is used here, indicating a position of significant religious authority. Jesus' priesthood, however, is unique and superior, as it is eternal and based on the order of Melchizedek, as later explained in Hebrews. This highlights the fulfillment and transcendence of the Old Covenant through Christ's perfect sacrifice.

but He was called by the One
This phrase emphasizes divine initiative and calling. The Greek word "καλέω" (kaleo) means "to call" or "to appoint." It signifies that Jesus' priesthood was not self-assumed but divinely ordained. This calling by God the Father underscores the Trinitarian relationship and the divine plan of salvation, reinforcing the legitimacy and authority of Jesus' priesthood.

who said to Him, 'You are My Son; today I have become Your Father.'
This quotation is from Psalm 2:7, a messianic psalm that speaks of the coronation of God's anointed king. The phrase "You are My Son" affirms Jesus' divine sonship and unique relationship with the Father. The Greek word "υἱός" (huios) for "Son" denotes a special status and intimacy. "Today I have become Your Father" signifies a moment of divine declaration and affirmation, often interpreted as referring to Jesus' resurrection and exaltation. This highlights the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy and the establishment of Jesus' eternal priesthood and kingship, offering believers assurance of His sovereign rule and intercession.

You are a priest forever
This phrase emphasizes the eternal nature of Christ's priesthood. The Greek word for "priest" here is "hiereus," which signifies one who offers sacrifices and mediates between God and humanity. Unlike the Levitical priests who served temporarily, Christ's priesthood is perpetual, underscoring His divine nature and the permanence of His intercession for believers. The word "forever" (Greek: "eis ton aiona") indicates an unending duration, highlighting the eternal security and salvation found in Christ.

in the order of Melchizedek
Melchizedek is a mysterious figure who appears in Genesis 14:18-20 as both a king and priest. The phrase "in the order of Melchizedek" (Greek: "kata ten taxin Melchisedek") suggests a priesthood that is distinct from the Aaronic line, characterized by righteousness and peace. Melchizedek's priesthood predates the Levitical system, symbolizing a superior and more ancient order. This connection to Melchizedek points to Christ's unique and sovereign priesthood, which is not based on ancestry or law but on the power of an indestructible life, as further explained in Hebrews 7:16. This highlights the fulfillment of God's plan through Christ, who is both King and Priest, offering a perfect and eternal sacrifice for sin.

During the days of Jesus’ earthly life
This phrase situates the reader in the historical context of Jesus' incarnation. The Greek word for "days" (ἡμέραι) emphasizes the temporal, human experience of Jesus. His "earthly life" underscores the reality of the Incarnation, where the divine Word became flesh (John 1:14). This period is marked by Jesus' full participation in human suffering and limitation, highlighting His empathy and solidarity with humanity.

He offered up prayers and petitions
The Greek word for "prayers" (δεήσεις) and "petitions" (ἱκετηρίας) conveys a sense of earnest supplication. This reflects Jesus' deep dependence on the Father, modeling a life of prayer that is fervent and sincere. The act of "offering up" suggests a sacrificial element, aligning with the priestly theme of Hebrews, where Jesus is both the High Priest and the offering.

with loud cries and tears
This vivid description captures the intensity and emotional depth of Jesus' prayers. The "loud cries" (κραυγῆς) and "tears" (δακρύων) indicate a profound level of anguish and earnestness, reminiscent of His prayer in Gethsemane (Matthew 26:36-39). It reveals Jesus' full engagement with human emotion and suffering, emphasizing His genuine humanity.

to the One who could save Him from death
This phrase acknowledges God's sovereign power over life and death. The Greek word for "save" (σῴζειν) implies deliverance and preservation. While Jesus faced the reality of death, His trust was in the Father’s ability to deliver, whether through resurrection or divine intervention. This reflects a deep faith in God's ultimate plan and power.

and He was heard because of His reverence
The Greek word for "heard" (εἰσακουσθείς) suggests that Jesus' prayers were received and acknowledged by God. His "reverence" (εὐλάβεια) denotes a profound respect and piety, highlighting the relational aspect of His prayer life. This reverence is not merely ritualistic but stems from a deep, abiding relationship with the Father, serving as a model for believers in their own prayer lives.

Although He was a Son
This phrase emphasizes the divine sonship of Jesus Christ. The Greek word for "Son" here is "υἱός" (huios), which signifies not just any son, but a unique and beloved one, indicating a special relationship with God the Father. In the historical context of the New Testament, sonship implied inheritance and authority. Jesus, being the Son, inherently possessed divine authority and privilege. Yet, His willingness to take on human form and experience human suffering underscores His humility and obedience. This phrase reminds us of the mystery of the Incarnation, where Jesus, fully God, also became fully man, bridging the divine and human realms.

He learned obedience
The Greek word for "learned" is "ἔμαθεν" (emathen), which implies acquiring knowledge or understanding through experience. This does not suggest that Jesus was previously disobedient or ignorant, but rather that He experienced the full depth of obedience through His human life. The concept of learning here is tied to experiential knowledge, highlighting that Jesus, though divine, fully embraced the human condition, including the process of learning through lived experience. This serves as an inspirational model for believers, showing that obedience to God is a journey that involves growth and experience.

from what He suffered
The Greek word for "suffered" is "ἔπαθεν" (epathen), which encompasses not only physical pain but also emotional and spiritual trials. This phrase points to the reality of Jesus' earthly life, where He faced temptation, rejection, and ultimately, the crucifixion. Historically, suffering was often seen as a test of character and faith. In the context of Jesus' life, His suffering was not only a test but also a means through which He fully identified with humanity. This aspect of His life is crucial for understanding the depth of His empathy and love for mankind. It also serves as a powerful reminder that suffering, while difficult, can be a profound teacher, shaping us into the likeness of Christ and deepening our obedience to God.

And having been made perfect
The phrase "having been made perfect" is derived from the Greek word "τελειωθείς" (teleiotheis), which implies a process of completion or reaching a state of full maturity. In the context of Jesus Christ, this does not suggest that He was imperfect at any point, but rather that through His sufferings and obedience, He fully accomplished the mission for which He was sent. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of a high priest who must be fully consecrated and complete in his role to intercede for the people. Jesus, through His life, death, and resurrection, perfectly fulfilled the requirements of the Messiah, becoming the ultimate High Priest.

He became the source
The term "source" in Greek is "αἴτιος" (aitios), which can also mean cause or author. This indicates that Jesus is not merely a conduit but the originator of salvation. In a historical context, this aligns with the understanding of Jesus as the Logos, the divine reason and creative order, as described in John 1:1-3. As the source, Jesus is the wellspring from which the gift of salvation flows, emphasizing His divine authority and preeminence in the salvation narrative.

of eternal salvation
"Eternal salvation" speaks to the everlasting nature of the salvation that Jesus provides. The Greek word for eternal, "αἰώνιος" (aionios), signifies not just unending time but a quality of life that is divine and transcendent. This salvation is not temporary or conditional but is a permanent state of being reconciled with God. Scripturally, this reflects the promises of the Old Testament, where God’s covenant with His people was intended to be everlasting, now fulfilled in Christ.

to all who obey Him
The phrase "to all who obey Him" underscores the necessity of obedience in the Christian faith. The Greek word for obey, "ὑπακούω" (hypakouo), means to listen attentively and to follow. This obedience is not merely about following rules but is a response of faith and trust in Jesus as Lord. Historically, this reflects the covenant relationship between God and His people, where obedience was a sign of faithfulness and love. In the New Testament context, it emphasizes that salvation, while a gift, requires a response of commitment and discipleship, aligning one's life with the teachings and example of Christ.

and was designated
The phrase "and was designated" indicates a divine appointment. The Greek word used here is "prosagoreuō," which means to be named or called. This highlights the authority and intentionality of God in appointing Jesus to His role. It underscores the idea that Jesus did not assume this position on His own but was chosen by God, emphasizing His obedience and submission to the Father's will. This divine designation assures believers of the legitimacy and divine approval of Christ's priesthood.

by God
The phrase "by God" emphasizes the source of Jesus' priesthood. It was not a human decision or a result of lineage, as was the case with the Levitical priests. Instead, it was a direct appointment from God Himself. This divine selection sets Jesus apart from the traditional priesthood and establishes His unique and eternal role. It reassures believers that their faith is anchored in a priesthood that is divinely ordained and not subject to human frailty or corruption.

as high priest
The term "high priest" refers to the supreme religious leader in the Jewish tradition, responsible for making atonement for the people's sins. In Greek, "archiereus" is used, which combines "archi" (chief) and "hiereus" (priest). Jesus' role as high priest signifies His ultimate authority and responsibility in mediating between God and humanity. Unlike the Levitical high priests, who had to offer sacrifices repeatedly, Jesus' sacrifice was once and for all, perfect and complete, providing eternal redemption.

in the order of Melchizedek
The phrase "in the order of Melchizedek" is crucial for understanding the nature of Jesus' priesthood. Melchizedek, whose name means "king of righteousness," appears in Genesis 14 as a mysterious figure who is both a king and a priest. The order of Melchizedek is distinct from the Levitical priesthood, as it is not based on ancestry or the Law but on an eternal and divine appointment. This order signifies a priesthood that is timeless and universal, transcending the limitations of the old covenant. Jesus, as a priest in this order, fulfills the roles of both king and priest, offering a perfect and eternal intercession for believers. This connection to Melchizedek assures Christians of the sufficiency and supremacy of Christ's priesthood, which is not bound by the temporal and imperfect systems of the world.

We have much to say about this
This phrase indicates the depth and richness of the subject matter the author wishes to convey. The Greek word for "much" (πολύς, polys) suggests an abundance or a great deal of information. The context here is the discussion of Jesus as the high priest in the order of Melchizedek, a profound theological concept that requires deep understanding. Historically, the role of the high priest was central to Jewish religious life, and the author is eager to expound on how Christ fulfills and surpasses this role.

but it is hard to explain
The Greek word for "hard to explain" (δυσερμήνευτος, dyshermēneutos) implies difficulty in interpretation or understanding. This difficulty is not due to the complexity of the subject alone but also the spiritual maturity required to grasp it. The author acknowledges the challenge in communicating these deep truths, which require not just intellectual comprehension but spiritual insight. This reflects the broader biblical theme that spiritual truths are discerned spiritually (1 Corinthians 2:14).

because you are dull of hearing
The phrase "dull of hearing" (νωθρός, nōthros) suggests sluggishness or laziness in listening. This is not a physical inability to hear but a spiritual condition of the heart. The historical context reveals that the original audience, likely Jewish Christians, were struggling with reverting to old covenant practices and were not fully embracing the new covenant realities in Christ. This spiritual dullness is a warning against complacency and a call to awaken to the deeper truths of the faith. The author is urging the readers to move beyond elementary teachings and mature in their understanding, echoing the call to spiritual growth found throughout Scripture (e.g., 2 Peter 3:18).

In fact
This phrase serves as a transition, emphasizing the reality of the situation being addressed. The Greek word here is "γάρ" (gar), which often introduces an explanation or reason. It underscores the seriousness of the author's concern for the spiritual maturity of the audience.

though by this time
The phrase indicates a period that has elapsed, suggesting that the recipients of the letter have had ample opportunity to grow in their faith. The Greek word "χρόνος" (chronos) refers to a measurable period, highlighting that spiritual growth is expected over time.

you ought to be teachers
This phrase implies a level of maturity and understanding that the recipients should have achieved. The Greek word "διδάσκαλοι" (didaskaloi) refers to those who instruct others, suggesting that every believer is called to a level of maturity where they can share and teach the faith.

you need someone to reteach you
The need for reteaching indicates a regression or stagnation in spiritual growth. The Greek word "πάλιν" (palin) means "again," emphasizing the repetitive nature of the instruction required. This highlights the importance of foundational truths in the Christian faith.

the basic principles of God’s word
This phrase refers to the elementary teachings or foundational truths of Christianity. The Greek term "στοιχεῖα" (stoicheia) can mean "elements" or "rudiments," suggesting the fundamental doctrines that are essential for further growth.

You need milk
Milk symbolizes the basic, elementary teachings suitable for new believers. The Greek word "γάλα" (gala) is used metaphorically to describe simple, easily digestible teachings. This imagery is consistent with other scriptural references to spiritual nourishment.

not solid food
Solid food represents deeper, more complex teachings meant for mature believers. The Greek word "στερεά τροφή" (sterea trophe) implies sustenance that requires more effort to digest, symbolizing advanced understanding and application of God’s word.

For everyone who lives on milk
The phrase "lives on milk" metaphorically refers to spiritual immaturity. In the context of the early Christian church, milk symbolizes the basic teachings of the faith, akin to the nourishment given to infants. The Greek word for "milk" (γάλα, gala) is used here to contrast with solid food, representing deeper, more complex doctrines. Historically, milk was a staple for infants, indicating a stage of growth that is necessary but not sufficient for maturity. Spiritually, this suggests that believers must progress beyond foundational teachings to fully develop in their faith.

is still an infant
The term "infant" (νήπιος, nēpios) in Greek denotes someone who is not yet mature, both physically and spiritually. In the early church, this would have been understood as a call to growth and maturity in understanding and living out the Christian faith. The use of "infant" emphasizes the need for believers to grow beyond the initial stages of their spiritual journey. Historically, the early Christian community faced challenges that required mature faith, such as persecution and doctrinal disputes, making spiritual maturity essential.

inexperienced in the message of righteousness
The word "inexperienced" (ἄπειρος, apeiros) suggests a lack of skill or understanding. In the context of Hebrews, it implies that those who are spiritually immature have not yet fully grasped or practiced the deeper truths of the faith. The "message of righteousness" refers to the teachings about living a life that is pleasing to God, rooted in the righteousness that comes through faith in Christ. Scripturally, righteousness is a central theme, emphasizing a life transformed by the Holy Spirit. The early church would have understood this as a call to live out their faith in practical, everyday actions, reflecting the character of Christ in a world that often opposed Christian values.

But solid food
The phrase "solid food" refers to the deeper, more complex teachings of the Christian faith. In the Greek, the word for "solid" (στερεός, stereos) implies something firm and steadfast. This contrasts with "milk," which is used earlier in Hebrews to describe basic teachings. Solid food represents the advanced doctrines that require a mature understanding and a firm foundation in faith. Historically, this distinction between milk and solid food underscores the need for believers to grow beyond the elementary principles and delve into the richness of God's Word.

is for the mature
"Mature" (τέλειος, teleios) in Greek conveys the idea of completeness or perfection. It suggests a spiritual maturity that comes with time, experience, and dedication to the faith. In the context of the early church, maturity was not just about age but about spiritual growth and the ability to apply God's Word in life. This maturity is a goal for all believers, indicating a journey toward becoming more Christ-like.

who by constant use
The phrase "constant use" (ἕξις, hexis) implies a habitual practice or exercise. It suggests that maturity in faith is not a one-time achievement but a continuous process. The early Christians would have understood this as a call to regularly engage with Scripture, prayer, and community life. This ongoing practice is essential for developing spiritual discernment and strength.

have trained their senses
"Trained" (γυμνάζω, gymnazo) is a term borrowed from the athletic world, meaning to exercise or discipline. It indicates that spiritual maturity requires effort and discipline, much like an athlete training for a competition. The "senses" (αἰσθητήριον, aistheterion) refer to the faculties of perception, both physical and spiritual. This training involves sharpening one's ability to perceive and understand spiritual truths.

to distinguish good from evil
The ability "to distinguish" (διάκρισις, diakrisis) is a critical aspect of spiritual maturity. It involves discernment, the capacity to judge and separate what is good (καλός, kalos) from what is evil (κακός, kakos). In a historical context, this discernment was crucial for early Christians navigating a world filled with false teachings and moral challenges. The call to distinguish good from evil is timeless, urging believers to apply their understanding of God's Word to make wise and righteous decisions in their daily lives.