This is an oracle
The term "oracle" in Hebrew is "מַשָּׂא" (massa), which can mean a burden or a pronouncement. In the prophetic context, it often refers to a divine message of judgment or revelation. This sets the tone for the passage, indicating that what follows is a solemn and weighty message from God. The use of "oracle" underscores the seriousness of the prophecy and the authority of the divine voice speaking through Isaiah.

concerning Moab
Moab was a nation located east of the Dead Sea, often in conflict with Israel. The Moabites were descendants of Lot, Abraham's nephew, which adds a layer of familial complexity to their relationship with Israel. Historically, Moab was known for its fertile land and strategic location. The mention of Moab here highlights the specific target of God's judgment, reminding readers of the historical enmity and the moral and spiritual reasons for divine retribution.

Ar in Moab
"Ar" was a significant city in Moab, possibly its capital or a major urban center. The name "Ar" means "city" in Hebrew, indicating its importance. The focus on Ar signifies the comprehensive nature of the judgment, as it begins with a key location. This serves as a reminder of how God’s judgments often start at the heart of a nation’s power and influence.

is laid waste
The phrase "laid waste" comes from the Hebrew "שָׁדַד" (shadad), meaning to destroy or devastate. This conveys the totality of the destruction that is to come. It is not merely a defeat but a complete desolation, emphasizing the thoroughness of God's judgment. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of turning away from God.

destroyed in a night
The suddenness of the destruction, "in a night," underscores the unexpected and swift nature of divine judgment. It reflects the idea that God's actions can be both immediate and overwhelming. This phrase serves as a warning to remain vigilant and faithful, as change can come swiftly and without warning.

Kir in Moab
Kir was another significant city in Moab, possibly identified with modern-day Kerak. The repetition of the fate of Kir alongside Ar emphasizes the widespread nature of the devastation. It highlights that no part of Moab will be spared, reinforcing the message of total judgment.

is laid waste, destroyed in a night
The repetition of this phrase for both Ar and Kir serves to emphasize the certainty and completeness of the prophecy. It is a literary device that reinforces the inevitability of the judgment and the power of God to bring about His will. This repetition serves as a powerful reminder of the seriousness of God's pronouncements and the need for repentance and humility before Him.

Dibon goes up to its temple
The city of Dibon, located in the territory of Moab, was a significant center of worship and political activity. The phrase "goes up" suggests an act of pilgrimage or ascent, indicating the importance of the temple as a place of worship and lamentation. In the Hebrew context, "going up" often implies approaching a place of divine encounter or judgment. The temple here is likely a pagan shrine, reflecting Moab's idolatrous practices. This ascent to the temple signifies a desperate plea for divine intervention amidst impending doom.

to its high places to weep
High places were elevated sites often used for worship in ancient Near Eastern cultures, including Israel and its neighbors. These locations were thought to be closer to the divine realm. The act of weeping at these high places underscores the depth of Moab's distress and the futility of their idolatrous practices. Historically, high places were centers of both legitimate and illegitimate worship, and here, they symbolize Moab's misplaced trust in false gods.

Moab wails over Nebo and Medeba
Nebo and Medeba were prominent cities in Moab, known for their strategic and cultural significance. The wailing over these cities indicates widespread mourning and a recognition of impending loss. In the Hebrew tradition, wailing is a profound expression of grief, often associated with national calamity or divine judgment. This lamentation reflects Moab's awareness of the severity of their situation and the ineffectiveness of their gods to save them.

Every head is shaved, every beard is cut off
Shaving the head and cutting off the beard were traditional signs of mourning and humiliation in the ancient Near East. These acts symbolize deep sorrow and a state of disgrace. In the Hebrew context, the beard was a symbol of dignity and honor, and its removal indicated a loss of status and respect. This imagery conveys the totality of Moab's despair and the comprehensive nature of their impending judgment. The physical acts of shaving and cutting are outward manifestations of an inward acknowledgment of defeat and subjugation.

In their streets
The phrase "in their streets" refers to the public areas within the cities of Moab. Streets in ancient times were not just pathways but were central to community life, serving as places for commerce, social interaction, and public gatherings. The Hebrew word for "streets" is "rechov," which can also mean a broad place or plaza. This indicates that the mourning is not hidden but is a public display of grief, affecting the entire community. The streets, once bustling with life, are now filled with sorrow, highlighting the depth of Moab's calamity.

they wear sackcloth
Sackcloth is a coarse material, often made from goat's hair, traditionally worn as a sign of mourning or repentance. The Hebrew word "saq" signifies a garment of humility and distress. Wearing sackcloth in the streets symbolizes a collective acknowledgment of suffering and a plea for mercy. It is a physical manifestation of inner turmoil and a call to God for intervention. This act of donning sackcloth in public underscores the severity of the situation and the communal nature of the lamentation.

on the rooftops
In ancient Near Eastern culture, rooftops were flat and used as additional living spaces. The mention of "rooftops" suggests that the mourning extends to every part of daily life, even into private spaces. The Hebrew word "gag" for rooftop indicates a place of refuge and retreat, yet here it becomes a place of lament. This imagery conveys that there is no escape from the pervasive grief, as even the most personal spaces are filled with sorrow.

and in the public squares
Public squares, or "rechovot" in Hebrew, were central locations in a city where people gathered for various activities, including markets, legal proceedings, and social events. The mourning in these squares signifies a disruption of normal life and commerce. It highlights the communal aspect of the tragedy, as these spaces, typically associated with life and vibrancy, are now scenes of collective mourning and despair.

they all wail
The act of wailing, expressed by the Hebrew word "yalal," is a loud, mournful cry. It is an expression of deep anguish and sorrow. The use of "all" emphasizes the universality of the grief; no one is exempt from the suffering. This communal wailing is a powerful auditory symbol of the nation's distress, echoing through the streets and squares, a cry for help and a lament for what has been lost.

falling down weeping
The phrase "falling down weeping" conveys a sense of overwhelming grief that brings people to their knees. The Hebrew word "bakah" for weeping indicates a deep, uncontrollable sorrow. This imagery of falling down suggests a physical manifestation of emotional collapse, a surrender to the weight of their despair. It reflects a profound sense of helplessness and the need for divine intervention, as the people are brought low by their circumstances.

Heshbon and Elealeh cry out
Heshbon and Elealeh were significant cities in ancient Moab, known for their strategic and economic importance. The Hebrew root for "cry out" is "זָעַק" (za'aq), which conveys a sense of loud lamentation or a desperate plea for help. This phrase indicates the depth of distress and calamity that has befallen these cities. Historically, Heshbon was a major city of the Amorites before being conquered by the Israelites and later becoming part of Moab. The crying out of these cities symbolizes the widespread devastation and the emotional turmoil experienced by the inhabitants.

their voices are heard as far away as Jahaz
Jahaz was a location of significant historical battles, notably where the Israelites defeated Sihon, king of the Amorites (Numbers 21:23). The mention of Jahaz here underscores the extent of the calamity, as the cries of Heshbon and Elealeh reach far beyond their borders. The Hebrew word for "heard" is "שָׁמַע" (shama), which implies not just hearing but understanding and acknowledging the gravity of the situation. This phrase suggests that the impact of Moab's distress is widespread, affecting even distant regions.

Therefore the armed men of Moab cry out
The "armed men" or warriors of Moab, expected to be symbols of strength and protection, are themselves crying out. The Hebrew word for "armed men" is "חָלוּץ" (chalutz), which refers to those prepared for battle. Their cry signifies a reversal of roles, where the protectors are now in need of protection. This highlights the severity of the judgment upon Moab, as even the mightiest are rendered powerless. The repetition of "cry out" emphasizes the pervasive despair and helplessness.

and their souls tremble within them
The Hebrew word for "souls" is "נֶפֶשׁ" (nephesh), often translated as "life" or "being," indicating the very essence of a person. "Tremble" comes from the Hebrew "רָגַז" (ragaz), meaning to quake or be agitated. This phrase paints a vivid picture of internal turmoil and fear, suggesting that the crisis has penetrated to the core of their being. The trembling of their souls reflects a profound existential dread, a recognition of their vulnerability in the face of divine judgment.

My heart cries out for Moab
The phrase "My heart cries out" reflects a deep, personal lamentation and compassion. In Hebrew, the word for "heart" (לֵב, lev) often signifies the inner self or the seat of emotions. This expression indicates a profound empathy and sorrow from the prophet, possibly reflecting God's own compassion for Moab despite their historical enmity with Israel. It serves as a reminder of the divine capacity for mercy and the call for believers to also have compassion for those who suffer, even if they are adversaries.

her fugitives flee as far as Zoar
"Fugitives" refers to those escaping the impending judgment and destruction. Historically, Moab was a nation often in conflict with Israel, yet here we see a humanizing element as they become refugees. "Zoar" is a city near the Dead Sea, known from the account of Lot in Genesis. The mention of Zoar signifies a place of refuge, yet it also evokes the memory of divine judgment, as Zoar was spared during the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. This duality serves as a poignant reminder of both judgment and mercy.

as far as Eglath-shelishiyah
"Eglath-shelishiyah" is a location whose exact historical identity is uncertain, but it is often interpreted as a place of significance or a boundary marker. The name itself can be translated to mean "the third Eglath," suggesting a place of repeated refuge or a notable landmark. This phrase emphasizes the extent of the Moabites' flight, highlighting the desperation and thoroughness of their escape.

For at the ascent to Luhith they go up weeping
The "ascent to Luhith" indicates a specific geographical location, likely a hill or a path leading to a higher place. The act of "going up weeping" suggests a journey marked by sorrow and lamentation. In the Hebrew context, weeping is often associated with mourning and repentance. This imagery conveys the depth of Moab's distress and the heavy burden of their impending doom, serving as a somber reflection on the consequences of sin and the need for repentance.

surely on the road to Horonaim they raise a cry of destruction
"Horonaim" is another location in Moab, possibly a city or a significant site. The "cry of destruction" is a vivid expression of the devastation and ruin that has befallen Moab. In the Hebrew tradition, a "cry" (זְעָקָה, zeakah) often signifies a call for help or an expression of deep anguish. This phrase underscores the totality of Moab's calamity and serves as a warning of the inevitable consequences of turning away from God. It also invites reflection on the hope of redemption and the power of divine intervention in times of despair.

The waters of Nimrim
The phrase "The waters of Nimrim" refers to a specific location known for its water sources, likely situated in the region of Moab. The Hebrew root for "Nimrim" suggests a place of clear, flowing waters, which would have been vital for sustaining life in the arid climate of the Near East. Historically, water sources were central to the prosperity and survival of ancient communities. The drying up of these waters symbolizes a devastating loss, not only physically but also spiritually, as water often represents life and blessing in biblical literature.

are dried up
The phrase "are dried up" conveys a sense of desolation and judgment. In the Hebrew context, the drying up of water is often associated with divine retribution or a withdrawal of God's favor. This imagery would resonate deeply with the original audience, who understood the critical importance of water for agriculture, livestock, and daily living. The drying up signifies a period of hardship and divine displeasure, urging the people to reflect on their spiritual state.

and the grass is withered
"And the grass is withered" continues the theme of desolation. Grass, in the biblical context, often symbolizes the fleeting nature of human life and prosperity (Isaiah 40:6-8). The withering of grass indicates a loss of vitality and abundance, serving as a metaphor for the transient nature of earthly glory and the consequences of turning away from God. It is a call to recognize the impermanence of worldly success and the need to seek eternal sustenance from the Lord.

the vegetation is gone
The phrase "the vegetation is gone" emphasizes the totality of the devastation. Vegetation, which provides food and sustenance, is a sign of God's provision and care. Its absence signifies a complete withdrawal of divine blessing and a stark reminder of the consequences of sin and rebellion. This imagery would have been a powerful reminder to the Israelites of their dependence on God for all their needs and the importance of remaining faithful to His covenant.

and the greenery is no more
"And the greenery is no more" concludes the verse with a sense of finality. Greenery represents life, growth, and hope. Its absence paints a picture of barrenness and hopelessness, underscoring the severity of the judgment pronounced upon Moab. In a broader spiritual sense, this serves as a warning to all believers about the dangers of spiritual complacency and the need to remain rooted in God's Word to experience true life and growth.

So they carry
The phrase "so they carry" indicates an action of movement and transition. In the Hebrew text, the verb used here is "נָשָׂא" (nasa), which means to lift, bear, or carry. This word often implies a burden or a significant effort, suggesting that the people of Moab are undertaking a difficult journey. The act of carrying denotes a sense of urgency and necessity, as they are forced to leave their homes and transport their possessions due to impending disaster. This reflects the broader biblical theme of exile and displacement, a consequence of divine judgment.

their wealth and belongings
The term "wealth" in Hebrew is "חֵילָם" (cheylam), which can refer to strength, resources, or riches. "Belongings" is translated from "יְתוּדָה" (y'tudah), meaning possessions or goods. Together, these words emphasize the material aspects of life that the Moabites are desperately trying to preserve. In a conservative Christian perspective, this highlights the transient nature of earthly possessions. The Moabites' attempt to save their wealth underscores the futility of relying on material goods for security, echoing Jesus' teaching in Matthew 6:19-21 about storing treasures in heaven rather than on earth.

over the Brook of the Willows
The "Brook of the Willows" is a geographical reference, likely pointing to a boundary or a place of crossing. The Hebrew word for "brook" is "נַחַל" (nachal), which can mean a stream or a wadi, a dry riverbed that fills with water during the rainy season. The "Willows" (עֲרָבִים, aravim) may refer to a specific type of tree known for growing in moist areas, symbolizing a place of transition and uncertainty. Historically, this brook could be the Wadi al-Ahsa, marking the border between Moab and Edom. Theologically, crossing the brook signifies a passage from one state of existence to another, often associated with judgment and the hope of eventual restoration. This imagery resonates with the broader biblical narrative of crossing waters as a metaphor for divine deliverance and transformation, as seen in the Exodus and the crossing of the Jordan River.

For their outcry echoes
The Hebrew word for "outcry" is "זְעָקָה" (ze'akah), which conveys a loud cry or a call for help, often in distress. This word is used in the context of deep anguish and desperation. The "echoes" suggest that the cry is not only loud but also pervasive, resonating throughout the land. This reflects the profound impact of the calamity that has befallen Moab, emphasizing the severity of their suffering and the widespread nature of their distress.

to the border of Moab
The "border of Moab" indicates the geographical extent of the outcry. Moab was a nation located east of the Dead Sea, often in conflict with Israel. The mention of the border signifies that the distress is so great that it affects the entire nation, from its heart to its peripheries. Historically, Moab was known for its fortified cities and strong borders, yet even these cannot contain the cries of its people, highlighting the overwhelming nature of their plight.

Their wailing reaches Eglaim
"Wailing" in Hebrew is "יְלָלָה" (yelalah), a term that denotes a mournful, lamenting cry. Eglaim is a location whose exact historical and geographical details are not well-documented, but it is believed to be a town within Moab. The use of "reaches" suggests that the sound of mourning travels far, indicating the intensity and volume of the lamentation. This phrase underscores the pervasive sorrow that has gripped the nation, affecting every corner of Moab.

it is heard in Beer-elim
Beer-elim, meaning "well of the mighty ones," is another location within Moab. The phrase "it is heard" implies that the cries of the Moabites are not only loud but also significant enough to be noticed by others. This suggests a communal aspect to the suffering, where the pain of one becomes the pain of all. The mention of Beer-elim, possibly a place of significance or strength, contrasts the current state of vulnerability and helplessness experienced by the Moabites.

The waters of Dimon
The phrase "The waters of Dimon" refers to a location in Moab, which is often associated with the river Arnon. The Hebrew root for "Dimon" is דִּימוֹן (Dimon), which is a variant of Dibon, a significant city in Moab. Historically, Moab was a region east of the Dead Sea, known for its tumultuous relationship with Israel. The mention of "waters" being "full of blood" symbolizes devastation and judgment, indicating a scene of great violence and loss. This imagery is consistent with the prophetic style of Isaiah, who often used vivid and dramatic language to convey God's messages.

are full of blood
The phrase "are full of blood" is a powerful image of judgment and destruction. In the Hebrew context, blood often symbolizes life, but when it is spilled, it represents death and calamity. The fullness of blood in the waters suggests a complete and overwhelming judgment upon Moab. This imagery is reminiscent of the plagues in Egypt, where water turned to blood as a sign of divine intervention and judgment (Exodus 7:20-21). It serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of sin and rebellion against God.

but I will bring more upon Dimon
The phrase "but I will bring more upon Dimon" indicates that the current devastation is not the end of God's judgment. The Hebrew word for "bring" (יָסַף, yasaf) implies an addition or continuation, suggesting that the calamity will intensify. This reflects the biblical principle that God's judgment is thorough and complete. It also serves as a warning to the people of Moab and, by extension, to all who oppose God's will. The prophetic message is clear: God's justice is inescapable, and His plans will be fulfilled.

a lion upon the fugitives of Moab
The imagery of "a lion upon the fugitives of Moab" evokes a sense of terror and inevitability. In the ancient Near East, lions were symbols of power and ferocity. The Hebrew word for "lion" (אֲרִי, ari) emphasizes the strength and dominance of the predator. This metaphor suggests that the fugitives, those who attempt to escape the initial judgment, will face further peril. The lion represents God's unstoppable force, ensuring that no one can evade His righteous judgment. This serves as a sobering reminder of the futility of fleeing from divine justice.

and upon the remnant of the land
The phrase "and upon the remnant of the land" indicates that even those who survive the initial devastation will not escape. The Hebrew word for "remnant" (שְׁאֵרִית, she'erit) often refers to a small, surviving group. In biblical prophecy, a remnant can sometimes signify hope and future restoration, but here it underscores the totality of God's judgment. The inclusion of the remnant in the prophecy highlights the comprehensive nature of the divine decree against Moab. It serves as a reminder that God's justice is all-encompassing, affecting every aspect of the land and its people.