In the days when the judges ruled
This phrase sets the historical context for the Book of Ruth. The period of the judges was a time of social and religious upheaval in Israel, characterized by a cycle of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance. This era is detailed in the Book of Judges, where Israel repeatedly turned away from God, leading to periods of foreign domination. The judges were leaders raised by God to deliver Israel from its oppressors. This time was marked by moral relativism and a lack of centralized leadership, as noted in Judges 21:25, "In those days there was no king in Israel; everyone did what was right in his own eyes."

there was a famine in the land
Famines were not uncommon in the ancient Near East and often signified divine displeasure or a test of faith. In the context of Israel, a famine could be seen as a consequence of the nation's disobedience to God, as outlined in Deuteronomy 28:15-24, where God warns of drought and famine as a result of turning away from His commandments. This famine sets the stage for the narrative, prompting the movement of the family from Bethlehem to Moab.

And a certain man from Bethlehem in Judah
Bethlehem, meaning "house of bread," is ironically the setting of a famine. It is a small town in Judah, significant in biblical history as the birthplace of King David and later, Jesus Christ (Micah 5:2, Matthew 2:1). The mention of Judah highlights the tribal affiliation, emphasizing the family's connection to the lineage of David, which is central to the messianic prophecy.

with his wife and two sons
The family unit is central to the narrative, highlighting themes of loyalty, kinship, and survival. The mention of the wife and sons sets up the personal and familial challenges that will unfold. The family structure also reflects the patriarchal society of ancient Israel, where lineage and inheritance were passed through male descendants.

went to reside in the land of Moab
Moab was located east of the Dead Sea and was often in conflict with Israel. The Moabites were descendants of Lot (Genesis 19:37) and had a complicated relationship with the Israelites, sometimes hostile, as seen in Judges 3:12-30. The decision to move to Moab indicates the severity of the famine and the desperation of the family. Moab's inclusion in the narrative foreshadows the integration of Ruth, a Moabite, into the Israelite community, which is significant for the genealogy of David and ultimately, Jesus Christ.

The man’s name was Elimelech
Elimelech means "My God is King," which is significant given the context of the time of the Judges when Israel had no king and everyone did what was right in their own eyes (Judges 21:25). His name reflects a theocratic ideal, suggesting a family that acknowledges God's sovereignty.

his wife’s name was Naomi
Naomi means "pleasant" or "delightful." Her name contrasts with the bitterness she later experiences, as seen in Ruth 1:20 when she asks to be called Mara, meaning "bitter." This change in name reflects her personal journey and the impact of the events in her life.

and the names of his two sons were Mahlon and Chilion
Mahlon and Chilion have names that suggest frailty or sickness, with Mahlon possibly meaning "sickly" and Chilion "wasting" or "pining." This foreshadows their early deaths and the subsequent challenges faced by Naomi and Ruth. Their names may also reflect the difficult circumstances of the famine in Bethlehem.

They were Ephrathites from Bethlehem in Judah
Ephrathites refers to the clan or family group from Ephrathah, an ancient name for Bethlehem (Genesis 35:19). Bethlehem, meaning "house of bread," is significant as the birthplace of King David and later Jesus Christ (Micah 5:2, Matthew 2:1). The mention of Judah situates the narrative within the tribal allotments of Israel, emphasizing the covenantal heritage.

and they entered the land of Moab and settled there
Moab was located east of the Dead Sea and was often in conflict with Israel (Judges 3:12-30). The decision to settle in Moab during a famine indicates desperation, as Moabites were descendants of Lot and often viewed with suspicion by Israelites (Deuteronomy 23:3-6). This move sets the stage for Ruth, a Moabite, to become part of the lineage of David and ultimately Jesus, highlighting themes of redemption and inclusion.

Then Naomi’s husband Elimelech died
Elimelech's death marks a significant turning point in the narrative. In the context of ancient Israel, the death of a husband was a devastating event for a woman, as it often left her without financial support or social standing. Elimelech's name means "My God is King," which may suggest a man of faith, yet his decision to leave Bethlehem during a famine could be seen as a lack of trust in God's provision. This event sets the stage for Naomi's return to Bethlehem and the unfolding of God's providential plan. Theologically, Elimelech's death can be seen as a catalyst for the redemptive story that follows, highlighting themes of loss and restoration.

and she was left with her two sons
Naomi's situation reflects the vulnerability of widows in ancient Near Eastern culture. Without her husband, Naomi's survival depended on her sons, Mahlon and Chilion. The phrase "she was left" underscores her isolation and the precariousness of her situation. In biblical times, sons were expected to care for their widowed mothers, but Naomi's sons later die as well, compounding her grief and desperation. This sets the stage for Ruth's loyalty and the eventual redemption through Boaz. Theologically, this phrase foreshadows the theme of God's provision through unexpected means, as Naomi's eventual return to Bethlehem leads to Ruth's inclusion in the lineage of David and ultimately Jesus Christ.

who took Moabite women as their wives
The taking of Moabite women as wives by Mahlon and Chilion, the sons of Elimelech and Naomi, is significant in the context of Israelite law and tradition. The Moabites were descendants of Lot (Genesis 19:37) and were often in conflict with Israel. Deuteronomy 23:3 states that no Moabite may enter the assembly of the Lord, even to the tenth generation, due to their historical enmity with Israel. This marriage choice reflects the dire circumstances faced by Naomi's family during the famine, leading them to settle in Moab. It also sets the stage for Ruth's eventual integration into the Israelite community, highlighting themes of redemption and God's inclusive plan.

one named Orpah and the other named Ruth
Orpah and Ruth, the Moabite women, are central figures in the narrative. Orpah's name is believed to mean "back of the neck," which foreshadows her eventual decision to return to Moab. Ruth, whose name means "friend" or "companion," becomes a key figure in biblical history. Her loyalty and faithfulness to Naomi and the God of Israel are pivotal, leading to her role in the lineage of King David and ultimately Jesus Christ (Matthew 1:5). Ruth's story exemplifies the theme of God's providence and the inclusion of Gentiles in His redemptive plan.

And after they had lived in Moab about ten years
The ten-year period in Moab indicates a significant duration of time away from Bethlehem, suggesting a settled life despite being in a foreign land. This timeframe allows for the development of relationships and the deepening of Ruth's commitment to Naomi. The number ten in biblical terms often signifies completeness or a full measure, which may imply that the time in Moab was sufficient for God's purposes to unfold. This period also underscores the severity of the famine in Judah, which forced the family to remain in Moab for so long. The eventual return to Bethlehem marks a turning point in the narrative, setting the stage for Ruth's integration into the Israelite community and God's unfolding plan of redemption.

both Mahlon and Chilion also died
The deaths of Mahlon and Chilion mark a significant turning point in the narrative. Their names, which mean "sickness" and "wasting" respectively, may foreshadow their untimely deaths. This event occurs in Moab, a land often at odds with Israel, highlighting the peril of leaving the Promised Land during a time of famine. Theologically, their deaths can be seen as a divine judgment or a consequence of leaving Bethlehem, the "house of bread," for a foreign land. This mirrors the broader biblical theme of the consequences of disobedience and the importance of faithfulness to God’s covenant.

and Naomi was left without her two sons
Naomi's loss of her sons is a profound personal tragedy and a social crisis. In ancient Near Eastern culture, sons were vital for the continuation of a family line and for providing for their parents in old age. This loss leaves Naomi vulnerable and without support, emphasizing the precarious position of widows in biblical times. Theologically, this sets the stage for God's redemptive work through Ruth, Naomi's daughter-in-law, who will later become an ancestor of King David and, ultimately, Jesus Christ. This reflects the biblical theme of God bringing hope and restoration out of despair.

and without her husband
The death of Elimelech, Naomi's husband, compounds her grief and vulnerability. In the patriarchal society of ancient Israel, a husband was the primary provider and protector. Elimelech's death leaves Naomi without male protection or provision, underscoring her dire situation. This loss also signifies the end of Elimelech's lineage unless a kinsman-redeemer steps in, a concept that will become central later in the story. This foreshadows the role of Boaz as a type of Christ, who redeems and restores what was lost, pointing to the ultimate redemption found in Jesus.

When Naomi heard in Moab
Naomi, whose name means "pleasant," is living in Moab, a region east of the Dead Sea. Moab was often in conflict with Israel, and its people were descendants of Lot (Genesis 19:37). Naomi's presence in Moab signifies a departure from the Promised Land due to famine (Ruth 1:1). This reflects the broader biblical theme of exile and return, reminiscent of Israel's future exiles.

that the LORD had attended to His people
The phrase indicates divine intervention and care. The LORD, Yahweh, is the covenant name of God, emphasizing His faithfulness to Israel. This echoes the recurring biblical theme of God responding to the cries of His people, as seen in the Exodus (Exodus 3:7-8). It underscores God's sovereignty and His role as provider and protector.

by providing them with food
The provision of food signifies the end of the famine in Bethlehem, "the house of bread." This provision is a tangible sign of God's blessing and favor, often associated with obedience and repentance (Deuteronomy 28:1-14). It also foreshadows the spiritual nourishment found in Christ, the Bread of Life (John 6:35).

she and her daughters-in-law prepared to leave the land of Moab
Naomi's decision to return to Bethlehem with her daughters-in-law, Orpah and Ruth, marks a pivotal moment of faith and hope. It reflects a return to God's promises and a rejection of Moabite idolatry. This journey symbolizes repentance and restoration, themes central to the biblical narrative. Ruth's eventual inclusion in the lineage of David and Jesus (Matthew 1:5) highlights God's redemptive plan for all nations.

Accompanied by her two daughters-in-law
Naomi's daughters-in-law, Orpah and Ruth, are significant figures in this narrative. Their willingness to accompany Naomi highlights the strong familial bonds and loyalty that existed despite the cultural and religious differences. In ancient Near Eastern culture, the bond between a mother-in-law and her daughters-in-law was crucial, especially after the death of the husbands. This phrase sets the stage for the unfolding story of loyalty and devotion, particularly Ruth's, which becomes a central theme in the book.

she left the place where she had been living
Naomi had been living in Moab, a region east of the Dead Sea, for about ten years. Moab was often in conflict with Israel, and its people were descendants of Lot. The decision to leave Moab signifies a turning point for Naomi, as she seeks to return to her homeland after the deaths of her husband and sons. This departure can be seen as a step of faith, leaving behind a place of sorrow and loss to return to her roots in Judah.

and set out on the road leading back to the land of Judah
The journey from Moab to Judah was not just a physical journey but also a spiritual and emotional one. Judah, specifically Bethlehem, is significant as it is the land of Naomi's origin and the future birthplace of King David and Jesus Christ. This return to Judah symbolizes a return to God's covenant land and His people. The road to Judah represents a path of hope and redemption, foreshadowing the restoration and blessings that will come through Ruth's eventual marriage to Boaz, a kinsman-redeemer, which is a type of Christ.

Then Naomi said to her two daughters-in-law
Naomi, a widow, is addressing her daughters-in-law, Orpah and Ruth, who are also widows. This reflects the patriarchal society of ancient Israel, where women often relied on male relatives for support. Naomi's decision to speak to them highlights her role as the matriarch and her concern for their well-being. The context is set in the time of the judges, a period marked by social and religious upheaval in Israel (Judges 21:25).

Go back, each of you to your mother’s home
Naomi urges Orpah and Ruth to return to their maternal homes, which suggests a cultural norm where a widow might find refuge and support with her birth family. This reflects the ancient Near Eastern custom of returning to one's family of origin in times of distress. The mention of the "mother's home" rather than the father's may indicate a focus on the nurturing aspect of the family or the role of the mother in arranging future marriages (Genesis 24:28).

May the LORD show you loving devotion
Naomi invokes the name of the LORD (Yahweh), the covenant God of Israel, asking Him to show "loving devotion" or "chesed" to her daughters-in-law. This term encompasses kindness, loyalty, and faithfulness, central themes in the book of Ruth. It reflects the covenantal love God shows to His people, as seen in His promises to Abraham (Genesis 12:1-3) and His enduring faithfulness throughout Israel's history.

as you have shown to your dead and to me
Naomi acknowledges the loyalty and kindness Orpah and Ruth have demonstrated to their deceased husbands and to her. This highlights the theme of loyalty and familial duty, which is a key element in the narrative. Their actions prefigure the selfless love and commitment that Ruth will continue to show, ultimately leading to her inclusion in the lineage of David and, by extension, Jesus Christ (Matthew 1:5). This foreshadows the redemptive work of Christ, who embodies perfect loving devotion.

May the LORD enable each of you to find rest
This phrase reflects a blessing and a prayer from Naomi to her daughters-in-law, Orpah and Ruth. The invocation of "the LORD" (Yahweh) signifies a deep trust in the God of Israel, highlighting Naomi's faith even in her grief. The concept of "rest" here is significant, as it implies security, peace, and provision, which were often found in the context of marriage during ancient times. This echoes the broader biblical theme of God providing rest for His people, as seen in passages like Psalm 23:2 and Matthew 11:28-29, where rest is associated with divine care and provision.

in the home of your new husband.”
The cultural context of this phrase is crucial. In ancient Near Eastern societies, a woman's security and social standing were largely tied to her marital status. Naomi's wish for her daughters-in-law to find new husbands reflects the societal norms of the time, where marriage was a primary means of ensuring a woman's well-being and future. This also foreshadows the eventual marriage of Ruth to Boaz, which not only provides her with rest and security but also plays a critical role in the lineage of King David and ultimately Jesus Christ, as outlined in Matthew 1:5-6.

And she kissed them
The act of kissing here is a gesture of affection and farewell. It signifies Naomi's deep emotional bond with Orpah and Ruth, despite the cultural and ethnic differences between them. This moment underscores the theme of loyalty and love that permeates the Book of Ruth. Kissing as a form of greeting or parting is a common biblical motif, seen in other passages such as Genesis 33:4 and Acts 20:37, symbolizing reconciliation, love, and deep emotional connection.

as they wept aloud
The weeping of Naomi, Orpah, and Ruth highlights the intense emotional pain and sorrow of their impending separation. This expression of grief is a natural human response to loss and uncertainty, reflecting the depth of their relationship. The communal aspect of their weeping also emphasizes the shared nature of their suffering and the strong bonds of family and loyalty. This moment of shared grief can be compared to other biblical instances of communal lament, such as in Nehemiah 8:9 and John 11:33-35, where weeping is a precursor to divine intervention and hope.

and said,
This phrase indicates a response or decision being made. In the context of Ruth 1:10, it is the response of Ruth and Orpah to Naomi's urging. The dialogue highlights the importance of verbal commitment in relationships, a theme prevalent throughout the Bible, such as in the covenants God makes with His people.

“Surely we will return
The word "surely" emphasizes determination and certainty. This reflects the strong bond and loyalty Ruth and Orpah feel towards Naomi. The concept of returning is significant in biblical narratives, often symbolizing repentance or a change of direction, as seen in the story of the Prodigal Son (Luke 15:11-32).

with you
This phrase underscores companionship and solidarity. Ruth and Orpah's willingness to accompany Naomi reflects the biblical principle of community and support, akin to the fellowship seen in the early church (Acts 2:42-47). It also foreshadows Ruth's eventual role in Naomi's life, providing support and blessing.

to your people.”
This indicates a willingness to leave behind their own Moabite culture and integrate into the Israelite community. The Moabites and Israelites had a complex history, often marked by conflict (Judges 3:12-30). Ruth's decision to join Naomi's people is a significant step of faith and foreshadows her inclusion in the lineage of David and ultimately Jesus Christ (Matthew 1:5). This act of leaving one's people for another is reminiscent of Abraham's call to leave his homeland (Genesis 12:1).

But Naomi replied,
Naomi, whose name means "pleasant," is a central figure in the Book of Ruth. Her reply is a response to her daughters-in-law, Ruth and Orpah, who initially express their desire to accompany her back to Bethlehem after the death of their husbands. Naomi's response is filled with a sense of resignation and practicality, reflecting the dire circumstances she faces as a widow in a foreign land.

Return home, my daughters.
Naomi's use of "my daughters" indicates a deep affection and familial bond with Ruth and Orpah, despite their Moabite origin. The term "return home" suggests a cultural expectation for widows to return to their father's house or seek new marriages within their own community. This reflects the ancient Near Eastern customs where family and kinship ties were crucial for survival and social stability.

Why would you go with me?
Naomi questions the logic of Ruth and Orpah accompanying her, highlighting the bleak prospects she can offer them. This rhetorical question underscores Naomi's awareness of her inability to provide for them, as she herself is returning to Bethlehem in a state of poverty and uncertainty. It also reflects the cultural norm that a widow's best chance for security was through remarriage.

Are there still sons in my womb to become your husbands?
This phrase refers to the practice of levirate marriage, where a man would marry his deceased brother's widow to produce offspring in the brother's name (Deuteronomy 25:5-10). Naomi is pointing out the impossibility of providing new husbands for Ruth and Orpah, as she has no more sons. This highlights the cultural and legal structures of the time, which placed significant importance on lineage and inheritance. Naomi's rhetorical question emphasizes her hopelessness and the lack of future prospects for her daughters-in-law if they remain with her.

Return home, my daughters.
Naomi addresses her daughters-in-law, Orpah and Ruth, urging them to return to their own families in Moab. This reflects the cultural norm of the time, where widows would often return to their father's house for support. Naomi's use of "my daughters" indicates a deep familial bond, despite the lack of blood relation. This phrase also highlights the theme of loyalty and family ties, which is central to the Book of Ruth.

Go on, for I am too old to have another husband.
Naomi acknowledges her advanced age, which in the cultural context of ancient Israel, would make remarriage unlikely. This reflects the societal expectations and limitations placed on widows. Naomi's statement underscores her sense of hopelessness and the practical realities of her situation, as she cannot provide new husbands for her daughters-in-law through Levirate marriage, a practice where a brother of a deceased man would marry the widow to continue the family line (Deuteronomy 25:5-10).

Even if I thought there was hope for me to have a husband tonight and to bear sons,
Naomi presents a hypothetical scenario to emphasize the improbability of her situation. The mention of "hope" contrasts with her earlier expression of despair, highlighting the depth of her predicament. The reference to bearing sons is significant in the context of Levirate marriage, as it would be necessary for her to have sons to provide husbands for Orpah and Ruth. This phrase also foreshadows the miraculous provision and redemption that will come later in the narrative, pointing to God's providence and the eventual lineage leading to King David and ultimately to Jesus Christ (Matthew 1:5-16).

would you wait for them to grow up?
Naomi is addressing her daughters-in-law, Orpah and Ruth, after the death of her sons. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, the practice of levirate marriage was common, where a brother of a deceased man was obliged to marry his brother's widow to preserve the family line (Deuteronomy 25:5-10). Naomi is highlighting the impracticality of this option, as she has no other sons and is too old to bear more. This rhetorical question underscores the hopelessness of their situation and the improbability of waiting for new sons to grow up.

Would you refrain from having husbands?
Naomi is emphasizing the sacrifice that Orpah and Ruth would have to make if they chose to stay with her. In the cultural context, marriage and bearing children were vital for a woman's security and social standing. Naomi is urging them to consider their futures and the possibility of finding new husbands in their homeland, Moab. This reflects the societal norms and expectations for women at the time, where remaining unmarried was often seen as undesirable.

No, my daughters, it is much more bitter for me than for you,
Naomi expresses her deep personal grief and sense of loss. The term "bitter" reflects her emotional state, which is later echoed in her request to be called "Mara" (meaning "bitter") upon her return to Bethlehem (Ruth 1:20). Naomi's statement also highlights her selflessness, as she prioritizes the well-being of her daughters-in-law over her own. This phrase can be seen as a foreshadowing of the redemption and restoration that will come later in the narrative, as bitterness is turned to joy.

because the hand of the LORD has gone out against me.”
Naomi attributes her misfortunes to divine intervention, a common belief in the Old Testament where God's sovereignty is acknowledged in both blessings and trials (Job 1:21). This reflects the theological understanding of the time, where personal and national events were often seen as directly influenced by God's will. Naomi's lament can be compared to the laments found in the Psalms, where the psalmists often express their distress and seek God's intervention (Psalm 13, Psalm 22). This acknowledgment of God's hand sets the stage for the unfolding of His providential plan through Ruth, who becomes an ancestor of King David and, ultimately, Jesus Christ (Matthew 1:5-6).

Again they wept aloud
This phrase highlights the deep emotional bond and sorrow shared by Naomi, Orpah, and Ruth. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, expressions of grief were often public and vocal, reflecting the communal nature of life and relationships. The weeping signifies the pain of separation and the uncertainty of the future, especially for widows in a patriarchal society where their security depended on male relatives.

and Orpah kissed her mother-in-law goodbye
Orpah's kiss symbolizes a farewell and a return to her Moabite roots. The act of kissing as a form of goodbye is consistent with cultural practices of the time, indicating respect and affection. Orpah's decision to leave Naomi and return to her people and gods (as mentioned in the following verses) reflects a choice to seek security in familiar surroundings, which was a practical decision given the vulnerability of widows.

but Ruth clung to her
Ruth's clinging to Naomi is a powerful demonstration of loyalty and commitment, transcending cultural and familial expectations. The Hebrew word used here for "clung" is the same used in Genesis 2:24 to describe the bond between husband and wife, indicating a deep, covenantal loyalty. Ruth's decision foreshadows her role in the lineage of David and ultimately Jesus Christ, as her faithfulness leads her to become part of the Messianic line. This act of clinging can be seen as a type of Christ's unwavering commitment to His people, showcasing sacrificial love and devotion.

"Look," said Naomi,
Naomi, whose name means "pleasant," is a central figure in the Book of Ruth. At this point in the narrative, she is addressing her daughters-in-law, Ruth and Orpah, after the death of her husband and sons. Naomi's use of "Look" indicates a moment of decision and urgency. This reflects the dire circumstances she faces and her concern for the well-being of her daughters-in-law. Naomi's character is one of wisdom and care, as she seeks what she believes is best for Ruth and Orpah.

"your sister-in-law has gone back to her people and her gods;"
Orpah, Ruth's sister-in-law, decides to return to Moab, her homeland. This decision highlights the cultural and religious differences between Moab and Israel. Moabites worshiped gods like Chemosh, contrasting with the monotheistic worship of Yahweh in Israel. Orpah's return signifies a choice to remain within her cultural and religious identity. This moment underscores the theme of loyalty and faith, as Ruth will choose a different path. The mention of "gods" also sets the stage for Ruth's later declaration of faith in the God of Israel.

"follow her back home."
Naomi encourages Ruth to follow Orpah's example, suggesting that returning to Moab might offer security and familiarity. This reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice of women seeking protection within their familial and cultural structures. Naomi's suggestion is practical, considering the vulnerability of widows in that era. However, Ruth's subsequent decision to stay with Naomi and embrace her people and God becomes a pivotal moment in the narrative, showcasing her loyalty and foreshadowing her role in the lineage of King David and ultimately, Jesus Christ.

But Ruth replied:
Ruth's response is a pivotal moment in the narrative, showcasing her loyalty and commitment. This reply is significant as it marks a turning point in her life and in the story of Naomi's family. Ruth, a Moabite, is making a conscious decision to align herself with Naomi, an Israelite, which is a profound act of devotion and love.

Do not urge me to leave you or to turn from following you.
Ruth's insistence on staying with Naomi highlights the depth of her loyalty. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, family ties were paramount, and Ruth's determination to remain with Naomi, despite the cultural and ethnic differences, underscores her steadfastness. This mirrors the biblical theme of covenant loyalty, akin to God's unwavering faithfulness to His people.

For wherever you go, I will go, and wherever you live, I will live;
Ruth's commitment to Naomi is total and unconditional. This phrase reflects the biblical principle of leaving one's past behind to embrace a new future, similar to Abraham's call to leave his homeland (Genesis 12:1). Ruth's willingness to adopt a new land and lifestyle is a testament to her faith and courage.

your people will be my people,
Ruth's declaration to adopt Naomi's people signifies her acceptance of a new identity. This is a profound step, as it involves leaving behind her Moabite heritage. It echoes the biblical theme of inclusion and foreshadows the New Testament message of the Gentiles being grafted into the people of God (Romans 11:17-24).

and your God will be my God.
This is the climax of Ruth's declaration, indicating her conversion and acceptance of the God of Israel. In a polytheistic society, choosing to follow the God of Israel was a significant spiritual decision. Ruth's faith is a precursor to the inclusion of Gentiles in the covenant community, and her story is a type of Christ's redemptive work, where all nations are invited to become part of God's family.

Where you die, I will die, and there I will be buried.
This phrase reflects Ruth's deep commitment and loyalty to Naomi, transcending cultural and familial ties. In the ancient Near Eastern context, burial in one's homeland was significant, symbolizing belonging and identity. Ruth's willingness to be buried in a foreign land underscores her complete devotion. This mirrors the covenantal loyalty seen in other biblical figures, such as Jonathan's commitment to David (1 Samuel 18:3). It also foreshadows the New Testament call to discipleship, where followers of Christ are called to leave behind their former lives (Luke 9:23).

May the LORD punish me, and ever so severely,
Ruth invokes the name of the LORD, using a solemn oath formula common in ancient Israel. This reflects her acceptance of the God of Israel, aligning herself with Naomi's faith. The invocation of divine punishment for breaking the vow highlights the seriousness of her commitment. This type of oath is seen elsewhere in Scripture, such as in 1 Samuel 3:17, where Eli demands the truth from Samuel. It emphasizes the gravity and sincerity of the promise being made.

if anything but death separates you and me.”
Ruth's declaration is reminiscent of the marriage covenant, where only death is to part the couple (Romans 7:2). This reflects the depth of her loyalty and love, akin to the steadfast love (hesed) that God shows to His people. The phrase also prefigures the New Testament teaching on the permanence of God's love, as seen in Romans 8:38-39, where nothing can separate believers from the love of God in Christ Jesus. Ruth's commitment is a type of Christ's unwavering dedication to His Church, illustrating the sacrificial and enduring nature of divine love.

When Naomi saw that Ruth was determined to go with her
Naomi, a widow from Bethlehem, had been living in Moab due to a famine in Judah. Her daughters-in-law, Orpah and Ruth, were Moabite women. The cultural context here is significant; Moabites and Israelites had a history of tension, and Ruth's determination to leave her homeland and follow Naomi is a profound act of loyalty and faith. This determination can be seen as a reflection of God's covenant faithfulness, as Ruth's commitment mirrors the steadfast love God shows to His people. Ruth's decision also foreshadows her role in the lineage of David and ultimately Jesus Christ, highlighting the inclusion of Gentiles in God's redemptive plan.

she stopped trying to persuade her
Naomi's initial attempts to persuade Ruth to stay in Moab were rooted in practical concerns for Ruth's future security and prospects for remarriage. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, a widow's survival often depended on her family connections, and Naomi had no more sons to offer as husbands. Naomi's cessation of persuasion indicates her recognition of Ruth's unwavering commitment. This moment underscores the theme of divine providence, as Ruth's choice to stay with Naomi leads to her becoming an ancestor of King David and, by extension, Jesus Christ. Naomi's acceptance of Ruth's decision also marks a turning point in the narrative, setting the stage for the unfolding of God's plan through unexpected means.

So Naomi and Ruth traveled until they came to Bethlehem.
Naomi and Ruth's journey from Moab to Bethlehem is significant, covering approximately 50 miles through rugged terrain. Bethlehem, meaning "House of Bread," is a town in Judah, known as the future birthplace of King David and Jesus Christ, linking Ruth to the Davidic line. This journey symbolizes a return to God's provision and covenant land, contrasting Moab, often associated with idolatry and judgment. Ruth's commitment to Naomi and her God reflects a profound conversion and loyalty, prefiguring Gentile inclusion in God's redemptive plan.

When they entered Bethlehem, the whole town was stirred because of them,
The arrival of Naomi and Ruth causes a commotion, indicating Naomi's previous status and the town's small, close-knit nature. The Hebrew word for "stirred" suggests a significant emotional reaction, possibly due to Naomi's changed appearance and circumstances. This scene sets the stage for the unfolding of God's providence and foreshadows the impact Ruth will have on the community and Israel's history. The town's reaction also highlights the cultural importance of community and kinship in ancient Israel.

and the women of the town exclaimed, “Can this be Naomi?”
The women's question reflects surprise and perhaps pity, as Naomi's return contrasts with her previous departure with a full family. Her name, meaning "pleasant," now seems ironic given her hardships. This moment underscores themes of identity and transformation, as Naomi's experiences have reshaped her life. The women's role in the narrative emphasizes the communal aspect of Israelite society and sets up Naomi's lament in the following verses, where she expresses her bitterness and sense of loss. This exclamation also foreshadows the restoration and redemption that will come through Ruth's actions and God's intervention.

“Do not call me Naomi,” she replied.
Naomi's name means "pleasant" or "delightful," reflecting a positive and joyful character. Her request to change her name signifies a profound transformation in her identity due to her circumstances. In biblical times, names held significant meaning and were often reflective of one's life experiences or divine purpose. Naomi's insistence on a name change indicates her deep sense of loss and sorrow, as she feels her life no longer aligns with the meaning of "Naomi."

“Call me Mara,”
The name "Mara" means "bitter." By choosing this name, Naomi expresses the depth of her grief and the bitterness she feels after losing her husband and sons. This change is symbolic of her perception of her life as being filled with hardship and suffering. The use of "Mara" connects to the Israelites' experience in Exodus 15:23, where they encountered bitter waters at Marah, highlighting themes of trial and divine testing.

because the Almighty
The term "Almighty" is translated from the Hebrew "Shaddai," a name for God that emphasizes His power and sovereignty. Naomi acknowledges God's control over her life circumstances, recognizing His authority even in her suffering. This reflects a common biblical theme where individuals attribute their life events, both good and bad, to God's will, as seen in the stories of Job and Joseph.

has dealt quite bitterly with me.
Naomi attributes her misfortunes to God's actions, expressing a belief that her suffering is a direct result of divine intervention. This reflects the ancient Near Eastern understanding of God's involvement in the personal and communal aspects of life. Her statement echoes the lament tradition found in the Psalms, where individuals openly express their grievances to God. Despite her bitterness, Naomi's acknowledgment of God's role in her life suggests an underlying faith, as she continues to engage with Him even in her distress.

I went away full
Naomi reflects on her departure from Bethlehem to Moab during a time of famine. "Full" signifies not only material wealth but also the presence of her family—her husband and two sons. This phrase highlights the initial hope and prosperity she felt, contrasting with her current state. The move to Moab, a land often at odds with Israel, was a significant decision, showing the desperation of the times (Ruth 1:1). The fullness she refers to is both physical and relational, emphasizing the loss she has experienced.

but the LORD has brought me back empty
Naomi attributes her return to the sovereignty of God, acknowledging His control over her circumstances. "Empty" signifies the loss of her husband and sons, as well as her perceived loss of purpose and identity. This reflects the cultural importance of family and lineage in ancient Israel. The emptiness also symbolizes spiritual and emotional desolation, a theme echoed in Job's lament (Job 1:21). Naomi's return to Bethlehem, the "house of bread," during the barley harvest (Ruth 1:22) foreshadows the restoration and provision that God will bring.

Why call me Naomi?
Naomi's name means "pleasant" or "delightful," and she questions its appropriateness given her current state of bitterness and sorrow. This reflects the biblical theme of names and their significance, as seen in other scriptural accounts where names are changed to reflect new realities or divine encounters (e.g., Abram to Abraham in Genesis 17:5). Naomi's question underscores her struggle with identity and the impact of her suffering.

After all, the LORD has testified against me
Naomi perceives her suffering as a divine testimony against her, suggesting a belief in retributive justice common in the Old Testament. This reflects the cultural understanding of God's direct involvement in the fortunes and misfortunes of individuals. The idea of God testifying against someone is seen in the lamentations of Job (Job 16:8) and the psalms of David (Psalm 51:4), where personal suffering is interpreted as divine judgment.

and the Almighty has afflicted me.
The use of "Almighty" (Shaddai) emphasizes God's power and authority. Naomi's statement reflects a deep sense of personal affliction and divine chastisement. This aligns with the biblical theme of God as both a source of comfort and a figure of awe-inspiring power, as seen in the narratives of the patriarchs and the prophets. Naomi's lament is a precursor to the redemptive arc that will unfold, pointing to the ultimate restoration and hope found in Christ, who bears our afflictions (Isaiah 53:4).

So Naomi returned from the land of Moab
Naomi's return from Moab marks a significant transition in her life and the narrative. Moab was a region east of the Dead Sea, often at odds with Israel. The Moabites descended from Lot (Genesis 19:37), and their relationship with Israel was complex, involving both conflict and cooperation. Naomi's return signifies a move from a place of loss and foreignness back to her homeland, symbolizing repentance and restoration. This return is reminiscent of the prodigal son’s return in Luke 15, highlighting themes of redemption and hope.

with her daughter-in-law Ruth the Moabitess
Ruth's identity as a Moabitess is crucial, emphasizing her foreign status and the cultural barriers she faces. Despite being a Moabite, Ruth's loyalty to Naomi and her faith in the God of Israel set her apart. Her inclusion in the lineage of David and ultimately Jesus (Matthew 1:5) underscores the theme of God's grace extending beyond Israel. Ruth's story prefigures the inclusion of Gentiles into the covenant community, as seen in the New Testament (Ephesians 2:11-13).

And they arrived in Bethlehem
Bethlehem, meaning "house of bread," is significant both geographically and theologically. It is the birthplace of King David (1 Samuel 16:1) and later Jesus Christ (Micah 5:2; Matthew 2:1). The arrival in Bethlehem sets the stage for the unfolding of God's providential plan. The town's name foreshadows the provision and sustenance that will come through Ruth's story, ultimately leading to the birth of the Messiah.

at the beginning of the barley harvest
The timing of their arrival is providential, as the barley harvest marks a season of renewal and provision. This period, occurring around April, is significant for the unfolding narrative, as it provides the setting for Ruth's meeting with Boaz (Ruth 2:1-3). The harvest symbolizes new beginnings and God's provision, paralleling the spiritual renewal and hope that Naomi and Ruth will experience. The harvest theme is echoed in the New Testament, where Jesus speaks of the fields being ripe for harvest (John 4:35), symbolizing the readiness of people to receive the gospel.