Now the LORD said to Samuel
This opening phrase sets the stage for divine intervention. The Hebrew word for "LORD" is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, emphasizing His eternal and unchanging nature. This is a reminder that God is actively involved in the affairs of His people, speaking directly to His prophet, Samuel. The personal communication underscores the intimate relationship between God and His chosen servants.

How long will you mourn for Saul
Mourning in ancient Israel was a profound expression of grief, often involving weeping, fasting, and wearing sackcloth. Samuel's mourning for Saul indicates his deep sorrow over Saul's failure as king. The Hebrew root for "mourn" is "אבל" (aval), which conveys a sense of lamentation and loss. This question from God challenges Samuel to move beyond his grief and align with God's purposes.

since I have rejected him as king over Israel
The rejection of Saul is a pivotal moment in Israel's history. The Hebrew word for "rejected" is "מאס" (ma'as), meaning to despise or refuse. This divine rejection is not arbitrary but a response to Saul's disobedience and failure to uphold God's commands. It highlights the seriousness of covenantal faithfulness and the consequences of turning away from God's instructions.

Fill your horn with oil and go
The horn filled with oil symbolizes anointing, a sacred act of consecration. In ancient Israel, oil was used to anoint kings, priests, and prophets, signifying the Holy Spirit's empowerment and setting apart for divine service. The command to "go" indicates urgency and obedience, as Samuel is called to participate in God's unfolding plan.

I am sending you to Jesse of Bethlehem
Bethlehem, a small town in Judah, holds significant historical and prophetic importance. It is the birthplace of David, Israel's greatest king, and later, Jesus Christ, the Messiah. The mention of Jesse, David's father, roots the narrative in a specific family line, fulfilling God's promises and foreshadowing the Messianic lineage.

for I have chosen for Myself a king among his sons
The phrase "I have chosen" reflects God's sovereign will and divine election. The Hebrew word "ראה" (ra'ah) means to see or select, indicating God's foreknowledge and purpose. Unlike Saul, who was chosen by the people's demand, this new king is selected by God Himself, ensuring that he aligns with God's heart and mission for Israel.

How can I go?
This phrase reflects Samuel's initial hesitation and fear. The Hebrew root for "go" is "halak," which often implies a journey or mission. Samuel, a prophet of God, is expressing a very human concern about the practicalities and dangers of his divine mission. This highlights the tension between divine command and human fear, a common theme in Scripture. Samuel's question is not one of doubt in God's power but rather a reflection of the real danger posed by Saul's potential reaction.

Samuel asked
Samuel, whose name means "heard of God," is a pivotal figure in Israel's history. His role as a prophet, judge, and anointer of kings places him in a unique position of authority and responsibility. This moment of inquiry shows his reliance on God for guidance, emphasizing the importance of seeking divine wisdom in times of uncertainty. Samuel's relationship with God is characterized by open communication, a model for believers in maintaining a prayerful dialogue with the Lord.

If Saul hears about it
Saul, the first king of Israel, is depicted as a tragic figure whose disobedience leads to his rejection by God. The phrase underscores the political tension and instability of the time. Saul's paranoia and volatile nature are well-documented in the biblical narrative, making Samuel's concern legitimate. Historically, this reflects the dangerous dynamics of ancient Near Eastern monarchies, where power struggles often led to violence and betrayal.

he will kill me
The fear of death is a powerful motivator, and Samuel's concern is not unfounded. The Hebrew word for "kill" is "harag," which conveys the idea of a violent, intentional act. This highlights the severity of Saul's potential response and the real threat to Samuel's life. In a broader theological context, this phrase illustrates the cost of obedience to God's will. It serves as a reminder that following God's commands may lead to personal risk, yet it is through such trials that faith is tested and refined.

Then invite Jesse to the sacrifice
The directive to "invite Jesse" is significant in the context of divine selection and the unfolding of God's plan. Jesse, the father of David, represents the lineage through which God would establish the Davidic covenant, ultimately leading to the birth of Jesus Christ. The Hebrew root for "invite" (קָרָא, qara) implies a calling or summoning, which in this context is not merely a social invitation but a divine appointment. The "sacrifice" here is a communal and religious event, underscoring the sacredness of the occasion. Historically, sacrifices were central to Israelite worship, serving as a means of atonement and communion with God. This invitation sets the stage for a pivotal moment in Israel's history, where God’s choice of a king is revealed.

and I will show you what you are to do
This phrase highlights the necessity of divine guidance in the fulfillment of God's purposes. The Hebrew verb "show" (רָאָה, ra'ah) conveys the idea of seeing or perceiving, suggesting that God will provide Samuel with insight and understanding. This underscores the theme of reliance on God’s wisdom rather than human judgment. In the broader biblical narrative, this reflects the principle that God’s ways and thoughts are higher than ours (Isaiah 55:8-9). Samuel, as a prophet, is reminded that his role is to be obedient and attentive to God’s instructions, trusting in His sovereign plan.

You are to anoint for Me
The act of anointing is rich with theological significance. The Hebrew word for "anoint" (מָשַׁח, mashach) is the root of the term "Messiah," meaning "the anointed one." Anointing with oil was a symbolic act of consecration, setting someone apart for a holy purpose. In this context, it signifies God’s choice and empowerment of a leader. The phrase "for Me" emphasizes that the anointing is done on behalf of God, indicating divine ownership and authority. This prefigures the ultimate anointing of Jesus Christ, the Messiah, who fulfills the roles of prophet, priest, and king.

the one I indicate
The selection of "the one I indicate" underscores the sovereignty and omniscience of God. The Hebrew verb "indicate" (אָמַר, amar) can also mean to say or declare, suggesting a clear and authoritative communication from God. This highlights the theme of divine election, where God chooses according to His purposes and not by human criteria. In the historical context, David, the youngest and seemingly least likely of Jesse’s sons, is chosen, illustrating that God looks at the heart rather than outward appearances (1 Samuel 16:7). This principle is echoed throughout Scripture, reminding believers that God’s choices often defy human expectations and wisdom.

So Samuel did what the LORD had said
This phrase highlights Samuel's obedience to God's command. The Hebrew root for "did" is עָשָׂה (asah), which means to accomplish or to act. Samuel's actions reflect a deep commitment to God's will, demonstrating the importance of obedience in the life of a believer. In a historical context, prophets like Samuel were expected to follow divine instructions precisely, as they were God's mouthpieces on earth. This obedience is a model for Christians today, emphasizing the need to trust and act upon God's guidance.

and went to Bethlehem
Bethlehem, meaning "house of bread" in Hebrew, is a significant location in biblical history. It is the birthplace of King David and later, Jesus Christ. Samuel's journey to Bethlehem marks a pivotal moment in Israel's history, as he is about to anoint David, the future king. This journey signifies God's unfolding plan for Israel and foreshadows the coming of the Messiah. Archaeologically, Bethlehem was a small, unassuming town, yet it played a crucial role in God's redemptive narrative, reminding believers that God often chooses the humble and unexpected to fulfill His purposes.

When the elders of the town met him
The elders were the leaders and decision-makers in ancient Israelite communities. Their meeting with Samuel indicates the respect and authority he held as a prophet. The Hebrew term for "elders" is זְקֵנִים (zeqenim), which denotes those with wisdom and experience. This encounter underscores the societal structure of the time, where elders played a vital role in maintaining order and governance. For Christians, this interaction highlights the importance of respecting and seeking wisdom from those who are spiritually mature and experienced.

they trembled and asked
The reaction of the elders, trembling, suggests fear or reverence. The Hebrew root for "trembled" is חָרַד (charad), which can mean to quake or be afraid. This response indicates the seriousness with which Samuel's visit was regarded. Prophets often brought messages of judgment or significant change, so the elders' fear reflects their awareness of the potential gravity of Samuel's mission. This serves as a reminder of the awe and respect due to God's messengers and the weight of their words.

Do you come in peace?
This question reveals the elders' concern about Samuel's intentions. The Hebrew word for "peace" is שָׁלוֹם (shalom), which encompasses not just the absence of conflict but also completeness and well-being. The inquiry reflects the desire for assurance that Samuel's visit would not bring divine judgment or upheaval. In a broader scriptural context, this highlights the human longing for peace and the assurance that comes from being in right standing with God. For believers, it is a reminder of the peace that comes through faith and obedience to God's will.

In peace, he replied
The Hebrew word for "peace" here is "shalom," which encompasses more than just the absence of conflict. It signifies completeness, welfare, and harmony. Samuel's assurance of peace is crucial, as his arrival could have been seen as a threat or a sign of judgment. In the biblical context, "shalom" is a reminder of God's covenantal promise to His people, offering them a holistic sense of well-being and divine favor.

I have come to sacrifice to the LORD
The act of sacrifice in ancient Israel was a central aspect of worship and covenant relationship with God. The Hebrew word for "sacrifice" is "zebach," which often involved the offering of animals as a means of atonement and thanksgiving. Sacrifices were a way to honor God, seek His favor, and maintain a right relationship with Him. Samuel's purpose in coming to Bethlehem was to perform a sacred act of worship, underscoring the seriousness and sanctity of his mission.

Consecrate yourselves
The term "consecrate" comes from the Hebrew word "qadash," meaning to set apart or make holy. In the Old Testament, consecration involved rituals of purification and dedication to God. This command to consecrate themselves indicates the need for spiritual preparation before approaching God in worship. It reflects the holiness of God and the requirement for His people to be spiritually clean and devoted to Him.

and come with me to the sacrifice
This invitation to join in the sacrifice highlights the communal aspect of worship in Israel. Sacrifices were not just personal acts but involved the community, fostering unity and shared devotion to God. Samuel's invitation to Jesse and his sons signifies their inclusion in God's unfolding plan, as the sacrifice was a precursor to the anointing of David, Israel's future king.

Then he consecrated Jesse and his sons
Samuel's act of consecrating Jesse and his sons underscores the importance of divine selection and preparation. By setting them apart, Samuel is acknowledging God's sovereign choice and preparing them for the significant role they will play in Israel's history. This consecration is a precursor to the anointing of David, symbolizing God's election and blessing.

and invited them to the sacrifice
The invitation to the sacrifice is both an honor and a divine appointment. It signifies God's gracious inclusion of Jesse's family in His redemptive plan. This moment foreshadows the anointing of David, who would become a man after God's own heart and a central figure in the lineage of Christ. The invitation is a reminder of God's providence and the unfolding of His purposes through chosen individuals.

When they arrived
This phrase sets the scene for a significant moment in biblical history. The arrival refers to the moment when Jesse's sons were presented before Samuel. In the Hebrew context, the word for "arrived" (בּוֹא, bo) often implies a purposeful coming or entering, suggesting that this was a divinely orchestrated event. Historically, this moment is pivotal as it marks the beginning of David's journey to kingship, a key figure in the lineage of Christ.

Samuel saw Eliab
The act of seeing here is more than just physical sight; it implies perception and judgment. The Hebrew word for "saw" (רָאָה, ra'ah) can also mean to consider or to look upon with intention. Samuel, a prophet of God, was using his human judgment to assess Eliab. Eliab, being the eldest son, naturally seemed the most likely candidate for kingship, reflecting the cultural norms of primogeniture where the firstborn is often given precedence.

and said, 'Surely here before the LORD is His anointed.'
Samuel's declaration is significant. The word "surely" (אָכֵן, aken) indicates confidence and certainty, yet it also sets the stage for a divine lesson in God's criteria for leadership. The phrase "before the LORD" (לִפְנֵי יְהוָה, lifnei Yahweh) emphasizes the presence and authority of God in this decision-making process. The term "His anointed" (מְשִׁיחוֹ, meshicho) is crucial, as it is the Hebrew root for "Messiah," meaning "anointed one." This reflects the sacred act of anointing, which was a physical symbol of God's choice and empowerment for leadership. Historically, anointing with oil was a common practice for consecrating someone to a holy office, signifying the Holy Spirit's presence and blessing.

But the LORD said to Samuel
This phrase introduces a divine intervention in the narrative. The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, emphasizing His personal relationship with Israel. Samuel, the prophet, is being guided directly by God, highlighting the importance of divine revelation over human judgment. This sets the stage for a lesson in divine perspective versus human perspective.

Do not consider his appearance or his height
The Hebrew word for "appearance" is "mar'eh," which refers to what is visible to the eye. "Height" is "qomah," often associated with physical stature or impressiveness. Historically, Saul, Israel's first king, was chosen partly for his impressive appearance (1 Samuel 9:2). Here, God instructs Samuel to look beyond physical attributes, challenging cultural norms that equate leadership with physical prowess.

for I have rejected him
The word "rejected" comes from the Hebrew "ma'as," meaning to refuse or despise. This indicates a divine decision that is final and based on criteria beyond human understanding. It underscores God's sovereignty in choosing leaders based on His purposes rather than human expectations.

the LORD does not see as man does
This phrase contrasts divine perception with human perception. The Hebrew verb "ra'ah" (to see) is used here, emphasizing that God's vision penetrates deeper than human sight. This is a profound theological statement about God's omniscience and His ability to discern true character and intent.

For man sees the outward appearance
"Outward appearance" translates from "ayin," meaning eye or sight. This reflects the natural human tendency to judge based on what is visible and tangible. It serves as a caution against superficial judgments and a reminder of human limitations in understanding true worth.

but the LORD sees the heart
The Hebrew word for "heart" is "leb," which encompasses the inner self, including thoughts, emotions, and intentions. This phrase highlights God's ability to understand the true nature of a person, beyond external facades. It is a call to prioritize inner virtues over external appearances, aligning with biblical teachings that emphasize purity of heart (Matthew 5:8).

Then Jesse called Abinadab
In this phrase, we see Jesse, the father of David, actively participating in the process of presenting his sons to the prophet Samuel. The name "Abinadab" in Hebrew means "my father is noble" or "father of generosity." This reflects the cultural importance of names in ancient Israel, often signifying character or destiny. Jesse's action of calling Abinadab suggests a hope or expectation that he might be the chosen one, highlighting the human tendency to judge by outward appearances or societal norms.

and presented him to Samuel
The act of presenting Abinadab to Samuel is significant in the context of ancient Israelite customs. Samuel, as a prophet, held a position of spiritual authority, and Jesse's presentation of his son indicates respect and recognition of Samuel's role as God's messenger. This moment underscores the importance of divine selection over human choice, a recurring theme in the narrative of David's anointing.

who said, 'The LORD has not chosen this one either.'
Samuel's response is a direct revelation from God, emphasizing the divine prerogative in choosing leaders. The phrase "The LORD has not chosen" reflects the Hebrew concept of divine election, where God’s choices often defy human expectations. This statement serves as a reminder that God's criteria for leadership are based on the heart rather than external attributes. It also foreshadows the eventual selection of David, the youngest and seemingly least likely candidate, illustrating the biblical principle that God often uses the humble and unexpected to fulfill His purposes.

Next Jesse presented Shammah
The name "Shammah" in Hebrew means "astonishment" or "desolation." Shammah is the third son of Jesse, and his presentation to Samuel signifies the continued search for the one whom God has chosen. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, the presentation of sons in order of birth was customary, reflecting the importance of birthright and inheritance. However, God's choice often defies human expectations and traditions, emphasizing His sovereignty and the principle that He looks at the heart rather than outward appearances.

but Samuel said
Samuel, the prophet, acts as God's mouthpiece, discerning and declaring God's will. His role is crucial in this narrative, as he is tasked with anointing the next king of Israel. Samuel's obedience and attentiveness to God's voice serve as a model for believers, highlighting the importance of spiritual discernment and submission to divine guidance.

'The LORD has not chosen this one either.'
This phrase underscores the theme of divine election, a recurring motif throughout Scripture. The Hebrew word for "chosen" (בָּחַר, bachar) implies a deliberate and purposeful selection. God's rejection of Shammah, despite his potential qualifications, illustrates the principle that God's choices are based on His wisdom and purposes, not human criteria. This serves as a reminder that God's plans often transcend human understanding, and His ways are higher than our ways (Isaiah 55:8-9). The narrative encourages believers to trust in God's perfect will, even when it contradicts societal norms or personal expectations.

Thus Jesse made seven of his sons pass before Samuel
In this phrase, we see the patriarch Jesse presenting his sons to the prophet Samuel. The number "seven" in Hebrew culture often symbolizes completeness or perfection, which might suggest that Jesse believed he was presenting the full measure of his family’s potential. The act of making his sons "pass before" Samuel is reminiscent of a formal presentation or inspection, indicating the seriousness of the occasion. This was not merely a family gathering but a divinely orchestrated event. Historically, this moment is set in the context of ancient Israel, where the selection of a king was a significant event, often involving prophetic insight and divine guidance.

but Samuel told him
The phrase "but Samuel told him" introduces a pivotal moment of divine revelation. Samuel, as a prophet, serves as the mouthpiece of God, and his words carry the weight of divine authority. The Hebrew root for "told" (נָגַד, nagad) implies a declaration or announcement, emphasizing the importance of what is about to be communicated. Samuel's role here is crucial, as he is tasked with discerning God's choice, not based on outward appearances but on divine insight.

The LORD has not chosen any of these
This statement is profound in its simplicity and depth. "The LORD" (יהוה, Yahweh) is the covenant name of God, underscoring His personal relationship with Israel and His sovereign authority in choosing their leaders. The phrase "has not chosen" (בָּחַר, bachar) indicates a deliberate and discerning selection process. Despite the completeness symbolized by the seven sons, God's choice does not align with human expectations. This highlights a recurring biblical theme: God’s ways and thoughts are higher than ours (Isaiah 55:8-9). The rejection of Jesse's sons serves as a reminder that God looks beyond human criteria, seeking a heart aligned with His purposes. This sets the stage for the introduction of David, the youngest son, who, though overlooked by his family, is chosen by God to lead His people. This narrative encourages believers to trust in God's wisdom and timing, recognizing that His plans often defy human logic and expectation.

And Samuel said to Jesse
The prophet Samuel, a pivotal figure in Israel's history, is acting under divine instruction. His role as a prophet and judge is crucial, as he bridges the period between the judges and the monarchy. Samuel's inquiry to Jesse, David's father, is significant because it reflects God's sovereign choice, not human preference. The Hebrew root for "said" (אָמַר, 'amar) often conveys not just speaking but declaring or commanding, indicating the authority with which Samuel speaks.

Are these all the sons you have?
This question underscores the theme of divine selection versus human oversight. Jesse presents his sons, but God's choice is not among them. The Hebrew word for "sons" (בָּנִים, banim) is a reminder of the patriarchal lineage and the importance of family heritage in Israelite culture. This moment highlights that God's criteria for leadership differ from human expectations.

There is still the youngest
David, the youngest son, is initially overlooked, which is a recurring biblical theme where God chooses the least likely candidate to fulfill His purposes. The Hebrew word for "youngest" (קָטָן, qatan) can also mean "small" or "insignificant," emphasizing that God's choice is not based on human standards of importance or maturity.

but he is tending the sheep
David's role as a shepherd is both literal and symbolic. Shepherding was a common occupation, yet it also foreshadows David's future role as the shepherd-king of Israel. The Hebrew root for "tending" (רָעָה, ra'ah) means to pasture or shepherd, which is rich with imagery of care, guidance, and protection—qualities essential for a king. This phrase also connects to the pastoral tradition in Israel's history, where leaders like Moses and later Jesus are depicted as shepherds.

Samuel said, 'Send for him
Samuel's directive to "send for" David is immediate and urgent. The Hebrew verb (שָׁלַח, shalach) implies dispatching with purpose. This action signifies the divine urgency and importance of David's anointing, as God's plan is unfolding in real-time.

for we will not sit down to eat until he arrives
This statement reflects the honor and anticipation surrounding David's arrival. The act of sitting down to eat is a communal and covenantal act in ancient Near Eastern culture. The Hebrew phrase for "sit down" (יָשַׁב, yashab) can also mean to dwell or remain, indicating a pause in proceedings until the rightful person is present. This moment foreshadows the honor and responsibility that will be bestowed upon David, aligning with God's sovereign will.

So Jesse sent for him
In the context of ancient Israel, family dynamics were deeply rooted in patriarchal structures. Jesse, as the father, held authority over his household. The act of sending for David, the youngest son, signifies obedience to Samuel's request, which was divinely inspired. The Hebrew root for "sent" (שָׁלַח, shalach) often implies a mission or purpose, indicating that David's calling was not merely familial but divinely orchestrated.

and had him brought in
This phrase underscores the importance of David's presence. In the Hebrew culture, being "brought in" (בּוֹא, bo) often signifies entering into a new phase or role. David's introduction to Samuel marks the beginning of his journey from shepherd to king, a transition that is both physical and spiritual.

He was ruddy
The term "ruddy" (אַדְמוֹנִי, admoni) refers to a healthy, reddish complexion, which in ancient times was often associated with vigor and vitality. This description not only highlights David's physical attributes but also symbolizes his robust character and potential for leadership. In a spiritual sense, it reflects the life and energy that David would bring to the nation of Israel.

with a fine appearance
David's "fine appearance" (יְפֵה עֵינַיִם, yepeh einayim) suggests more than just physical beauty; it implies a pleasing demeanor and presence. In biblical terms, beauty often correlates with favor and blessing from God. This phrase indicates that David was not only outwardly attractive but also possessed an inner grace that made him suitable for God's purposes.

and handsome features
The description of "handsome features" (טוֹב רֹאִי, tov ro'i) further emphasizes David's suitability for leadership. In the ancient Near East, physical appearance was often seen as a reflection of one's character and divine favor. This phrase suggests that David's appearance was a manifestation of his inner qualities, which were aligned with God's will.

Then the LORD said
The direct communication from the LORD (יְהוָה, Yahweh) signifies divine authority and intervention. In the Hebrew tradition, when God speaks, it is a moment of revelation and action. This phrase marks a pivotal moment where God's choice is made clear, underscoring the divine sovereignty in the selection of leaders.

Rise and anoint him
The command to "rise and anoint" (קוּם מָשַׁח, qum mashach) is both a physical and spiritual directive. Anointing, in Hebrew culture, was a sacred act that set individuals apart for God's service. This command signifies the beginning of David's divine appointment as king, highlighting the transformative power of God's calling.

for he is the one
This declaration affirms God's sovereign choice. The phrase "he is the one" (כִּי זֶה הוּא, ki zeh hu) emphasizes the certainty and intentionality of God's selection. It reflects the biblical theme that God often chooses the unlikely or overlooked to fulfill His purposes, demonstrating His wisdom and power.

So Samuel took the horn of oil
The act of taking a "horn of oil" is deeply symbolic in the Hebrew tradition. The "horn" (Hebrew: qeren) often symbolizes strength and power, as it is derived from the horns of animals, which were used as vessels for anointing oil. Oil, in biblical times, was a symbol of consecration and sanctification. It was used to set apart individuals for a divine purpose. Samuel, as a prophet, was performing a sacred act, indicating that David was chosen by God for a special role.

and anointed him
The Hebrew word for "anointed" is mashach, from which we derive the term "Messiah," meaning "the anointed one." Anointing was a ritual act that signified the conferring of God's blessing and authority. In this context, David's anointing marks him as God's chosen king, even though he would not immediately ascend to the throne. This act foreshadows the anointing of Jesus Christ, the ultimate Messiah.

in the presence of his brothers
This phrase highlights the public nature of David's anointing. His brothers, who were initially considered for kingship, witnessed God's choice of the youngest and seemingly least likely candidate. This underscores a recurring biblical theme: God often chooses the humble and the least expected to fulfill His purposes, demonstrating that His ways are not man's ways.

and the Spirit of the LORD rushed upon David
The "Spirit of the LORD" (Hebrew: Ruach Yahweh) represents God's presence and power. The phrase "rushed upon" indicates a sudden and powerful endowment of divine enablement. This is a transformative moment for David, marking the beginning of his journey as God's chosen leader. The Spirit's presence is essential for the fulfillment of God's purposes, empowering David for the tasks ahead.

from that day forward
This phrase signifies a permanent change in David's life. The anointing was not a temporary event but marked the beginning of a new era. From this point, David is equipped with divine wisdom and strength, setting the stage for his future role as king. It also implies that God's calling and gifts are irrevocable, as seen in Romans 11:29.

Then Samuel set out and went to Ramah
Samuel's departure to Ramah, his hometown, signifies the completion of his mission. Ramah was a place of prophetic activity and Samuel's base of operations. His return there indicates a transition in the narrative, as the focus shifts from Samuel's leadership to David's rise. It also reflects Samuel's obedience to God's will, having fulfilled his role in anointing the future king.

Now the Spirit of the LORD had departed from Saul
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative of Saul's kingship. The "Spirit of the LORD" refers to the divine presence and empowerment that had been with Saul since his anointing as king. In Hebrew, "Spirit" is "Ruach," which can mean breath, wind, or spirit, indicating a life-giving force. The departure of the Spirit signifies God's rejection of Saul as king due to his disobedience and failure to follow God's commands. This departure is not just a loss of divine favor but also a withdrawal of the guidance and strength that Saul needed to lead Israel. Historically, this reflects the theocratic nature of Israel's monarchy, where the king was expected to be a vessel of God's will.

and an evil spirit from the LORD tormented him
The phrase "an evil spirit from the LORD" can be perplexing, as it suggests that God sent a harmful spirit to Saul. In Hebrew, "evil" is "ra," which can mean bad, harmful, or distressing. This spirit is not evil in the moral sense but rather brings distress and turmoil. Theologically, this reflects the sovereignty of God over all creation, including spiritual entities. It serves as a divine judgment on Saul, highlighting the consequences of his disobedience. The term "tormented" indicates a severe mental or emotional disturbance, suggesting that Saul's rejection by God led to a profound inner turmoil. This aligns with the biblical theme that peace and stability come from God's presence, and without it, chaos ensues. This passage serves as a sobering reminder of the importance of obedience and the spiritual consequences of turning away from God.

Saul’s servants said to him
This phrase introduces the role of Saul's attendants, who are close enough to observe his condition and feel compelled to speak. In the ancient Near Eastern context, servants often held positions of influence, acting as advisors or intermediaries. Their willingness to address Saul directly indicates a level of trust and concern. The Hebrew word for "servants" (עֲבָדִים, 'avadim) can also mean "slaves" or "attendants," suggesting a range of roles from menial tasks to significant advisory positions. This reflects the communal and hierarchical nature of ancient Israelite society, where even those in servitude could have a voice in the king's court.

Surely a spirit of distress
The phrase "a spirit of distress" (רוּחַ רָעָה, ruach ra'ah) is significant in understanding the spiritual and psychological state of Saul. The Hebrew word "ruach" can mean "spirit," "wind," or "breath," indicating an unseen force or influence. The term "ra'ah" translates to "evil" or "distress," suggesting a negative or harmful presence. In the biblical worldview, spiritual forces were often seen as direct agents of God's will, whether for blessing or judgment. This reflects the belief in divine sovereignty over all aspects of life, including mental and emotional states.

from God
The acknowledgment that the spirit is "from God" (מֵאֵת אֱלֹהִים, me'et Elohim) underscores the theological perspective that God is the ultimate source of all things, both good and bad. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative where God uses various means to accomplish His purposes, even allowing distress to bring about repentance or change. It challenges modern readers to consider the complexity of God's interactions with humanity, where His ways and thoughts are higher than ours (Isaiah 55:8-9).

is tormenting you
The word "tormenting" (בָּעֲתָה, ba'atah) conveys a sense of terror or overwhelming distress. This reflects the intense psychological and spiritual struggle Saul is experiencing. In the ancient world, mental anguish was often attributed to spiritual causes, and the language here suggests a profound inner turmoil. This serves as a reminder of the consequences of disobedience and the loss of God's favor, as Saul's rejection of God's commands led to his spiritual and emotional decline. It also highlights the need for divine intervention and the hope of restoration through God's chosen means, as seen later in the chapter with David's introduction as a soothing presence through his music.

Let our lord command
This phrase indicates a request for action from a position of respect and submission. The Hebrew word for "lord" here is "adon," which signifies authority and leadership. In the context of ancient Israel, this reflects the hierarchical structure where servants or subjects would seek the guidance and command of their leader, in this case, King Saul. It underscores the importance of recognizing and respecting God-ordained authority.

your servants here
The term "servants" in Hebrew is "ebed," which can mean a servant, slave, or subject. This reflects the societal norms of the time, where individuals served under a king or master. The use of "your servants" indicates loyalty and readiness to serve, highlighting the communal and hierarchical nature of ancient Israelite society.

to seek out a man
The phrase "seek out" comes from the Hebrew "baqash," meaning to search or inquire. This implies a diligent and purposeful search, not a casual or haphazard one. The emphasis on finding "a man" suggests the need for a specific skill set, in this case, musical talent, which was highly valued in the cultural and religious practices of the time.

who knows how to play the harp
The harp, or "kinnor" in Hebrew, was a stringed instrument commonly used in ancient Israel. It was associated with worship, celebration, and soothing the soul. The ability to play the harp was a respected skill, often linked to spiritual and emotional healing. This reflects the broader biblical theme of music as a means of connecting with God and bringing peace.

Whenever the spirit from God is upon you
The "spirit from God" refers to a troubling spirit that afflicted Saul, as described earlier in the chapter. The Hebrew word for spirit is "ruach," which can mean breath, wind, or spirit. In this context, it signifies a divine influence or presence, albeit a distressing one. This highlights the belief in God's sovereignty over all spiritual matters, both comforting and challenging.

he can play the harp
The act of playing the harp is seen as a remedy for Saul's distress. This suggests the therapeutic power of music, a concept supported by both ancient and modern understandings. The use of music for healing and spiritual purposes is a recurring theme in the Bible, emphasizing the holistic nature of God's care for His people.

and you will be well
The promise of wellness, or "tov" in Hebrew, implies not just physical health but also emotional and spiritual peace. This reflects the biblical view of shalom, a state of complete well-being and harmony with God. The assurance of wellness through music underscores the belief in God's provision for healing and restoration in all aspects of life.

And Saul said
This phrase introduces us to King Saul, the first king of Israel, who was chosen by God but later rejected due to his disobedience. The Hebrew root for "said" is "אָמַר" (amar), which is a common verb used throughout the Old Testament to denote speech or command. Saul's authority as king is evident here, as he issues a directive to his servants. Historically, Saul's reign was marked by turmoil and his eventual mental distress, which sets the stage for the events in this chapter.

to his servants
The term "servants" in Hebrew is "עֲבָדִים" (avadim), which can refer to attendants, officials, or those who serve in a royal court. In the context of ancient Israel, these servants would have been trusted individuals who carried out the king's orders. This highlights the hierarchical structure of Saul's court and the reliance on his inner circle to fulfill his needs.

Find me someone
The Hebrew verb "רָאָה" (ra'ah) is used here, meaning "to see" or "to find." Saul's request is urgent and specific, indicating his need for immediate relief from his distress. This search for a musician is not just a casual request but a mission to find someone with a particular skill set that could provide solace to the troubled king.

who plays well
The phrase "plays well" refers to musical skill, specifically the ability to play the lyre, an ancient stringed instrument. The Hebrew word "נָגַן" (nagan) means "to play" or "to make music." Music held significant cultural and spiritual importance in ancient Israel, often used in worship and to soothe the soul. Saul's request underscores the therapeutic power of music, a theme that resonates throughout the Bible.

and bring him to me
This command reflects Saul's desperation for relief and his willingness to bring someone into his presence who could provide comfort. The Hebrew verb "בּוֹא" (bo) means "to come" or "to bring," indicating an action that requires initiative and effort. This phrase also foreshadows the introduction of David, who would not only play music for Saul but eventually become a central figure in Israel's history.

One of the servants answered
This phrase introduces the response of a servant in Saul's court. The Hebrew word for "servant" is "na'ar," which can mean a young man or attendant. This indicates the presence of attentive and observant individuals in the royal court, highlighting the importance of being vigilant and ready to provide counsel or information when needed.

I have seen a son of Jesse of Bethlehem
The servant identifies David as a "son of Jesse," emphasizing his lineage and connection to Bethlehem. Bethlehem, known as the "House of Bread," is significant in biblical history as the birthplace of David and later Jesus Christ. This phrase underscores the providential selection of David, rooted in a humble and seemingly insignificant town, yet destined for greatness.

who knows how to play the harp
The ability to play the harp suggests not only musical talent but also a cultural and spiritual depth. In ancient Israel, music was often associated with worship and prophecy. The Hebrew word for "harp" is "kinnor," an instrument used in both secular and sacred contexts. David's skill in music foreshadows his role as the composer of many Psalms, which continue to inspire worship and devotion.

He is a brave man and a warrior
This description highlights David's courage and military prowess. The Hebrew word for "brave" is "gibbor," often used to describe mighty or valiant men. David's bravery is not just physical but also spiritual, as he later demonstrates in his faith-driven confrontation with Goliath. His warrior status is a testament to his leadership qualities and God's preparation for his future role as king.

He speaks well
The ability to speak well indicates wisdom and eloquence. In Hebrew, the phrase suggests someone who is articulate and persuasive. This quality is essential for leadership, as it enables effective communication and the ability to inspire and guide others. David's eloquence is later evident in his psalms and his interactions with others throughout his life.

and is a fine-looking man
Physical appearance is noted here, which in biblical times often symbolized favor and blessing. While outward appearance is not the most important trait, it can reflect inner qualities and God's favor. David's appearance, combined with his other attributes, makes him an ideal candidate for leadership in the eyes of those around him.

and the LORD is with him
This is the most crucial aspect of David's character. The presence of the LORD, or "Yahweh," signifies divine favor and guidance. In the Hebrew context, God's presence is synonymous with success, protection, and blessing. This phrase assures that David's abilities and qualities are not merely human but are enhanced and directed by God's sovereign will. It foreshadows David's anointing as king and his role in God's redemptive plan for Israel.

So Saul sent messengers
This phrase indicates the authority and power of King Saul, who, as the first king of Israel, had the ability to command and send messengers at his will. The Hebrew word for "sent" (שָׁלַח, shalach) often implies a mission or purpose. Saul's sending of messengers reflects the divine orchestration at play, as God is using Saul's authority to bring David into the royal court, setting the stage for David's future role as king. Historically, this action demonstrates the centralized power of the monarchy in ancient Israel, where the king's word was law.

to Jesse
Jesse, the father of David, is a significant figure in the lineage of Jesus Christ, as noted in the genealogies of the New Testament. The Hebrew name "Jesse" (יִשַׁי, Yishai) means "God exists" or "God's gift," which is fitting given his role in the divine plan. Jesse's family, residing in Bethlehem, is part of the tribe of Judah, which holds prophetic importance as the tribe from which the Messiah would come. This connection underscores the providential nature of God's plan, weaving together the lives of ordinary people to fulfill His extraordinary purposes.

and said, 'Send me your son David
The request for "your son David" is pivotal. David, whose name in Hebrew (דָּוִד, David) means "beloved," is chosen by God to be the future king of Israel. This moment marks the beginning of David's journey from shepherd to sovereign. The phrase highlights the divine selection of David, a young shepherd, over his older brothers, emphasizing God's preference for the heart over outward appearances. This choice reflects the biblical theme that God often chooses the least likely individuals to accomplish His will, demonstrating His power and wisdom.

who is with the sheep
David's occupation as a shepherd is symbolic and prophetic. The Hebrew word for "sheep" (צֹאן, tson) is often used in Scripture to represent God's people. David's role as a shepherd foreshadows his future as the shepherd-king of Israel, caring for and leading God's flock. This imagery is later fulfilled in Jesus Christ, the Good Shepherd. The pastoral setting also speaks to David's humble beginnings and the development of his character, as tending sheep required courage, patience, and a heart for service—qualities essential for his future kingship. Historically, shepherding was a common occupation in ancient Israel, and it provided a rich metaphor for leadership and care.

So Jesse took
The phrase begins with Jesse, the father of David, taking action. Jesse's role is significant as he is part of the lineage of Jesus Christ, highlighting the importance of family and obedience in God's plan. The Hebrew root for "took" (לָקַח, laqach) often implies a deliberate action, suggesting Jesse's obedience and willingness to support God's unfolding plan for David.

a donkey loaded with bread
The donkey, a common beast of burden in ancient Israel, symbolizes humility and service. Bread, a staple of life, represents sustenance and provision. In a spiritual sense, bread often symbolizes the Word of God, which sustains believers. Jesse's provision of bread signifies his care and the importance of providing for both physical and spiritual needs.

a skin of wine
Wine in biblical times was a symbol of joy and celebration, as well as a common offering. The "skin" refers to the animal skins used to store liquids, a practical method in ancient times. Wine also has sacramental connotations, foreshadowing the New Testament's use of wine in the Lord's Supper, symbolizing the blood of Christ and the new covenant.

and a young goat
The young goat, or kid, was often used in sacrifices and feasts, symbolizing atonement and fellowship. This gift reflects the cultural practices of hospitality and respect, as well as the sacrificial system that pointed to the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ. The offering of a goat underscores the themes of reconciliation and peace.

and sent them to Saul
Jesse's act of sending these gifts to Saul demonstrates respect and submission to the king, despite Saul's later opposition to David. This act of sending gifts is a gesture of goodwill and allegiance, reflecting the biblical principle of honoring authority, as seen in Romans 13:1-7.

with his son David
David, the youngest son of Jesse, is introduced here in a role of service. His journey to Saul marks the beginning of his rise to prominence. David's obedience to his father and his humble beginnings as a shepherd boy highlight the biblical theme that God often chooses the least likely individuals to fulfill His purposes, as seen in 1 Corinthians 1:27-29.

When David came to Saul
This phrase marks a significant moment in the biblical narrative, as David, the future king of Israel, enters the service of Saul, the current king. The Hebrew root for "came" (בּוֹא, bo) implies an arrival or coming into a new situation. This moment is pivotal, as it sets the stage for David's rise to prominence. Historically, this meeting is orchestrated by God, who has already chosen David as the next king. It is a divine appointment that begins David's journey from shepherd to sovereign.

and entered his service
The phrase "entered his service" indicates David's formal induction into Saul's court. The Hebrew word for "service" (שָׁרַת, sharath) often denotes ministering or attending to someone of higher status. This reflects David's initial role as a servant, highlighting his humility and willingness to serve. In a broader theological context, it underscores the biblical principle that true leadership begins with servanthood, a theme echoed throughout Scripture.

Saul admired him greatly
The admiration Saul has for David is noteworthy. The Hebrew root for "admired" (אָהַב, ahav) is often translated as "loved" or "had affection for." This suggests a deep appreciation and fondness that Saul develops for David. Historically, this admiration is significant because it shows the initial positive relationship between Saul and David, which later becomes strained. Spiritually, it serves as a reminder of how God can grant favor and influence in the eyes of others, even in challenging circumstances.

and David became his armor-bearer
The role of an "armor-bearer" was one of great trust and responsibility. The Hebrew term (נָשָׂא כֵּלִים, nasa kelim) literally means "one who carries the armor." This position required loyalty and bravery, as the armor-bearer was often close to the king in battle. David's appointment to this role signifies his growing importance in Saul's court and foreshadows his future as a warrior king. It also illustrates the providential preparation God provides for those He calls, equipping them for future tasks through present experiences.

Then Saul sent word to Jesse
This phrase marks a significant moment in the narrative of David's rise to prominence. Saul, the first king of Israel, is reaching out to Jesse, David's father. The act of sending word indicates a formal communication, which in ancient Israelite culture, was a sign of respect and recognition. The Hebrew root for "sent" (שָׁלַח, shalach) often implies a mission or a purposeful action. Saul's initiative here is not just a casual request but a deliberate decision to engage with Jesse's family, acknowledging David's growing importance.

saying, 'Let David remain in my service'
The phrase "Let David remain" suggests a transition from a temporary arrangement to a more permanent role. The Hebrew word for "remain" (יָשַׁב, yashab) can mean to dwell or to sit, implying stability and ongoing presence. David's service to Saul is not merely as a musician or armor-bearer but as someone who is becoming integral to the king's court. This reflects God's providential plan, as David is being positioned for future leadership. Historically, this period marks the beginning of David's exposure to royal life, preparing him for his eventual kingship.

for I am pleased with him
Saul's expression of pleasure in David is significant. The Hebrew root for "pleased" (חָפֵץ, chaphets) conveys delight or favor. This favor is not just personal but also divinely orchestrated, as God is working through these circumstances to elevate David. Saul's pleasure in David is ironic, given the future tension between them, but it underscores the initial harmony and God's hand in David's journey. This phrase also highlights David's character and abilities, which earn him favor in the eyes of the king, setting the stage for his future successes and challenges.

And whenever the spirit from God came upon Saul
The phrase "the spirit from God" is significant in understanding the sovereignty of God over all spiritual realms. In Hebrew, the word for "spirit" is "ruach," which can mean breath, wind, or spirit. This indicates a powerful, invisible force. Theologically, this spirit is understood as a form of divine judgment or testing, as God allows Saul to experience distress due to his disobedience. Historically, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern belief in divine spirits influencing human affairs.

David would take his harp and play
David's use of the harp, or "kinnor" in Hebrew, highlights the importance of music in spiritual and emotional healing. The harp was a common instrument in ancient Israel, used in both worship and royal courts. David's skill as a musician is not only a testament to his talents but also to the power of music as a divine gift that can soothe the soul and drive away distressing spirits. This act foreshadows David's future role as a leader who brings peace and order.

and relief would come to Saul
The relief that Saul experiences is both physical and spiritual. The Hebrew word for "relief" can also mean refreshment or rest, indicating a temporary reprieve from his torment. This suggests that God's mercy is still at work, even in judgment, providing moments of grace through David's ministry. It underscores the theme of God's provision and the restorative power of His presence, even when mediated through another person.

he would feel better
This phrase emphasizes the tangible impact of David's music on Saul's well-being. The improvement in Saul's condition is a testament to the effectiveness of God's chosen means of deliverance. It also reflects the biblical principle that obedience and service to God bring about healing and restoration. David's role as a servant to Saul prefigures his future as a shepherd-king, caring for the people of Israel.

and the evil spirit would leave him
The departure of the "evil spirit" signifies the temporary lifting of Saul's affliction. In Hebrew, "ra'ah" (evil) can denote something harmful or distressing rather than morally evil. This highlights the spiritual battle taking place and the authority of God's anointed servant, David, over such forces. It serves as a reminder of the ultimate victory of God's kingdom over darkness and the peace that comes through His anointed ones. This narrative foreshadows the greater deliverance brought by Jesus Christ, the ultimate Anointed One, who has authority over all spiritual forces.