In the days when the judges ruled
This phrase sets the historical context for the Book of Ruth. The period of the judges was a tumultuous time in Israel's history, characterized by cycles of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance. The Hebrew word for "judges" is "שֹׁפְטִים" (shoftim), which implies leaders or rulers who were divinely appointed to deliver Israel from its enemies. This era, as described in the Book of Judges, was marked by moral and spiritual decline, highlighting the need for godly leadership. The setting underscores the contrast between the chaos of the time and the faithfulness of individuals like Ruth and Boaz.

there was a famine in the land
Famines were not uncommon in the ancient Near East and often signified divine judgment or a test of faith. The Hebrew word for "famine" is "רָעָב" (ra'av), which can denote a severe shortage of food. This particular famine drives the narrative forward, prompting Elimelech's family to leave Bethlehem. Theologically, famines in the Bible often serve as a backdrop for God's providential care and the testing of His people's faith, as seen in the accounts of Abraham, Isaac, and Joseph.

a man of Bethlehem in Judah
Bethlehem, meaning "house of bread" in Hebrew, is ironically experiencing a famine. This small town in Judah is significant in biblical history as the birthplace of King David and later, Jesus Christ. The mention of Judah situates the account within the tribal territories of Israel, emphasizing the covenantal promises associated with this region. The man's identity as a Bethlehemite connects the narrative to the broader redemptive history of Israel.

went to dwell in the land of Moab
Moab was located east of the Dead Sea and was often in conflict with Israel. The decision to "dwell" or "sojourn" (Hebrew: "גּוּר", gur) in Moab suggests a temporary stay, driven by necessity rather than choice. Moabites were descendants of Lot and had a complicated relationship with Israel, often seen as outsiders or enemies. This move highlights themes of exile and return, as well as the crossing of cultural and religious boundaries that will be central to Ruth's story.

he and his wife and his two sons
The inclusion of the entire family emphasizes the gravity of the situation and the unity of the family unit in facing hardship. The family structure is crucial in the narrative, as it sets the stage for the personal losses and redemptive relationships that follow. The mention of the wife and sons also foreshadows the significant roles women will play in the unfolding story, particularly Ruth and Naomi, who will demonstrate remarkable faith and loyalty.

The man’s name was Elimelech
The name "Elimelech" in Hebrew means "My God is King." This name is significant as it reflects a deep theological truth about the sovereignty of God, even during the time of the Judges when "everyone did what was right in his own eyes" (Judges 21:25). Elimelech's name serves as a reminder of God's ultimate authority and kingship over Israel, despite the nation's spiritual and moral decline.

his wife’s name was Naomi
"Naomi" means "pleasant" or "delightful" in Hebrew. Her name is a poignant contrast to the bitterness she later expresses due to the hardships she faces. Naomi's journey from pleasantness to bitterness and back to joy is a powerful narrative of God's redemptive work in the lives of His people, illustrating how He can transform sorrow into joy.

the names of his two sons were Mahlon and Chilion
"Mahlon" and "Chilion" are names that carry meanings of "sickness" and "wasting" respectively. These names foreshadow the fate of Elimelech's family in Moab, where both sons die prematurely. The choice of these names may reflect the dire circumstances and the spiritual and physical challenges faced by the family, serving as a narrative device to highlight the need for divine intervention and redemption.

They were Ephrathites from Bethlehem in Judah
"Ephrathites" refers to the clan or family group from Ephrathah, an ancient name for Bethlehem. Bethlehem, meaning "house of bread," is significant as it later becomes the birthplace of King David and Jesus Christ. This connection underscores the providential unfolding of God's plan through seemingly ordinary events and people, emphasizing the importance of Bethlehem in redemptive history.

And they entered the land of Moab and settled there
The decision to enter Moab, a land often at odds with Israel, reflects the desperation caused by famine in Judah. Moab's historical enmity with Israel (Numbers 22-25) adds tension to the narrative, as Elimelech's family seeks refuge among a people with whom they share a complicated relationship. This move sets the stage for the unfolding of God's grace and the inclusion of Ruth, a Moabitess, into the lineage of David and ultimately Jesus, highlighting the theme of God's inclusive love and redemption.

Then Naomi’s husband Elimelech died
The phrase begins with the conjunction "Then," indicating a sequence of events that follows the family's move to Moab due to famine in Bethlehem. The name "Naomi" means "pleasant" or "delightful" in Hebrew, which contrasts with the sorrow she experiences. "Elimelech" means "My God is King," suggesting a man of faith and leadership. His death marks a significant turning point, leaving Naomi vulnerable in a foreign land. Historically, the death of a husband in ancient Near Eastern cultures often left a woman in a precarious position, lacking the protection and provision typically afforded by a male head of household. This sets the stage for Naomi's deepening reliance on God and the unfolding of His providential care.

and she was left
The phrase "she was left" conveys a sense of abandonment and loss. In Hebrew, the word used here can imply being left behind or remaining after others have gone. Naomi's situation is one of isolation and grief, emphasizing her vulnerability. This moment of being "left" is pivotal, as it underscores the theme of God's faithfulness amidst human suffering. Naomi's experience resonates with the broader biblical narrative of God's people often finding themselves in dire circumstances, yet never beyond the reach of His redemptive plan.

with her two sons
The mention of "her two sons" introduces Mahlon and Chilion, whose names are believed to mean "sickness" and "wasting," respectively. These names foreshadow further tragedy, as both sons eventually die, leaving Naomi without male support. In the ancient context, sons were seen as a source of security and legacy. Naomi's retention of her sons at this point offers a glimmer of hope, yet also sets the stage for the unfolding drama of loss and redemption. The presence of her sons highlights the importance of family lineage and the continuation of God's covenant promises, which will later be fulfilled through Ruth's loyalty and God's providential care.

They took Moabite women as their wives
This phrase highlights a significant cultural and religious decision. The Hebrew word for "took" (לָקַח, laqach) implies a deliberate choice, indicating that Mahlon and Chilion actively chose to marry women from Moab, a nation often at odds with Israel. The Moabites descended from Lot and were historically seen as outsiders to the Israelite community. This decision reflects the dire circumstances in which Elimelech's family found themselves, as they sought survival in a foreign land. It also sets the stage for the unfolding of God's providential plan, as these unions, particularly with Ruth, become pivotal in the lineage of David and ultimately Jesus Christ.

Moabite women
The Moabites were descendants of Moab, the son of Lot through an incestuous relationship with his daughter (Genesis 19:37). This origin account often cast a shadow over the Moabites in the eyes of the Israelites. Marrying Moabite women was controversial, as it risked religious and cultural assimilation into practices contrary to the worship of Yahweh. However, this narrative challenges preconceived notions of purity and inclusion, as Ruth, a Moabite, becomes a model of faithfulness and devotion.

one named Orpah and the other named Ruth
The naming of Orpah and Ruth is significant. Orpah's name is believed to mean "back of the neck" or "gazelle," possibly foreshadowing her eventual decision to return to her people. Ruth's name, on the other hand, is often associated with "friend" or "companion," which is fitting given her steadfast loyalty to Naomi. The mention of their names personalizes the story, inviting readers to consider the individual choices and destinies of these women within God's overarching plan.

And after they had lived in Moab about ten years
The duration of "about ten years" suggests a period of significant adjustment and integration into Moabite society. The number ten in biblical terms often symbolizes completeness or a full measure of time. This decade in Moab was marked by both loss and preparation, as it set the stage for Naomi's return to Bethlehem and Ruth's pivotal role in Israel's history. The time spent in Moab underscores the theme of God's sovereignty and timing, as He works through the ordinary and extraordinary circumstances of life to fulfill His purposes.

both Mahlon and Chilion also died
The names "Mahlon" and "Chilion" are significant in understanding the narrative. In Hebrew, "Mahlon" can mean "sickness" and "Chilion" can mean "wasting" or "pining." These names may foreshadow their untimely deaths, suggesting a divine orchestration or a reflection of the dire circumstances in Moab. Historically, the deaths of these two sons emphasize the complete loss and vulnerability of Naomi, a widow in a foreign land, which sets the stage for the redemptive account that follows. This phrase underscores the theme of suffering and loss that is prevalent in the Book of Ruth, reminding us of the transient nature of life and the sovereignty of God over human affairs.

and Naomi was left
The Hebrew root for "left" is "sha'ar," which conveys the idea of being left behind or remaining. Naomi's situation is one of profound isolation and desolation. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a woman's security and social standing were closely tied to her male relatives. Naomi's being "left" without her sons and husband highlights her vulnerability and the precariousness of her situation. This phrase sets the emotional tone for Naomi's return to Bethlehem and her eventual transformation from bitterness to joy, illustrating God's providential care and the hope of restoration.

without her two sons and without her husband
The repetition of "without" emphasizes the totality of Naomi's loss. In the patriarchal society of ancient Israel, a woman's identity and protection were largely derived from her male family members. The absence of her "two sons" and "husband" signifies not only personal grief but also social and economic destitution. This dire circumstance is a catalyst for the unfolding narrative, where God's redemptive plan begins to take shape through Ruth's loyalty and Boaz's kindness. Theologically, this phrase invites reflection on the themes of faith, resilience, and divine provision, encouraging believers to trust in God's faithfulness even in the midst of profound loss.

When Naomi heard in Moab
The phrase begins with Naomi, a central figure in the Book of Ruth, who is residing in Moab. Moab, a region east of the Dead Sea, was often in conflict with Israel, yet it provided refuge for Naomi's family during a famine. The Hebrew root for "heard" (שָׁמַע, shama) implies not just the act of hearing but also understanding and responding. Naomi's hearing signifies a turning point, a divine intervention that prompts action. It reflects the importance of being attuned to God's movements and signals a shift from despair to hope.

that the LORD had attended to His people
The phrase highlights the covenant relationship between God and Israel. The Hebrew word for "attended" (פָּקַד, paqad) can mean to visit, care for, or intervene. It underscores God's faithfulness and His active role in the lives of His people. This divine attention is a reminder of God's providence and mercy, even after periods of judgment or hardship. It reassures believers of God's unwavering commitment to His promises.

by providing them with food
This provision of food is a tangible expression of God's care and a reversal of the famine that initially drove Naomi's family to Moab. The Hebrew word for "food" (לֶחֶם, lechem) is often associated with sustenance and life. In a broader biblical context, it symbolizes God's provision and blessing. This act of provision is a testament to God's ability to restore and sustain His people, encouraging believers to trust in His timing and provision.

she and her daughters-in-law prepared to return home from there
Naomi's decision to return signifies repentance and a return to the land of promise. The Hebrew root for "return" (שׁוּב, shuv) is rich with meaning, often used in the context of repentance and restoration. It marks a physical and spiritual journey back to God's covenant land. Naomi's leadership in this decision reflects her faith and hope in God's renewed favor. Her daughters-in-law's involvement highlights themes of loyalty and family, setting the stage for Ruth's profound commitment to Naomi and to God.

So she left the place where she was living
This phrase marks a significant turning point in Naomi's life. The Hebrew word for "left" is "yatsa," which often implies a departure with purpose or intention. Naomi's decision to leave Moab, a land associated with idolatry and foreign gods, signifies a return to her roots and faith in the God of Israel. Historically, Moab was a region east of the Dead Sea, often in conflict with Israel, making Naomi's departure a move away from a place of spiritual and physical famine.

accompanied by her two daughters-in-law
The Hebrew term for "accompanied" is "halak," meaning to walk or go along with. This indicates a journey not just in physical terms but also in relational and spiritual solidarity. Ruth and Orpah, the daughters-in-law, represent the potential for unity and loyalty beyond cultural and familial boundaries. Their willingness to leave their homeland reflects a deep bond with Naomi, suggesting a shared journey of faith and hope.

and set out on the road
The phrase "set out" comes from the Hebrew "yalak," which conveys a sense of embarking on a journey with determination. The "road" or "derek" in Hebrew often symbolizes life's path or journey. This imagery is rich in biblical literature, where the road is a metaphor for the journey of faith. Naomi's setting out on the road back to Judah is emblematic of a return to God's promises and a step towards redemption and restoration.

back to the land of Judah
"Judah" in Hebrew is "Yehudah," meaning "praise." Returning to Judah is not just a geographical relocation but a spiritual homecoming. Judah, as part of the Promised Land, represents God's covenant and faithfulness. Historically, Judah was a place of refuge and provision, contrasting with the famine-stricken Moab. Naomi's return to Judah is a move towards God's provision and a hopeful future, underscoring the theme of redemption that permeates the Book of Ruth.

Then Naomi said
This phrase introduces Naomi as the central figure in this narrative moment. Naomi, whose name means "pleasant" in Hebrew, is a widow who has suffered great loss. Her words are significant as they reflect her role as a matriarch and her deep concern for her daughters-in-law. In the historical context, a widow's position was precarious, and Naomi's initiative to speak reflects her strength and leadership.

to her two daughters-in-law
The mention of "two daughters-in-law" highlights the familial bond and the shared grief between Naomi, Orpah, and Ruth. In ancient Israelite culture, the relationship between a mother-in-law and her daughters-in-law was crucial, often determining the younger women's future security and well-being. This phrase sets the stage for the loyalty and love that will be further explored in the narrative.

Go back, each of you, to your mother's home
Naomi's directive for her daughters-in-law to return to their "mother's home" is significant. In ancient Near Eastern culture, a mother's house was a place of nurture and security, especially for unmarried or widowed women. Naomi's suggestion is both practical and compassionate, as she seeks their welfare in a familiar and supportive environment. This reflects her selflessness and understanding of their needs.

May the LORD show you kindness
The invocation of "the LORD" (Yahweh) is a profound expression of faith. Naomi calls upon the covenant-keeping God of Israel to extend "kindness" (Hebrew: "chesed"), a term rich with meaning, encompassing love, mercy, and faithfulness. This blessing is a testament to Naomi's belief in God's providence and her desire for divine favor upon Orpah and Ruth, despite her own suffering.

as you have shown to your dead and to me
Naomi acknowledges the "kindness" Orpah and Ruth have demonstrated, not only to their deceased husbands but also to her. This recognition of their loyalty and love underscores the deep bonds formed within this family. It also sets a moral and spiritual standard, highlighting the virtues of faithfulness and compassion that are central to the narrative and to the broader biblical message.

May the LORD grant
The invocation of the LORD here is significant, as it reflects Naomi's deep faith and reliance on Yahweh, the covenant God of Israel. The Hebrew word for "LORD" is "YHWH," which is the sacred, personal name of God, emphasizing His eternal presence and faithfulness. Naomi's prayer is not just a wish but a profound invocation of divine blessing, acknowledging that true provision and peace come from God alone.

that each of you will find rest
The Hebrew word for "rest" is "מְנוּחָה" (menuchah), which implies a state of tranquility, security, and peace. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a woman's rest was often found in the security of marriage and family. Naomi's desire for her daughters-in-law is that they find a place of safety and provision, reflecting the cultural importance of marriage as a source of stability and protection.

in the home of another husband
This phrase underscores the cultural and social norms of the time, where a woman's identity and security were closely tied to her marital status. The Hebrew word for "home" is "בַּיִת" (bayit), which can also mean household or family. Naomi's blessing is both practical and compassionate, recognizing the need for her daughters-in-law to find new families and husbands who can provide for them, especially in a patriarchal society where widows were vulnerable.

Then she kissed them
The act of kissing here is a gesture of deep affection and farewell. In the ancient world, a kiss was a common expression of love, respect, and parting. Naomi's kiss is a poignant moment of emotional connection, signifying her genuine love and care for Orpah and Ruth, even as she releases them to pursue new lives.

and they wept aloud
The weeping aloud indicates the depth of emotion and the strong bonds of love and loyalty between Naomi and her daughters-in-law. In Hebrew culture, public expressions of grief and emotion were common, and this shared weeping highlights the pain of separation and the uncertainty of their future. It also foreshadows the deep loyalty and commitment that Ruth will later demonstrate, setting the stage for the unfolding narrative of faithfulness and redemption.

and said to her
This phrase indicates a direct response from Ruth and Orpah to Naomi. The Hebrew root for "said" is "אָמַר" (amar), which is often used in the Old Testament to denote speech or declaration. This word sets the stage for a heartfelt dialogue, emphasizing the importance of communication in relationships. In the context of Ruth, it highlights the deep bond and respect between the women, as they are about to make a significant decision regarding their future.

We will return
The phrase "We will return" is pivotal, as it reflects a decision to go back with Naomi to her homeland. The Hebrew word for "return" is "שׁוּב" (shuv), which means to turn back or restore. This word is rich in theological significance, often used in the context of repentance or turning back to God. Here, it signifies a physical return but also hints at a deeper spiritual journey, as Ruth and Orpah contemplate leaving their past behind for a new life.

with you
This phrase underscores the loyalty and commitment of Ruth and Orpah to Naomi. The Hebrew preposition "עִם" (im) means "with" and denotes companionship and solidarity. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, such loyalty to a mother-in-law was extraordinary, highlighting the strength of their relationship. This commitment foreshadows Ruth's famous declaration of loyalty later in the chapter, setting the stage for her role in God's redemptive plan.

to your people
The phrase "to your people" signifies a willingness to leave behind their own Moabite identity and embrace the Israelite community. The Hebrew word for "people" is "עַם" (am), which refers to a nation or community bound by common identity and covenant. This decision is not just a change of residence but a profound shift in allegiance and identity. It reflects the theme of inclusion and the breaking down of ethnic barriers, as Ruth, a Moabite, becomes part of the lineage of David and ultimately, Jesus Christ. This highlights the universal scope of God's redemptive plan, which transcends cultural and national boundaries.

But Naomi replied
The name "Naomi" means "pleasant" in Hebrew, yet her life circumstances have been anything but pleasant. Her reply is a poignant moment of self-awareness and vulnerability. Naomi's response is not just a personal lament but a reflection of the cultural and familial expectations of her time. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a widow's security was often tied to her male relatives, and Naomi's lack of sons underscores her precarious situation.

Return home, my daughters
The phrase "return home" is significant, as it indicates a release from obligation. Naomi refers to Ruth and Orpah as "my daughters," which highlights the deep familial bond that has developed between them, transcending mere in-law relationships. This plea is both an act of selflessness and a recognition of the harsh realities they face. The Hebrew word for "return" (שׁוּב, shuv) is often used in the context of repentance or turning back, suggesting a deeper spiritual journey.

Why would you go with me?
This rhetorical question reveals Naomi's deep sense of hopelessness and her understanding of the cultural norms of levirate marriage, where a brother of a deceased man was expected to marry the widow. Naomi is acutely aware that she has nothing to offer her daughters-in-law in terms of future security or family lineage. Her question is a reflection of her own despair and the societal limitations placed on women of her time.

Are there still sons in my womb
This phrase is a direct reference to the levirate marriage custom, which is outlined in Deuteronomy 25:5-10. Naomi's rhetorical question underscores the impossibility of her providing new husbands for Ruth and Orpah. The imagery of the womb is powerful, symbolizing both life and potential that Naomi feels she no longer possesses. It highlights the cultural importance of progeny and lineage in ancient Israelite society.

to become your husbands?
The concept of marriage here is deeply tied to the idea of security and provision. In the ancient world, a woman's status and protection were often linked to her husband. Naomi's question is not just about the impossibility of her bearing more sons but also about the broader implications of marriage as a means of survival and social standing. This reflects the patriarchal structure of the time, where women's roles and futures were largely determined by their relationships with men.

Return home, my daughters
In this phrase, Naomi is addressing her daughters-in-law, Orpah and Ruth, with a deep sense of care and concern. The Hebrew word for "return" is "שׁוּב" (shuv), which means to turn back or return. This word is often used in the context of repentance or turning back to God, suggesting a significant change in direction. Naomi is urging them to go back to their own families and start anew, as she feels she has nothing left to offer them. The term "my daughters" reflects a familial bond and affection, indicating that Naomi sees them as her own children, not just daughters-in-law. This highlights the deep emotional connection and the selfless love Naomi has for them, even in her own grief.

I am too old to have another husband
Naomi acknowledges her age and the improbability of remarrying. The Hebrew word for "old" is "זָקֵן" (zaqen), which not only refers to physical age but also carries connotations of wisdom and experience. Naomi's statement is a realistic assessment of her situation, emphasizing her understanding of the cultural and societal norms of her time. In ancient Israel, a woman's security and social standing were often tied to her husband or male relatives. Naomi's acknowledgment of her age underscores her vulnerability and the bleakness of her prospects, yet it also reveals her wisdom in recognizing the reality of her circumstances.

Even if I thought there was hope for me to have a husband tonight and to bear sons
Here, Naomi presents a hypothetical scenario to illustrate the futility of her situation. The word "hope" in Hebrew is "תִּקְוָה" (tikvah), which signifies expectation or something to look forward to. Naomi is expressing that even if there were a glimmer of hope for her to remarry and have children, it would not be practical or beneficial for Orpah and Ruth to wait for those sons to grow up. This reflects the levirate marriage custom, where a widow would marry a brother of her deceased husband to produce offspring in his name. Naomi's use of this hypothetical situation highlights the impossibility of such a solution, emphasizing her selflessness and desire for her daughters-in-law to seek their own futures. Her statement is a poignant reminder of her own loss and the depth of her sacrifice, as she releases them from any obligation to her, despite her own loneliness and need.

would you wait for them to grow up?
This phrase reflects Naomi's rhetorical question to her daughters-in-law, Orpah and Ruth. The Hebrew root for "wait" is "קָוָה" (qavah), which implies a sense of hope or expectation. Naomi is highlighting the impracticality of waiting for her sons to grow up, as it would be an unreasonable hope. This reflects the cultural context of levirate marriage, where a widow might marry a brother of her deceased husband to preserve the family line. Naomi's question underscores the hopelessness of her situation and the improbability of future security through her own offspring.

Would you refrain from having husbands?
Here, Naomi questions whether her daughters-in-law would willingly choose to remain unmarried. The Hebrew word for "refrain" is "עָגַן" (agan), which means to hold back or restrain oneself. Naomi is emphasizing the sacrifice they would make by staying with her, as it would mean giving up the opportunity to remarry and have a family. This highlights the cultural importance of marriage and family in ancient Israelite society, where a woman's security and social standing were often tied to her marital status.

No, my daughters
Naomi's use of "No" is a firm negation, indicating her strong conviction that her daughters-in-law should not wait for her sons. The term "daughters" is a term of endearment, showing Naomi's deep affection and concern for Orpah and Ruth. This reflects the close familial bonds that have formed despite the absence of blood ties, emphasizing the theme of loyalty and love that permeates the Book of Ruth.

It is more bitter for me than for you
The word "bitter" comes from the Hebrew "מָרַר" (marar), which conveys a sense of deep sorrow and distress. Naomi is expressing her personal anguish and the depth of her suffering, which she perceives as greater than that of her daughters-in-law. This bitterness is not just emotional but also reflects her perceived loss of God's favor, as she feels abandoned and afflicted by her circumstances.

because the hand of the LORD has gone out against me
The "hand of the LORD" is a metaphor for God's power and intervention in human affairs. In the Hebrew context, "hand" (יָד, yad) often signifies strength or authority. Naomi interprets her misfortunes as divine judgment or discipline, a common understanding in the Old Testament where God's sovereignty is acknowledged in both blessings and trials. This phrase reveals Naomi's theological perspective, where she sees her suffering as part of God's overarching plan, even if it is difficult to comprehend. It sets the stage for the unfolding narrative of redemption and divine providence that will be revealed through Ruth's loyalty and God's ultimate provision.

Again they wept aloud
This phrase captures the deep emotional turmoil and sorrow experienced by Naomi, Orpah, and Ruth. The Hebrew word for "wept" is "בָּכָה" (bakah), which conveys a sense of lamentation and mourning. This moment is a poignant reminder of the human experience of loss and the shared grief that binds people together. In the historical context, the act of weeping aloud was a common expression of deep sorrow, often performed in community settings, emphasizing the collective nature of their pain.

Orpah kissed her mother-in-law goodbye
The act of kissing in ancient Near Eastern culture was a gesture of respect, affection, and farewell. The Hebrew word "נָשַׁק" (nashaq) for "kissed" indicates a formal and emotional parting. Orpah's decision to return to her people and gods, as Naomi suggested, reflects a choice to seek security and familiarity. Her action, while understandable, contrasts with Ruth's subsequent decision, highlighting the different paths individuals may take when faced with difficult choices.

but Ruth clung to her
The Hebrew word for "clung" is "דָּבַק" (dabaq), which means to adhere or cleave. This word is often used in the context of covenantal relationships, such as marriage, where a deep, abiding commitment is made. Ruth's decision to cling to Naomi signifies a profound loyalty and devotion that transcends cultural and familial boundaries. It is an act of faith and love, demonstrating Ruth's willingness to embrace Naomi's people and God as her own. This moment foreshadows Ruth's integral role in the lineage of David and ultimately, Jesus Christ, underscoring the theme of redemption and divine providence throughout the book.

Look
The Hebrew word here is "hineh," often used to draw attention to something important or to emphasize a point. Naomi is urging Ruth to consider the reality of the situation. This word sets the tone for a pivotal moment, highlighting the gravity of the decision Ruth is about to make. It is a call to awareness, urging Ruth to see the situation clearly and make a conscious choice.

said Naomi
Naomi, whose name means "pleasant," is a central figure in this narrative. Her life has been marked by hardship and loss, yet she remains a guiding force for Ruth. Her words carry the weight of experience and the pain of her own losses. Naomi's character is a testament to the enduring strength and resilience found in faith, even amidst suffering.

your sister-in-law has gone back
The phrase indicates a return to familiar territory, both physically and spiritually. Orpah's decision to return to her people and gods reflects a choice to seek security in the known, rather than venture into the unknown. This highlights the cultural and religious crossroads at which Ruth stands, emphasizing the significance of her impending decision.

to her people
This phrase underscores the importance of cultural identity and belonging. In the ancient Near Eastern context, one's people were not just family but a source of identity and support. Orpah's return to her people signifies a retreat to the safety of her cultural roots, a choice that contrasts with Ruth's eventual decision to embrace a new identity.

and her gods
The mention of "gods" reflects the polytheistic beliefs prevalent in Moab, where multiple deities were worshiped. This phrase highlights the spiritual dimension of Orpah's decision, as she returns to the religious practices of her upbringing. It sets the stage for Ruth's profound declaration of faith in the God of Israel, which will follow in the narrative.

return after your sister-in-law
Naomi's urging for Ruth to follow Orpah is both a practical and emotional appeal. It reflects Naomi's concern for Ruth's well-being, as she believes Ruth's prospects might be better among her own people. However, this also serves as a narrative device to contrast Ruth's steadfast loyalty and faith, which will soon be revealed. Naomi's words challenge Ruth to make a choice that will define her future and legacy.

But Ruth replied
The name "Ruth" in Hebrew is רוּת (Rut), which is believed to mean "friend" or "companion." This sets the tone for her character throughout the book. Ruth's reply is a pivotal moment, showcasing her loyalty and commitment. In the ancient Near Eastern context, such a declaration was profound, as it involved leaving one's own family and gods, which was a significant cultural and religious shift.

Do not urge me to leave you
The Hebrew word for "urge" is פָּגַע (paga), which can mean to entreat or press upon someone. Ruth's plea is heartfelt, indicating a deep emotional bond with Naomi. In the historical context, leaving one's family was not just a physical departure but a severance of social and religious ties, making Ruth's insistence even more remarkable.

or to turn back from following you
The phrase "turn back" comes from the Hebrew שׁוּב (shuv), meaning to return or go back. Ruth's determination not to "turn back" signifies a complete break from her past life. This reflects a spiritual and physical journey, symbolizing repentance and conversion, themes that resonate deeply within the Christian faith.

For wherever you go, I will go
This statement underscores Ruth's unwavering commitment. The Hebrew word for "go" is הָלַךְ (halak), which implies a way of life or conduct. Ruth is not merely speaking of physical movement but aligning her life's path with Naomi's, demonstrating a profound act of love and loyalty.

and wherever you live, I will live
The Hebrew word for "live" is לִין (lin), which can mean to lodge or dwell. Ruth's commitment to live where Naomi lives signifies her willingness to embrace a new community and identity. This reflects the Christian call to abide in Christ and the community of believers, transcending cultural and ethnic boundaries.

Your people will be my people
This declaration is a significant cultural and social commitment. In the ancient world, one's identity was closely tied to their people and land. Ruth's willingness to adopt Naomi's people as her own signifies a complete integration into a new community, reflecting the Christian concept of the church as a diverse yet unified body of believers.

and your God will be my God
This is perhaps the most profound part of Ruth's declaration. The Hebrew word for "God" here is אֱלֹהִים (Elohim), a term used for the God of Israel. Ruth's acceptance of Naomi's God signifies a conversion, a turning away from the gods of Moab to the one true God. This mirrors the Christian experience of conversion, where one turns from old allegiances to embrace faith in the God of the Bible.

Where you die, I will die
This phrase reflects Ruth's profound commitment to Naomi, transcending mere companionship to encompass a lifelong dedication. The Hebrew word for "die" (מוּת, "muth") is a common term in the Old Testament, signifying the end of physical life. Ruth's declaration is not just about physical proximity but a spiritual and covenantal bond, echoing the seriousness of ancient Near Eastern covenants where loyalty often extended beyond life itself. This commitment is reminiscent of the covenantal faithfulness God shows to His people, emphasizing loyalty and devotion.

and there I will be buried
Burial practices in ancient Israel were significant, often involving family tombs. Ruth's willingness to be buried in Naomi's land signifies her complete assimilation into Naomi's people and faith. The Hebrew word for "buried" (קָבַר, "qabar") indicates a final resting place, a profound statement of belonging and identity. This reflects Ruth's total renunciation of her past and her embrace of a new identity, paralleling the Christian concept of dying to self and living for Christ.

May the LORD deal with me, be it ever so severely
This phrase is a solemn oath invoking the divine name, "Yahweh" (יהוה), the covenant name of God. Ruth calls upon the LORD to witness her vow, underscoring the seriousness of her commitment. The phrase "deal with me, be it ever so severely" is a common formula in Hebrew oaths, indicating a self-imposed curse should she fail to keep her promise. This reflects the gravity with which oaths were taken in biblical times, highlighting the sacredness of one's word and the fear of divine retribution for breaking it.

if anything but death separates you and me
Ruth's vow concludes with a powerful statement of permanence, where only death can sever her bond with Naomi. This echoes the biblical theme of covenant loyalty, where relationships are bound by divine witness and are not to be broken lightly. The phrase underscores the depth of Ruth's love and commitment, which mirrors the steadfast love (חֶסֶד, "chesed") that God shows to His people. This kind of loyalty is a model for Christian relationships, emphasizing faithfulness and enduring love.

When Naomi saw
The phrase "When Naomi saw" indicates a moment of realization and acknowledgment. In the Hebrew text, the word for "saw" is "רָאָה" (ra'ah), which means to perceive or understand. This is not merely a physical seeing but a deeper comprehension of Ruth's resolve. Naomi's perception here is crucial as it marks a turning point in her acceptance of Ruth's commitment. Historically, this moment reflects the cultural importance of family loyalty and the recognition of one's intentions through actions rather than words.

that Ruth was determined
The word "determined" is translated from the Hebrew "אַמֵּץ" (amatz), which conveys strength, courage, and steadfastness. Ruth's determination is not a fleeting emotion but a firm resolve. This determination is significant in the narrative, as it highlights Ruth's unwavering loyalty and faithfulness, qualities that are highly esteemed in the biblical context. Ruth's determination is a testament to her character and foreshadows her role in God's redemptive plan.

to go with her
The phrase "to go with her" emphasizes Ruth's commitment to accompany Naomi on her journey. The Hebrew word "לָלֶכֶת" (lalechet) means to walk or to go, indicating a physical and spiritual journey. Ruth's decision to go with Naomi is an act of solidarity and love, transcending cultural and familial boundaries. This journey is not just a relocation but a profound step into a new life and faith, symbolizing Ruth's conversion and dedication to Naomi's God.

she stopped trying to persuade her
Naomi's cessation of persuasion is captured in the Hebrew "וַתֶּחְדַּל" (vatechdal), meaning to cease or desist. Naomi recognizes Ruth's steadfastness and stops urging her to return to her own people. This moment signifies Naomi's acceptance of Ruth's choice and the beginning of their shared journey. It reflects a shift in Naomi's perspective, acknowledging Ruth's autonomy and the depth of her commitment. This acceptance is pivotal, as it sets the stage for the unfolding of God's providential plan through Ruth's life.

So the two of them
This phrase refers to Naomi and Ruth, highlighting their unity and shared purpose. In the Hebrew text, the word for "two" (שְׁתֵּיהֶן, sh'teihen) emphasizes their companionship and mutual commitment. This bond is significant, as it transcends cultural and familial boundaries, illustrating the power of loyalty and love. Ruth's decision to accompany Naomi is a profound act of faith and devotion, reflecting the biblical principle of leaving one's past to embrace a new identity in God's plan.

continued on their journey
The Hebrew root for "continued" (יָלַךְ, yalak) implies a determined progression. This journey is not just physical but also spiritual, symbolizing a transition from despair to hope. Naomi and Ruth's perseverance is a testament to their faith and resilience, serving as an inspiration for believers to trust in God's guidance even when the path is uncertain.

until they came to Bethlehem
Bethlehem, meaning "house of bread" in Hebrew, is a place of providence and future redemption. Historically, it is the birthplace of King David and, prophetically, of Jesus Christ. Their arrival in Bethlehem marks a turning point, where God's provision begins to unfold. This setting foreshadows the coming of the Messiah, who would be the ultimate source of spiritual nourishment.

When they entered Bethlehem
The act of entering signifies a new beginning. In the biblical narrative, entering a city often represents entering into a new phase of life or a divine appointment. For Naomi and Ruth, this entrance is both a return and a new start, filled with potential for restoration and blessing.

the whole city was stirred because of them
The Hebrew word for "stirred" (תְּהוּם, tehum) conveys a sense of excitement and commotion. This reaction indicates that Naomi's return is significant to the community, perhaps due to her previous status or the unusual circumstances of her return. It reflects how God often uses ordinary events to capture attention and prepare hearts for His work.

and the women of the city exclaimed
The focus on the women highlights the communal nature of ancient societies, where news and emotions were shared collectively. Women's voices in this context are crucial, as they often serve as the bearers of tradition and social cohesion. Their exclamation sets the stage for Naomi's account to unfold, emphasizing the importance of community in God's redemptive plan.

Can this be Naomi?
This question reveals both surprise and recognition. Naomi's name means "pleasant," yet her return is marked by hardship, prompting the community to question her identity. This moment underscores the theme of transformation and the impact of life's trials on one's identity. It invites reflection on how God can restore and redefine us through His grace, even when circumstances seem to have altered our very essence.

Do not call me Naomi
The name "Naomi" means "pleasant" or "delightful" in Hebrew. Naomi's request to no longer be called by this name reflects her deep sense of loss and bitterness. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, names were often reflective of one's identity or circumstances. Naomi's insistence on changing her name indicates a profound transformation in her self-perception due to the hardships she has endured.

she replied. Call me Mara
"Mara" means "bitter" in Hebrew. By choosing this name, Naomi is expressing the depth of her sorrow and the bitterness she feels over the tragedies that have befallen her. This change of name is symbolic of her current state of mind and heart. It is a poignant reminder of how personal suffering can alter one's identity and outlook on life.

for the Almighty
The term "Almighty" is translated from the Hebrew word "Shaddai," which is often used to denote God's power and sovereignty. Naomi acknowledges God's supreme authority over her life, even in her suffering. This reflects a common biblical theme where individuals recognize God's control over both blessings and trials. It is a testament to her faith, even amidst her lament.

has dealt very bitterly with me
The phrase "dealt very bitterly" suggests a sense of divine chastisement or severe treatment. Naomi attributes her misfortunes to God's will, which was a common understanding in the ancient world where divine providence was seen in every aspect of life. This acknowledgment does not necessarily imply a loss of faith but rather an honest expression of her pain and struggle to understand God's purposes.

I went away full
The phrase "I went away full" reflects Naomi's past state of abundance and contentment. In Hebrew, the word for "full" is "מָלֵא" (male), which conveys a sense of completeness and satisfaction. Naomi's departure from Bethlehem to Moab was under circumstances where she felt secure and blessed, with her family intact. This fullness is not merely material but also relational and emotional, highlighting the stark contrast to her current state. Historically, this reflects the initial hope and expectation that Moab would provide sustenance during the famine in Bethlehem.

but the LORD has brought me back empty
The word "empty" in Hebrew is "רֵיקָם" (reqam), indicating a state of void or lack. Naomi attributes her current destitution to the LORD, acknowledging His sovereignty over her life's circumstances. This reflects a deep theological understanding that God is in control, even in adversity. Theologically, this speaks to the belief in God's providence and the testing of faith through trials. Naomi's return to Bethlehem "empty" signifies not just the loss of material wealth but the profound grief of losing her husband and sons.

Why call me Naomi?
Naomi's name means "pleasant" in Hebrew, derived from "נָעִים" (na'im). By questioning why she should still be called Naomi, she is expressing the incongruity between her name and her current bitter experience. This rhetorical question underscores her identity crisis and the transformation of her life circumstances. It invites reflection on the significance of names in Hebrew culture, where names often reflect character or destiny.

The LORD has testified against me
The phrase "testified against me" uses the Hebrew root "עָנָה" (anah), which can mean to answer, respond, or testify. Naomi feels that God has borne witness to her sins or shortcomings, resulting in her suffering. This reflects a common biblical theme where personal or communal sin is believed to result in divine retribution. It also highlights the belief in a personal God who is actively involved in the lives of His people, holding them accountable.

and the Almighty has afflicted me
The term "Almighty" is translated from the Hebrew "שַׁדַּי" (Shaddai), a name for God that emphasizes His power and sovereignty. The word "afflicted" comes from the Hebrew "רָעַע" (ra'a), meaning to break or shatter. Naomi perceives her suffering as a direct act of God, who in His omnipotence has allowed her to be broken. This reflects the ancient Near Eastern understanding of divine justice and the belief that God disciplines those He loves. Naomi's lament is a poignant expression of faith, acknowledging God's ultimate authority even in her distress.

So Naomi returned
The name "Naomi" means "pleasant" in Hebrew, which is deeply ironic given her circumstances. Naomi's return signifies a pivotal moment of transition from despair to hope. Her return is not just a physical journey but a spiritual one, symbolizing repentance and a return to God's provision. The Hebrew root for "returned" (שׁוּב, shuv) often implies repentance or turning back to God, which is a recurring theme in the Old Testament.

from the land of Moab
Moab was a nation often in conflict with Israel, and its people were descendants of Lot. Theologically, Moab represents a place of compromise and distance from God’s covenant people. Naomi's departure from Moab signifies leaving behind a place of spiritual barrenness and returning to the land of promise. This journey underscores the theme of redemption and the hope of restoration.

with her daughter-in-law Ruth the Moabitess
Ruth's identity as a "Moabitess" is significant, highlighting her foreign status and the cultural barriers she faces. Despite being a Moabite, Ruth's loyalty to Naomi and her faith in the God of Israel set her apart. Her inclusion in the narrative foreshadows the inclusive nature of God's kingdom, where faith transcends ethnic boundaries. Ruth's commitment is a testament to the transformative power of faith and love.

They arrived in Bethlehem
Bethlehem, meaning "house of bread" in Hebrew, is a place of divine provision. It is significant as the birthplace of King David and later, Jesus Christ. Naomi and Ruth's arrival in Bethlehem marks the beginning of God's redemptive plan unfolding in their lives. Theologically, Bethlehem represents hope and the fulfillment of God's promises.

at the beginning of the barley harvest
The timing of their arrival is providential. The barley harvest is a time of renewal and abundance, symbolizing new beginnings. In the agricultural context of ancient Israel, the harvest was a time of joy and celebration. Spiritually, it signifies God's provision and the start of a new chapter in Naomi and Ruth's lives. The harvest sets the stage for the unfolding of God's redemptive plan through Ruth, ultimately leading to the lineage of David and the Messiah.