Send the tribute
The phrase "Send the tribute" refers to a diplomatic and economic action that was common in the ancient Near East. The Hebrew word for "tribute" is "מִנְחָה" (minchah), which can mean a gift, offering, or present. Historically, this was a way for vassal states to show allegiance and submission to a more powerful kingdom. In the context of Isaiah, Moab is being instructed to send tribute to Judah, acknowledging its dependence and seeking favor or protection. This act of sending tribute is symbolic of humility and recognition of authority, which can be seen as a call for nations and individuals to acknowledge God's sovereignty.

lambs
The use of "lambs" as the tribute is significant. Lambs were valuable livestock in ancient agrarian societies, often used in sacrificial offerings and as a symbol of innocence and purity. The Hebrew word "כֶּבֶשׂ" (keves) emphasizes the importance of the offering being something of worth and significance. In a broader spiritual sense, lambs can be seen as a foreshadowing of Christ, the Lamb of God, who is the ultimate offering for sin. This highlights the theme of sacrifice and redemption that runs throughout the Bible.

to the ruler of the land
This phrase indicates the direction and purpose of the tribute. The "ruler of the land" refers to the king of Judah, who at the time was the earthly authority. The Hebrew word "מֹשֵׁל" (moshel) means ruler or governor, emphasizing the political structure and hierarchy. In a spiritual context, it reminds believers of the ultimate authority of God as the ruler of all creation. The act of sending tribute to the ruler is an acknowledgment of his power and a plea for peace and protection.

from Sela
"Sela" is a geographical reference, often identified with the city of Petra in modern-day Jordan. The Hebrew word "סֶלַע" (sela) means rock or cliff, indicating a fortified or elevated place. This location is significant as it represents a place of strength and refuge. Historically, Sela was a stronghold of the Edomites and later the Nabateans. The mention of Sela underscores the idea of seeking refuge and strength not in physical locations or human constructs, but in God.

across the desert
The phrase "across the desert" describes the journey the tribute must take. The Hebrew word "מִדְבָּר" (midbar) refers to a wilderness or uninhabited land. This journey across the desert signifies a difficult and arduous path, symbolizing the trials and challenges faced in life. It serves as a metaphor for the spiritual journey of faith, where believers must traverse through the wilderness of the world, relying on God's guidance and provision.

to the mount of the Daughter of Zion
This final phrase points to the destination of the tribute, "the mount of the Daughter of Zion," which is Jerusalem. The "Daughter of Zion" is a poetic term for the city of Jerusalem, representing the people of God. The Hebrew word "בַּת־צִיּוֹן" (bat-Tsiyon) emphasizes the special relationship between God and His chosen people. The mount signifies a place of worship and divine presence. This phrase encapsulates the hope and promise of restoration and communion with God, encouraging believers to direct their offerings and lives towards Him, seeking His presence and favor.

Like fluttering birds
This phrase evokes a vivid image of vulnerability and disarray. In the Hebrew text, the word for "fluttering" suggests a sense of panic and helplessness, akin to young birds that are not yet ready to fly. This imagery is used to describe the state of the Moabites, who are in a state of distress and confusion. The Bible often uses birds to symbolize fragility and the need for divine protection, as seen in passages like Psalm 91:4, where God covers His people with His feathers. Here, the Moabites are depicted as lacking such protection, emphasizing their precarious situation.

pushed from the nest
The phrase "pushed from the nest" suggests a forceful ejection from a place of safety and comfort. In the context of ancient Near Eastern culture, being expelled from one's homeland or city was a severe calamity, often leading to a loss of identity and security. The Hebrew root for "pushed" implies an involuntary action, highlighting the Moabites' lack of control over their circumstances. This imagery underscores the theme of divine judgment, as the Moabites are driven from their land due to their actions and the fulfillment of prophetic warnings.

so are the daughters of Moab
The "daughters of Moab" refers to the people of Moab, with "daughters" symbolizing the inhabitants of the nation. In biblical literature, nations are often personified as women, which can denote both vulnerability and the potential for renewal. Moab, a nation with historical ties to Israel, is depicted here in a state of distress. The use of "daughters" may also imply a generational impact, suggesting that the consequences of Moab's actions will affect future generations. This serves as a reminder of the enduring nature of divine justice and the importance of aligning with God's will.

at the fords of the Arnon
The "fords of the Arnon" refers to the crossing points of the Arnon River, a significant geographical boundary in the region. Historically, the Arnon River served as a border between Moab and the Amorites, and later between Moab and Israel. The mention of the fords indicates a place of transition and uncertainty, as the Moabites find themselves at a critical juncture, both physically and spiritually. In biblical symbolism, rivers often represent moments of decision and change, as seen in the crossing of the Jordan River by the Israelites. Here, the Moabites' presence at the Arnon underscores their displacement and the need for repentance and reliance on God for deliverance.

Give us counsel
The phrase "Give us counsel" reflects a plea for guidance and wisdom. In the Hebrew context, the word for "counsel" (עֵצָה, 'etsah) often implies strategic advice or divine guidance. Historically, this request for counsel can be seen as Moab seeking wisdom from Judah during a time of distress. It underscores the importance of seeking God's wisdom in times of crisis, a theme prevalent throughout the Bible. Theologically, it reminds believers of the value of godly counsel and the role of the Holy Spirit as the Counselor.

render a decision
The phrase "render a decision" suggests the need for a just and righteous judgment. The Hebrew word for "decision" (פְּלִילָה, pelilah) can also mean a verdict or a legal judgment. This reflects the Moabites' desire for a fair and decisive response to their plight. In a broader biblical context, it highlights God's role as the ultimate judge who renders perfect justice. For Christians, it serves as a reminder to seek God's righteous judgment in their lives and to trust in His sovereign decisions.

Make your shadow like night at high noon
This vivid imagery, "Make your shadow like night at high noon," conveys a request for protection and refuge. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, a shadow was a metaphor for protection and shelter. The phrase suggests an urgent need for safety, as the intense heat of "high noon" represents danger and exposure. Spiritually, it symbolizes God's protective presence, akin to Psalm 91:1, where believers find refuge under the shadow of the Almighty. It encourages Christians to seek God's protection in times of vulnerability.

Hide the refugees
The command to "Hide the refugees" speaks to the moral and ethical responsibility to protect those in distress. The Hebrew word for "refugees" (נִדָּחִים, nidachim) implies those who are outcasts or displaced. This reflects the biblical principle of providing sanctuary and support to the vulnerable, a recurring theme in both the Old and New Testaments. It challenges believers to extend compassion and aid to those in need, reflecting Christ's love and mercy.

do not betray the one who flees
The phrase "do not betray the one who flees" emphasizes the importance of trust and loyalty. The Hebrew word for "betray" (תִּגְלוּ, tiglu) suggests revealing or exposing someone to danger. This plea underscores the need for integrity and faithfulness in relationships, especially towards those seeking refuge. Biblically, it aligns with the call to protect and uphold the dignity of every person, as seen in the teachings of Jesus. It inspires Christians to be trustworthy and to stand as protectors of the oppressed.

Let my fugitives stay with you
This phrase speaks to the theme of refuge and protection. The Hebrew root for "fugitives" is "נָדַד" (nadad), which means to wander or flee. Historically, this reflects the context of Moabite refugees seeking asylum in Judah during a time of distress. The call to provide shelter is a divine directive, emphasizing the biblical principle of hospitality and care for the displaced, resonating with God's compassion for the vulnerable.

be a refuge for Moab
The word "refuge" comes from the Hebrew "מָעוֹז" (ma'oz), meaning a place of safety or protection. This highlights the role of Judah as a sanctuary for Moab, despite their historical enmity. It underscores the biblical mandate to love one's neighbor and offer protection, reflecting God's own nature as a refuge for His people. This call to be a refuge is a powerful reminder of the Christian duty to extend grace and mercy.

from the destroyer
The term "destroyer" in Hebrew is "שׁוֹדֵד" (shoded), indicating one who lays waste or devastates. This could refer to invading armies or divine judgment. The historical context may point to Assyrian aggression, a common threat during Isaiah's time. Spiritually, it symbolizes any force that seeks to harm or oppress. The verse reassures that God provides protection against such threats, encouraging believers to trust in His sovereign care.

When the oppressor is no more
The "oppressor" is translated from "לֹחֵץ" (lohets), meaning one who crushes or afflicts. This phrase offers hope and assurance that tyranny and injustice are temporary. It reflects the biblical promise of deliverance and the ultimate triumph of God's justice. Historically, it speaks to the eventual downfall of oppressive regimes, reinforcing the belief in God's righteous intervention in human affairs.

when destruction has ceased
"Destruction" comes from the Hebrew "כָּלָה" (kalah), meaning to be finished or completed. This phrase conveys the end of calamity and suffering. It is a prophetic assurance that God will bring an end to chaos and restore peace. Theologically, it points to the eschatological hope of a new creation where suffering is no more, encouraging believers to persevere in faith.

and the aggressor has vanished from the land
The "aggressor" is derived from "דּוֹרֵךְ" (dorek), meaning one who treads down or oppresses. This phrase promises the removal of those who cause harm and unrest. It is a declaration of God's power to eliminate evil and restore righteousness. Historically, it reassures the faithful of God's control over nations and His ability to bring about justice, inspiring confidence in His ultimate plan for peace.

Then a throne will be established
The word "throne" in Hebrew is "כִּסֵּא" (kisse), symbolizing authority and kingship. In the context of Isaiah, this throne represents a divinely ordained rule, suggesting a future hope for a righteous and just leadership. The establishment of this throne indicates a firm and enduring foundation, reflecting God's sovereign plan. Historically, this points to the Davidic line, which is central to Jewish and Christian eschatological expectations. The throne's establishment is a promise of stability and divine order amidst chaos.

in loving devotion
The Hebrew term here is "חֶסֶד" (chesed), often translated as "lovingkindness" or "steadfast love." It conveys a deep, covenantal love that is loyal and enduring. This phrase emphasizes that the foundation of this throne is not merely power or authority, but a profound, committed love that reflects God's character. In a conservative Christian perspective, this loving devotion is seen as a foreshadowing of Christ's sacrificial love and His eternal reign.

and a judge will sit on it in faithfulness
The "judge" here is a ruler who embodies justice and righteousness. The Hebrew word "שָׁפַט" (shaphat) implies one who governs with fairness and integrity. "Faithfulness" (אֱמוּנָה, emunah) suggests reliability and trustworthiness. This judge is not only fair but also consistent and true to God's standards. In the Christian tradition, this is often seen as a messianic prophecy pointing to Jesus Christ, who is the ultimate faithful judge.

in the tent of David
The "tent of David" refers to the Davidic dynasty and the promise God made to David regarding his lineage. The Hebrew word "אֹהֶל" (ohel) can mean tent or dwelling, symbolizing the continuity of David's line. This phrase underscores the messianic hope rooted in the Davidic covenant, which is fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who is often referred to as the Son of David in the New Testament.

seeking justice
The Hebrew word for "justice" is "מִשְׁפָּט" (mishpat), which involves making right decisions and upholding what is just and fair. This phrase indicates an active pursuit of justice, not merely a passive adherence. It reflects God's heart for righteousness and His desire for His people to live in a society where justice prevails. In a conservative Christian view, this aligns with the teachings of Jesus, who emphasized justice and mercy.

and hastening righteousness
"Righteousness" in Hebrew is "צְדָקָה" (tsedaqah), which involves living in a way that is morally right and just. The word "hastening" suggests an urgency and eagerness to bring about righteousness. This phrase highlights the proactive nature of the coming ruler's reign, one that actively promotes and establishes righteousness. For Christians, this is seen as a call to live righteously in anticipation of Christ's return, when He will fully establish His righteous kingdom.

We have heard
This phrase indicates a collective awareness or acknowledgment of a message or report. In the Hebrew context, the verb "heard" (שָׁמַע, shama) often implies not just auditory reception but also understanding and consideration. Historically, this suggests that the message about Moab's pride was widely known among the surrounding nations, emphasizing the gravity and notoriety of Moab's situation.

of Moab’s pride
The term "pride" (גֵּאוּת, ge'ut) in Hebrew conveys arrogance and haughtiness. Moab, a nation descended from Lot, often found itself in conflict with Israel. This pride is not just a personal failing but a national characteristic that has led to Moab's downfall. Biblically, pride is frequently condemned as it leads to a separation from God, who desires humility and dependence on Him.

his exceeding pride and conceit
The repetition and intensification of Moab's pride through "exceeding pride" and "conceit" (גַּאֲוָה, ga'avah) highlight the depth of Moab's arrogance. This is a literary device used to emphasize the severity of their sin. In the ancient Near Eastern context, such pride would have been seen as a challenge to divine authority, warranting judgment.

his overflowing arrogance
The imagery of "overflowing" suggests that Moab's arrogance is not contained but spills over, affecting others. This can be seen as a metaphor for how pride can lead to destructive actions and attitudes that impact not just the individual or nation but also their neighbors. In Scripture, God often opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble (James 4:6).

but his boasting is empty
The phrase "boasting is empty" (בַּדִּים, baddim) indicates that Moab's self-aggrandizement is without substance or truth. This reflects a biblical principle that human pride and self-reliance are ultimately futile. Historically, Moab's boasts of strength and security were proven false as they faced divine judgment and military defeat.

Therefore let Moab wail
The word "wail" in Hebrew is "yalal," which conveys a deep, mournful cry, often associated with lamentation and mourning. In the context of Isaiah, this wailing is a response to impending judgment and destruction. Moab, a nation often in conflict with Israel, is depicted here as facing divine retribution. Historically, Moab was a neighboring nation east of the Dead Sea, often at odds with Israel. The call for Moab to wail signifies the seriousness of their plight and the inevitability of God's judgment due to their pride and idolatry.

let them wail together for Moab
The repetition of "wail" emphasizes the collective nature of the mourning. It is not just an individual lament but a national outcry. The phrase "together for Moab" suggests a unity in their suffering and a shared recognition of their fate. This collective mourning can be seen as a call to repentance, a theme prevalent throughout the prophetic books. The unity in lamentation also highlights the communal aspect of ancient Near Eastern societies, where the fate of the individual was closely tied to the fate of the nation.

Lament and grieve over the raisin cakes of Kir-hareseth
The term "lament" is another expression of deep sorrow, while "grieve" adds an element of personal loss and emotional pain. The "raisin cakes" are significant as they were likely a delicacy or a staple product of Kir-hareseth, a major city in Moab. These cakes could also have been used in pagan worship, which would add a layer of spiritual significance to their loss. Kir-hareseth, known today as Kerak, was a fortified city, and its mention here underscores the totality of Moab's devastation. The loss of such a product symbolizes the broader economic and cultural collapse that accompanies divine judgment. This serves as a reminder of the futility of relying on material goods and cultural achievements in the face of God's sovereign will.

For the fields of Heshbon have withered
The "fields of Heshbon" refer to a region known for its fertility and agricultural abundance, particularly in vine cultivation. Heshbon was a significant city in ancient Moab, often associated with prosperity. The Hebrew root for "withered" (נָבַל, nâbal) conveys a sense of decay or loss of vitality, symbolizing the judgment and desolation that has come upon Moab due to their pride and sin. This imagery serves as a poignant reminder of the consequences of turning away from God, as even the most prosperous lands can fall into ruin without His blessing.

the vines of Sibmah
Sibmah was another Moabite town renowned for its vineyards. The mention of "vines" here underscores the economic and cultural importance of viticulture in the region. The Hebrew word for "vines" (גֶּפֶן, gephen) is often used in Scripture to symbolize abundance and blessing. However, in this context, it highlights the loss and devastation that sin brings. The destruction of these vines signifies the removal of God's favor and the resulting barrenness that follows disobedience.

The lords of the nations have trampled the choicest vines
The "lords of the nations" likely refers to foreign powers or invaders who have come to conquer and destroy. The act of trampling the "choicest vines" (בָּחוּר, bachur) indicates a deliberate and violent destruction of what was once precious and valuable. This phrase serves as a metaphor for the judgment that God allows upon nations that have turned away from Him. It is a call to recognize the sovereignty of God over all nations and the futility of relying on earthly power and wealth.

which once reached as far as Jazer and spread toward the desert
Jazer was a city located near the border of Ammon and Moab, known for its fertile lands. The phrase "spread toward the desert" suggests the extensive reach and influence of Moab's prosperity before its downfall. The Hebrew word for "spread" (נָטָה, natah) implies growth and expansion, which in this context, has been halted by divine judgment. This serves as a reminder of the transitory nature of earthly success and the importance of seeking eternal treasures in God's kingdom.

Their shoots spread out and reached the sea
The "shoots" (שֹׁרֶשׁ, shoresh) symbolize the potential for growth and fruitfulness. The imagery of reaching "the sea" suggests a vast and far-reaching influence, possibly indicating trade and economic prosperity. However, the context of judgment in this passage implies that such potential has been cut short. This serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of pride and self-reliance, urging believers to remain rooted in God's Word and His promises for true and lasting growth.

So I weep
The Hebrew word for "weep" is "בָּכָה" (bakah), which conveys a deep, mournful crying. This expression of sorrow is not just a personal lament but a prophetic empathy. The prophet Isaiah, speaking on behalf of God, shares in the grief of the people. This reflects the compassionate nature of God, who is moved by the suffering of His creation. It is a reminder that God is not distant or indifferent to human pain.

as Jazer weeps
Jazer was a city in the territory of Gad, known for its fertile land and vineyards. The weeping of Jazer symbolizes the collective mourning of a community that has lost its prosperity and joy. Historically, Jazer was a place of abundance, and its lamentation signifies the depth of loss experienced by the people. This phrase underscores the communal aspect of grief, where the suffering of one part affects the whole.

for the vines of Sibmah
Sibmah was renowned for its vineyards, producing wine that was highly valued. The "vines of Sibmah" represent not only agricultural wealth but also cultural and economic stability. The destruction or loss of these vines indicates a significant blow to the community's livelihood. In a broader sense, it symbolizes the fragility of human achievements and the transient nature of earthly prosperity.

I drench you with my tears
The imagery of drenching with tears emphasizes the intensity of the sorrow. It suggests an overwhelming flood of emotion, akin to a heavy rain soaking the land. This vivid picture highlights the depth of divine compassion and the seriousness with which God regards the plight of His people. It serves as a call to repentance and a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God.

O Heshbon and Elealeh
Heshbon and Elealeh were cities in Moab, often associated with wealth and productivity. Their mention here signifies the widespread impact of the judgment pronounced by Isaiah. These cities, once thriving, are now subjects of lamentation. Historically, they were centers of trade and agriculture, and their downfall represents the broader collapse of Moab's power and influence.

for the shouts of joy over your summer fruit and your harvest
The "shouts of joy" refer to the celebrations and festivities that accompanied the harvest season. This was a time of communal rejoicing and thanksgiving for the bounty provided by God. The absence of these joyful sounds indicates a profound loss and a disruption of the natural order of life. It serves as a metaphor for the spiritual desolation that results from disobedience to God.

have fallen silent
Silence, in this context, is a powerful symbol of desolation and judgment. The cessation of joyful noise marks the end of prosperity and the onset of mourning. It is a stark contrast to the vibrant life that once characterized these regions. This silence serves as a somber reminder of the consequences of sin and the need for repentance and restoration through God's mercy.

Joy and gladness
The Hebrew words for "joy" (שִׂמְחָה, simchah) and "gladness" (גִּיל, gil) often appear together in the Old Testament to describe a state of celebration and happiness, typically associated with God's blessings and abundance. In the context of Isaiah, their removal signifies a divine judgment and the cessation of God's favor. Historically, joy and gladness in agrarian societies were closely tied to successful harvests, which were seen as a direct blessing from God. The absence of these emotions indicates a profound loss and a spiritual as well as physical desolation.

are taken away
The phrase "are taken away" suggests an active removal, implying that this is not a natural occurrence but a deliberate act, likely by God as a form of judgment. The Hebrew root (סוּר, sur) conveys the idea of turning aside or removing. This reflects the prophetic theme of divine retribution for the sins of the people, a common motif in Isaiah's prophecies. It serves as a warning that the blessings of God can be withdrawn when His people turn away from Him.

from the orchards
Orchards, or "carmel" (כַּרְמֶל), in Hebrew, symbolize fertility and abundance. They are places of growth and fruitfulness, often used metaphorically in Scripture to represent the prosperity of a nation under God's care. The removal of joy from the orchards indicates a disruption in the natural order and a direct impact on the livelihood of the people. This imagery would resonate deeply with an agrarian audience who understood the significance of a fruitful harvest.

no one sings or shouts
Singing and shouting were integral parts of harvest celebrations, expressions of communal joy and thanksgiving. The absence of these sounds signifies a community in mourning and distress. The Hebrew words for singing (שִׁיר, shir) and shouting (רִנָּה, rinah) are often associated with worship and celebration. Their absence underscores the severity of the judgment and the silence that follows divine displeasure.

in the vineyards
Vineyards were central to the economy and culture of ancient Israel, symbolizing not only agricultural success but also spiritual vitality. The vineyard is a frequent biblical metaphor for Israel itself (e.g., Isaiah 5:1-7). The cessation of joy in the vineyards suggests a national calamity, a breakdown of both economic and spiritual well-being.

No treader treads out wine in the presses
The image of the treader (דָּרַךְ, darak) treading wine in the presses is one of abundance and festivity. Wine production was a communal activity, and the treading of grapes was a time of great joy. The absence of treaders indicates a halt in production, symbolizing economic hardship and divine judgment. This imagery would be particularly poignant to Isaiah's audience, who relied heavily on wine as a staple and a symbol of God's blessing.

I have put an end to the cheering
The phrase "I have put an end" (שָׁבַת, shavat) is a strong declaration of divine intervention. The cheering (הֵידָד, hedad) represents the joy and celebration associated with harvest and prosperity. God's direct action to end the cheering highlights His sovereignty and the seriousness of the judgment. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of turning away from God's commandments and the resulting loss of His blessings.

Therefore
This word connects the current verse to the preceding context, indicating a consequence or result. In the context of Isaiah 16, the prophet Isaiah is expressing the deep sorrow and lamentation that follows the judgment pronounced upon Moab. The use of "therefore" signifies that the lament is a direct response to the divine judgment and the ensuing suffering of Moab, highlighting the cause-and-effect relationship between sin and its consequences.

my heart
The Hebrew word for "heart" is "לֵב" (lev), which often represents the center of emotions, thoughts, and will in biblical literature. In this verse, Isaiah's heart is portrayed as deeply affected, showing the prophet's empathy and compassion for Moab despite their enmity with Israel. This reflects the biblical principle of loving one's enemies and mourning over their downfall, as seen in Jesus' teachings in the New Testament.

laments
The Hebrew root for "laments" is "הָמָה" (hamah), which conveys a sense of deep emotional turmoil, akin to a groaning or moaning. This word choice emphasizes the intensity of Isaiah's sorrow for Moab. It is not a superficial sadness but a profound grief that resonates with the heart of God, who takes no pleasure in the suffering of any nation but desires repentance and restoration.

like a harp
The harp, or "כִּנּוֹר" (kinnor) in Hebrew, is an ancient stringed instrument known for its soothing and mournful tones. By comparing his lament to the sound of a harp, Isaiah illustrates the depth and beauty of his sorrow. The harp's music often accompanied lamentations and expressions of grief in biblical times, symbolizing the harmony between human emotion and divine expression.

for Moab
Moab was a neighboring nation of Israel, often in conflict with God's people. Despite their historical enmity, Isaiah's lament for Moab demonstrates a godly compassion that transcends national boundaries. This reflects the biblical theme of God's concern for all nations and His desire for their redemption, as seen in the broader narrative of Scripture where God calls all peoples to Himself.

and my inmost being
The phrase "inmost being" translates the Hebrew "קֶרֶב" (qerev), which refers to the inner parts or the seat of emotions and affections. This expression underscores the depth of Isaiah's emotional response, indicating that his grief is not just intellectual but deeply felt. It aligns with the biblical understanding that true compassion involves the whole person, engaging both heart and soul.

for Kir-hareseth
Kir-hareseth, also known as Kir of Moab, was a significant city in Moab. Its mention here highlights the specific focus of Isaiah's lament, as Kir-hareseth was a center of Moabite culture and strength. The historical context reveals that this city was often a target in military campaigns, symbolizing the vulnerability and eventual downfall of Moab. Isaiah's lament for Kir-hareseth serves as a reminder of the transient nature of human power and the ultimate sovereignty of God over all nations.

When Moab appears on the high place
The phrase "high place" refers to elevated sites often used for worship in ancient Near Eastern cultures, including Israel and its neighbors. In Hebrew, the term is "bamah," which denotes a location for religious rites, often associated with idolatry. Moab, a nation descended from Lot, frequently engaged in pagan worship, which was condemned by the God of Israel. The high places were centers of false worship, and Moab's reliance on them highlights their spiritual blindness and separation from the true God. This serves as a reminder of the futility of idolatry and the importance of worshiping God in spirit and truth.

when he wears himself out
This phrase captures the futility and exhaustion of Moab's efforts. The Hebrew root "yaga" conveys the idea of laboring to the point of weariness. Moab's relentless pursuit of appeasing their gods through rituals and sacrifices is depicted as a fruitless endeavor. This reflects the broader biblical theme that human efforts, apart from God, lead to spiritual exhaustion and emptiness. It serves as a cautionary tale for believers to rely on God's strength rather than their own.

and comes to his sanctuary to pray
The term "sanctuary" here refers to a sacred place dedicated to worship. In Moab's context, this would be a temple to their god Chemosh. The act of coming to pray signifies a desperate plea for divine intervention. However, the Hebrew word "palal" for "pray" implies intercession, which, in this context, is directed towards a powerless idol. This highlights the contrast between the living God of Israel and the lifeless deities of the nations. It underscores the biblical truth that true prayer is effective only when directed to the one true God.

it will do him no good
This phrase starkly conveys the ineffectiveness of Moab's religious practices. The Hebrew "lo' ya'il" suggests a lack of benefit or profit. Despite their fervent rituals and prayers, Moab's efforts are in vain because they are not aligned with the will of the true God. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of idolatry and the importance of aligning one's life with God's purposes. It calls believers to examine their own lives for areas where they may be relying on ineffective or misplaced faith.

This is the word
The phrase "This is the word" indicates a definitive statement or message that is being conveyed. In the context of Isaiah, it underscores the authority and finality of the prophecy being delivered. The Hebrew term for "word" is "dabar," which often signifies a matter or thing that is established by divine decree. This emphasizes the seriousness and certainty of the prophecy, as it is not merely human speculation but a divine pronouncement.

the LORD
The term "the LORD" refers to Yahweh, the covenant name of God in the Hebrew Bible. This name is deeply significant, as it denotes God's eternal, self-existent nature and His faithfulness to His promises. In the context of Isaiah, it reminds the reader of God's sovereignty and His ultimate control over the nations and history. The use of "the LORD" here assures that the message is not from Isaiah himself but from God, lending it divine authority and weight.

has already spoken
The phrase "has already spoken" suggests that the message being delivered is not new but has been previously declared. This could imply that the prophecy concerning Moab has been part of God's revealed plan for some time. The Hebrew verb "dabar" in the perfect tense indicates a completed action, emphasizing that God's word is settled and unchangeable. This serves as a reminder of the reliability and constancy of God's word, which stands firm regardless of human circumstances.

concerning Moab
"Concerning Moab" specifies the subject of the prophecy. Moab was a neighboring nation of Israel, often in conflict with God's people. Historically, Moab was known for its pride and idolatry, which led to its downfall. The mention of Moab here serves as a warning and a lesson about the consequences of turning away from God. It also highlights God's justice, as He holds all nations accountable to His standards, not just Israel.

But now the LORD has spoken
This phrase emphasizes the immediacy and authority of God's pronouncement. The Hebrew word for "LORD" is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, underscoring His sovereignty and faithfulness. The phrase "has spoken" indicates a definitive declaration, reminding us of the power and certainty of God's word. In the biblical narrative, when God speaks, His words are not just informative but performative—they bring about what they declare.

saying, 'Within three years
The specificity of "three years" highlights the precision of God's timing. In the ancient Near East, time was often measured in terms of agricultural cycles or significant events. The mention of "three years" suggests a period of divine patience and impending judgment. It reflects God's control over history and His ability to foretell events with exactness.

as a hired worker counts the years
This phrase draws from the cultural context of labor in ancient times. A "hired worker" would meticulously count the years of service, anticipating the end of their contract. This analogy implies that the judgment on Moab is as certain and anticipated as the end of a laborer's term. It underscores the inevitability and precision of God's plans.

Moab’s splendor will become an object of contempt
"Moab’s splendor" refers to the nation's wealth, power, and cultural achievements. Historically, Moab was known for its prosperity and strategic location. However, the phrase "will become an object of contempt" signifies a dramatic reversal of fortune. This transformation from splendor to contempt serves as a warning of the consequences of pride and rebellion against God.

with all her many people
The phrase "many people" indicates Moab's once-great population and influence. In biblical times, a large population was a sign of strength and blessing. However, the impending judgment would affect the entire nation, demonstrating that no amount of human strength can withstand God's decrees.

And those who are left will be few and feeble
This concluding phrase paints a picture of desolation and weakness. "Few and feeble" contrasts sharply with Moab's former glory, highlighting the totality of God's judgment. The Hebrew word for "feeble" can also imply being broken or shattered, suggesting not just physical weakness but a complete loss of power and morale. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of turning away from God and the ultimate triumph of His justice.