Now Naomi had a relative
The Hebrew word for "relative" here is "מוֹדַע" (môda‘), which indicates a close kin or acquaintance. This sets the stage for the unfolding of God's providential care through family ties. In the ancient Near Eastern context, family and kinship were crucial for survival and social stability. Naomi's connection to this relative is a beacon of hope amidst her dire circumstances, reminding us of the importance of community and familial bonds in God's redemptive plan.

on her husband's side
This phrase emphasizes the patrilineal nature of inheritance and kinship in ancient Israel. The mention of Naomi's husband's side underscores the legal and social structures that governed property and family rights. It highlights the significance of male lineage in the preservation of family heritage, which is a recurring theme in the Old Testament. This context is vital for understanding the role Boaz will play as a kinsman-redeemer.

a man of standing
The Hebrew term used here is "גִּבּוֹר חַיִל" (gibbôr ḥayil), which can be translated as "a mighty man of valor" or "a man of wealth." This description of Boaz not only refers to his material wealth but also to his character and influence within the community. In a time when moral and social decay was prevalent, as depicted in the Book of Judges, Boaz stands out as a paragon of virtue and integrity. His character foreshadows the qualities of Christ, our ultimate Redeemer.

from the clan of Elimelech
The mention of the "clan of Elimelech" situates Boaz within a specific family lineage, which is crucial for the narrative's development. The clan system was integral to Israelite society, providing identity, support, and protection. Elimelech's name means "My God is King," which is ironic given the family's initial departure from Bethlehem due to famine. This connection to Elimelech's clan sets the stage for the restoration of Naomi's family line through Boaz's actions.

whose name was Boaz
The name "Boaz" is thought to mean "in him is strength" or "swift." Names in the Bible often carry significant meaning, reflecting the character or destiny of the individual. Boaz's name is fitting, as he becomes a source of strength and provision for Ruth and Naomi. His introduction by name marks the beginning of a pivotal relationship that will lead to the lineage of King David and ultimately, Jesus Christ. Boaz's role as a kinsman-redeemer is a powerful illustration of God's faithfulness and the unfolding of His redemptive plan through history.

Ruth the Moabitess
This phrase highlights Ruth's identity as a foreigner, specifically from Moab. The Moabites were often seen as outsiders and even enemies of Israel, stemming from their origin in Genesis 19:30-38 and their opposition to Israel during the Exodus (Numbers 22-25). Ruth's designation as a Moabitess underscores her outsider status and sets the stage for the remarkable acceptance and integration she will experience in Israel. Her account is a testament to God's inclusive love and the breaking down of ethnic barriers.

said to Naomi
Ruth's relationship with Naomi is central to the narrative. Naomi, her mother-in-law, represents a connection to the Israelite community and faith. Ruth's willingness to speak to Naomi and seek her guidance reflects her respect and loyalty. This relationship is a model of familial devotion and mutual support, illustrating the importance of intergenerational bonds and the wisdom that can be shared between them.

Please let me go
Ruth's request is humble and respectful. The Hebrew root for "please" (נָא, na) conveys a sense of earnest entreaty. Ruth's approach is not one of entitlement but of humility and deference, which is a powerful example of how believers should approach God and others—with humility and respect.

into the fields
The fields represent the place of provision and sustenance. In ancient Israel, fields were not only agricultural spaces but also places where God's laws of provision for the poor and the foreigner were enacted (Leviticus 19:9-10). Ruth's desire to go into the fields is a step of faith, trusting in God's provision through the kindness of others.

and glean heads of grain
Gleaning was a practice commanded by God in the Law, allowing the poor and foreigners to gather leftover crops (Deuteronomy 24:19-22). This practice reflects God's heart for justice and care for the marginalized. Ruth's willingness to glean shows her industriousness and determination to provide for herself and Naomi, embodying the virtues of hard work and reliance on God's provision.

after someone in whose sight I may find favor
Ruth seeks favor, or grace, which in Hebrew (חֵן, chen) implies kindness and acceptance. Her hope to find favor is a step of faith, trusting that God will lead her to someone who will show her kindness. This reflects the biblical theme of grace, where God often uses human agents to extend His favor and kindness to others.

Naomi said to her, 'Go ahead, my daughter.'
Naomi's response is one of encouragement and affirmation. By calling Ruth "my daughter," Naomi expresses a deep bond and acceptance of Ruth into her family. This acceptance is significant, as it shows the breaking down of cultural and ethnic barriers. Naomi's blessing over Ruth's endeavor is a reminder of the power of words to encourage and empower others in their faith journey.

So Ruth departed
The phrase signifies Ruth's initiative and determination. In Hebrew, the word for "departed" is "yalak," which conveys a sense of purposeful movement. Ruth's decision to leave and seek sustenance reflects her courage and faithfulness to Naomi, her mother-in-law. This action is a testament to her character, showing her willingness to work hard and provide, despite being a foreigner in a strange land.

and went out into the field
The "field" in ancient Israel was a place of labor and sustenance, often owned by wealthy landowners. Fields were central to the agrarian society and were places where God's provision was tangibly experienced. Ruth's entry into the field symbolizes her stepping into God's providence and the unfolding of His plan for her life.

and gleaned after the harvesters
Gleaning was a practice commanded by God in Leviticus 19:9-10, allowing the poor and foreigners to gather leftover crops. The Hebrew word "laqat" means to gather or collect. This practice reflects God's compassion and provision for the marginalized. Ruth's gleaning is an act of humility and reliance on God's law, which provided for her needs.

And she happened to come
The phrase "happened to come" in Hebrew is "miqreh," suggesting chance or coincidence. However, from a theological perspective, this "chance" is seen as divine providence. God's unseen hand guides Ruth to Boaz's field, illustrating how God orchestrates events for His purposes, even when they seem coincidental to us.

to the part of the field belonging to Boaz
Boaz's field is significant because Boaz is a man of standing and integrity. The Hebrew word for "part" is "cheleq," indicating a portion or inheritance. This specific field is where God's plan for redemption and blessing begins to unfold for Ruth and Naomi. Boaz's ownership of the field sets the stage for his role as a kinsman-redeemer.

who was from the clan of Elimelech
The mention of Elimelech's clan ties Boaz to Naomi's deceased husband, establishing the legal and familial context for Boaz's potential role as a redeemer. The Hebrew term "mishpachah" for "clan" emphasizes the importance of family and kinship in Israelite society. This connection is crucial for understanding the cultural and legal backdrop of the story, where family loyalty and redemption are central themes.

Just then Boaz arrived from Bethlehem
The phrase "Just then" indicates a divine timing, suggesting that Boaz's arrival was orchestrated by God. The Hebrew root for "arrived" (בּוֹא, bo) implies coming or entering, often used in contexts where significant events unfold. Boaz's arrival from "Bethlehem," meaning "house of bread," is symbolic, as Bethlehem is a place of provision and foreshadows the coming of Jesus, the Bread of Life, from the same town. Historically, Bethlehem was a small, yet significant town in Judah, known for its fertile lands and as the birthplace of King David.

and said to the harvesters
Boaz's interaction with the "harvesters" reflects the social and economic practices of ancient Israel. The harvesters were likely hired workers or servants, and Boaz's approach to them shows his character as a landowner who values and respects his workers. The Hebrew term for "harvesters" (קֹצְרִים, qotzerim) is rooted in agricultural life, emphasizing the importance of community and labor in sustaining life.

'The LORD be with you.'
This greeting, "The LORD be with you," is more than a mere salutation; it is a blessing invoking Yahweh's presence. The use of "LORD" (יהוה, YHWH) is the covenant name of God, signifying a personal and relational God who is involved in the lives of His people. This phrase reflects the theocentric worldview of the Israelites, where God's presence was central to daily life and work.

'The LORD bless you,' they replied
The response of the harvesters, "The LORD bless you," indicates a reciprocal relationship of respect and faith. The Hebrew root for "bless" (בָּרַךְ, barak) conveys the idea of kneeling or giving honor, suggesting that blessings are both received and given in humility. This exchange highlights the mutual acknowledgment of God's sovereignty and goodness, fostering a community grounded in faith and divine favor.

And Boaz asked
The introduction of Boaz in this verse is significant. His name in Hebrew, "בֹּעַז" (Boaz), means "strength" or "in him is strength." Boaz is a man of standing and wealth, a kinsman-redeemer, which is a central theme in the Book of Ruth. His inquiry shows his attentiveness and leadership, as he takes an active interest in the people working in his fields. This reflects the character of a godly leader who is not detached but is involved and caring towards those under his care.

the foreman of his harvesters
The "foreman" or "overseer" in Hebrew is "נַעַר" (na'ar), which can mean a young man or servant. This role was crucial during the harvest, as the foreman managed the workers and ensured the harvest was conducted efficiently. The presence of a foreman indicates the organized and prosperous nature of Boaz's operations. It also highlights the social structure of the time, where landowners like Boaz employed others to manage their affairs, reflecting a well-ordered society.

Whose young woman is this?
The phrase "young woman" in Hebrew is "נַעֲרָה" (na'arah), which refers to a young, unmarried woman. Boaz's question is not merely about ownership or possession, but rather about identity and belonging. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, identity was often tied to family and clan. Boaz's inquiry shows his interest in Ruth's background and her place within the community. This question sets the stage for the unfolding of Ruth's account and her integration into the community of Israel. It also foreshadows the role Boaz will play as her protector and redeemer, reflecting the biblical theme of God's providence and care for the marginalized and the foreigner.

The foreman answered
This phrase introduces us to the character of the foreman, a person of authority in the field, responsible for overseeing the harvesters. In the Hebrew context, the term used here can be understood as a "servant" or "overseer," indicating a position of responsibility and trust. The foreman's role is crucial in the narrative as he provides Boaz with information about Ruth, setting the stage for her acceptance and protection. This reflects the biblical principle of stewardship and the importance of leadership in God's plan.

She is the Moabitess
The identification of Ruth as "the Moabitess" is significant. The Moabites were historically seen as outsiders and often enemies of Israel, stemming from the lineage of Lot (Genesis 19:37). By highlighting her Moabite origin, the text underscores the theme of inclusion and redemption. Ruth's identity as a foreigner emphasizes God's grace and the breaking down of ethnic barriers, foreshadowing the New Testament message of salvation for all nations.

who returned with Naomi
This phrase highlights Ruth's loyalty and commitment to Naomi, her mother-in-law. The Hebrew word for "returned" (שׁוּב, shuv) often implies repentance or turning back, suggesting a deeper spiritual journey. Ruth's return with Naomi is not just a physical relocation but a profound act of faith and devotion. It reflects the biblical theme of covenant loyalty (hesed), where Ruth's actions mirror God's steadfast love and faithfulness.

from the land of Moab
The mention of "the land of Moab" serves as a geographical and cultural marker. Moab, located east of the Dead Sea, was known for its tumultuous relationship with Israel. This reference reminds the reader of the historical context and the challenges Ruth faced as a Moabite in Israel. It also sets the stage for the unfolding of God's providence, as Ruth's journey from Moab to Bethlehem becomes a journey from despair to hope, illustrating God's sovereign plan to bring blessings out of unlikely circumstances.

She said
This phrase introduces the direct speech of Ruth, highlighting her initiative and humility. In the Hebrew text, the verb "אמר" (amar) is used, which is a common verb for speaking or saying. This indicates Ruth's proactive approach in seeking permission to glean, reflecting her respectful and humble character. Her speech is a testament to her determination and willingness to work hard, despite her status as a foreigner in Israel.

Please let me glean
The word "please" (Hebrew: "נא", na) is a polite request, showing Ruth's humility and respect for authority. Gleaning was a provision in the Mosaic Law (Leviticus 19:9-10) for the poor and foreigners, yet Ruth still asks for permission, demonstrating her understanding of social customs and her respectful nature. This request underscores her dependence on the kindness of others and her faith in God's provision through His people.

and gather among the sheaves
The act of gleaning "among the sheaves" suggests Ruth's desire to work diligently and efficiently. The Hebrew word for "sheaves" (עמרים, omarim) refers to bundles of grain stalks. By seeking to glean among the sheaves, Ruth is positioning herself where the harvest is most abundant, indicating her industrious spirit and her hope to gather enough to sustain herself and Naomi.

behind the harvesters
This phrase indicates Ruth's position in the social and economic hierarchy. The harvesters were typically hired workers, and gleaners like Ruth would follow them to collect leftover grain. This reflects the social structure of ancient Israel, where gleaners were often the marginalized, yet the law provided for their sustenance. Ruth's willingness to work behind the harvesters shows her humility and acceptance of her status as a foreigner and widow.

She came
The verb "came" (Hebrew: "בוא", bo) signifies Ruth's action and initiative. Her arrival in the field is a step of faith and courage, as she enters a new environment with unfamiliar people. This action is a physical manifestation of her trust in God's provision and her commitment to support Naomi.

and has continued from morning until now
This phrase highlights Ruth's dedication and work ethic. The Hebrew text suggests continuous action, emphasizing her perseverance and stamina. Ruth's commitment to work from morning until the present moment reflects her determination to provide for herself and Naomi, showcasing her loyalty and love.

except for a short rest in the shelter
The mention of a "short rest" (Hebrew: "מעט", me'at) indicates Ruth's tireless effort and dedication. The "shelter" (Hebrew: "בית", bayit) likely refers to a temporary structure for shade and rest. This detail underscores Ruth's hard work and the physical demands of gleaning. Her brief rest highlights her resilience and commitment to her task, serving as an inspiration for diligence and perseverance in the face of adversity.

Then Boaz said to Ruth
This phrase introduces Boaz, a man of standing and wealth, who is speaking directly to Ruth. The Hebrew root for "said" (אָמַר, 'amar) often implies not just speaking, but conveying intention or command. Boaz's direct address to Ruth signifies a moment of personal attention and care, which is significant given the cultural context where women, especially foreign widows, were often marginalized. Boaz's approach is both protective and respectful, setting a tone of kindness and provision.

Listen, my daughter
The term "listen" (שָׁמַע, shama) in Hebrew is more than just hearing; it implies understanding and obedience. Boaz's use of "my daughter" is a term of endearment and respect, indicating a familial care and concern. This is significant as it transcends cultural and ethnic boundaries, showing Boaz's recognition of Ruth's dignity and worth despite her Moabite background. It reflects the biblical theme of God's inclusive love and care for all people.

Do not go and glean in another field
The instruction "do not go" (אַל־תֵּלְכִי, al-telechi) is a protective command. Gleaning was a provision for the poor, but it could be dangerous, especially for a foreign woman. Boaz's directive is a safeguard against potential harm or exploitation. The historical context of gleaning, as outlined in Leviticus 19:9-10, was a divine provision for the needy, and Boaz is ensuring Ruth's safety within this system.

and do not go away from here
This phrase reinforces Boaz's desire to protect Ruth. The repetition of the command not to leave (אַל־תַּעֲבוּרִי, al-ta'avori) emphasizes the importance of staying within the safety and provision of Boaz's field. It reflects a deeper spiritual truth of remaining within the protective boundaries of God's provision and care.

Stay here with my servant girls
The word "stay" (דָּבַק, dabaq) implies clinging or cleaving, suggesting a close association and community. By inviting Ruth to stay with his servant girls, Boaz is integrating her into a community, offering her companionship and protection. This reflects the biblical principle of community and belonging, where God places the solitary in families (Psalm 68:6). It also foreshadows the greater inclusion of Ruth into the lineage of David and ultimately, Christ, highlighting God's redemptive plan through seemingly ordinary acts of kindness and inclusion.

Let your eyes be on the field
This phrase invites Ruth to focus her attention and efforts on a specific area. In the Hebrew context, the word for "eyes" (עַיִן, 'ayin) often symbolizes perception and understanding. Boaz is not only providing Ruth with physical sustenance but also offering her a place of belonging and purpose. This directive can be seen as a metaphor for keeping one's focus on God's provision and guidance, trusting that He will lead us to where we need to be.

they are harvesting
The act of harvesting is central to the agrarian society of ancient Israel. The Hebrew word for "harvesting" (קָצַר, qatsar) implies gathering and reaping, which is a time of joy and fulfillment. Spiritually, this can be seen as a reminder of the fruits of labor and the blessings that come from diligent work. It also reflects the biblical principle of sowing and reaping, where faithful actions lead to divine blessings.

follow along after these girls
Boaz instructs Ruth to follow the female workers, ensuring her safety and inclusion. The Hebrew word for "follow" (דָּבַק, dabaq) can also mean to cling or adhere closely. This suggests a sense of community and support, emphasizing the importance of fellowship and unity among believers. It highlights the protective and inclusive nature of Boaz, a foreshadowing of Christ's care for His church.

I have ordered the young men not to touch you
This phrase underscores Boaz's role as a protector. The Hebrew word for "touch" (נָגַע, naga) can imply harm or violation. Boaz's command ensures Ruth's safety and dignity, reflecting God's protective nature over His people. It also speaks to the biblical principle of respecting and honoring one another, particularly in the context of gender relations.

And when you are thirsty
Thirst is a powerful metaphor in Scripture, often symbolizing spiritual longing and need. The Hebrew word for "thirsty" (צָמֵא, tsame) conveys a deep desire for refreshment. Boaz's provision for Ruth's physical thirst mirrors God's promise to satisfy our spiritual thirst, as seen in passages like John 4:14, where Jesus offers living water.

go and drink from the jars
The act of drinking from the jars signifies receiving sustenance and life. In the ancient Near East, water was a precious commodity, and access to it was a sign of hospitality and care. The Hebrew word for "drink" (שָׁתָה, shatah) implies satisfaction and fulfillment. This provision by Boaz is a tangible expression of grace, paralleling the spiritual nourishment God provides through His Word and Spirit.

the young men have filled
The young men filling the jars represents the community's role in providing for one another. The Hebrew word for "filled" (מָלֵא, male) suggests abundance and completeness. This communal effort reflects the body of Christ, where each member contributes to the well-being of others. It is a reminder of the interconnectedness and mutual support that should characterize the Christian community.

At this
This phrase indicates a reaction to the preceding events. Ruth has just received unexpected kindness from Boaz, a man of standing in Bethlehem. The context is crucial; Ruth, a Moabite widow, is gleaning in the fields to provide for herself and her mother-in-law, Naomi. The phrase sets the stage for Ruth's humble response, highlighting the cultural and social dynamics at play. In ancient Israel, gleaning was a provision for the poor, but Ruth's status as a foreigner made her position even more precarious.

she fell on her face
This action is a profound gesture of humility and gratitude. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, falling on one's face was a sign of deep respect and submission. It reflects Ruth's acknowledgment of Boaz's authority and her appreciation for his kindness. This act of humility is consistent with Ruth's character throughout the book, demonstrating her respect for the customs and people of Israel.

bowing low to the ground
This phrase further emphasizes Ruth's humility and respect. Bowing low was a common practice in the ancient world to show honor and deference, especially to someone of higher social standing. Ruth's actions here are not just about cultural norms but also reflect her personal character and the sincerity of her gratitude.

and said to him
Ruth's verbal response is as significant as her physical actions. Her willingness to speak directly to Boaz, despite her status as a foreigner and a widow, shows her courage and the depth of her gratitude. It also sets the stage for the dialogue that follows, which is central to the development of the narrative.

Why have I found such favor in your eyes
The word "favor" here is key. In Hebrew, the word is "chen," which denotes grace, kindness, or favor. Ruth is astonished by the grace she has received, which she perceives as unmerited. This reflects a broader biblical theme of grace—unearned favor bestowed by God or others. Ruth's question underscores her awareness of her outsider status and her surprise at being treated with such kindness.

that you should take notice of me
Ruth is aware of her lowly position and the improbability of receiving attention from someone like Boaz. The phrase "take notice" implies a deliberate act of kindness and recognition. In the cultural context, Boaz's attention to Ruth is extraordinary, as she is not only a widow but also a Moabite, a member of a nation often at odds with Israel.

though I am a foreigner?
This phrase highlights Ruth's identity and the barriers she faces. As a Moabite, Ruth is an outsider in Israel, both culturally and religiously. Her acknowledgment of her foreign status is significant, as it underscores the theme of inclusion and God's providence that runs throughout the book of Ruth. Despite her foreignness, Ruth is integrated into the community and ultimately into the lineage of David and Jesus, illustrating the inclusive nature of God's plan.

Boaz replied
The name "Boaz" in Hebrew means "strength" or "swiftness." Boaz is a figure of integrity and kindness, embodying the strength of character that is central to the narrative. His reply signifies a moment of recognition and acknowledgment, highlighting his role as a redeemer and protector. In the cultural context, a reply from a man of Boaz's stature to a foreign woman like Ruth is significant, showing his respect and the breaking of social norms.

I have been told
This phrase indicates that Boaz is well-informed about Ruth's actions and character. It suggests a community that communicates and values virtuous deeds. The Hebrew culture placed a high value on reputation and communal relationships, and Boaz's awareness of Ruth's account underscores the importance of her loyalty and sacrifice.

all about what you have done
This phrase emphasizes the comprehensive nature of Ruth's actions. Her deeds are not just known in part but in full, highlighting the extent of her loyalty and dedication. In the Hebrew tradition, actions were a reflection of one's faith and character, and Ruth's actions speak volumes about her commitment and love.

for your mother-in-law
The relationship between Ruth and Naomi is central to the narrative. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the bond between a daughter-in-law and mother-in-law was significant, often involving mutual support and loyalty. Ruth's dedication to Naomi is a testament to her character and faithfulness, which is highly esteemed in the biblical narrative.

since the death of your husband
This phrase situates Ruth's actions in the context of loss and hardship. The death of a husband in ancient times left a woman vulnerable, often without protection or provision. Ruth's decision to stay with Naomi despite her own loss highlights her selflessness and courage, qualities that are celebrated in the biblical text.

how you left your father and mother
This echoes the call of Abraham, who left his homeland in obedience to God. Ruth's departure from her family signifies a profound commitment and a willingness to embrace a new identity and faith. It reflects the biblical theme of leaving behind the old life to pursue a new path ordained by God.

and your homeland
The mention of Ruth's homeland underscores the magnitude of her sacrifice. Leaving one's homeland in ancient times meant leaving behind security, identity, and familiarity. Ruth's journey to a foreign land is a powerful act of faith and trust in God's providence.

and came to live with a people you did not know before
This phrase highlights Ruth's bravery and the unknown future she embraced. It reflects the biblical theme of the stranger and the foreigner being welcomed into God's covenant community. Ruth's integration into the Israelite community prefigures the inclusion of Gentiles into the faith, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture.

May the LORD repay your work
The phrase begins with a blessing, invoking the divine name "LORD," which in Hebrew is "YHWH," the covenant name of God. This highlights the personal relationship between God and His people. The concept of God repaying work is rooted in the Hebrew understanding of divine justice and reward. In the context of Ruth, a Moabite woman who has shown extraordinary loyalty and kindness to her mother-in-law Naomi, this blessing acknowledges her virtuous actions. Theologically, it reflects the biblical principle that God sees and rewards righteousness and faithfulness, as seen in passages like Hebrews 11:6.

and may you receive a rich reward
The Hebrew word for "reward" here is "maskoret," which implies a full and satisfying recompense. This phrase emphasizes the abundance of God's blessings, suggesting not just a mere compensation but an overflowing of divine favor. In the historical context, Ruth's actions were not only counter-cultural but also sacrificial, as she left her homeland to support Naomi. The rich reward signifies God's acknowledgment of her faith and commitment, aligning with the biblical theme that God honors those who honor Him (1 Samuel 2:30).

from the LORD, the God of Israel
This phrase reaffirms the source of the blessing—YHWH, the God of Israel. It underscores the covenant relationship between God and His people, Israel. For Ruth, a Moabite, to be included in this blessing is significant, as it foreshadows the inclusion of Gentiles into God's redemptive plan. Historically, this reflects the openness of God's grace to all who seek Him, regardless of their ethnic background, as later affirmed in the New Testament (Galatians 3:28).

under whose wings you have taken refuge
The imagery of taking refuge under God's wings is a powerful metaphor found throughout Scripture, symbolizing protection, care, and intimacy. The Hebrew word "kanaph" refers to the wings of a bird, evoking the picture of a mother bird sheltering her young. This phrase indicates Ruth's trust and reliance on the God of Israel, despite her foreign origins. It is a testament to her faith and the protective, nurturing nature of God. This metaphor is echoed in Psalms, such as Psalm 91:4, where God's faithfulness is described as a shield and rampart. It serves as an inspirational reminder of the safety and peace found in God's presence for all who seek Him.

May I continue to find favor in your eyes, my lord
The phrase "May I continue to find favor" reflects Ruth's humble request for ongoing grace and acceptance. The Hebrew word for "favor" is "chen," which denotes grace, kindness, and acceptance. This word is often used in the Old Testament to describe the unmerited favor that God shows to His people. Ruth's plea is not just for temporary relief but for a sustained relationship of grace. The term "my lord" is a respectful address, acknowledging Boaz's authority and kindness. It reflects the cultural norms of the time, where social hierarchies were respected, and it also shows Ruth's humility and gratitude.

she said
This simple phrase indicates Ruth's direct communication and personal engagement with Boaz. In the narrative, Ruth's voice is significant as it represents her agency and courage in a foreign land. Her willingness to speak up is a testament to her character and the trust she places in Boaz's integrity.

For you have comforted me
The word "comforted" in Hebrew is "nacham," which means to console or to bring relief. Ruth acknowledges the emotional and psychological support Boaz has provided. In the context of her vulnerable position as a foreign widow, Boaz's actions go beyond mere charity; they offer her a sense of security and belonging. This comfort is a reflection of God's providence and care, often mediated through human kindness.

and spoken kindly to your servant
The phrase "spoken kindly" translates from the Hebrew "dabar al lev," which literally means "to speak to the heart." This expression implies a deep, empathetic communication that goes beyond superficial politeness. Boaz's words have touched Ruth's heart, affirming her dignity and worth. The term "your servant" is "amah" in Hebrew, indicating Ruth's humble position and her willingness to serve. It also highlights the social dynamics of the time, where servitude was a common status, yet Ruth finds dignity in it through Boaz's kindness.

though I am not like one of your servant girls
Ruth acknowledges her outsider status with the phrase "though I am not like one of your servant girls." The Hebrew word for "servant girls" is "shiphchah," referring to female servants or maidservants. Ruth is aware of her Moabite identity, which sets her apart from the Israelite women. Her statement underscores the barriers she faces, yet it also highlights the extraordinary nature of Boaz's acceptance. This part of the verse speaks to the theme of inclusivity and God's love transcending ethnic and social boundaries, a recurring theme in the Bible that foreshadows the New Testament message of unity in Christ.

At mealtime
This phrase indicates a specific time during the day when workers would pause from their labor to eat. In the ancient Near Eastern context, mealtime was not just a break for sustenance but also a time for community and fellowship. The Hebrew culture placed significant importance on sharing meals, which often symbolized peace, acceptance, and relationship. This setting underscores the hospitality and kindness of Boaz, reflecting God's provision and care.

Boaz said to her
Boaz, a man of standing and wealth, directly addresses Ruth, a foreigner and a widow. This action is significant, as it breaks social norms of the time. Boaz's words are not just an invitation to eat but an expression of grace and inclusion. His character is a reflection of God's loving-kindness (hesed), a central theme in the book of Ruth, demonstrating how God's covenant love is extended through human actions.

Come over here
This invitation is both literal and symbolic. Boaz is inviting Ruth into a closer relationship, breaking down barriers of ethnicity and social status. In the Hebrew context, such an invitation would be seen as an act of protection and honor. It is reminiscent of God's call to His people to draw near to Him, offering safety and belonging.

Have some bread
Bread, a staple in the ancient diet, symbolizes life and sustenance. In biblical terms, bread often represents God's provision (as seen in the manna provided to the Israelites). Boaz offering bread to Ruth is a tangible expression of God's provision for her needs, echoing the spiritual nourishment that God provides to His people.

and dip it in the vinegar sauce
The act of dipping bread in vinegar sauce was a common practice, adding flavor and moisture to the meal. This detail highlights the generosity of Boaz, as he offers Ruth not just the basics but a more enjoyable meal. It reflects the abundance of God's blessings, which are not just sufficient but rich and satisfying.

So she sat down beside the harvesters
Ruth, a Moabite and a gleaner, is given a place among the harvesters, those who are part of the community and workforce. This seating arrangement signifies acceptance and equality, breaking down social barriers. It is a powerful image of God's kingdom, where all are welcome and valued, regardless of their background.

and he offered her roasted grain
Roasted grain was a common food during harvest time, easy to prepare and nutritious. Boaz personally offering it to Ruth is an act of kindness and respect. This gesture is a reflection of God's provision, ensuring that Ruth's immediate needs are met, and it foreshadows the greater redemption and provision that God will bring through her lineage.

and she ate and was satisfied
This phrase indicates that Ruth's physical hunger was fully met. In a broader sense, it symbolizes the satisfaction and fulfillment that comes from God's provision. It echoes the biblical theme that those who trust in the Lord will not lack any good thing (Psalm 34:10).

and had some left over
The abundance of food, leaving Ruth with leftovers, signifies God's overflowing provision. It is reminiscent of the miracles of Jesus, where He fed the multitudes and there were baskets of leftovers. This abundance is a testament to God's generosity and the blessings that come from His hand, often exceeding our immediate needs and expectations.

When Ruth got up to glean
The act of gleaning was a provision in the Mosaic Law for the poor and the foreigner, as seen in Leviticus 19:9-10 and Deuteronomy 24:19. Ruth, a Moabite and a widow, embodies both categories, highlighting her vulnerability and need. The Hebrew word for "glean" is "לָקַט" (laqet), which means to gather or collect. This act of gleaning is not just a physical activity but a symbol of God's provision and care for the marginalized. Ruth's initiative to glean demonstrates her industrious spirit and trust in God's provision.

Boaz instructed his young men
Boaz, a man of standing and wealth, takes a personal interest in Ruth's welfare. His instruction to his young men reflects his character as a protector and provider. The Hebrew word for "instructed" is "צָוָה" (tsavah), which implies a command or charge. Boaz's leadership is marked by kindness and respect, setting a standard for how the vulnerable should be treated. His actions foreshadow the protective and redemptive role he will play in Ruth's life.

Even if she gathers among the sheaves
The sheaves represent the harvested grain, typically reserved for the landowner. Allowing Ruth to gather among the sheaves is an extraordinary act of generosity. The Hebrew word for "sheaves" is "עֹמֶר" (omer), which refers to bundles of grain. This permission goes beyond the legal requirements of gleaning, illustrating Boaz's grace and the abundance of God's provision. It is a reminder that God's blessings often exceed our expectations.

do not humiliate her
Boaz's concern for Ruth's dignity is evident in his command to his workers. The Hebrew word for "humiliate" is "כָּלַם" (kalam), meaning to shame or disgrace. In a society where Ruth's status as a foreigner and widow could easily lead to mistreatment, Boaz's protection ensures her safety and honor. This reflects the biblical principle of treating others with respect and compassion, regardless of their social status. Boaz's actions are a testament to the transformative power of godly character and the importance of upholding the dignity of every individual.

Rather
This word indicates a contrast or an alternative action. In the context of Ruth 2, Boaz is instructing his workers to go beyond the usual practice of allowing gleaners to pick up what is left behind. The Hebrew root here suggests a deliberate choice to act with kindness and generosity, reflecting Boaz's character as a man of integrity and compassion.

pull out for her
This phrase implies intentionality and effort. The Hebrew verb used here can mean to draw out or extract, suggesting that Boaz is instructing his workers to actively assist Ruth. This action goes beyond the requirements of the law, which allowed gleaners to pick up what was accidentally left behind. Boaz's directive is an act of grace, providing for Ruth's needs in abundance.

some stalks from the bundles
The "stalks" refer to the sheaves of grain that have been harvested. In ancient Israel, the harvest was a time of gathering and bundling grain, which was a labor-intensive process. By instructing his workers to pull stalks from the bundles, Boaz is ensuring that Ruth receives not just leftovers, but a portion of the gathered harvest, symbolizing God's provision and blessing.

and leave them for her to gather
This phrase highlights the dignity and respect Boaz shows to Ruth. By leaving the stalks for her to gather, he allows her to work and provide for herself and Naomi, maintaining her dignity. The Hebrew concept of gleaning was rooted in the law (Leviticus 19:9-10), which commanded landowners to leave the edges of their fields for the poor and the foreigner. Boaz's actions reflect a deep understanding and application of this law.

Do not rebuke her
This command underscores Boaz's protective nature. The Hebrew word for "rebuke" can also mean to shame or humiliate. By instructing his workers not to rebuke Ruth, Boaz is ensuring her safety and comfort in a foreign land. This reflects the biblical principle of caring for the vulnerable and marginalized, as seen throughout Scripture. Boaz's actions foreshadow the protective and redemptive nature of Christ, who welcomes and defends those who seek refuge under His wings.

So Ruth gathered grain
The act of gathering grain, or gleaning, was a provision in the Mosaic Law for the poor and the foreigner (Leviticus 19:9-10). Ruth, a Moabite, was both a foreigner and a widow, making her eligible for this provision. The Hebrew word for "gathered" is "לָקַט" (laqet), which implies a careful and diligent collection. This reflects Ruth's industrious nature and her willingness to work hard to provide for herself and Naomi, her mother-in-law. Her actions demonstrate humility and perseverance, qualities that are highly esteemed in the biblical narrative.

in the field until evening
Ruth's dedication is evident as she works from morning until evening. The phrase "until evening" indicates a full day's labor, underscoring her commitment and endurance. In the ancient Near Eastern context, working in the fields was physically demanding, especially for a woman. Ruth's willingness to labor all day highlights her strength and determination. This also foreshadows the divine favor she will receive, as her hard work does not go unnoticed by Boaz, the field's owner.

And when she beat out what she had gathered
The process of beating out the grain involved separating the edible part of the grain from the chaff. This was typically done by threshing, a labor-intensive task. The Hebrew word "חָבַט" (chavat) for "beat out" suggests a vigorous action, again emphasizing Ruth's diligence. This act of threshing is symbolic of purification and preparation, as Ruth's efforts are about to yield a significant reward. It also serves as a metaphor for the refining process that God often uses in the lives of His people.

it was about an ephah of barley
An ephah is a Hebrew unit of dry measure, roughly equivalent to 22 liters or about half a bushel. This amount of barley was substantial, especially for a single day's gleaning, indicating God's provision and blessing upon Ruth's labor. Barley was a staple grain in ancient Israel, often associated with the poor, yet it was also the first grain to be harvested, symbolizing new beginnings and hope. The abundance of Ruth's gleaning is a testament to God's providence and foreshadows the greater blessings that will come through her relationship with Boaz.

She picked up the grain
This phrase highlights Ruth's industriousness and diligence. The Hebrew root for "picked up" is "לָקַט" (laqet), which means to gather or glean. In the context of ancient Israel, gleaning was a provision in the Mosaic Law (Leviticus 19:9-10) for the poor and the foreigner, allowing them to gather leftover crops. Ruth's actions demonstrate her willingness to work hard and her respect for the customs and laws of the land she has come to adopt as her own.

and went into the town
The town referred to here is Bethlehem, a significant location in biblical history. Bethlehem, meaning "House of Bread" in Hebrew, is not only the setting for Ruth's account but also the birthplace of King David and later, Jesus Christ. Ruth's journey into the town symbolizes her integration into the community and foreshadows her role in the lineage of David and Christ.

where her mother-in-law saw what she had gleaned
Naomi, Ruth's mother-in-law, is a central figure in the narrative. The Hebrew word for "saw" is "רָאָה" (ra'ah), which implies more than just physical sight; it suggests perception and understanding. Naomi's observation of Ruth's gleaning is a moment of realization and hope, as it signifies God's provision and the potential for redemption and restoration in their lives.

Ruth brought out what she had saved from her meal
This phrase underscores Ruth's selflessness and thoughtfulness. The act of saving part of her meal to share with Naomi reflects her deep love and commitment to her mother-in-law. It also highlights the theme of sacrificial love that runs throughout the book of Ruth, pointing to the greater love account of God's covenant with His people.

and gave it to her
The act of giving is central to the narrative of Ruth. The Hebrew root "נָתַן" (natan) means to give or bestow. Ruth's generosity is a reflection of God's grace and provision. This moment of giving not only meets Naomi's immediate physical needs but also serves as a symbol of the spiritual and relational restoration that God is orchestrating in their lives.

Her mother-in-law asked her
This phrase introduces Naomi, Ruth's mother-in-law, who plays a significant role in the narrative. Naomi's inquiry reflects her concern and care for Ruth, highlighting the familial bond and loyalty that Ruth has shown by staying with Naomi. In the Hebrew context, the role of a mother-in-law was significant, often acting as a guide and mentor, especially in matters of family and survival.

Where did you glean today, and where did you work?
The act of gleaning was a provision in the Mosaic Law (Leviticus 19:9-10) for the poor and the foreigner, allowing them to gather leftover crops from the fields. Naomi's question underscores the importance of Ruth's work for their sustenance. Historically, gleaning was a humble and labor-intensive task, reflecting Ruth's diligence and humility. The repetition of "where" emphasizes Naomi's curiosity and the significance of Ruth's day's work.

Blessed be the man who noticed you
Naomi's blessing reveals her gratitude and recognition of divine providence. The Hebrew word for "blessed" (בָּרוּךְ, baruch) is often used in the context of invoking God's favor. Naomi acknowledges that Ruth's success in gleaning is not merely due to chance but is seen as a blessing from God, mediated through the kindness of a benefactor.

So she told her mother-in-law where she had worked
Ruth's response to Naomi's inquiry is straightforward and honest, reflecting her transparency and trust in Naomi. This communication between Ruth and Naomi is a testament to their close relationship and mutual dependence. The act of sharing information was crucial in their survival and strategic planning for the future.

The name of the man I worked with today is Boaz
The introduction of Boaz is pivotal in the narrative. His name, meaning "strength" or "in him is strength," foreshadows his role as a kinsman-redeemer. In the cultural and historical context, a kinsman-redeemer was responsible for protecting the interests of needy family members. Boaz's mention here sets the stage for his significant role in Ruth and Naomi's lives, highlighting themes of redemption and divine orchestration.

she said
This simple phrase emphasizes Ruth's voice in the narrative. Her speech is direct and respectful, reflecting her character. In the broader scriptural context, Ruth's words and actions consistently demonstrate her loyalty, integrity, and faith, qualities that are central to the unfolding of God's plan in the story.

Then Naomi said
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative, where Naomi, who has been experiencing deep bitterness and loss, begins to see a glimmer of hope. The Hebrew name "Naomi" means "pleasant," which contrasts with her earlier self-identification as "Mara," meaning "bitter" (Ruth 1:20). This shift in her speech indicates a turning point in her faith journey, as she begins to recognize God's providence at work.

to her daughter-in-law
Naomi's relationship with Ruth is central to the story. Despite being a Moabite, Ruth's loyalty and love for Naomi transcend cultural and familial boundaries. This relationship exemplifies the biblical principle of hesed, or loving-kindness, which is a recurring theme in the book of Ruth. The term "daughter-in-law" underscores the familial bond that has been strengthened through shared trials and faith.

May he be blessed by the LORD
Naomi invokes a blessing upon Boaz, acknowledging the LORD's hand in their circumstances. The use of "LORD" (YHWH) signifies the covenantal name of God, emphasizing His faithfulness and sovereignty. This blessing reflects Naomi's renewed hope and trust in God's provision and kindness, which she had previously doubted.

who has not withdrawn His kindness
The Hebrew word for "kindness" is hesed, a rich term that encompasses love, mercy, and faithfulness. It is often used to describe God's covenantal love for His people. Naomi recognizes that God's hesed extends beyond her immediate situation, affirming His ongoing care and commitment to both the living and the dead.

from the living or the dead
This phrase highlights the comprehensive nature of God's kindness. It suggests that God's covenantal love and faithfulness extend beyond the grave, providing hope for both the present and the future. Naomi's acknowledgment of this truth reflects a deepening understanding of God's eternal purposes and His ability to redeem and restore.

Naomi continued
The continuation of Naomi's speech indicates her growing confidence and clarity regarding God's plan. Her words are filled with a sense of purpose and direction, as she begins to see the unfolding of God's providence in their lives.

The man is a close relative
The identification of Boaz as a "close relative" introduces the concept of the kinsman-redeemer, a key element in the narrative. In ancient Israel, a kinsman-redeemer (go'el) had the responsibility to protect the interests of needy family members, which could include redeeming land or marrying a widow to preserve the family line. This role foreshadows the redemptive work of Christ, our ultimate Redeemer.

he is one of our kinsman-redeemers
The term "kinsman-redeemer" (go'el) is significant in the context of Israelite law and custom. It reflects God's provision for the vulnerable and His desire for justice and restoration within the community. Boaz's willingness to fulfill this role points to the character of Christ, who redeems us from sin and restores us to a right relationship with God. Naomi's recognition of Boaz as a kinsman-redeemer sets the stage for the unfolding of God's redemptive plan through Ruth and Boaz's union.

Ruth the Moabitess
This phrase highlights Ruth's identity as a foreigner, specifically from Moab. The Moabites were often seen as outsiders and even enemies of Israel, stemming from their origins in Genesis 19:37 and their historical conflicts with Israel. Ruth's designation as a Moabitess underscores the remarkable nature of her inclusion in the Israelite community and God's redemptive plan, which transcends ethnic and national boundaries. Her account is a testament to God's grace and the breaking down of barriers, foreshadowing the inclusion of Gentiles in the New Covenant.

said
The act of speaking here is significant as it shows Ruth's active participation in her own story. In the ancient Near Eastern context, women often had limited agency, yet Ruth's voice is heard and recorded, emphasizing her role in God's unfolding plan. Her communication with Naomi reflects her loyalty and transparency, qualities that are central to her character throughout the narrative.

He also told me
This phrase indicates a direct communication from Boaz, highlighting his role as a protector and provider. In the cultural context of the time, landowners like Boaz had significant authority and influence. His willingness to speak directly to Ruth, a foreign widow, demonstrates his kindness and adherence to the spirit of the law, which commanded care for the poor and the foreigner (Leviticus 19:9-10).

Stay with my young men
The instruction to stay with the young men is both practical and protective. In the context of ancient Israel, gleaning could be dangerous for a young woman, especially a foreigner. Boaz's directive ensures Ruth's safety and provision, reflecting his integrity and the protective nature of God's law. This phrase also foreshadows the deeper relationship that will develop between Ruth and Boaz, as he takes on a kinsman-redeemer role.

until they have finished gathering
This phrase indicates a period of time during which Ruth is assured of provision. The harvest season was a critical time for sustenance, and Boaz's invitation extends security to Ruth and Naomi. It reflects the biblical principle of God's provision and timing, as seen in other scriptures where God provides for His people in due season (Psalm 104:27-28).

all my harvest
The reference to "all my harvest" underscores the abundance and generosity of Boaz. In a broader theological sense, it points to the fullness of God's provision for His people. The harvest is a recurring biblical motif symbolizing blessing, sustenance, and divine favor. Boaz's willingness to share his harvest with Ruth is a tangible expression of God's covenantal love and faithfulness, which ultimately leads to Ruth's inclusion in the lineage of David and, by extension, Jesus Christ.

And Naomi said
The phrase begins with Naomi, whose name means "pleasant" in Hebrew, speaking to Ruth. Naomi's role as a mother-in-law is significant, as she provides guidance and wisdom to Ruth, a Moabite widow. This reflects the importance of family and mentorship in the biblical narrative, where elders impart wisdom to the younger generation.

to her daughter-in-law Ruth
Ruth, whose name means "friend" or "companion," is a Moabite, highlighting the theme of inclusion and God's grace extending beyond Israel. Her relationship with Naomi is one of loyalty and love, exemplifying the biblical principle of hesed, or loving-kindness, which is a central theme in the Book of Ruth.

My daughter
Naomi's use of "my daughter" signifies a deep bond and affection, transcending the typical mother-in-law and daughter-in-law relationship. This familial language underscores the theme of adoption and belonging, as Ruth is embraced into Naomi's family and, by extension, into the community of Israel.

it is good for you
The phrase "it is good" reflects Naomi's concern for Ruth's well-being and safety. The Hebrew word for "good" (טוֹב, tov) often denotes something beneficial or morally right. Naomi's advice is rooted in wisdom and care, ensuring Ruth's protection and prosperity.

to work with his young women
Naomi advises Ruth to stay with Boaz's young women, indicating a safe and supportive environment. This reflects the communal nature of ancient Israelite society, where working together provided protection and fellowship. The mention of "young women" also highlights the role of women in the workforce and their contribution to the community's sustenance.

so that nothing will happen to you
Naomi's concern for Ruth's safety is evident here. The phrase implies potential danger or harm that could occur if Ruth were to glean in another field. This highlights the vulnerability of women, especially foreign widows, in ancient times and the need for protective measures within the community.

in another field
The reference to "another field" suggests the presence of other landowners who may not be as kind or protective as Boaz. It underscores the importance of choosing the right community and leadership, as Boaz represents a godly and honorable man who ensures the safety and provision for those under his care.

So Ruth stayed close
The phrase "stayed close" indicates Ruth's commitment and loyalty. In Hebrew, the word used here is "dabaq," which means to cling or adhere. This reflects Ruth's steadfastness and determination to remain in a place of provision and protection. Her actions demonstrate a deep sense of loyalty and perseverance, qualities that are highly valued in the biblical narrative.

to the servant girls of Boaz
The "servant girls" or "young women" of Boaz were likely responsible for various tasks in the fields. By staying with them, Ruth not only ensured her safety but also integrated herself into the community. This highlights the importance of fellowship and community in the biblical context, where working together and supporting one another is a recurring theme.

to glean
Gleaning was an ancient practice commanded by God in Leviticus 19:9-10, allowing the poor and foreigners to collect leftover crops. Ruth's participation in gleaning underscores her humility and willingness to work hard for her sustenance. It also reflects God's provision for the marginalized, showing His care and concern for all people.

until the barley and wheat harvests were finished
The mention of both "barley and wheat harvests" provides a timeframe for Ruth's gleaning, spanning several months. This period signifies a season of growth and provision. Historically, the barley harvest began in April, followed by the wheat harvest in June. This extended time of gleaning indicates God's continued provision and blessing upon Ruth and Naomi.

And she lived with her mother-in-law
Ruth's decision to live with Naomi, her mother-in-law, emphasizes her loyalty and devotion to family. In a time when widows were vulnerable, Ruth's commitment to Naomi is a testament to her character and faithfulness. This relationship also foreshadows the redemption and restoration that will come through Boaz, as Ruth's actions align with God's providential plan.