Preserve me
The Hebrew word for "preserve" is "שָׁמַר" (shamar), which means to guard, keep, or watch over. This word conveys a sense of divine protection and care, akin to a shepherd watching over his flock. In the context of ancient Israel, where threats from enemies and the harshness of the wilderness were constant, the plea for preservation was both a physical and spiritual request. The psalmist acknowledges his vulnerability and dependence on God's safeguarding power, reflecting a deep trust in God's ability to protect and sustain.

O God
The term used here is "אֵל" (El), a common name for God in the Hebrew Bible, emphasizing His might and power. This invocation of God as "El" underscores the psalmist's recognition of God's supreme authority and strength. In the ancient Near Eastern context, where polytheism was prevalent, the use of "El" signifies a monotheistic faith in the one true God who is above all other deities. It is a declaration of allegiance and faith in the God of Israel, who is both personal and powerful.

for in You
This phrase highlights the personal relationship between the psalmist and God. The use of "in You" indicates a deep, abiding trust and reliance on God. It suggests an intimate connection, where the psalmist finds his identity and security in the presence of God. Historically, this reflects the covenant relationship between God and His people, where God promises to be their God, and they are His people. It is a reminder of the faithfulness of God and the trustworthiness of His promises.

I take refuge
The Hebrew word "חָסָה" (chasah) means to seek shelter or protection. This imagery of refuge is powerful, evoking the idea of a safe haven or fortress amidst life's storms. In the ancient world, cities of refuge were places where individuals could flee for safety from avengers. Spiritually, this concept extends to finding peace and security in God's presence. The psalmist's declaration of taking refuge in God is an act of faith, acknowledging that true safety and peace are found not in human strength or fortifications, but in the divine presence and protection of God. This reflects a conservative Christian understanding of God as the ultimate source of security and peace, encouraging believers to trust in Him amidst life's uncertainties.

I said to the LORD
This phrase begins with a personal declaration, emphasizing the intimate relationship between the psalmist and God. The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, which signifies His eternal, self-existent nature. This name is deeply rooted in the history of Israel, representing God's faithfulness and unchanging character. The psalmist's use of "I said" indicates a personal and direct communication with God, reflecting a heart posture of reverence and trust.

You are my Lord
The repetition of "Lord" in this phrase uses the Hebrew word "Adonai," which denotes mastery and authority. By declaring "You are my Lord," the psalmist acknowledges God's sovereign rule over his life. This is a profound statement of submission and allegiance, recognizing God's rightful place as the ultimate authority. Historically, this reflects the theocratic understanding of Israel, where God was seen as the supreme ruler over the nation and individuals alike.

apart from You
This phrase underscores the exclusivity of the psalmist's reliance on God. The Hebrew root here suggests separation or distance, highlighting the psalmist's recognition that life and goodness cannot be found outside of God. This reflects a deep theological truth found throughout Scripture: that God is the source of all that is good and life-giving. It is a reminder of the futility of seeking fulfillment in anything other than God.

I have no good thing
The psalmist concludes with a powerful acknowledgment of God's sufficiency. The Hebrew word for "good" is "tov," which encompasses goodness, beauty, and moral excellence. By stating "I have no good thing," the psalmist is expressing a profound truth that resonates with the biblical narrative: all goodness originates from God. This is a call to recognize God's provision and grace in every aspect of life, encouraging believers to find their ultimate satisfaction and joy in Him alone.

As for the saints
The term "saints" in Hebrew is "קְדוֹשִׁים" (qedoshim), which refers to those who are set apart, consecrated, or holy. In the Old Testament context, this often referred to the people of Israel, who were chosen by God to be His holy nation. From a conservative Christian perspective, this can also be seen as a foreshadowing of the New Testament believers, who are sanctified through faith in Christ. The saints are those who live in covenant relationship with God, striving to reflect His holiness in their lives.

in the land
The phrase "in the land" refers to the physical territory of Israel, the Promised Land given to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. This land was not just a geographical location but a place of divine promise and blessing. It symbolizes the spiritual inheritance of God's people, a place where they can live out their calling as a holy nation. For Christians, this can also be seen as a metaphor for the Kingdom of God, where believers live under God's rule and experience His blessings.

they are the excellence
The word "excellence" in Hebrew is "אַדִּיר" (addir), which conveys the idea of nobility, majesty, or glory. The saints are described as the excellence because they reflect the character and glory of God. Their lives are marked by righteousness, integrity, and a commitment to God's ways. This excellence is not of their own making but is a result of God's work in their lives, transforming them into His image.

in whom all my delight resides
The psalmist expresses a deep affection and joy in the company of the saints. The word "delight" in Hebrew is "חֵפֶץ" (chephets), which denotes pleasure, desire, or satisfaction. This reflects God's own delight in His people, as seen throughout Scripture. God takes pleasure in those who seek Him and live according to His will. For believers, this is an encouragement to find joy and fulfillment in fellowship with other believers, as they share in the common pursuit of holiness and godliness.

Their sorrows
The phrase "Their sorrows" in Psalm 16:4 refers to the deep anguish and distress experienced by those who turn away from God. The Hebrew word used here is "עַצְּבוֹתָם" (atzvotam), which conveys a sense of pain, grief, or suffering. In the context of the psalm, it suggests that those who pursue other gods or idols will inevitably face emotional and spiritual turmoil. Historically, the Israelites were often tempted to worship the deities of surrounding nations, leading to consequences that distanced them from the blessings and peace found in the covenant with Yahweh.

will multiply
The Hebrew root for "will multiply" is "רָבָה" (ravah), which means to increase or become numerous. This word choice emphasizes the exponential nature of the sorrows that come from idolatry. Instead of finding fulfillment or peace, those who chase after false gods find their troubles increasing. This serves as a warning and a reminder of the futility of seeking satisfaction outside of a relationship with the one true God.

who chase after other gods
The phrase "who chase after other gods" highlights the active pursuit and devotion to deities other than Yahweh. The Hebrew word "מָהַר" (mahar) implies a sense of urgency or haste, indicating that these individuals are eagerly pursuing false gods. In the ancient Near Eastern context, this could involve worshipping gods like Baal or Asherah, which were prevalent among Israel's neighbors. Theologically, this pursuit is seen as spiritual adultery, a betrayal of the exclusive relationship God desires with His people.

I will not pour out their libations of blood
The psalmist declares, "I will not pour out their libations of blood," distancing himself from the practices associated with idol worship. Libations, or drink offerings, were common in ancient religious rituals, often involving the pouring out of wine or other liquids. The mention of "blood" suggests particularly abhorrent practices, possibly even human sacrifice, which were strictly forbidden in Israelite worship. By refusing to participate, the psalmist reaffirms his commitment to the purity of worship prescribed by God.

or speak their names with my lips
Finally, the phrase "or speak their names with my lips" underscores a complete rejection of idolatry. In Hebrew culture, names held significant power and meaning. To speak the name of a deity was to acknowledge its existence and influence. By refusing to even utter the names of other gods, the psalmist demonstrates a profound allegiance to Yahweh alone. This reflects the biblical principle of exclusive devotion to God, as seen in the First Commandment, and serves as a model for believers to guard their hearts and speech from any form of idolatry.

The LORD
The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, emphasizing His eternal, self-existent nature. This name is deeply personal and relational, signifying God's commitment to His people. In the context of Psalm 16, it underscores the psalmist's intimate relationship with God, who is not a distant deity but a personal protector and provider. Historically, Yahweh was the name revealed to Moses at the burning bush, symbolizing God's deliverance and faithfulness.

is my chosen portion
The term "portion" in Hebrew is "cheleq," which can refer to an inheritance or a share of something valuable. In ancient Israel, land was divided among tribes and families, and one's portion was a sign of God's provision and blessing. By declaring the LORD as his portion, the psalmist is expressing that God Himself is his most valuable possession, surpassing any material inheritance. This reflects a deep contentment and satisfaction in God alone, a theme echoed throughout Scripture, where God is portrayed as the ultimate source of joy and fulfillment.

and my cup
The "cup" in biblical terms often symbolizes one's fate or destiny, as well as God's provision and blessing. In the context of a meal, a cup represents sustenance and abundance. Here, it signifies the psalmist's acceptance of God's will and the blessings that come from a life aligned with Him. The imagery of a cup also evokes the idea of fellowship and communion with God, suggesting a life filled with His presence and favor.

You have made my lot secure
The word "lot" in Hebrew is "goral," which refers to the practice of casting lots to make decisions or determine one's portion. This practice was common in ancient Israel and was seen as a way to discern God's will. By stating that God has made his lot secure, the psalmist is affirming God's sovereignty and providence in his life. It conveys a sense of peace and assurance, knowing that God is in control and that his future is safe in God's hands. This trust in God's provision and protection is a recurring theme in the Psalms, encouraging believers to rely on God's faithfulness amidst life's uncertainties.

The boundary lines
In Psalm 16:6, the phrase "The boundary lines" refers to the metaphorical borders or limits that God has set for the psalmist's life. In the Hebrew text, the word used is "חֲבָלִים" (chavalim), which can mean cords or ropes, often used to measure land. This imagery suggests a divine allotment or inheritance, indicating that God has carefully and purposefully delineated the psalmist's portion in life. Historically, boundary lines were significant in ancient Israel, as they determined the inheritance of land among the tribes. This phrase reassures believers that God has a specific and intentional plan for their lives, marked by His wisdom and care.

have fallen
The phrase "have fallen" in Hebrew is "נָפְלוּ" (naflu), which conveys the idea of something being cast or allotted. This suggests that the psalmist's portion in life is not random but divinely ordained. The use of this term implies a sense of acceptance and gratitude for what God has provided. In the context of ancient Israel, the casting of lots was a common practice to discern God's will, further emphasizing the belief that the psalmist's circumstances are under God's sovereign control.

in pleasant places
The phrase "in pleasant places" translates from the Hebrew "בַּנְּעִמִים" (banne'imim), which denotes beauty, delight, or favor. This suggests that the psalmist views his God-given portion as not only sufficient but also delightful and satisfying. The historical context of the Promised Land, described as a land flowing with milk and honey, underscores the idea of divine blessing and abundance. For believers, this phrase encourages a perspective of contentment and joy in God's provision, recognizing the beauty in the life God has apportioned to them.

indeed, I have a beautiful inheritance
The concluding phrase "indeed, I have a beautiful inheritance" reflects the psalmist's deep sense of gratitude and contentment. The Hebrew word for "inheritance" is "נַחֲלָה" (nachalah), which refers to a heritage or possession, often used in the context of the land inheritance given to the tribes of Israel. This inheritance is not merely material but also spiritual, symbolizing the blessings and promises of God. The psalmist's declaration of a "beautiful" inheritance highlights the richness and value of what God has provided. For Christians, this serves as a reminder of the eternal inheritance promised through faith in Christ, which is imperishable and unfading. This perspective encourages believers to cherish their spiritual heritage and the abundant life found in relationship with God.

I will bless the LORD
The phrase "I will bless the LORD" signifies an intentional act of worship and gratitude. The Hebrew word for "bless" is "barak," which means to kneel or to praise. This act of blessing is not just a verbal acknowledgment but a posture of the heart that recognizes God's sovereignty and goodness. In the historical context of ancient Israel, blessing the LORD was a central part of worship, reflecting a deep relationship with God. It is a reminder for believers today to continually offer praise and thanksgiving to God, acknowledging His presence and work in their lives.

who counsels me
The word "counsels" comes from the Hebrew "ya'ats," which means to advise or guide. This indicates that God is not distant but actively involved in providing wisdom and direction. In the ancient Near Eastern context, seeking counsel was a vital part of decision-making, often sought from elders or wise men. Here, the psalmist acknowledges that the ultimate source of wisdom is the LORD Himself. For contemporary believers, this underscores the importance of seeking God's guidance through prayer and Scripture, trusting that He will lead them in the right path.

Even at night
The phrase "Even at night" suggests a continuous, unbroken relationship with God. In the Hebrew culture, the night was often associated with rest and reflection. The psalmist implies that God's counsel is not limited to the daytime but is available even in the quiet and solitude of the night. This can be seen as a metaphor for times of darkness or uncertainty in life, where God's presence and guidance remain steadfast. It encourages believers to trust in God's constant care and to seek His wisdom at all times.

my conscience instructs me
The term "conscience" is translated from the Hebrew "kilyah," which literally means "kidneys" but is often used metaphorically to refer to the innermost being or the seat of emotion and thought. In ancient Hebrew thought, the kidneys were considered the center of moral and ethical decision-making. The phrase "instructs me" suggests an internal process of learning and discernment. This highlights the role of the Holy Spirit in guiding believers' thoughts and actions, aligning their conscience with God's will. It serves as a reminder to cultivate a sensitive and responsive heart to God's leading, allowing His truth to shape their inner life.

I have set
The Hebrew word used here is "שִׁוִּיתִי" (shivviti), which means to place or set something in a particular position. This phrase indicates a deliberate and conscious decision by the psalmist, David, to focus his attention and life on the LORD. It suggests an intentional act of prioritizing God above all else, reflecting a heart fully devoted to Him. In a spiritual sense, it calls believers to actively choose to keep God at the center of their lives, acknowledging His sovereignty and guidance.

the LORD
The term "LORD" is translated from the Hebrew "יהוה" (YHWH), the sacred and personal name of God revealed to Moses in Exodus 3:14. This name signifies God's eternal existence and His covenant relationship with His people. By using this name, David emphasizes a personal and intimate relationship with God, recognizing Him as the ultimate authority and source of life. It reminds believers of the faithfulness and unchanging nature of God, who is worthy of trust and reverence.

always
The Hebrew word "תָּמִיד" (tamid) means continually or perpetually. This word underscores the constancy and unwavering commitment of the psalmist to keep God at the forefront of his life. It suggests a lifestyle of continuous worship and dependence on God, not just in times of need or crisis. For believers, it is a call to maintain a consistent and enduring relationship with God, seeking His presence and guidance in every aspect of life.

before me
The phrase "before me" indicates a position of prominence and priority. In the Hebrew context, it implies placing something in one's sight or focus. David's declaration of setting the LORD before him signifies that God is his primary focus and guide. It challenges believers to examine what they place before themselves daily and encourages them to prioritize their relationship with God above all distractions and worldly concerns.

Because He is at my right hand
The right hand is traditionally a symbol of power, strength, and protection. In ancient Near Eastern culture, being at someone's right hand signified a position of honor and support. By stating that God is at his right hand, David acknowledges God's presence as his protector and sustainer. For believers, this phrase reassures them of God's constant presence and support, providing strength and courage in the face of life's challenges.

I will not be shaken
The Hebrew word "אֶמּוֹט" (emot) means to totter, slip, or be moved. This phrase conveys a sense of stability and security that comes from trusting in God. David expresses confidence that with God by his side, he will remain steadfast and unmovable, regardless of circumstances. For believers, it is a powerful reminder that faith in God provides an unshakeable foundation, enabling them to stand firm amidst trials and uncertainties, anchored in the assurance of God's unwavering support and love.

Therefore
The word "therefore" serves as a pivotal connector, linking the preceding verses with the conclusion drawn in this verse. In Hebrew, the word often translated as "therefore" is "לָכֵן" (lakhen), which indicates a logical consequence or result. In the context of Psalm 16, it suggests that the joy and security expressed in this verse are direct outcomes of the psalmist's trust and relationship with God, as described in the earlier verses. This connection emphasizes the cause-and-effect nature of faith and divine assurance.

my heart
The Hebrew word for "heart" is "לֵב" (lev), which in biblical terms often refers not just to the physical heart but to the center of one's inner life, including emotions, thoughts, and will. In ancient Hebrew culture, the heart was seen as the seat of understanding and decision-making. The psalmist's reference to the heart being glad indicates a deep, internal joy that transcends circumstances, rooted in a profound trust in God.

is glad
The phrase "is glad" comes from the Hebrew root "שָׂמַח" (samach), which means to rejoice or be joyful. This joy is not superficial but is a deep-seated happiness that arises from a sense of security and well-being in God's presence. The psalmist's gladness is a reflection of the confidence and peace that come from a life aligned with God's will and purposes.

and my tongue
The Hebrew word for "tongue" is "כָּבוֹד" (kavod), which can also mean "glory" or "honor." In this context, it likely refers to the psalmist's speech or expression. The tongue is often seen as an instrument of praise and declaration. The psalmist's use of the tongue to express joy underscores the importance of verbalizing one's faith and gratitude, which is a common theme throughout the Psalms.

rejoices
The word "rejoices" is derived from the Hebrew "גִּיל" (gil), which conveys a sense of exultation and triumph. This rejoicing is an outward expression of the inner gladness mentioned earlier. It suggests a celebratory response to God's faithfulness and provision, highlighting the psalmist's exuberant praise and acknowledgment of God's goodness.

my body
The term "body" in Hebrew is "בָּשָׂר" (basar), which refers to the physical flesh. In this verse, it signifies the entirety of the psalmist's being, encompassing both physical and spiritual aspects. The mention of the body indicates that the joy and security experienced by the psalmist are holistic, affecting both the soul and the physical self.

also
The word "also" serves to include the body in the experience of joy and security, emphasizing that the psalmist's entire being is involved in this state of blessedness. It suggests that the benefits of faith and trust in God are not limited to the spiritual realm but extend to the physical and material aspects of life as well.

will dwell
The phrase "will dwell" comes from the Hebrew "שָׁכַן" (shakan), which means to reside or settle. It conveys a sense of permanence and stability. The psalmist's confidence that his body will dwell securely reflects a trust in God's ongoing protection and provision, both in this life and beyond.

securely
The word "securely" is translated from the Hebrew "לָבֶטַח" (labetach), which means in safety or confidence. This term underscores the assurance and peace that come from being under God's care. The psalmist's declaration of dwelling securely is a testament to the unwavering trust in God's promises and the peace that surpasses understanding, which is available to all who place their faith in Him.

For You will not abandon my soul to Sheol
This phrase reflects a profound trust in God's faithfulness and protection. The Hebrew word "Sheol" refers to the realm of the dead, a place of darkness and separation from the living. In the context of ancient Israelite belief, Sheol was often seen as a shadowy existence, devoid of the presence of God. The psalmist, traditionally understood to be David, expresses confidence that God will not leave him in this state. This assurance is rooted in the covenant relationship between God and His people, where God promises to be their protector and deliverer. Theologically, this phrase foreshadows the Christian belief in the resurrection, where death is not the final word for those who trust in God.

nor will You let Your Holy One see decay
The term "Holy One" is significant, as it denotes someone set apart for God's purposes. In the immediate context, it can be seen as referring to David himself, who was anointed by God. However, in the broader scriptural narrative, this phrase is understood prophetically to refer to Jesus Christ. The New Testament writers, particularly in Acts 2:27 and Acts 13:35, interpret this verse as a messianic prophecy, pointing to Jesus' resurrection. The word "decay" implies physical corruption after death, which Jesus did not experience, as He was raised on the third day. This phrase underscores the hope of eternal life and the victory over death, central tenets of Christian faith. It serves as a reminder of God's power to preserve and redeem, offering believers assurance of their own resurrection and eternal life through Christ.

You have made known to me
This phrase indicates a divine revelation or guidance. In the Hebrew text, the verb used here is "yada," which means to know intimately or experientially. This suggests a personal relationship between the psalmist and God, where God actively communicates His will and purpose. Historically, this reflects the covenant relationship God had with Israel, where He revealed His laws and guidance through prophets and scripture. In a broader Christian context, this can be seen as the work of the Holy Spirit, who guides believers into all truth (John 16:13).

the path of life
The "path of life" signifies a journey or way of living that leads to true life, both now and eternally. The Hebrew word for "path" is "orach," which implies a well-trodden road or a way of conduct. This path is not merely about physical life but encompasses spiritual vitality and eternal life. In the New Testament, Jesus refers to Himself as "the way, the truth, and the life" (John 14:6), indicating that He is the fulfillment of this path. Theologically, this path is one of righteousness and obedience to God's commands, leading to eternal communion with Him.

You will fill me with joy in Your presence
The phrase "fill me with joy" speaks to the abundant and overflowing nature of the joy that comes from being in God's presence. The Hebrew word for "joy" here is "simchah," which denotes gladness and delight. This joy is not dependent on external circumstances but is a deep-seated contentment and happiness found in a relationship with God. Historically, the presence of God was associated with the temple in Jerusalem, where His glory dwelt. For Christians, this presence is experienced through the indwelling of the Holy Spirit, who brings the fruit of joy (Galatians 5:22).

with eternal pleasures
"Eternal pleasures" refers to the everlasting and satisfying delights that come from God. The Hebrew word "netzach" is used here, which can mean perpetuity or forever. This suggests that the pleasures God offers are not fleeting or temporary but are enduring and everlasting. In the biblical context, these pleasures are often associated with the blessings of the covenant and the hope of eternal life. For believers, this points to the ultimate fulfillment of joy and satisfaction in the presence of God in the new heavens and new earth (Revelation 21:3-4).

at Your right hand
The "right hand" is a position of honor, authority, and power. In ancient Near Eastern culture, sitting at the right hand of a king signified a place of privilege and favor. Biblically, God's right hand is often associated with His mighty acts of salvation and deliverance (Exodus 15:6). In the New Testament, Jesus is described as sitting at the right hand of the Father, signifying His exalted status and authority (Hebrews 1:3). For believers, being at God's right hand implies being in a place of favor and blessing, enjoying the fullness of His presence and the benefits of His kingdom.