Send the tribute lambs to the ruler of the land
This phrase refers to the practice of sending tribute as a sign of submission or allegiance. In the ancient Near East, vassal states often sent tribute to more powerful rulers to maintain peace and political favor. The "tribute lambs" symbolize a gesture of submission and acknowledgment of authority. This practice is seen in 2 Kings 3:4, where the Moabites sent tribute to the king of Israel. Theologically, this can be seen as a call for humility and recognition of God's sovereignty, as rulers and nations are ultimately under His dominion.

from Sela in the desert
Sela, meaning "rock" in Hebrew, is identified with the city of Petra in modern-day Jordan. It was a significant Edomite city known for its strategic location and impressive rock-cut architecture. The mention of "the desert" highlights the arid and rugged terrain of the region, emphasizing the difficulty and effort involved in sending the tribute. This geographical reference underscores the historical tensions between Moab and Israel, as well as the broader context of regional politics in the ancient Near East.

to the mount of Daughter Zion
"Daughter Zion" is a poetic term for Jerusalem, the spiritual and political center of Israel. The "mount" refers to the elevated position of the city, symbolizing its importance and strength. This phrase indicates the destination of the tribute, suggesting a plea for protection or alliance with Jerusalem. In a prophetic sense, Zion often represents the future hope and restoration of God's people, as seen in passages like Isaiah 2:2-4. Theologically, it points to the ultimate reign of God and the establishment of His kingdom, with Jerusalem as a central figure in biblical prophecy.

Like fluttering birds pushed out of the nest
This phrase evokes a vivid image of vulnerability and displacement. In the ancient Near Eastern context, birds were often used as symbols of fragility and helplessness. The imagery of birds being pushed out of the nest suggests a sudden and forced departure, highlighting the precarious situation of the Moabites. This can be seen as a metaphor for the Moabites' loss of security and stability. The Bible often uses bird imagery to describe people in distress (e.g., Psalm 11:1, Matthew 23:37), emphasizing their need for protection and guidance.

so are the daughters of Moab
The "daughters of Moab" refers to the people of Moab, particularly emphasizing the women, who in ancient times were often the most vulnerable during times of conflict and displacement. Moab was a nation located east of the Dead Sea, often in conflict with Israel. The Moabites were descendants of Lot (Genesis 19:37), and their relationship with Israel was complex, involving both hostility and kinship. The mention of "daughters" may also imply the future generations of Moab, indicating a broader impact on the nation's continuity and heritage.

at the fords of the Arnon
The Arnon River served as a significant geographical boundary between Moab and the Amorites, and later between Moab and Israel. The "fords" were shallow crossing points, often used during migrations or invasions. This location signifies a point of transition and uncertainty for the Moabites, as they are depicted fleeing their homeland. Historically, the Arnon was a strategic location, and its mention here underscores the desperation and urgency of the Moabites' flight. The crossing of the Arnon can be seen as a moment of decision and change, reflecting the broader theme of judgment and redemption found throughout the book of Isaiah.

Give us counsel; render a decision.
This plea reflects a desperate call for guidance and justice. In the context of Isaiah 16, the Moabites are seeking refuge and assistance from Judah. The request for counsel and decision-making indicates a need for wise leadership, reminiscent of Solomon's wisdom (1 Kings 3:28). Biblically, seeking counsel is often associated with seeking God's will (Proverbs 3:5-6). The Moabites' appeal to Judah may also symbolize a broader human need for divine guidance and righteous judgment, pointing to Christ as the ultimate source of wisdom and justice (1 Corinthians 1:30).

Shelter us at noonday with shade as dark as night.
This imagery of protection from the harshness of the sun at noon suggests a need for refuge and relief from intense oppression or danger. In the ancient Near East, the sun's heat was a common metaphor for trials and tribulations (Psalm 121:6). The request for shade as dark as night implies a deep, encompassing protection, which can be seen as a type of Christ, who offers rest and refuge to the weary (Matthew 11:28-30). The concept of God as a shelter is a recurring theme in Scripture, emphasizing His role as a protector (Psalm 91:1-2).

Hide the refugees; do not betray the one who flees.
This phrase underscores the importance of providing asylum and protection to those in distress. In the historical context, Moabites fleeing from Assyrian invasion sought safety in Judah. The call to hide and not betray refugees aligns with biblical principles of justice and mercy (Deuteronomy 10:18-19). It also foreshadows the New Testament's emphasis on caring for the marginalized and oppressed (Matthew 25:35-40). The plea not to betray those who flee highlights the need for trustworthiness and compassion, qualities exemplified by Jesus, who is a refuge for all who seek Him (Hebrews 6:18-20).

Let my fugitives stay with you;
This phrase suggests a call for protection and asylum. In the context of Isaiah, the "fugitives" likely refer to the Moabites seeking refuge from impending judgment. Historically, Moab was a neighboring nation to Israel, often in conflict but also sharing kinship through Lot, Abraham's nephew. The call for refuge reflects the biblical principle of providing sanctuary to those in distress, as seen in the cities of refuge established in Israel (Numbers 35:6-34).

be a refuge for Moab from the destroyer.”
The "destroyer" likely refers to an invading force or divine judgment. Moab, located east of the Dead Sea, was vulnerable to attacks from larger empires like Assyria or Babylon. This plea for refuge underscores the transient nature of political alliances and the need for divine protection. Theologically, it echoes the concept of God as a refuge, a theme prevalent in the Psalms (e.g., Psalm 46:1).

When the oppressor has gone,
This anticipates a future time of relief and peace. The "oppressor" could be a specific enemy nation or a metaphor for any force of evil. Historically, Moab faced oppression from various empires. This phrase aligns with the prophetic hope for deliverance and restoration, a common theme in Isaiah and other prophetic books.

destruction has ceased,
This phrase indicates a cessation of violence and turmoil. It reflects the prophetic vision of a future where God's justice prevails, and peace is restored. The cessation of destruction is a recurring promise in the prophetic literature, pointing to the ultimate peace in the Messianic age (Isaiah 2:4).

and the oppressors have vanished from the land,
The complete removal of oppressors signifies a total and lasting peace. This vision of liberation is consistent with the eschatological hope found throughout the Bible, where God promises to remove all sources of oppression and establish His kingdom of righteousness. It also foreshadows the ultimate victory over sin and death through Jesus Christ, who is seen as the ultimate liberator and prince of peace (Isaiah 9:6-7).

in loving devotion
This phrase emphasizes the nature of God's covenantal love, often described as "hesed" in Hebrew, which encompasses steadfast love, mercy, and faithfulness. It reflects God's enduring commitment to His people, as seen throughout the Old Testament. This loving devotion is foundational to the establishment of the throne, indicating that God's governance is rooted in love and mercy, not merely power or authority.

a throne will be established
The establishment of a throne signifies the promise of a stable and enduring kingdom. In the context of Isaiah, this points to the hope of a future ruler who will bring peace and justice. Historically, the throne of David was a symbol of God's promise to Israel, and its establishment here suggests a restoration or continuation of that divine promise.

in the tent of David
The "tent of David" refers to the Davidic dynasty and the promise God made to David that his descendants would rule forever (2 Samuel 7:12-16). This phrase evokes the idea of a humble yet divinely chosen lineage. It also connects to the prophecy of the Messiah, who Christians believe is fulfilled in Jesus Christ, a descendant of David, as affirmed in the genealogies of Matthew 1 and Luke 3.

A judge seeking justice
This phrase highlights the role of the ruler as one who actively pursues justice. In the biblical context, a judge was not only a legal arbiter but also a leader who ensured the well-being of the people. This aligns with the messianic expectation of a ruler who would embody God's justice, as seen in prophecies like Isaiah 9:7 and Jeremiah 23:5.

and hastening righteousness
The urgency of "hastening righteousness" suggests a proactive and zealous commitment to establishing moral and ethical standards. Righteousness in the biblical sense involves right relationships with God and others, reflecting God's character. This anticipates the New Testament portrayal of Jesus, who fulfills and embodies perfect righteousness (Romans 3:21-22).

will sit on it in faithfulness
The ruler's faithfulness is crucial, indicating reliability and steadfastness in leadership. This faithfulness is not only to the people but primarily to God, ensuring that the ruler's actions align with divine will. This is seen as a type of Christ, who is described as faithful and true in Revelation 19:11, fulfilling the role of the ultimate righteous judge and king.

We have heard of Moab’s pomposity
The nation of Moab, located east of the Dead Sea, was often in conflict with Israel. Moab's reputation for arrogance is well-documented in the Bible. This phrase suggests that Moab's pride was well-known among neighboring nations. Historically, Moab was a prosperous region, which may have contributed to its sense of superiority. The Moabites were descendants of Lot, Abraham's nephew, which adds a familial tension to their interactions with Israel.

his exceeding pride and conceit
The repetition of terms related to pride emphasizes the depth of Moab's arrogance. In biblical terms, pride is often seen as a precursor to downfall, as seen in Proverbs 16:18, "Pride goes before destruction." Moab's pride is not just a personal failing but a national characteristic that sets them against God's people. This pride can be compared to the pride of other nations like Babylon, which also faced judgment due to their arrogance.

his overflowing arrogance
The imagery of "overflowing" suggests that Moab's arrogance was not contained but affected their actions and relationships with others. This can be seen in their interactions with Israel, where they often acted with hostility and disdain. The Bible frequently warns against arrogance, as it leads to a false sense of security and ultimately, judgment. This phrase highlights the extent to which Moab's pride had permeated their national identity.

But his boasting is empty
This statement serves as a prophetic declaration of Moab's impending judgment. Despite their pride and self-assuredness, their boasts are without substance. This echoes the biblical theme that human pride is ultimately futile in the face of God's sovereignty. The emptiness of Moab's boasting can be seen as a warning to all nations and individuals who rely on their own strength rather than acknowledging God's authority. This aligns with the message in Jeremiah 9:23-24, where true boasting should be in understanding and knowing the Lord.

Therefore let Moab wail;
This phrase indicates a call for lamentation and mourning. Moab, a nation descended from Lot, often found itself in conflict with Israel. The wailing signifies impending judgment and disaster. Historically, Moab was known for its pride and idolatry, which often led to its downfall. The call to wail is a recognition of the severe consequences of their actions and the divine judgment they are about to face.

let them wail together for Moab.
The repetition emphasizes the collective nature of the mourning. It suggests a communal experience of grief, indicating that the entire nation will suffer. This communal aspect reflects the interconnectedness of ancient societies, where the fate of the nation was shared by all its people. The wailing together also underscores the severity of the judgment, as it affects every individual within Moab.

Moan for the raisin cakes of Kir-hareseth,
Raisin cakes were a delicacy in the ancient Near East, often associated with celebrations and offerings to deities. Kir-hareseth, a fortified city in Moab, was known for its production of these cakes. The mention of moaning for the raisin cakes symbolizes the loss of prosperity and the end of joyful occasions. It also highlights the cultural and economic impact of the judgment, as even the symbols of wealth and festivity are destroyed.

you who are utterly stricken.
This phrase addresses those who are deeply affected by the calamity. The term "utterly stricken" conveys a sense of total devastation and helplessness. It reflects the comprehensive nature of the judgment, leaving the people of Moab without hope or recourse. This condition of being stricken can be seen as a result of their persistent sin and rebellion against God, serving as a warning to others about the consequences of turning away from divine commandments.

For the fields of Heshbon have withered
Heshbon was a significant city in ancient Moab, often associated with fertility and prosperity due to its lush fields. The withering of its fields symbolizes judgment and desolation, reflecting God's displeasure with Moab. This imagery of withering is consistent with other biblical passages where agricultural failure signifies divine judgment (e.g., Joel 1:10-12).

along with the grapevines of Sibmah
Sibmah was renowned for its vineyards, producing wine that was highly valued. The destruction of these grapevines indicates a loss of economic wealth and cultural pride. In biblical symbolism, vineyards often represent the people of God (Isaiah 5:1-7), and their destruction can signify spiritual decline or judgment.

The rulers of the nations have trampled its choicest vines
This phrase suggests foreign invasion and conquest, a common theme in the prophetic literature where God uses other nations as instruments of judgment (e.g., Assyria and Babylon). The trampling of the choicest vines indicates the severity of the devastation, as the best and most valued parts of Moab's agriculture are destroyed.

which had reached as far as Jazer and spread toward the desert
Jazer was a city located north of Heshbon, indicating the extensive reach of Moab's vineyards. The spreading toward the desert suggests the vastness and prosperity of Moab before judgment. This geographical reference highlights the comprehensive nature of the impending desolation.

Their shoots had spread out and passed over the sea
The imagery of shoots spreading over the sea suggests the far-reaching influence and prosperity of Moab's agriculture. The sea could refer to the Dead Sea, emphasizing the extent of Moab's former glory. This phrase also evokes the idea of unchecked growth and expansion, which is now curtailed by divine judgment.

So I weep with Jazer for the vines of Sibmah;
The prophet Isaiah expresses deep sorrow, aligning himself with the lamentation over the destruction of the vineyards. Jazer and Sibmah were regions known for their fertile land and abundant vineyards, located in Moab, east of the Jordan River. The weeping signifies the loss of prosperity and joy, as vineyards were a symbol of wealth and blessing in ancient Israelite culture. This lamentation can be seen as a reflection of God's compassion and sorrow over the judgment that comes upon the nations due to their sin. The imagery of weeping for the vines also connects to the broader biblical theme of God as the vinedresser, as seen in John 15:1-2, where Jesus describes Himself as the true vine.

I drench Heshbon and Elealeh with my tears.
Heshbon and Elealeh were significant cities in Moab, often mentioned together in the Bible. The drenching with tears indicates a profound mourning and the extent of devastation that has befallen these cities. Historically, these cities were known for their strategic importance and agricultural productivity. The tears symbolize the complete desolation and the end of joy and celebration in these areas. This phrase echoes the lamentations found in other prophetic books, such as Jeremiah 48:32, where similar language is used to describe the downfall of Moab. The imagery of tears also points to the deep empathy and sorrow that God feels for His people, even in the midst of judgment.

Triumphant shouts have fallen silent over your summer fruit and your harvest.
The silence of triumphant shouts signifies the cessation of joy and celebration that typically accompanied the harvest season. In ancient times, the harvest was a time of great rejoicing and communal festivity, as it represented God's provision and blessing. The silence indicates the complete reversal of fortune for Moab, as the once-bountiful land now lies desolate. This imagery is reminiscent of the curses outlined in Deuteronomy 28:30-33, where disobedience to God results in the loss of harvest and joy. The phrase also serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of turning away from God, as the blessings of the land are directly tied to the people's faithfulness to Him.

Joy and gladness are removed from the orchard;
This phrase indicates a cessation of happiness and celebration, often associated with harvest time. In ancient Israel, the harvest was a time of joy and thanksgiving to God for His provision. The removal of joy and gladness signifies divine judgment and desolation. This imagery is consistent with the prophetic theme of God's judgment against Moab, as seen in the broader context of Isaiah 15-16. The orchard, a place of fruitfulness, becomes a symbol of barrenness and loss.

no one sings or shouts in the vineyards.
Vineyards were central to the agricultural economy and social life in ancient Israel and surrounding regions. Singing and shouting during the grape harvest were expressions of communal joy and gratitude. The absence of these sounds underscores the severity of the judgment. This silence can be compared to the lamentations found in Jeremiah 48:33, which also speaks of the cessation of joy in Moab's vineyards, highlighting the comprehensive nature of the prophecy.

No one tramples the grapes in the winepresses;
The winepress is a place where grapes are crushed to produce wine, a staple in the ancient Near Eastern diet and a symbol of blessing and abundance. The lack of activity in the winepresses indicates a halt in production and prosperity. This imagery is used elsewhere in Scripture, such as in Lamentations 1:15, to depict judgment and destruction. The absence of grape trampling signifies the end of economic and social vitality.

I have put an end to the cheering.
This phrase emphasizes the divine origin of the judgment. God Himself declares the cessation of joy and celebration. The cheering, often associated with successful harvests and God's favor, is silenced by His decree. This reflects the sovereignty of God over nations and His ability to bring about both blessing and judgment. The prophetic voice here serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God's ways, as seen throughout the prophetic literature.

Therefore my heart laments for Moab like a harp
The prophet Isaiah expresses deep sorrow for Moab, a neighboring nation of Israel. The use of "heart" indicates a profound emotional response, suggesting empathy and compassion. The harp, an instrument often associated with mourning and lamentation in ancient cultures, underscores the depth of Isaiah's grief. This lamentation reflects God's own sorrow over the judgment that Moab faces, highlighting the divine attribute of compassion even amidst justice. Moab, descended from Lot, had a complex relationship with Israel, often marked by conflict and idolatry. The lamentation can be seen as a call to repentance, echoing the broader biblical theme of God's desire for nations to turn from their ways and seek Him.

my inmost being for Kir-heres
Kir-heres, also known as Kir of Moab, was a significant city in Moab, often associated with strength and fortification. The mention of "inmost being" suggests a deep, visceral reaction, indicating that the lament is not superficial but deeply felt. This city was a center of Moabite culture and religion, and its impending destruction symbolizes the downfall of Moab's pride and idolatry. The lament for Kir-heres can be seen as a type of Christ's lament over Jerusalem, where He weeps for the city that would face judgment due to its rejection of Him. This connection emphasizes the consistent biblical theme of God's sorrow over the consequences of sin and His desire for redemption.

When Moab appears on the high place
High places were elevated sites often used for worship in ancient Near Eastern cultures, including Israel and its neighbors. Moab, a nation east of Israel, frequently engaged in idolatrous practices at these sites. The high places were typically associated with the worship of deities like Chemosh, the national god of Moab. This phrase indicates Moab's reliance on pagan rituals and false gods, contrasting with the worship of Yahweh, the God of Israel. The use of high places was condemned in the Hebrew Scriptures (e.g., 1 Kings 14:23), highlighting the spiritual apostasy of Moab.

when he wearies himself
This suggests a fervent but ultimately futile effort in religious practices. The weariness implies a sense of desperation or intense exertion in seeking divine favor or intervention. In the context of Moab, it reflects the nation's reliance on human effort and ritualistic practices rather than true faith or repentance. This can be contrasted with the biblical teaching that true rest and salvation come from God alone (Matthew 11:28-30).

and enters his sanctuary to pray
The sanctuary here refers to a sacred place dedicated to Moab's gods, likely a temple of Chemosh. Entering the sanctuary to pray indicates a formal act of worship and supplication. However, the act is portrayed as ineffective, highlighting the impotence of false gods. This contrasts with the biblical understanding of prayer as a powerful means of communication with the one true God (James 5:16).

it will do him no good
This phrase underscores the futility of Moab's religious practices. Despite their efforts, their prayers and rituals are ineffective because they are directed toward false gods. This serves as a warning against idolatry and a reminder of the sovereignty of the God of Israel, who alone can answer prayer and provide deliverance. The ineffectiveness of Moab's worship is a fulfillment of prophetic judgment, as seen in other parts of Isaiah and the prophets, where reliance on anything other than God leads to downfall (Isaiah 44:9-20).

This is the message
This phrase introduces a prophetic declaration, indicating a divine communication. In the context of biblical prophecy, a "message" often refers to a revelation from God delivered through a prophet. Prophets served as God's mouthpieces, conveying His will and intentions to the people.

that the LORD spoke
The use of "LORD" in all capital letters signifies the Hebrew name Yahweh, the covenant name of God. This emphasizes the authority and divine origin of the message. The phrase underscores that the prophecy is not of human origin but is a direct communication from God, highlighting the seriousness and certainty of the message.

earlier
This indicates that the message was previously given, suggesting continuity and consistency in God's communication. It implies that the prophecy concerning Moab is not new but a reiteration or reminder of what has already been declared. This can be seen as a testament to God's unchanging nature and His faithfulness to His word.

concerning Moab
Moab was a neighboring nation to Israel, located east of the Dead Sea. Historically, Moab had a complex relationship with Israel, often characterized by conflict and tension. The Moabites were descendants of Lot, Abraham's nephew, which adds a familial dimension to their interactions with Israel. In biblical prophecy, Moab often symbolizes pride and opposition to God's people. The mention of Moab here connects to earlier prophecies in Isaiah and other books, such as Jeremiah and Ezekiel, where Moab's judgment is pronounced due to their arrogance and idolatry.

And now the LORD says
This phrase introduces a direct declaration from God, emphasizing the authority and certainty of the message. In the prophetic tradition, such declarations are often used to convey divine judgment or promise. The use of "LORD" (YHWH) underscores the covenantal relationship between God and His people, highlighting His sovereignty over all nations, including Moab.

In three years
The specific timeframe indicates the immediacy and certainty of the prophecy. The use of a precise period suggests that the events are imminent and unavoidable. This timeframe is reminiscent of other prophetic timelines in Scripture, such as the three days of Jonah in the belly of the fish, symbolizing a period of waiting or impending change.

as a hired worker counts the years
This comparison to a hired worker suggests precision and exactness, as a laborer would meticulously track time to ensure proper payment. It implies that the prophecy will be fulfilled exactly as stated, without delay or extension, reflecting God's control over time and events.

Moab’s splendor will become an object of contempt
Moab, a neighboring nation of Israel, was often in conflict with Israel. Known for its wealth and pride, Moab's "splendor" refers to its prosperity and cultural achievements. The prophecy foretells a reversal of fortune, where Moab's glory will turn to shame. This echoes themes of divine judgment against pride found throughout the Bible, such as in the fall of Babylon (Isaiah 13-14).

with all her many people
This phrase highlights the extent of the judgment, affecting the entire population of Moab. It underscores the comprehensive nature of God's judgment, which spares no one. The mention of "many people" also reflects Moab's once-great population and influence, which will be drastically reduced.

And those who are left will be few and feeble
The prophecy concludes with a stark image of desolation. The survivors will be "few and feeble," indicating a significant reduction in numbers and strength. This outcome serves as a warning of the consequences of pride and opposition to God's will. It parallels other biblical accounts of remnant theology, where a small, weakened group remains after divine judgment, such as the remnant of Israel after the Babylonian exile.