Then Samuel said to Saul
This phrase introduces the prophet Samuel, a pivotal figure in Israel's history, acting as God's mouthpiece. Samuel's role as a prophet is crucial, as he bridges the period of the judges and the monarchy. The Hebrew root for "said" (אָמַר, 'amar) implies a declaration or command, emphasizing the authority with which Samuel speaks. Saul, the first king of Israel, is addressed directly, highlighting the personal nature of God's communication through His prophets.

The LORD sent me
The phrase underscores divine commissioning. The Hebrew word for "sent" (שָׁלַח, shalach) conveys a mission or purpose. Samuel's authority is not self-derived but is a direct mandate from Yahweh, the covenantal name of God, indicating the seriousness and divine origin of the message. This reflects the biblical theme of God choosing and sending His servants to fulfill His purposes.

to anoint you king
Anointing in the Hebrew context (מָשַׁח, mashach) signifies consecration and setting apart for a holy purpose. Saul's anointing as king is not merely a political act but a spiritual one, indicating God's selection and empowerment for leadership. This act of anointing foreshadows the ultimate anointed one, the Messiah, and highlights the sacred nature of kingship in Israel.

over His people Israel
This phrase emphasizes God's ownership and covenant relationship with Israel. The term "His people" reflects the special status of Israel as God's chosen nation, bound by the covenant at Sinai. Historically, this underscores the theocratic nature of Israel's monarchy, where the king is to rule under God's authority and guidance.

Now, therefore, listen
The call to "listen" (שָׁמַע, shama) is more than just hearing; it implies obedience and attentiveness to God's commands. This imperative sets the stage for the critical instructions that follow, highlighting the importance of obedience in the biblical narrative. Listening to God is a recurring theme, emphasizing the relationship between divine command and human response.

to the words of the LORD
The "words of the LORD" (דְּבָרִים, devarim) are not mere suggestions but divine decrees. This phrase underscores the authority and power of God's spoken word, which is central to the biblical understanding of revelation. The historical context here is crucial, as Israel's kings were expected to lead according to God's law, and deviation from His words often led to dire consequences.

This is what the LORD of Hosts says
The phrase "LORD of Hosts" is a translation of the Hebrew "Yahweh Sabaoth," which emphasizes God's supreme command over the heavenly armies and His sovereign authority over all creation. This title underscores God's power and His role as a divine warrior who fights for His people. In the context of 1 Samuel, it reminds the reader of God's ultimate authority and His ability to execute judgment and deliverance. The use of this title sets the stage for the seriousness of the command that follows, indicating that it is not merely a human directive but a divine mandate.

I witnessed
The Hebrew root for "witnessed" is "ra'ah," which means to see or perceive. This word conveys the idea that God is not distant or uninvolved but is actively observing the actions of nations and individuals. It reassures believers that God is aware of injustices and wrongs, and He will act in His perfect timing. This divine observation is a reminder of God's omniscience and His intimate involvement in the affairs of humanity.

what the Amalekites did
The Amalekites were a nomadic tribe, descendants of Esau, who were perennial enemies of Israel. Historically, they are known for their unprovoked attack on the Israelites shortly after the Exodus, as recorded in Exodus 17:8-16. This phrase highlights the longstanding enmity between the Amalekites and the Israelites, and it sets the context for God's command to Saul. The Amalekites' actions are seen as an affront not only to Israel but to God Himself, warranting divine retribution.

to the Israelites
The term "Israelites" refers to the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel. This phrase emphasizes the covenant relationship between God and His chosen people. The Israelites are not just any nation; they are the people through whom God has chosen to reveal Himself and His purposes. This covenantal relationship means that any attack on Israel is an attack on God's promises and His plan for redemption.

when they waylaid them
The word "waylaid" suggests a surprise attack or ambush, indicating the treacherous and cowardly nature of the Amalekites' assault. This action is condemned because it was not a fair or honorable engagement in battle but a deceitful and opportunistic attack on a vulnerable people. It reflects the moral depravity of the Amalekites and justifies the severe judgment that God is about to pronounce.

on their way up from Egypt
This phrase refers to the period of the Exodus when the Israelites were journeying from slavery in Egypt to the Promised Land. It was a formative time for the nation of Israel, marked by God's miraculous deliverance and provision. The attack by the Amalekites during this critical period is seen as an attempt to thwart God's redemptive plan and to destroy His people at a time when they were most vulnerable. This historical context underscores the gravity of the Amalekites' sin and the necessity of divine justice.

Now go
The phrase "Now go" is a direct command from God to Saul, indicating urgency and divine authority. The Hebrew word for "go" is "לֵךְ" (lekh), which is an imperative form, emphasizing immediate action. This command reflects God's sovereign will and the expectation of obedience from His chosen leader. In the broader biblical narrative, God often calls His people to action, requiring faith and trust in His plans.

attack the Amalekites
The Amalekites were a nomadic tribe, historically known as persistent enemies of Israel. The Hebrew root for "Amalekites" is "עֲמָלֵק" (Amalek), which is associated with hardship and toil. Historically, the Amalekites first attacked the Israelites at Rephidim (Exodus 17:8-16), and God declared perpetual enmity against them. This command to attack is not merely a military directive but a fulfillment of divine justice against a people who opposed God's purposes.

devote to destruction
The phrase "devote to destruction" is translated from the Hebrew word "חֵרֶם" (cherem), which means to ban, exterminate, or consecrate for destruction. This concept is rooted in the idea of something being set apart for God, often through complete destruction, as a form of divine judgment. It underscores the seriousness of sin and the holiness of God, who cannot tolerate evil. This act was meant to purify the land and demonstrate God's justice.

all that belongs to them
This phrase indicates the totality of the destruction commanded by God. The Hebrew word "כֹּל" (kol) means "all" or "everything," signifying that nothing was to be spared. This comprehensive destruction was intended to remove any trace of Amalekite influence and prevent future corruption of Israel. It serves as a reminder of the consequences of sin and the importance of complete obedience to God's commands.

Do not spare them
The command "Do not spare them" reinforces the totality of the judgment. The Hebrew word "תַּחְמֹל" (tachmol) means "to spare" or "to have compassion." In this context, it highlights the necessity of carrying out God's judgment without personal bias or emotional interference. It challenges believers to prioritize God's will above human sentiment, recognizing His perfect justice.

put to death men and women, children and infants
This difficult command reflects the severity of God's judgment against the Amalekites. The inclusion of "men and women, children and infants" emphasizes the complete eradication of the Amalekite identity. While challenging to understand, it serves as a sobering reminder of the seriousness of sin and the lengths to which God will go to protect His covenant people. It also foreshadows the ultimate judgment and the need for redemption through Christ.

oxen and sheep, camels and donkeys
The inclusion of "oxen and sheep, camels and donkeys" in the command to destroy highlights the comprehensive nature of the judgment. These animals represented wealth and sustenance, and their destruction signified the total dismantling of the Amalekite society. It serves as a reminder that material possessions and earthly wealth are fleeting and that obedience to God is of utmost importance. This command also underscores the principle that nothing should be kept that could lead to future disobedience or idolatry.

So Saul summoned the troops
The phrase "So Saul summoned the troops" indicates a decisive action taken by King Saul in response to God's command through the prophet Samuel. The Hebrew root for "summoned" is קָרָא (qara), which means to call or proclaim. This action reflects Saul's role as a leader and his responsibility to mobilize Israel's military forces. Historically, this summoning would involve sending messengers throughout the tribes to gather the men for battle, demonstrating the unity and readiness of Israel to follow their king into conflict.

and numbered them at Telaim
The act of numbering the troops, or taking a census, is significant in the biblical context. The Hebrew word for "numbered" is פָּקַד (paqad), which can mean to count, muster, or appoint. This was not merely a logistical task but a preparation for war, ensuring that the army was organized and ready for the campaign against the Amalekites. Telaim, the location mentioned, is believed to be in the southern part of Judah, though its exact location is uncertain. This gathering place would have been strategically chosen for its proximity to the Amalekite territory.

200,000 foot soldiers
The mention of "200,000 foot soldiers" highlights the significant size of the Israelite army. In ancient times, foot soldiers were the backbone of any military force, and this large number indicates the seriousness of the campaign. The Hebrew term for "foot soldiers" is רַגְלִי (ragli), emphasizing the infantry's role in battle. This vast army reflects the collective strength of the tribes of Israel when united under a common cause, as well as the importance of the mission to fulfill God's command.

and 10,000 men of Judah
The specific mention of "10,000 men of Judah" underscores the prominence of the tribe of Judah within the nation of Israel. Judah, being one of the largest and most influential tribes, often played a leading role in military and political matters. The Hebrew word for "men" here is אִישׁ (ish), which can also mean warriors or soldiers. This distinction of Judah's contribution may also foreshadow the tribe's future significance, as it is from Judah that the line of David, and ultimately Jesus Christ, would come. The separate mention of Judah's forces highlights their importance and the unity required among the tribes to achieve victory.

Saul came
The name "Saul" in Hebrew is "Sha'ul," meaning "asked for" or "prayed for." Saul was the first king of Israel, chosen by God in response to the people's demand for a king to lead them like other nations. His coming to Amalek signifies a moment of divine mission, as he was instructed by God through the prophet Samuel to execute judgment on the Amalekites for their past sins against Israel (Exodus 17:8-16). This highlights the theme of divine justice and the fulfillment of God's promises.

to the city of Amalek
The "city of Amalek" refers to the territory of the Amalekites, a nomadic tribe that was a perennial enemy of Israel. Historically, the Amalekites were descendants of Esau and were known for their hostility towards the Israelites, particularly during the Exodus. The mention of the city underscores the tangible reality of the mission Saul was undertaking. It also serves as a reminder of the ongoing spiritual battle between God's people and those who oppose His will.

and lay in wait
The phrase "lay in wait" suggests a strategic military maneuver, indicating that Saul was preparing for an ambush or surprise attack. This reflects the seriousness and gravity of the mission, as well as the need for obedience to God's command. In a broader spiritual sense, it can be seen as a metaphor for the vigilance required in the Christian life, where believers must be prepared to confront and overcome spiritual adversaries.

in the valley
The "valley" often symbolizes a place of decision, conflict, or testing in biblical literature. Valleys are where battles are fought and where faith is tested. In this context, the valley represents the impending confrontation between Saul's forces and the Amalekites. Spiritually, it can be seen as a place where God's people must rely on His strength and guidance to achieve victory. The valley is a reminder that even in low points or challenging situations, God is present and His purposes will prevail.

And Saul said to the Kenites
The Kenites were a nomadic tribe with historical ties to the Israelites, particularly through Moses' father-in-law, Jethro, who was a Kenite. The Hebrew root for "Kenites" (קֵינִי, Qeyniy) suggests a people associated with metalworking, which aligns with their nomadic and industrious nature. Saul's address to them highlights the importance of recognizing and honoring past alliances and kindnesses, a principle deeply rooted in the covenantal relationships seen throughout the Old Testament.

Go, depart, get down from among the Amalekites
This command from Saul is both a warning and an act of mercy. The Hebrew verbs used here convey urgency and immediacy, emphasizing the need for the Kenites to separate themselves from the impending judgment on the Amalekites. Historically, the Amalekites were long-standing enemies of Israel, and God's command to Saul was to completely destroy them. Saul's directive to the Kenites underscores the biblical theme of separation from evil and the importance of aligning oneself with God's people.

so that I do not destroy you with them
Saul's intention to spare the Kenites reflects a just and discerning leadership, recognizing the difference between the guilty and the innocent. The Hebrew word for "destroy" (שָׁחַת, shachath) often implies a complete and utter ruin, which was the fate decreed for the Amalekites. This phrase serves as a reminder of God's justice, which is both severe and fair, sparing those who are righteous or have shown righteousness in the past.

for you showed kindness to all the Israelites when they came up from Egypt
The Kenites' kindness is a reference to their assistance and peaceful relations with the Israelites during the Exodus. The Hebrew word for "kindness" (חֶסֶד, chesed) is rich with meaning, often translated as loving-kindness or covenantal loyalty. This act of kindness is remembered and rewarded, illustrating the biblical principle that God honors those who bless His people, as seen in His promise to Abraham in Genesis 12:3.

So the Kenites moved away from the Amalekites
The Kenites' obedience to Saul's warning is immediate and wise. Their movement away from the Amalekites signifies a conscious decision to align with God's will and His people. This action reflects the biblical call to discernment and the importance of heeding divine warnings. It also serves as a metaphor for the believer's journey, moving away from sin and towards righteousness.

Then Saul
The phrase "Then Saul" marks a continuation of the narrative, indicating Saul's role as the central figure in this military campaign. Saul, the first king of Israel, was anointed by the prophet Samuel. His kingship represents a pivotal moment in Israel's history, transitioning from a theocracy led by judges to a monarchy. Saul's actions in this chapter are critical, as they reflect his obedience—or lack thereof—to God's commands. The Hebrew root for Saul, "Sha'ul," means "asked for" or "prayed for," signifying the people's desire for a king.

attacked
The Hebrew word used here is "nakah," which means to strike, smite, or attack. This term is often used in the context of warfare and divine judgment. Saul's attack on the Amalekites was not merely a military action but a fulfillment of God's command to execute judgment on a people who had long opposed Israel. This reflects the biblical theme of divine justice and the seriousness with which God views sin and rebellion.

the Amalekites
The Amalekites were a nomadic tribe, descendants of Esau, and long-standing enemies of Israel. Their hostility towards Israel is first recorded in Exodus 17, where they attacked the Israelites shortly after the Exodus from Egypt. God's command to Saul to destroy the Amalekites was a continuation of His promise to blot out their memory due to their persistent opposition to His people. This highlights the biblical principle of God's sovereignty and His right to judge nations.

all the way from Havilah to Shur
This phrase describes the geographical extent of Saul's campaign. Havilah and Shur are regions that define the boundaries of the Amalekite territory. Havilah is often associated with a region rich in resources, mentioned in Genesis 2:11 as part of the land surrounding the Garden of Eden. Shur is a desert region east of Egypt, indicating the vast area over which the Amalekites roamed. This geographical detail underscores the comprehensive nature of Saul's campaign and God's command to completely eradicate the Amalekite threat.

which is east of Egypt
This locational reference situates the narrative within the broader ancient Near Eastern context. The mention of Egypt, a powerful and influential civilization, serves as a geographical marker for the audience. It also reminds readers of Israel's past bondage and God's deliverance, contrasting the current mission against the Amalekites with the earlier liberation from Egypt. This phrase reinforces the theme of God's ongoing protection and provision for His people as they navigate the challenges of nationhood.

He captured Agag king of the Amalekites alive
The phrase "He captured Agag king of the Amalekites alive" highlights a significant moment in the narrative of Saul's kingship. The Hebrew root for "captured" is "לָכַד" (lakad), which implies taking possession or seizing. This act of capturing Agag, rather than killing him as commanded, reflects Saul's disobedience to God's explicit instructions given through the prophet Samuel. Historically, the Amalekites were long-standing enemies of Israel, and God's command to destroy them was a divine judgment for their past transgressions against His people (Exodus 17:8-16). Agag, as their king, symbolizes the Amalekite threat and their opposition to God's covenant people. Saul's decision to spare Agag reveals a failure to fully submit to God's will, prioritizing political gain or personal mercy over divine command.

but devoted all the others to destruction with the sword
The phrase "but devoted all the others to destruction with the sword" uses the Hebrew term "חָרַם" (charam), meaning to devote to destruction or to utterly destroy. This term is often used in the context of holy war, where certain things are set apart for God, either by destruction or by being given to the sanctuary. The act of devoting to destruction was meant to be an act of obedience and worship, acknowledging God's sovereignty and justice. The use of "the sword" signifies the means of executing God's judgment, a common biblical symbol of divine retribution. Saul's partial obedience—destroying the rest but sparing Agag—demonstrates a selective adherence to God's commands, which ultimately leads to his rejection as king. This narrative serves as a sobering reminder of the importance of complete obedience to God, emphasizing that partial obedience is, in essence, disobedience. Saul's actions contrast with the call to trust and obey God fully, recognizing His wisdom and authority in all matters.

Saul and his troops
This phrase highlights the leadership of Saul, Israel's first king, and his military forces. Saul's role as king was to lead the people in obedience to God's commands. The Hebrew root for "troops" (עַם, 'am) often refers to a collective group, emphasizing the unity and shared responsibility of the people under Saul's command. Historically, this reflects the period of the united monarchy in Israel, where the king was expected to act as God's representative on earth.

spared Agag
Agag was the king of the Amalekites, a people who were long-standing enemies of Israel. The Hebrew root for "spared" (חָמַל, chamal) implies having compassion or showing mercy, which in this context was contrary to God's explicit command to destroy the Amalekites completely. This act of sparing Agag symbolizes Saul's disobedience and failure to fully carry out God's judgment, which had significant theological implications for his kingship.

the best of the sheep and cattle
The phrase underscores the selective obedience of Saul and his troops. The Hebrew word for "best" (מֵיטָב, meytav) indicates that they chose what was most valuable in their eyes. This decision reflects a human tendency to prioritize material wealth and personal gain over spiritual obedience. In the ancient Near Eastern context, livestock was a sign of wealth and prosperity, making this choice particularly significant.

the fat calves and lambs
This phrase further emphasizes the choice to preserve what was considered valuable. The Hebrew word for "fat" (מִשְׁנֶה, mishneh) can also mean "second" or "choice," indicating that these animals were of superior quality. In biblical times, such animals were often used for sacrifices, which might suggest that Saul intended to use them for religious purposes, albeit in disobedience to God's specific instructions.

and all that was good
This phrase highlights the subjective judgment of Saul and his troops. The Hebrew word for "good" (טוֹב, tov) is often used in the Bible to describe what is pleasing or desirable. This choice reflects a human-centered perspective, valuing what appears beneficial rather than adhering to divine commands. It serves as a reminder of the importance of aligning human values with God's will.

They were unwilling to destroy them
This phrase indicates a deliberate choice to disobey God's command. The Hebrew root for "unwilling" (אָבָה, avah) suggests a refusal or resistance, highlighting the rebellious nature of Saul's actions. This decision marks a pivotal moment in Saul's reign, as it demonstrates a lack of submission to God's authority, which ultimately leads to his rejection as king.

but everything that was despised and worthless
This contrast between what was spared and what was destroyed underscores the flawed judgment of Saul and his troops. The Hebrew word for "despised" (נָמַס, namas) conveys a sense of contempt or disdain, while "worthless" (נָבֵל, navel) implies something of no value. This selective destruction reveals a failure to understand the comprehensive nature of God's command.

they devoted to destruction
The phrase "devoted to destruction" (חֵרֶם, cherem) is a technical term in Hebrew that refers to the complete consecration of something to God, often through destruction. This concept is rooted in the idea of holy war, where certain things were set apart for God by being utterly destroyed. Saul's partial obedience in this regard highlights the importance of complete devotion to God's will, as partial obedience is ultimately disobedience.

Then
The use of "Then" indicates a sequence of events, suggesting that what follows is a direct consequence of prior actions. In the context of 1 Samuel 15, this word connects the narrative to Saul's disobedience in failing to completely destroy the Amalekites as God commanded. It serves as a reminder that divine communication often follows human action, especially when it involves disobedience or sin.

the word of the LORD
This phrase signifies a divine message or revelation. In Hebrew, "word" is "dabar," which implies not just spoken words but a matter or thing. The "word of the LORD" is authoritative and carries the weight of divine will. Throughout the Old Testament, this phrase is used to denote God's direct communication with His prophets, emphasizing the seriousness and sacredness of the message. It underscores the belief that God is actively involved in guiding and correcting His people.

came to Samuel
Samuel, the last of the judges and a prophet, is the recipient of God's message. His role as a prophet is crucial, as he serves as the intermediary between God and Israel. The phrase "came to" suggests that Samuel was receptive and attuned to God's voice, highlighting the importance of spiritual readiness and obedience in receiving divine guidance. Samuel's life exemplifies faithfulness and dedication, making him a fitting vessel for God's communication.

saying
This word introduces the content of God's message. It prepares the reader for the gravity of what is to follow. In the biblical narrative, when God "says" something, it is not merely for information but often calls for action or response. The use of "saying" here sets the stage for a pivotal moment in Israel's history, where God's disappointment with Saul's kingship will be expressed, leading to significant consequences for Saul and the nation.

I regret
The Hebrew word used here is "נָחַם" (nacham), which can mean to be sorry, to console oneself, or to repent. In this context, it reflects God's sorrow over Saul's failure to obey His commands. This expression of divine regret does not imply a change in God's nature or His omniscience but rather communicates the depth of God's relational engagement with humanity. It highlights the seriousness of disobedience and the impact it has on God's heart.

that I have made Saul king
This phrase underscores the divine appointment of Saul as king, which was initially a response to the people's demand for a monarch to lead them like other nations (1 Samuel 8:5). Saul's kingship was part of God's permissive will, allowing Israel to experience the consequences of their choices. It serves as a reminder that while God grants human desires, He also holds individuals accountable for their actions within His sovereign plan.

for he has turned away from following Me
The phrase indicates a deliberate departure from God's path. The Hebrew root "סוּר" (sur) means to turn aside or depart. Saul's turning away signifies a willful rejection of God's authority and guidance. This departure is not merely a physical act but a spiritual rebellion, illustrating the importance of steadfastness in faith and obedience to God's commands.

and has not carried out My instructions
The Hebrew word for "instructions" is "דָּבָר" (dabar), which can mean word, matter, or thing. In this context, it refers to God's specific commands given to Saul, particularly the command to completely destroy the Amalekites (1 Samuel 15:3). Saul's failure to fully execute God's command demonstrates partial obedience, which is tantamount to disobedience in God's eyes. This highlights the necessity of complete adherence to God's word.

And Samuel was distressed
The Hebrew word "חָרָה" (charah) conveys a sense of anger or grief. Samuel's distress reflects his deep concern for Saul and the nation of Israel. As a prophet, Samuel is intimately connected to God's will and feels the weight of Saul's disobedience. This emotional response underscores the role of spiritual leaders in interceding for their people and the burden they carry when God's commands are not followed.

and cried out to the LORD all that night
The act of crying out, "זָעַק" (za'aq), indicates a fervent plea or prayer. Samuel's all-night intercession reveals his dedication and the seriousness of the situation. It serves as a model for believers to earnestly seek God's intervention and guidance in times of crisis. This persistent prayer reflects a deep trust in God's sovereignty and a desire for His will to be accomplished despite human failure.

Early in the morning
This phrase indicates the urgency and importance of Samuel's mission. In the Hebrew context, rising early often signifies diligence and a sense of purpose. Samuel, as a prophet, is committed to his duty to confront Saul, reflecting the seriousness of Saul's disobedience to God's command. The early morning also symbolizes a new beginning, yet here it is a prelude to judgment.

Samuel got up to confront Saul
Samuel's role as a prophet is to deliver God's messages, whether they are of blessing or rebuke. The Hebrew root for "confront" implies a direct and bold approach, underscoring the gravity of Saul's actions. Samuel's confrontation is not merely personal but is a divine mandate to hold Saul accountable for his failure to fully obey God's command regarding the Amalekites.

but it was reported to Samuel
This phrase suggests that Samuel is not immediately aware of Saul's actions, indicating a breakdown in communication and relationship between the prophet and the king. The passive construction implies that others are observing Saul's actions and reporting them, highlighting Saul's public disobedience and the community's awareness of his failure.

Saul went to Carmel
Carmel, in this context, is not the famous Mount Carmel but a town in the territory of Judah. The name "Carmel" means "vineyard" or "garden," suggesting a place of fruitfulness. Ironically, Saul's visit to Carmel is not to cultivate spiritual fruit but to celebrate his own achievements, which contrasts with the humility expected of a king under God's authority.

where he set up a monument for himself
The act of setting up a monument indicates Saul's pride and self-glorification. In the ancient Near East, monuments were often erected to commemorate victories or significant events. Saul's focus on self-aggrandizement reveals his heart's departure from God's command to destroy the Amalekites completely. This act of self-promotion is a stark contrast to the humility and obedience God desires.

Then he turned and went down to Gilgal
Gilgal holds significant historical and spiritual importance as the first campsite of the Israelites after crossing the Jordan River. It was a place of renewal and covenant, where Saul was initially confirmed as king. Saul's return to Gilgal, after setting up a monument for himself, underscores the tragic irony of his kingship—returning to a place of covenant while being in disobedience. This movement from Carmel to Gilgal symbolizes Saul's physical journey but also his spiritual decline, as he moves away from God's favor.

When Samuel reached him
The arrival of Samuel, the prophet, signifies a moment of divine confrontation. Samuel, whose name in Hebrew (שְׁמוּאֵל, Shemu'el) means "heard of God," represents God's voice and authority. His reaching Saul is not just a physical journey but a spiritual one, where God's judgment and truth are about to be revealed. Historically, prophets were seen as God's mouthpieces, and their presence often indicated a significant message from God.

Saul said
Saul, the first king of Israel, is a complex figure. His name in Hebrew (שָׁאוּל, Sha'ul) means "asked for" or "prayed for," reflecting Israel's desire for a king. Saul's words here are crucial as they reveal his heart and mindset. In the context of ancient Israel, a king was expected to lead with integrity and obedience to God, yet Saul's statement will soon be shown to be superficial.

May the LORD bless you
This greeting is a customary blessing, invoking Yahweh's favor. The use of "LORD" (יהוה, Yahweh) is significant, as it is the covenant name of God, emphasizing a personal relationship. Saul's use of this blessing may seem pious, but it is ironic given the context. It reflects a superficial religiosity, a common theme in Scripture where outward expressions do not always match inward realities.

I have carried out the LORD’s instructions
Saul's claim of obedience is central to this narrative. The Hebrew word for "instructions" (דָּבָר, dabar) can also mean "word" or "command." Saul asserts that he has fulfilled God's command, yet the subsequent verses reveal his disobedience. This highlights a critical biblical theme: true obedience to God is not partial or selective. Historically, this moment underscores the importance of complete adherence to God's will, a lesson that resonates throughout Scripture.

But Samuel replied
The phrase "But Samuel replied" indicates a response from the prophet Samuel, who was a significant figure in Israel's history. Samuel was a judge, prophet, and leader who anointed the first two kings of Israel. His role as a prophet was to communicate God's will to the people and their leaders. The Hebrew root for "replied" (וַיֹּ֣אמֶר, vayomer) is often used in the context of divine communication, emphasizing Samuel's authority and the seriousness of his message. This sets the stage for a confrontation between divine command and human disobedience.

Then what is this bleating of sheep
The "bleating of sheep" refers to the sounds made by the animals that were supposed to be destroyed according to God's command. The Hebrew word for "bleating" (מֵֽה־ק֣וֹל, meh-qol) is onomatopoeic, capturing the sound of sheep. This phrase highlights the tangible evidence of Saul's disobedience. In the ancient Near Eastern context, livestock was a sign of wealth and prosperity, and the preservation of these animals suggests a prioritization of material gain over spiritual obedience.

and lowing of cattle
The "lowing of cattle" further emphasizes the presence of animals that should not have been spared. The Hebrew word for "lowing" (נְהַ֥ם, neham) similarly captures the sound of cattle. Cattle were valuable assets in ancient Israel, used for agriculture, trade, and religious sacrifices. The presence of these animals serves as a stark reminder of Saul's failure to fully carry out God's command, which was to utterly destroy the Amalekites and all they possessed.

that I hear
The phrase "that I hear" underscores Samuel's role as a witness to Saul's disobedience. The Hebrew root for "hear" (שָׁמַע, shama) is significant in biblical theology, often associated with obedience and understanding. In Deuteronomy 6:4, the Shema begins with "Hear, O Israel," calling the people to listen and obey. Samuel's hearing of the animals' sounds is not just physical but also spiritual, discerning the underlying disobedience to God's command. This hearing contrasts with Saul's selective hearing of God's instructions, highlighting the importance of complete obedience to divine directives.

Saul answered
This phrase introduces Saul's response to the prophet Samuel. The Hebrew root for "answered" is "עָנָה" (anah), which can mean to respond or testify. Saul's answer is a defense, revealing his attempt to justify his actions. Historically, this reflects a common human tendency to rationalize disobedience, especially when confronted by authority.

The soldiers brought them
Here, Saul shifts responsibility to his soldiers. The Hebrew word for "brought" is "בּוֹא" (bo), meaning to come or bring. This deflection is significant in the narrative, as it highlights Saul's failure to take responsibility as king. In a broader scriptural context, leaders are called to accountability, and Saul's evasion contrasts with the biblical ideal of leadership.

from the Amalekites
The Amalekites were a nomadic tribe, historically enemies of Israel. The Hebrew root "עֲמָלֵק" (Amalek) is associated with hardship and toil. God's command to destroy the Amalekites was a divine judgment against their persistent opposition to Israel. This context underscores the seriousness of Saul's disobedience, as it was not merely a military oversight but a spiritual failure.

they spared the best of the sheep and cattle
The phrase "spared the best" indicates selective obedience. The Hebrew word for "spared" is "חָמַל" (chamal), meaning to have compassion or pity. Saul's decision to keep the best livestock reflects a human inclination to prioritize material gain over divine command. This act of sparing what was deemed valuable reveals a heart not fully aligned with God's will.

to sacrifice to the LORD your God
Saul's justification for sparing the livestock was to offer sacrifices. The Hebrew root for "sacrifice" is "זָבַח" (zabach), which involves offering something valuable to God. However, this reveals a misunderstanding of true worship, which prioritizes obedience over ritual. The phrase "the LORD your God" is telling; it suggests a distance in Saul's relationship with God, as he refers to God as Samuel's rather than his own.

but the rest we destroyed
This statement attempts to highlight partial obedience. The Hebrew word for "destroyed" is "חָרַם" (charam), meaning to devote to destruction. Saul's claim of destroying the rest is an incomplete truth, as God's command was total destruction. This partial obedience is a central theme in the narrative, illustrating that God desires complete faithfulness, not selective adherence.

Enough!
This word marks a pivotal moment in the narrative, where Samuel, the prophet of God, intervenes with authority. The Hebrew root for "enough" is "רָב" (rav), which conveys a sense of abundance or sufficiency. In this context, it signifies Samuel's command to cease the excuses and justifications. It reflects the divine authority vested in Samuel as God's spokesperson, emphasizing the seriousness of Saul's disobedience. Historically, prophets were seen as the mouthpiece of God, and their words carried the weight of divine judgment.

Samuel declared to Saul
This phrase underscores the role of Samuel as a prophet and judge over Israel. The Hebrew name "שְׁמוּאֵל" (Shemuel) means "heard by God" or "name of God," highlighting his divine calling and mission. Samuel's declaration is not merely a personal opinion but a pronouncement from God. Saul, as the first king of Israel, was expected to heed the words of the prophet, illustrating the theocratic nature of Israel's monarchy, where the king was subject to God's law and guidance through His prophets.

Let me tell you what the LORD said to me last night
This phrase indicates a direct revelation from God to Samuel. The Hebrew word for "LORD" is "יְהוָה" (YHWH), the sacred, covenantal name of God, emphasizing His eternal and unchanging nature. The mention of "last night" suggests a recent and urgent message, highlighting the immediacy and relevance of God's communication. In the biblical narrative, God often spoke to His prophets in dreams or visions during the night, a time of quiet and reflection, underscoring the solemnity and gravity of the message.

Tell me
Saul's response, "Tell me," indicates a willingness to listen, yet it also reveals a lack of understanding of the gravity of his situation. The Hebrew root "אָמַר" (amar) for "tell" implies a request for information or clarification. Saul's request shows his dependence on Samuel for divine guidance, yet it also foreshadows his failure to fully grasp or accept the consequences of his actions. This moment is a turning point, where Saul's kingship is weighed against his obedience to God's command.

Saul replied
The phrase "Saul replied" marks the beginning of a dialogue that will reveal Saul's heart and the state of his relationship with God. The Hebrew name "שָׁאוּל" (Shaul) means "asked for" or "prayed for," reflecting Israel's desire for a king. However, Saul's reply will soon demonstrate his failure to live up to the divine expectations of his role. This interaction between Saul and Samuel is a critical moment in the narrative, highlighting the tension between human authority and divine command.

And Samuel said
This phrase introduces the prophet Samuel, a pivotal figure in Israel's history. Samuel serves as a bridge between the period of the judges and the establishment of the monarchy. His role as a prophet is crucial, as he is God's mouthpiece to the people and to King Saul. The Hebrew root for "said" (אָמַר, 'amar) implies a declaration or proclamation, emphasizing the authority and divine inspiration behind Samuel's words.

Although you were once small in your own eyes
This phrase reflects Saul's humble beginnings. The Hebrew word for "small" (קָטֹן, qaton) can mean insignificant or unimportant. Saul's initial humility is highlighted here, reminding us of the biblical principle that God often chooses the lowly and humble to accomplish His purposes (1 Corinthians 1:27-29). This humility is contrasted with Saul's later pride and disobedience, serving as a cautionary tale about the dangers of losing sight of one's dependence on God.

have you not become the head of the tribes of Israel?
The phrase underscores Saul's elevation to a position of leadership. The term "head" (רֹאשׁ, rosh) signifies authority and preeminence. Saul's rise to kingship was not due to his own merit but was a result of God's sovereign choice. This serves as a reminder that leadership in God's kingdom is a divine appointment, not a personal achievement, and carries with it the responsibility to lead according to God's will.

The LORD anointed you king over Israel
The act of anointing (מָשַׁח, mashach) is significant in the Hebrew tradition, symbolizing God's selection and empowerment for a specific task. The anointing of Saul as king was a divine act, setting him apart for leadership over God's chosen people. This highlights the sacred nature of his office and the expectation that he would govern in obedience to God's commands. The mention of "The LORD" (יְהוָה, Yahweh) emphasizes the covenant relationship between God and Israel, and the divine authority behind Saul's kingship.

And He sent you on a mission
The phrase "He sent you" underscores the divine authority and command behind the mission. In Hebrew, the word for "sent" is שָׁלַח (shalach), which conveys a sense of dispatching with purpose and authority. This highlights the seriousness of the task given to Saul by God through the prophet Samuel. The "mission" (מִשְׁלָחָה, mishlachah) implies a divinely ordained task, emphasizing that Saul's actions were not merely military but were a fulfillment of God's will. This sets the stage for understanding the gravity of Saul's disobedience later in the chapter.

saying, ‘Go and completely destroy
The command "Go" (לֵךְ, lech) is an imperative, indicating urgency and immediacy. "Completely destroy" translates the Hebrew word חָרַם (charam), which means to devote to destruction or to ban. This term is often used in the context of holy war, where certain things are set apart for God, either for destruction or for sacred use. The use of this term indicates that the Amalekites were under divine judgment, and their destruction was a form of divine justice.

the sinful Amalekites
The Amalekites were a nomadic tribe, historically known for their hostility towards Israel. The term "sinful" (חַטָּא, chatta) highlights their moral and spiritual corruption. Historically, the Amalekites first attacked the Israelites at Rephidim (Exodus 17:8-16), and their actions were seen as a direct affront to God’s people. This enmity is further emphasized in Deuteronomy 25:17-19, where God commands Israel to remember what Amalek did and to blot out their memory. The Amalekites symbolize persistent opposition to God's purposes, and their destruction is portrayed as a necessary act of divine retribution.

Fight against them until you have wiped them out
The command to "fight" (נִלְחַם, nilcham) is a call to engage in battle, reflecting the physical and spiritual struggle against forces opposed to God. The phrase "until you have wiped them out" (כָּלָה, kalah) implies total annihilation, leaving no survivors. This reflects the completeness of the judgment decreed by God. The historical context reveals that partial obedience, as later demonstrated by Saul, is tantamount to disobedience. The command underscores the importance of following God's instructions fully, as partial obedience can lead to unintended consequences and further disobedience.

Why did you not obey
The Hebrew root for "obey" is "שָׁמַע" (shama), which means to hear, listen, or give heed. In the biblical context, obedience is not merely about hearing but involves a response of submission and action. The question posed here is rhetorical, highlighting Saul's failure to align his actions with God's explicit command. This disobedience is a central theme in the narrative, emphasizing the importance of obedience to God as a demonstration of faith and reverence.

the voice of the LORD?
The "voice of the LORD" refers to God's direct command, which in this context was delivered through the prophet Samuel. In the Hebrew tradition, the voice of God is authoritative and demands complete adherence. The phrase underscores the gravity of Saul's disobedience, as it was not merely a human directive he ignored, but the divine will. This highlights the biblical principle that God's commands are paramount and must be prioritized above personal desires or societal pressures.

Why did you rush upon the plunder
The phrase "rush upon the plunder" suggests a hasty and greedy action, driven by self-interest rather than divine instruction. The Hebrew word for "rush" can imply an impulsive or uncontrolled action. This reflects Saul's prioritization of material gain over spiritual obedience. In the historical context, plundering was common after a military victory, but God's command to Saul was to destroy everything, signifying a test of faith and obedience.

and do evil
The term "evil" in Hebrew is "רַע" (ra), which encompasses actions that are morally wrong or contrary to God's nature. Saul's actions are labeled as evil because they directly contravened God's command. This highlights the biblical understanding that evil is not just about intent but also about the failure to align with God's will. The narrative teaches that disobedience to God is inherently evil, regardless of human justification or reasoning.

in the sight of the LORD?
The phrase "in the sight of the LORD" indicates that all actions are visible and known to God. It serves as a reminder of God's omniscience and the futility of attempting to hide or justify disobedience. This phrase underscores the biblical truth that God's perspective is the ultimate measure of right and wrong. It calls believers to live with an awareness of God's constant presence and judgment, encouraging a life of integrity and faithfulness.

But I did obey the LORD
This phrase reveals Saul's self-justification and misunderstanding of true obedience. The Hebrew word for "obey" is "shama," which means to hear or listen with the intent to act. Saul's claim of obedience is superficial, as true obedience involves complete submission to God's commands, not partial fulfillment. This highlights the human tendency to rationalize disobedience and the importance of aligning our actions with God's will.

Saul replied
Saul's response is defensive, indicating his awareness of wrongdoing. The historical context shows Saul as the first king of Israel, chosen to lead God's people. His reply reflects a common human reaction to deflect responsibility. This moment is pivotal in Saul's reign, illustrating the consequences of failing to fully adhere to divine instructions.

I went on the mission that the LORD gave me
The phrase underscores Saul's partial acknowledgment of his divine commission. The Hebrew word for "mission" is "derek," meaning a path or way. Saul's journey was divinely appointed, yet his execution was flawed. This serves as a reminder that being on a God-given mission requires complete faithfulness to His directives, not just embarking on the journey.

I brought back Agag king of Amalek
Saul's action of sparing Agag, the Amalekite king, directly contradicts God's command to destroy all Amalekites. The name "Agag" is significant, representing the Amalekite dynasty, historically enemies of Israel. Saul's failure to execute God's judgment on Agag symbolizes incomplete obedience and the danger of compromising God's commands for personal or political reasons.

and utterly destroyed the Amalekites
The phrase "utterly destroyed" translates from the Hebrew "charam," meaning to devote to destruction. Saul's claim is misleading, as he did not fully carry out God's command. This highlights the importance of total obedience to God, as partial obedience is disobedience. The Amalekites' destruction was a divine decree due to their persistent opposition to Israel, emphasizing God's justice and sovereignty.

The troops took sheep and cattle from the plunder
This phrase highlights the actions of Saul's men, who took livestock from the Amalekites. The Hebrew word for "troops" is "עַם" (am), which can mean people or nation, indicating a collective action. The act of taking plunder was common in ancient warfare, but here it directly disobeys God's command to utterly destroy the Amalekites and all they possessed (1 Samuel 15:3). This disobedience reflects a deeper issue of valuing material gain over divine instruction, a recurring theme in Israel's history.

the best of what was devoted to God
The phrase "devoted to God" comes from the Hebrew word "חֵרֶם" (cherem), meaning something that is banned or set apart for destruction. In the context of ancient Israel, items devoted to God were not to be used for personal gain but were to be destroyed as an act of obedience and reverence. The choice to keep "the best" indicates a prioritization of human judgment over divine command, showcasing a failure to fully trust in God's provision and wisdom.

in order to sacrifice them to the LORD your God
This phrase reveals the rationalization behind the disobedience. The intention to sacrifice suggests a desire to worship, yet it is misguided. The Hebrew word for "sacrifice" is "זָבַח" (zabach), which involves offering something valuable to God. However, God desires obedience over sacrifice (1 Samuel 15:22). This highlights a critical lesson: religious rituals cannot substitute for a heart aligned with God's will.

at Gilgal
Gilgal holds significant historical and spiritual importance for Israel. It was the first campsite of the Israelites after crossing the Jordan River (Joshua 4:19-20) and a place of covenant renewal. Mentioning Gilgal here underscores the irony of Saul's actions; a place of past obedience and commitment to God becomes a site of disobedience. This serves as a reminder of the need for continual faithfulness, regardless of past spiritual milestones.

But Samuel declared
The phrase introduces the prophet Samuel, a pivotal figure in Israel's history, serving as a judge, prophet, and leader. His declaration is authoritative, representing God's direct communication to King Saul. Samuel's role as a prophet underscores the importance of divine guidance over human authority, emphasizing that true leadership in Israel is rooted in obedience to God.

Does the LORD delight
The Hebrew root for "delight" (חָפֵץ, chafets) conveys a sense of pleasure or desire. This rhetorical question challenges the assumption that ritualistic practices alone can satisfy God. It invites reflection on the nature of true worship, suggesting that God's pleasure is not in the external acts themselves but in the heart's alignment with His will.

in burnt offerings and sacrifices
These were central elements of Israelite worship, prescribed in the Mosaic Law as means of atonement and fellowship with God. However, the historical context reveals that these practices had become mere rituals for many, devoid of genuine devotion. The emphasis here is on the insufficiency of sacrifices when detached from a life of obedience.

as much as in obeying the voice of the LORD?
The phrase contrasts ritual compliance with heartfelt obedience. The Hebrew word for "obeying" (שָׁמַע, shama) implies listening with the intent to act. This highlights the relational aspect of faith, where hearing God's voice leads to transformative action. Obedience is portrayed as the true measure of faithfulness.

Behold, obedience is better than sacrifice
The word "behold" (הִנֵּה, hinneh) serves as an attention-grabbing device, emphasizing the profound truth that follows. The comparison elevates obedience above ritual, suggesting that God values a submissive heart over ceremonial observance. This principle is echoed throughout Scripture, reinforcing the idea that God desires a relationship characterized by trust and submission.

and attentiveness is better than the fat of rams
"Attentiveness" (קָשַׁב, qashab) implies a focused, intentional listening. The "fat of rams" represents the choicest part of sacrificial offerings, symbolizing the highest form of ritual worship. The comparison underscores that God prioritizes a heart attuned to His will over the most lavish offerings. This challenges believers to prioritize inner devotion over external displays of piety.

For rebellion
The Hebrew word for "rebellion" is "meri," which conveys a sense of defiance and insubordination against authority. In the biblical context, rebellion against God is not merely a personal failing but a direct challenge to His divine order. Historically, Israel's repeated rebellions against God led to severe consequences, emphasizing the gravity of such actions. Rebellion is equated with divination, a practice strictly forbidden in Israel, highlighting its severity.

is as the sin of divination
"Divination" in Hebrew is "qesem," referring to the practice of seeking knowledge of the future or the unknown by supernatural means. In ancient Israel, divination was associated with pagan practices and was considered an abomination (Deuteronomy 18:10-12). By equating rebellion with divination, the text underscores the seriousness of turning away from God's commands, likening it to seeking guidance from false and forbidden sources.

and arrogance
The term "arrogance" is translated from the Hebrew word "patsar," which implies presumption and pride. Arrogance in the biblical sense is a self-exaltation that places one's own judgment above God's. This attitude is often condemned in Scripture, as it leads to a hardened heart and a refusal to submit to divine authority. Arrogance is likened to wickedness and idolatry, further illustrating its destructive nature.

is as wickedness and idolatry
"Wickedness" in Hebrew is "aven," which denotes iniquity and moral corruption. "Idolatry" is "teraphim," referring to household gods or idols. The comparison of arrogance to idolatry suggests that placing one's own will above God's is akin to worshiping false gods. Historically, idolatry was a persistent issue for Israel, leading them away from the true worship of Yahweh. This parallel serves as a stark warning against the dangers of pride and self-reliance.

Because you have rejected the word of the LORD
The phrase "rejected the word of the LORD" indicates a deliberate refusal to obey God's commands. The Hebrew word for "rejected" is "ma'as," meaning to despise or refuse. This rejection is not passive but an active choice to disregard divine instruction. Throughout Scripture, the word of the LORD is portrayed as life-giving and authoritative, and rejecting it leads to spiritual and often physical consequences.

He has rejected you as king
The consequence of rejecting God's word is mirrored in God's rejection of Saul as king. The Hebrew word "ma'as" is used again, emphasizing the reciprocal nature of rejection. Saul's disobedience led to his downfall, illustrating the biblical principle that leadership and blessing are contingent upon obedience to God. This serves as a sobering reminder of the importance of faithfulness and submission to divine authority in all aspects of life.

Then Saul said to Samuel
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative, where Saul, the first king of Israel, directly addresses the prophet Samuel. The Hebrew root for "said" is "אָמַר" (amar), which often signifies a declaration or confession. This moment is significant as it reflects a turning point in Saul's kingship, where he must confront his actions before God's prophet. Historically, Samuel served as a bridge between the period of the judges and the monarchy, and his role as a prophet was to convey God's will to the king. Saul's address to Samuel indicates a recognition of Samuel's authority and the gravity of the situation.

I have sinned
The Hebrew word for "sinned" is "חָטָא" (chata), which means to miss the mark or to err. This admission by Saul is crucial as it acknowledges a moral and spiritual failure. In the conservative Christian perspective, sin is a fundamental concept that denotes a breach in the relationship between humanity and God. Saul's confession is an acknowledgment of his failure to uphold God's standards, which is a necessary step towards repentance, although his subsequent actions reveal the complexity of true repentance.

I have transgressed the LORD’s commandment
The term "transgressed" comes from the Hebrew "עָבַר" (avar), meaning to pass over or to violate. This indicates a deliberate crossing of boundaries set by God. The "LORD’s commandment" refers to the specific instructions given by God, which in this context, were delivered through Samuel. Saul's transgression is not just a personal failure but a direct disobedience to divine authority, highlighting the seriousness of his actions in the theocratic context of Israel, where the king was expected to lead by God's guidance.

and your instructions
Here, Saul acknowledges that he has not only disobeyed God but also Samuel, God's appointed prophet. The Hebrew word for "instructions" is "דָּבָר" (dabar), which can mean word, matter, or thing. This dual acknowledgment of disobedience underscores the importance of prophetic authority in Israel. Samuel's role was to communicate God's will, and Saul's failure to heed his instructions reflects a breakdown in the divinely ordained leadership structure.

because I feared the people
The Hebrew root for "feared" is "יָרֵא" (yare), which can mean to be afraid or to revere. Saul's fear of the people indicates a misplaced priority, valuing human opinion over divine command. This fear reveals a weakness in Saul's character as a leader, where he succumbs to the pressure of popular opinion rather than standing firm in obedience to God. In a conservative Christian view, this serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of valuing human approval over God's directives.

and obeyed their voice
The word "obeyed" comes from the Hebrew "שָׁמַע" (shama), meaning to hear or listen. In this context, it implies compliance or submission. Saul's choice to obey the people's voice rather than God's command highlights a critical failure in leadership. The "voice" of the people, representing collective opinion, contrasts with the singular, authoritative voice of God. This serves as a reminder of the importance of discerning and prioritizing God's voice above all others, a key tenet in conservative Christian teaching.

Now therefore
This phrase indicates a transition or conclusion based on previous events. In the context of 1 Samuel 15, Saul has been confronted by the prophet Samuel for his disobedience to God's command to completely destroy the Amalekites. The phrase suggests a sense of urgency and a plea for immediate action. Historically, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice of seeking immediate reconciliation with a deity or representative after a transgression.

please forgive my sin
The Hebrew word for "forgive" here is "nāśā'," which means to lift, carry, or take away. Saul's request for forgiveness is an acknowledgment of his wrongdoing and a desire for the removal of his guilt. In the conservative Christian perspective, this reflects the biblical principle that true repentance involves recognizing one's sin and seeking God's mercy. The concept of sin in this context is tied to disobedience to God's explicit command, highlighting the seriousness of Saul's actions.

and return with me
Saul's request for Samuel to return with him signifies a desire for restoration of relationship and public validation. In ancient Israel, the presence of a prophet like Samuel would symbolize divine approval and support. Saul's concern here may be more about appearances and regaining honor before the people than genuine repentance, which is a recurring theme in his reign.

so that I may worship the LORD
The Hebrew word for "worship" is "šāḥâ," meaning to bow down or prostrate oneself. Worship in the Old Testament often involved physical acts of reverence and submission. Saul's desire to worship the LORD indicates an acknowledgment of God's sovereignty, yet it is juxtaposed with his previous disobedience. This highlights a tension between outward religious acts and inward obedience, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture. In a conservative Christian view, true worship is not merely ritualistic but stems from a heart aligned with God's will.

But Samuel said to Saul
This phrase introduces the prophet Samuel, a pivotal figure in Israel's history, serving as a judge, prophet, and priest. Samuel's role as God's spokesperson is crucial, as he conveys divine messages to the people and their leaders. The Hebrew root for "said" (אָמַר, 'amar) implies a declaration or proclamation, emphasizing the authority and solemnity of Samuel's words. Samuel's confrontation with Saul is a moment of divine judgment, reflecting the seriousness of disobedience to God's commands.

I will not return with you
Samuel's refusal to accompany Saul signifies a severance of their relationship and a symbolic withdrawal of divine support. The Hebrew word for "return" (שׁוּב, shuv) often denotes repentance or turning back, but here it underscores a physical and spiritual separation. Samuel's decision not to return with Saul highlights the gravity of Saul's disobedience and the irreversible nature of his rejection by God.

for you have rejected the word of the LORD
This phrase underscores the central issue: Saul's rejection of God's command. The Hebrew root for "rejected" (מָאַס, ma'as) conveys a sense of despising or refusing, indicating a deliberate and conscious decision to disregard divine instruction. The "word of the LORD" refers to God's specific command to Saul to completely destroy the Amalekites (1 Samuel 15:3). Saul's failure to fully obey demonstrates a lack of reverence and submission to God's authority.

and the LORD has rejected you as king over Israel
The parallel structure of this phrase emphasizes the consequence of Saul's actions. Just as Saul rejected God's word, God has now rejected Saul as king. The Hebrew root for "rejected" (מָאַס, ma'as) is repeated, reinforcing the idea of divine judgment and the seriousness of Saul's disobedience. This rejection is not merely a loss of political power but a spiritual disqualification from leading God's chosen people. The phrase "as king over Israel" highlights the theocratic nature of Israel's monarchy, where the king is expected to rule under God's authority and guidance.

As Samuel turned to go
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative, highlighting the decisive action of the prophet Samuel. The Hebrew root for "turned" is "panah," which often signifies a change in direction or focus. In the context of ancient Israel, prophets like Samuel were seen as direct representatives of God's will. Samuel's turning away symbolizes a divine rejection of Saul's kingship due to his disobedience. This moment underscores the gravity of Saul's failure to follow God's command, as conveyed through Samuel, and the subsequent shift in divine favor.

Saul grabbed
The act of grabbing is significant in the Hebrew context, where physical actions often carry symbolic weight. The Hebrew word "chazaq" implies a forceful or desperate action. Saul's grabbing of Samuel's robe can be seen as a desperate attempt to hold onto his authority and favor with God. This action reflects Saul's internal turmoil and recognition of the impending loss of his kingdom. It serves as a physical manifestation of his spiritual and political desperation.

the hem of his robe
The "hem" or "edge" of a garment, in Hebrew "kanaph," often held symbolic meaning in ancient Near Eastern cultures. It could represent authority or status. In the context of a prophet's robe, it might symbolize the authority and presence of God. Saul's act of tearing the hem signifies a rupture in his relationship with God and the loss of divine authority. This imagery is powerful, as it visually represents the tearing away of Saul's kingdom, as later confirmed by Samuel's prophetic words.

and it tore
The tearing of the robe is a prophetic act, symbolizing the tearing away of the kingdom from Saul. The Hebrew word "qara" is used here, which can mean to rend or split. This act is not just a physical accident but a divinely orchestrated sign. In the biblical narrative, such symbolic actions often accompany prophetic declarations. The tearing of the robe foreshadows the end of Saul's reign and the rise of David as the new king chosen by God. It serves as a tangible confirmation of God's judgment and the irreversible nature of Saul's disobedience.

So Samuel said to him
This phrase introduces the prophet Samuel, a pivotal figure in Israel's history. Samuel was a judge, prophet, and leader who anointed the first two kings of Israel. His role as God's spokesperson is crucial here, as he delivers a divine message to King Saul. The Hebrew root for "said" (אָמַר, 'amar) implies a declaration or proclamation, emphasizing the authority and solemnity of Samuel's words. Samuel's role as a prophet underscores the seriousness of the message, as he acts as the mouthpiece of God, delivering a verdict that carries divine weight.

The LORD
The use of "The LORD" (יהוה, YHWH) signifies the covenant name of God, highlighting His sovereignty and authority over Israel. This name is deeply connected to God's eternal and unchanging nature, reminding the reader of His ultimate control over the affairs of nations and kings. The invocation of God's name here underscores that the message is not merely Samuel's opinion but a divine decree.

has torn the kingdom of Israel from you today
The imagery of "torn" (קָרַע, qara) is vivid and forceful, suggesting a violent and irreversible action. This word choice reflects the severity of Saul's disobedience and the consequential nature of his actions. Historically, the tearing of garments was a sign of mourning or distress, and here it symbolizes the end of Saul's reign. The phrase "from you today" indicates the immediacy and finality of God's judgment. Saul's failure to fully obey God's command regarding the Amalekites led to this decisive moment, marking a turning point in Israel's monarchy.

and has given it to your neighbor
The term "neighbor" (רֵעַ, rea) is significant, as it implies someone close or familiar, yet distinct from Saul. This foreshadows the rise of David, who was indeed a neighbor in the sense of being from the same nation and eventually from the same royal court. The giving of the kingdom to another highlights God's sovereign choice and the principle that leadership in Israel is a divine appointment, not a hereditary right.

who is better than you
This phrase is a direct comparison between Saul and his successor, David. The Hebrew word for "better" (טוֹב, tov) encompasses goodness, moral integrity, and suitability. David, described as a man after God's own heart (1 Samuel 13:14), embodies the qualities that Saul lacked, particularly obedience and faithfulness to God. This comparison serves as a reminder of the importance of character and obedience in leadership, as God values these traits over outward appearances or human qualifications.

Moreover
This word serves as a continuation or an addition to what has been previously stated. In the context of 1 Samuel 15, it connects the preceding narrative about God's rejection of Saul as king due to his disobedience. The use of "moreover" emphasizes the certainty and finality of God's decision, underscoring that what follows is an unchangeable truth.

the Glory of Israel
This phrase is a title for God, highlighting His majesty and honor. The Hebrew word for "glory" is "kabod," which conveys weightiness, splendor, and honor. In the historical context, Israel was a nation chosen by God, and His glory was manifest among them. This title reminds the reader of God's supreme authority and His unique relationship with Israel, setting Him apart from human leaders like Saul.

does not lie
The Hebrew root for "lie" is "kazab," meaning to deceive or speak falsely. This phrase asserts God's absolute truthfulness and reliability. Unlike humans, who may deceive or fail to keep promises, God's words and actions are always consistent with His nature. This assurance of God's truthfulness is foundational to the faith of believers, who trust in His promises and character.

or change His mind
The Hebrew phrase here is "lo yinachem," which means to relent or repent. This highlights God's immutability, a key attribute in conservative Christian theology. While humans may change their minds due to new information or emotions, God, in His omniscience and perfection, does not need to alter His plans. This provides believers with confidence in God's eternal purposes and His steadfastness.

for He is not a man
This phrase contrasts God's divine nature with human limitations. Humans are finite, fallible, and subject to change, but God transcends these limitations. The anthropomorphic language serves to emphasize the vast difference between the Creator and His creation, reinforcing the idea that God's ways and thoughts are higher than ours (Isaiah 55:8-9).

that He should change His mind
Reiterating the earlier point, this phrase underscores the consistency and reliability of God's character. In the broader scriptural context, while there are instances where God appears to "relent" (such as in the account of Jonah), these are understood as part of His sovereign plan, accommodating human repentance and intercession. In this specific context, it affirms that God's decision regarding Saul is final and just.

I have sinned
This phrase is a confession from Saul, acknowledging his disobedience to God's command. The Hebrew word for "sinned" is "חָטָא" (chata), which means to miss the mark or to err. In the biblical context, sin is not just a moral failing but a breach of covenant with God. Saul's admission is significant, yet it lacks the depth of true repentance, as his concern seems more about his reputation than genuine remorse.

Saul replied
Saul's response is crucial in understanding his character. Throughout 1 Samuel, Saul is portrayed as a king who struggles with obedience and humility. His reply here is indicative of his pattern of behavior—acknowledging wrongdoing but failing to fully submit to God's authority. This moment is pivotal as it reflects Saul's internal conflict and his inability to fully align with God's will.

Please honor me now
The plea for honor reveals Saul's preoccupation with his status and image. The Hebrew word for "honor" is "כָּבֵד" (kaved), which can mean to be heavy or weighty, often used to describe glory or respect. Saul's request underscores his desire for human approval over divine approval, highlighting a key flaw in his leadership and spiritual life.

before the elders of my people
The elders were leaders and respected figures within the Israelite community. Saul's concern about his standing before them indicates his fear of losing political power and influence. Historically, the elders played a crucial role in decision-making and governance, and Saul's appeal to them shows his reliance on human structures rather than divine guidance.

and before Israel
Israel, as a nation, was God's chosen people, and Saul's kingship was meant to serve under God's authority. His desire to maintain honor before Israel reflects his understanding of the importance of public perception. However, it also reveals a disconnect between his role as king and his responsibility to lead the people in faithful obedience to God.

Come back with me
Saul's request for Samuel to return with him is an attempt to regain legitimacy and support. Samuel, as a prophet, represented God's voice, and his presence would signal divine approval. This request highlights Saul's dependence on external validation rather than seeking reconciliation with God.

so that I may worship
Worship in the Hebrew context, "שָׁחָה" (shachah), involves bowing down or prostrating oneself, signifying submission and reverence. Saul's desire to worship is more about ritual compliance than heartfelt devotion. True worship requires a contrite heart, which Saul seems to lack, as his focus remains on appearances.

the LORD your God
The phrase "the LORD your God" is telling, as Saul refers to God as Samuel's God rather than his own. This distinction suggests a relational distance between Saul and God, emphasizing his spiritual decline. In the broader biblical narrative, this separation marks a turning point where Saul's kingship is ultimately rejected by God.

So Samuel went back with Saul
This phrase marks a significant moment of reconciliation and obedience, albeit temporary, between the prophet Samuel and King Saul. The Hebrew root for "went back" is "שׁוּב" (shuv), which often implies a return or repentance. In this context, it signifies Samuel's reluctant compliance to Saul's request, despite Saul's disobedience to God's command. Historically, this moment underscores the tension between divine authority and human kingship in Israel. Samuel, as God's prophet, represents divine will, while Saul, as king, embodies the people's choice. This return is not just physical but also symbolic of the complex relationship between God's commands and human leadership.

and Saul worshiped the LORD
The act of worship here is crucial. The Hebrew word for "worshiped" is "שָׁחָה" (shachah), meaning to bow down or prostrate oneself. This physical act of worship indicates Saul's acknowledgment of God's sovereignty, despite his earlier disobedience. It is a moment of outward piety, reflecting a common biblical theme where external acts of worship are not always aligned with internal obedience or faithfulness. Historically, worship in ancient Israel involved sacrifices and rituals, which Saul had failed to perform correctly earlier in the chapter. This act of worship, therefore, is both an attempt at reconciliation with God and a public display of devotion. It serves as a reminder of the importance of aligning one's heart with one's actions in true worship of the LORD.

Then Samuel said
The phrase begins with the prophet Samuel, a pivotal figure in Israel's history, acting under divine authority. Samuel's role as a prophet and judge is crucial, as he serves as God's mouthpiece. The Hebrew root for "said" (אָמַר, 'amar) implies a declaration or command, emphasizing the authority and seriousness of Samuel's words. This moment underscores the transition from divine instruction to human action, highlighting the weight of obedience to God's commands.

Bring me Agag
The command to bring Agag, the king of the Amalekites, is significant. Agag represents the Amalekites, a people who were long-standing enemies of Israel. The Hebrew name "Agag" (אֲגַג) may denote a royal title rather than a personal name, similar to "Pharaoh" in Egypt. This request by Samuel is not merely a call for a meeting but a summons to divine justice, reflecting the fulfillment of God's command to utterly destroy the Amalekites due to their opposition to Israel (Exodus 17:14-16).

king of the Amalekites
The Amalekites were a nomadic tribe, historically known for their hostility towards Israel. Their enmity is first recorded during the Exodus when they attacked the Israelites at Rephidim. The term "king" (מֶלֶךְ, melek) signifies Agag's authority and leadership over a people who were under divine judgment. This context highlights the seriousness of Saul's failure to fully obey God's command to destroy the Amalekites, as instructed in 1 Samuel 15:3.

Agag came to him cheerfully
Agag's demeanor, described as "cheerfully," is intriguing. The Hebrew word used here (מַעֲדַנּוֹת, ma'adannot) can imply a sense of ease or confidence, suggesting Agag's belief that he might escape death. This reflects a misunderstanding or underestimation of the gravity of his situation and the divine justice that Samuel represents. Agag's attitude contrasts sharply with the somber reality of his impending judgment.

for he thought
This phrase introduces Agag's internal reasoning. The Hebrew verb "thought" (אָמַר, 'amar) is the same as "said" earlier, indicating an internal dialogue or assumption. Agag's thoughts reveal a false sense of security, perhaps based on past experiences where captured kings were spared or ransomed. This highlights the human tendency to misjudge divine justice and the seriousness of sin.

Surely the bitterness of death is past
Agag's assumption that "the bitterness of death is past" reflects a belief that the danger has subsided. The word "bitterness" (מַר, mar) conveys the harshness and severity of death, often associated with divine judgment. Agag's presumption is tragically misplaced, as he fails to recognize the unyielding nature of God's command and the inevitability of divine justice. This phrase serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin and the certainty of God's righteous judgment.

But Samuel declared
The Hebrew word for "declared" is "אָמַר" (amar), which means to say, speak, or utter. This word is often used in the context of divine pronouncements or prophetic declarations. Samuel, as a prophet, speaks with authority from God, emphasizing the seriousness of the message he is about to deliver. His declaration is not merely his own words but a reflection of divine justice.

As your sword has made women childless
The phrase highlights the consequences of Agag's actions. The Hebrew word for "sword" is "חֶרֶב" (chereb), symbolizing violence and destruction. Agag, as the king of the Amalekites, was responsible for acts of war that left many women without children. This phrase underscores the principle of divine retribution, where the punishment mirrors the crime. It reflects the biblical theme of justice, where actions have corresponding consequences.

so your mother will be childless among women
This phrase is a direct pronouncement of judgment upon Agag. The Hebrew word for "childless" is "שָׁכֹל" (shakol), which means to be bereaved or to lose children. The imagery of a mother being childless is poignant, emphasizing the totality of Agag's impending doom. It serves as a stark reminder of the cost of sin and disobedience against God's commands.

And Samuel hacked Agag to pieces
The Hebrew verb "שָׁסַף" (shasaph) means to cut or hew down. This action by Samuel is both literal and symbolic. It represents the execution of divine justice and the fulfillment of God's command to utterly destroy the Amalekites. Samuel's actions demonstrate the seriousness with which God's commands are to be taken and the role of the prophet in executing divine judgment.

before the LORD at Gilgal
The phrase "before the LORD" indicates that this act was done in the presence of God, signifying divine approval and oversight. Gilgal holds historical and spiritual significance as a place of covenant renewal and divine encounters in Israel's history. It serves as a reminder that God's presence is central to the life and actions of His people. The location underscores the importance of obedience and the consequences of failing to follow God's commands.

Then Samuel went to Ramah
The word "Then" signifies a transition, a moment of change following the events that have just transpired. In the context of 1 Samuel 15, this transition follows the rejection of Saul as king by God due to his disobedience. "Samuel," the prophet and last judge of Israel, represents God's voice and authority. His journey to "Ramah," his hometown, symbolizes a return to a place of spiritual reflection and communion with God. Ramah, located in the territory of Benjamin, was a place of significance for Samuel, serving as a center for his prophetic ministry. This movement away from Saul indicates a physical and spiritual distancing from the failed kingship of Saul, highlighting the gravity of Saul's disobedience and the severing of divine favor.

but Saul went up to his home
The conjunction "but" introduces a contrast between Samuel's actions and those of Saul. While Samuel returns to a place of spiritual significance, Saul retreats to his "home," suggesting a return to the familiar and mundane. This phrase underscores Saul's isolation and the beginning of his decline. The Hebrew root for "home" (בַּיִת, bayit) often denotes not just a physical dwelling but also a household or dynasty. Saul's return to his home in Gibeah marks a retreat into his own world, away from the divine mission he was called to fulfill. It is a poignant reminder of the consequences of disobedience and the loss of divine guidance.

in Gibeah of Saul
"Gibeah" was Saul's hometown and the seat of his kingship, often referred to as "Gibeah of Saul" to distinguish it from other locations named Gibeah. This city, located in the tribal territory of Benjamin, held political and military significance during Saul's reign. The mention of "Gibeah of Saul" serves as a reminder of Saul's initial rise to power and the potential he once had as Israel's first king. However, it also highlights the tragic irony of his situation—returning to the place of his beginnings, now marked by failure and divine rejection. Historically, Gibeah was a place of both triumph and tragedy, reflecting the dual nature of Saul's reign. This phrase encapsulates the somber reality of Saul's kingship, now overshadowed by his disobedience and the loss of God's favor.

Even to the day of his death
This phrase emphasizes the finality and permanence of the separation between Samuel and Saul. In the Hebrew context, the word for "death" (מוֹת, "moth") signifies not just physical death but a complete end to a relationship or era. Samuel's decision not to see Saul again underscores the seriousness of Saul's disobedience and the irrevocable nature of God's judgment. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of turning away from God's commands.

Samuel did not see Saul again
The Hebrew verb for "see" (רָאָה, "ra'ah") implies more than just physical sight; it encompasses understanding, approval, and relationship. Samuel's choice not to see Saul again indicates a severance of prophetic guidance and divine favor. This separation highlights the gravity of Saul's failure to obey God's command and the resulting spiritual isolation.

though Samuel mourned for him
The word "mourned" (אָבַל, "aval") in Hebrew conveys deep sorrow and lamentation. Samuel's mourning reflects his compassion and the personal loss he feels for Saul, despite Saul's disobedience. It illustrates the heart of a true prophet who grieves over the spiritual downfall of a leader and the impact on the nation. This mourning is not just for Saul as an individual but for the missed potential and the consequences for Israel.

And the LORD regretted
The term "regretted" (נָחַם, "nacham") is complex in Hebrew, often translated as "repented" or "was sorry." It does not imply a change in God's nature or plan but rather expresses God's sorrow over human choices that lead to negative outcomes. This anthropopathic expression helps us understand God's relational nature and His desire for humanity to walk in obedience and blessing.

that He had made Saul king over Israel
The phrase underscores the divine initiative in Saul's kingship. The Hebrew word for "made" (מָלַךְ, "malak") indicates God's sovereign choice and authority in appointing leaders. Saul's failure as king is not a reflection of God's mistake but of human free will and the consequences of disobedience. This serves as a reminder of the importance of aligning leadership with God's will and the potential for regret when leaders stray from divine guidance.