Now the Spirit of the LORD had departed from Saul
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative of Saul's kingship. The "Spirit of the LORD" refers to the divine presence and empowerment that had been with Saul since his anointing as king. In Hebrew, "Spirit" is "Ruach," which can mean breath, wind, or spirit, indicating a life-giving force. The departure of the Spirit signifies God's rejection of Saul as king due to his disobedience and failure to follow God's commands. This departure is not just a loss of divine favor but also a withdrawal of the guidance and strength that Saul needed to lead Israel. Historically, this reflects the theocratic nature of Israel's monarchy, where the king was expected to be a vessel of God's will.

and an evil spirit from the LORD tormented him
The phrase "an evil spirit from the LORD" can be perplexing, as it suggests that God sent a harmful spirit to Saul. In Hebrew, "evil" is "ra," which can mean bad, harmful, or distressing. This spirit is not evil in the moral sense but rather brings distress and turmoil. Theologically, this reflects the sovereignty of God over all creation, including spiritual entities. It serves as a divine judgment on Saul, highlighting the consequences of his disobedience. The term "tormented" indicates a severe mental or emotional disturbance, suggesting that Saul's rejection by God led to a profound inner turmoil. This aligns with the biblical theme that peace and stability come from God's presence, and without it, chaos ensues. This passage serves as a sobering reminder of the importance of obedience and the spiritual consequences of turning away from God.

Verses 14, 15. - From this time forward David is the central figure of the history. Saul has been rejected, and though, as being the actual king, he must still play his part, more especially as his decline goes on side by side with David s growth in every kingly quality, yet the record of it is no longer given on Saul's account. Interesting, then, as may be the information concerning the mental malady with which Saul was visited, yet the object of this section is to acquaint us with the manner in which David was first brought into connection with him. From the description given of David in ver. 1 Samuel 16:18 it is evident that there has been a considerable interval of time between this and the previous section. David is no longer a child, but a "mighty valiant man." The connection is ethical, and lies in the contrasted moral state of the two men, as shown in the two parallel statements: "the Spirit of Jehovah came upon David;" "the Spirit of Jehovah departed from Saul." There was a gradual decline and debasement of his character; and as David grew from a child into a hero in war and a scholar in peace, so Saul, from being a hero, degenerated into a moody and resentful tyrant. An evil spirit from Jehovah troubled him. Really, as in the margin, terrified him; that is, Saul became subject to fits of intense mental agony, under which his reason gave way, and temporary insanity, accompanied by outbreaks of violence, came on. It is very difficult for us with our richer language to give the exact force of the Hebrew; for the word rendered spirit is literally wind, air, breath. A student of Hebrew can trace the word ruach through all its modifications, from its physical signification as the material wind, to its metaphysical meaning as an influence from God; and then still onward up to the beings who minister before God, and of whom the Psalmist says, "He maketh his angels to be winds" (Psalm 104:4); till finally we reach up unto the third person of the blessed Trinity: and then, as with this full knowledge of the Divine nature we read backward, we find the presence of the Holy Ghost indicated, where to the Israelite probably there was mention only of a material agency. Jost, in his 'History of the Jews since the time of the Maccabees,' vol. 1. p. 12, says that Saul suffered under that form of madness called hypochondria, and that the Jews gave this the name of bad air, the words translated here "evil spirit;" for they held, he says, that "the devil inhabited the air." So St. Paul speaks of the "wicked spiritual beings that are in high places," i.e. in the loftier regions of the atmosphere (Ephesians 6:12). A study of Saul's character makes it probable that, as is often the case with men of brilliant genius, there was always a touch of insanity in his mental constitution. His joining in the exercises of the prophets (1 Samuel 10:10-12) was an outburst of eccentric enthusiasm; and the excitement of his behaviour in the occurrences narrated in ch. 14. indicate a mind that might easily be thrown off its balance. And now he seems to have brooded over his deposition by Samuel, and instead of repenting to have regarded himself as an ill-used man, and given himself up to despondency, until he became a prey to melancholy, and his mind was overclouded. His servants rightly regarded this as a Divine punishment, but their words are remarkable. Behold, an evil spirit from God terrifieth thee. And so again, in ver. 16, the evil spirit from God, as if they were unwilling to ascribe to Jehovah, their covenant Deity, the sending of this evil "influence," while rightly they saw that evil as well as good must come from the Almighty, inasmuch as all things are in his hand, and whatever is must be by his permission. The writer of the book has no such scruples; he calls it "an evil spirit from Jehovah," because it was Jehovah, their own theocratic King, who had dethroned Saul, and withdrawn from him his blessing and protection.

Parallel Commentaries ...


After the Spirit
וְר֧וּחַ (wə·rū·aḥ)
Conjunctive waw | Noun - common singular construct
Strong's 7307: Wind, breath, exhalation, life, anger, unsubstantiality, a region of the sky, spirit

of the LORD
יְהוָ֛ה (Yah·weh)
Noun - proper - masculine singular
Strong's 3068: LORD -- the proper name of the God of Israel

had departed
סָ֖רָה (sā·rāh)
Verb - Qal - Perfect - third person feminine singular
Strong's 5493: To turn aside

from
מֵעִ֣ם (mê·‘im)
Preposition-m
Strong's 5973: With, equally with

Saul,
שָׁא֑וּל (šā·’ūl)
Noun - proper - masculine singular
Strong's 7586: Saul -- first king of Israel, also an Edomite and two Israelites

a spirit
רֽוּחַ־ (rū·aḥ-)
Noun - common singular
Strong's 7307: Wind, breath, exhalation, life, anger, unsubstantiality, a region of the sky, spirit

of distress
רָעָ֖ה (rā·‘āh)
Adjective - feminine singular
Strong's 7451: Bad, evil

from
מֵאֵ֥ת (mê·’êṯ)
Preposition-m | Direct object marker
Strong's 853: Untranslatable mark of the accusative case

the LORD
יְהוָֽה׃ (Yah·weh)
Noun - proper - masculine singular
Strong's 3068: LORD -- the proper name of the God of Israel

began to torment him.
וּבִֽעֲתַ֥תּוּ (ū·ḇi·‘ă·ṯat·tū)
Conjunctive waw | Verb - Piel - Conjunctive perfect - third person feminine singular | third person masculine singular
Strong's 1204: To fall upon, startle, terrify


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OT History: 1 Samuel 16:14 Now the Spirit of Yahweh departed (1Sa iSam 1 Sam i sa)