Meanwhile, Moses was shepherding
The Hebrew word for "shepherding" is "ra'ah," which means to tend, pasture, or graze. This word not only describes the physical act of caring for sheep but also carries a deeper spiritual connotation of leadership and guidance. Moses, once a prince of Egypt, is now humbly tending sheep, a role that prepares him for shepherding God's people. This transition from royalty to shepherd signifies a period of preparation and humility, essential for his future leadership.

the flock of his father-in-law Jethro
Jethro, also known as Reuel, is identified as Moses' father-in-law and a priest of Midian. The Midianites were descendants of Abraham through Keturah, indicating a shared heritage with the Israelites. This connection highlights the providential relationships God orchestrates in Moses' life. The act of shepherding Jethro's flock symbolizes Moses' integration into a new family and culture, which further shapes his character and understanding of leadership.

the priest of Midian
Jethro's role as a priest suggests a spiritual dimension to his character and influence on Moses. The Midianites, though not Israelites, had a form of worship and recognition of the divine. This context provides Moses with a broader understanding of God's work beyond the confines of Israel, preparing him for his mission to lead a diverse group of people.

He led the flock to the far side of the wilderness
The "wilderness" in Hebrew is "midbar," often associated with desolation and solitude but also a place of divine encounter and revelation. Moses' journey to the far side of the wilderness signifies a movement away from the familiar into a place where God can speak to him without distraction. This setting underscores the theme of isolation as a precursor to divine revelation, a pattern seen throughout Scripture.

and came to Horeb, the mountain of God
Horeb, also known as Sinai, is a significant location in biblical history, often referred to as the "mountain of God." This designation indicates its importance as a place where God reveals Himself to His people. The mountain becomes a sacred space where Moses will later receive the Ten Commandments. The mention of Horeb here foreshadows the profound encounters Moses will have with God, marking it as a pivotal place of covenant and divine instruction.

the Angel of the LORD
The phrase "the Angel of the LORD" is a significant theological term in the Old Testament, often understood as a theophany, or a visible manifestation of God to humankind. In Hebrew, "mal'ak YHWH" can be translated as "messenger of Yahweh." This figure is not merely an angelic being but is often equated with God Himself, as seen in subsequent verses where the Angel speaks as God. This appearance signifies divine intervention and the beginning of a pivotal moment in salvation history, where God initiates the deliverance of His people from bondage.

appeared to him
The Hebrew verb "ra'ah" means "to see" or "to appear." This indicates a divine revelation, where God makes Himself known to Moses in a tangible way. The appearance is not just a visual experience but a profound encounter that changes the course of Moses' life. It underscores the personal nature of God's call and His willingness to reveal Himself to those He chooses for His purposes.

in a flame of fire
Fire in the Bible often symbolizes the presence of God, His holiness, and His purifying power. The Hebrew word "esh" for fire is used here to convey the intensity and purity of God's presence. Fire is both awe-inspiring and fearsome, representing God's power to purify and refine. This imagery prepares Moses for the holy ground he is about to tread and the divine mission he is to undertake.

within a bush
The Hebrew word "seneh" refers to a thorny bush or bramble. The choice of a humble bush for this divine encounter highlights God's ability to use the ordinary for extraordinary purposes. It reflects the theme of God's sovereignty and His preference for using the lowly and humble to accomplish His will, a recurring theme throughout Scripture.

Moses saw
The act of seeing, "ra'ah" in Hebrew, is more than a physical observation; it is an invitation to perceive and understand God's actions and intentions. Moses' attention to the sight before him marks the beginning of his transformation from a shepherd to the leader of Israel. It emphasizes the importance of spiritual awareness and responsiveness to God's revelations.

the bush ablaze with fire
The continuous burning of the bush without being consumed is a miraculous sign. It symbolizes God's eternal nature and His self-sustaining power. The fire that does not consume the bush can also be seen as a metaphor for Israel's endurance amidst the trials of slavery in Egypt, sustained by God's presence and promise.

but it was not consumed
This phrase highlights the miraculous nature of the event. The Hebrew word "akal" means "to consume" or "to eat." The bush's resistance to the consuming fire signifies God's protection and preservation. It serves as a powerful reminder of God's ability to preserve His people and His purposes despite overwhelming circumstances. This miracle foreshadows the deliverance of Israel, where God will protect and sustain them through the trials ahead.

So Moses thought
This phrase introduces us to the internal deliberation of Moses, a pivotal figure in the Old Testament. The Hebrew word for "thought" here is "אָמַר" (amar), which often means to say or speak. However, in this context, it reflects an internal dialogue, highlighting Moses' reflective nature. This moment of contemplation is significant as it marks the beginning of Moses' direct encounter with God. Historically, Moses was tending the flock of Jethro, his father-in-law, in the wilderness of Midian, a place of solitude and reflection, which often precedes divine encounters in Scripture.

I must go over
The phrase "I must go over" indicates a decisive action. The Hebrew root "סוּר" (sur) means to turn aside or depart. This action signifies Moses' willingness to deviate from his path to explore something extraordinary. It reflects a spiritual principle of being open to divine interruptions in our daily lives. Moses' decision to investigate the burning bush is a metaphor for the spiritual curiosity that leads to deeper understanding and revelation.

and see this marvelous sight
The word "marvelous" is translated from the Hebrew "גָּדוֹל" (gadol), meaning great or significant. The sight of the burning bush, which was not consumed, was indeed a great wonder. This phrase emphasizes the miraculous nature of God's manifestations. In the historical context, such a sight would have been both awe-inspiring and terrifying, drawing Moses closer to the divine presence. It serves as a reminder of God's power and the mystery of His ways.

why the bush is not burning up
This final phrase captures Moses' curiosity and desire for understanding. The Hebrew word for "burning up" is "בָּעַר" (ba'ar), which means to consume or destroy by fire. The bush's resistance to being consumed symbolizes God's eternal nature and His ability to sustain and preserve. In a broader theological context, it represents the indestructible nature of God's covenant with His people. Moses' inquiry into this phenomenon sets the stage for his calling and the revelation of God's name, "I AM WHO I AM," which follows in the subsequent verses. This moment is a turning point, where Moses transitions from a shepherd to the leader of Israel, guided by the divine presence.

When the LORD saw
The phrase begins with "the LORD," which in Hebrew is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, emphasizing His eternal, self-existent nature. This moment marks a divine observation, indicating God's omniscience and His active involvement in the affairs of humanity. The LORD's seeing is not passive but an intentional act of engagement, highlighting His readiness to intervene in the lives of His people.

that he had gone over to look
Moses' action of going over to look signifies his curiosity and willingness to engage with the divine. This phrase underscores the importance of human response to God's initiatives. Moses' decision to investigate the burning bush reflects a heart open to divine revelation, a necessary posture for receiving God's call.

God called to him from within the bush
Here, "God" is "Elohim" in Hebrew, a term that denotes power and majesty. The calling from "within the bush" signifies God's immanence, His presence in the midst of creation. This theophany, or visible manifestation of God, reveals that God can use ordinary elements of creation to convey His extraordinary presence and purposes.

'Moses, Moses!'
The repetition of Moses' name is a Hebrew idiom expressing intimacy and urgency. It reflects God's personal knowledge of Moses and His desire for a personal relationship. This double calling is seen elsewhere in Scripture (e.g., "Abraham, Abraham" in Genesis 22:11), indicating a moment of significant divine communication.

And Moses said, 'Here I am.'
Moses' response, "Here I am," is a statement of readiness and availability. In Hebrew, "Hineni" is a term of submission and willingness to listen and obey. This response is crucial for anyone called by God, demonstrating a heart prepared to receive divine instruction and to act upon it.

Do not come any closer
This command from God to Moses is a direct and authoritative instruction. The Hebrew root for "come" is "qarab," which means to approach or draw near. This highlights the holiness of God and the reverence required when approaching Him. In the ancient Near Eastern context, approaching a deity was a significant act, often requiring purification or preparation. Here, God sets the boundary, emphasizing His sanctity and the need for respect and awe in His presence.

God said
The phrase underscores the direct communication from God to Moses. The Hebrew word for God here is "Elohim," a plural form that denotes majesty and power. This is a pivotal moment where God reveals Himself personally to Moses, marking a transition in Moses' life from shepherd to leader of Israel. The direct speech of God signifies the importance of the message and the divine authority behind it.

Take off your sandals
Removing sandals is a gesture of humility and respect. In ancient cultures, it was common to remove shoes in sacred spaces as a sign of reverence. The Hebrew word "shal" for "take off" implies a deliberate action, indicating that Moses must consciously prepare himself to stand in God's presence. This act symbolizes the removal of defilement and the acknowledgment of the holy ground he is about to tread.

for the place where you are standing is holy ground
The term "holy" comes from the Hebrew "qodesh," meaning set apart or sacred. This declaration transforms an ordinary location into a sacred space due to God's presence. The concept of "holy ground" is significant in biblical theology, as it denotes a place where heaven and earth meet, where God chooses to reveal Himself. This moment foreshadows the holiness required in the tabernacle and later the temple, where God's presence would dwell among His people. The ground is not inherently holy; it is God's presence that sanctifies it, teaching us that holiness is derived from God alone.

I am
The phrase "I am" is deeply significant in the Hebrew context, echoing the divine name revealed to Moses later in Exodus 3:14, "I AM WHO I AM." In Hebrew, this is "Ehyeh-Asher-Ehyeh," which conveys God's eternal, self-existent nature. This declaration establishes God's unchanging presence and faithfulness, reassuring Moses of His divine authority and eternal existence.

the God of your father
This phrase connects Moses to his heritage and the faith of his ancestors. The term "father" here can be understood as a collective reference to the patriarchs, emphasizing continuity in God's covenant relationship. It reminds Moses of the personal and familial nature of God's promises, grounding his mission in a historical and relational context.

the God of Abraham
Abraham is the first of the patriarchs, with whom God made a covenant promising numerous descendants and a land for his people (Genesis 12:1-3). By identifying Himself as the God of Abraham, God reaffirms His covenantal faithfulness and the promises made to Abraham, which are foundational to Israel's identity and destiny.

the God of Isaac
Isaac, the son of promise, represents the continuation of God's covenant with Abraham. The mention of Isaac highlights God's faithfulness in fulfilling His promises through generations. Isaac's life, marked by divine provision and blessing, serves as a testament to God's unwavering commitment to His people.

and the God of Jacob
Jacob, later named Israel, is the father of the twelve tribes. His life account is one of transformation and redemption, illustrating God's grace and sovereignty. By invoking Jacob, God emphasizes His role in shaping the nation of Israel and His ongoing involvement in their history. Jacob's experiences of wrestling with God and receiving a new identity underscore the transformative power of divine encounters.

The LORD said
This phrase introduces the direct speech of God, emphasizing His personal involvement and communication with Moses. The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, which signifies His eternal, self-existent nature. This name is deeply rooted in the history of Israel, reminding them of God's promises and His unchanging character. The act of God speaking directly to Moses highlights the intimate relationship He desires with His people and His active role in their deliverance.

I have surely seen
The repetition in the Hebrew text, "ra'oh ra'iti," underscores the certainty and intensity of God's observation. It conveys not just a casual glance but a deep, penetrating awareness of the situation. This phrase assures the Israelites that God is not distant or indifferent; He is fully aware of their plight. It reflects His compassion and readiness to act on behalf of His people.

the affliction of My people
The term "affliction" (Hebrew: "oni") refers to the suffering and oppression the Israelites endured in Egypt. This word is often associated with poverty, misery, and distress. By calling them "My people," God reaffirms His covenant relationship with Israel. Despite their suffering, they remain His chosen people, and He is committed to their welfare and deliverance.

in Egypt
Egypt, in this context, is not just a geographical location but a symbol of bondage and oppression. Historically, Egypt was a powerful empire, and the Israelites' enslavement there represents the harsh realities of life under foreign domination. This setting underscores the miraculous nature of their eventual deliverance, as God demonstrates His power over even the mightiest of nations.

and I have heard their cry
The Hebrew word for "cry" (tsa'aqah) indicates a loud, desperate plea for help. It suggests that the Israelites' suffering had reached a breaking point, prompting them to call out to God with urgency and fervor. God's acknowledgment of their cry reassures believers that He is attentive to the prayers and pleas of His people, responding with compassion and action.

because of their taskmasters
Taskmasters were the Egyptian overseers responsible for enforcing the harsh labor imposed on the Israelites. This phrase highlights the severity of their oppression and the cruelty they faced daily. It serves as a reminder of the injustices that God's people may endure in a fallen world, yet it also points to God's justice and His promise to deliver them from such tyranny.

for I know their sufferings
The word "know" (Hebrew: "yada") implies an intimate, experiential understanding. It is not merely intellectual awareness but a deep, personal connection to their pain. This assurance of God's empathy provides comfort and hope, reminding believers that God is not detached from their struggles. He is a compassionate Father who is intimately aware of their circumstances and is moved to intervene on their behalf.

I have come down
This phrase signifies God's direct intervention in human affairs. The Hebrew root "yarad" implies a descent from a higher place, emphasizing God's transcendence and His willingness to engage intimately with His creation. This divine action reflects God's compassion and commitment to His covenant people, echoing His earlier promises to the patriarchs.

to rescue them
The Hebrew word "natsal" conveys the idea of delivering or snatching away from danger. This reflects God's role as a deliverer, a recurring theme throughout the Scriptures. It underscores His power and willingness to save His people from oppression, a foreshadowing of the ultimate deliverance through Christ.

from the hand of the Egyptians
The "hand" symbolizes power and control. The Egyptians, representing worldly oppression and bondage, are a historical reality and a spiritual metaphor for sin and captivity. God's deliverance from Egypt is a pivotal event, symbolizing liberation from sin and foreshadowing the salvation offered through Jesus.

and to bring them up out of that land
The phrase "bring them up" suggests elevation and improvement, both physically and spiritually. The Hebrew "alah" indicates an upward movement, signifying not just a change in location but an elevation in status and relationship with God. This reflects the transformative journey of faith.

to a good and spacious land
The "good and spacious land" is a promise of abundance and freedom. The Hebrew "tov" (good) and "rachab" (spacious) highlight the contrast between the cramped, oppressive conditions of Egypt and the freedom and prosperity of the Promised Land. This promise is a testament to God's generosity and faithfulness.

to a land flowing with milk and honey
This phrase paints a picture of fertility and abundance. "Flowing" suggests continuous provision, while "milk and honey" symbolize richness and sweetness. This imagery reflects God's desire to bless His people abundantly, providing for their needs and delighting them with His goodness.

the home of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites
These names represent the existing inhabitants of the Promised Land. Historically, these groups were known for their advanced cultures and fortified cities. Spiritually, they symbolize the challenges and obstacles in the journey of faith. God's promise to give Israel this land demonstrates His sovereignty and the fulfillment of His covenant promises, despite apparent impossibilities.

And now
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative, indicating a transition from past events to immediate divine action. In Hebrew, the word "now" (וְעַתָּה, ve'atah) often signals urgency and the unfolding of God's plan. It suggests that the time for divine intervention has arrived, emphasizing God's active role in history and His responsiveness to human suffering.

the cry of the Israelites
The Hebrew word for "cry" (צְעָקָה, tze'akah) conveys a deep, anguished plea for help. This is not merely a complaint but a desperate call for deliverance. The Israelites' cry reflects their intense suffering and oppression under Egyptian bondage. It also signifies the power of prayer and supplication, reminding believers that God hears the cries of His people and is moved to act on their behalf.

has reached Me
This phrase underscores God's attentiveness and accessibility. The Hebrew verb (בָּא, ba) implies arrival or coming into the presence of. It reassures the faithful that God is not distant or indifferent but is intimately aware of their plight. The imagery of the cry reaching God suggests a direct line of communication between humanity and the divine, highlighting God's compassion and readiness to intervene.

and I have seen
The verb "seen" (רָאָה, ra'ah) in Hebrew indicates not just visual observation but a deep understanding and acknowledgment of the situation. God's seeing is comprehensive and empathetic, contrasting with human limitations. This phrase assures believers that God is fully aware of their circumstances and is actively engaged in addressing injustice and suffering.

how severely
The adverb "severely" (לַחַץ, lachatz) conveys the intensity and harshness of the oppression. It reflects the brutal reality of the Israelites' condition under Egyptian rule. This acknowledgment of severity emphasizes God's justice and His commitment to righting wrongs. It serves as a reminder that God is aware of the depth of human suffering and is moved to act against it.

the Egyptians are oppressing them
The term "oppressing" (לָחַץ, lachatz) is the same root as "severely," reinforcing the harshness of the Israelites' experience. Historically, this oppression included forced labor and harsh treatment, as described earlier in Exodus. The Egyptians' actions are depicted as unjust and cruel, setting the stage for God's deliverance. This phrase highlights the theme of liberation and God's power to rescue His people from tyranny, offering hope and assurance of divine justice.

So now, go
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative of Moses' life and the history of Israel. The Hebrew word for "go" is "לֵךְ" (lekh), which is an imperative form, indicating a command. This is not merely a suggestion but a divine directive. The urgency and authority in God's command underscore the immediacy of His plan. Historically, this moment signifies a transition from Moses' life of obscurity in Midian to his role as a leader and deliverer. It is a call to action, reflecting the divine initiative in the redemption of His people.

I am sending you
The phrase "I am sending you" is deeply personal and authoritative. The Hebrew root "שָׁלַח" (shalach) means to send, dispatch, or commission. This is not just a task but a divine mission. God Himself is the sender, which implies that Moses is acting under divine authority and with divine backing. This commissioning echoes the sending of prophets and leaders throughout the Bible, emphasizing that God equips those He calls. It is a reminder of the personal nature of God's call and His involvement in the affairs of His people.

to Pharaoh
Pharaoh, the ruler of Egypt, represents the epitome of earthly power and opposition to God's will. The historical context is crucial here; Pharaohs were considered gods in their own right, wielding immense power and authority. Moses is being sent to confront this power, not with military might, but with the authority of God. This sets the stage for the ensuing conflict between God's sovereignty and human authority, a recurring theme throughout Scripture.

to bring My people
The phrase "My people" is significant, as it denotes a covenant relationship. The Israelites are not just any group of people; they are God's chosen people, bound to Him by the covenant made with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The Hebrew word "עַמִּי" (ammi) reflects this intimate relationship. This mission is not just about liberation from physical bondage but also about fulfilling God's promises and purposes for His people.

the Israelites
The term "Israelites" refers to the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel. This identity is rooted in the patriarchal narratives and the promises given to the forefathers. The Israelites' presence in Egypt is a fulfillment of God's word to Abraham in Genesis 15:13, where He foretold their sojourn and eventual deliverance. This highlights the faithfulness of God to His promises and the unfolding of His redemptive plan.

out of Egypt
Egypt, in this context, symbolizes bondage and oppression. The Hebrew word for Egypt, "מִצְרַיִם" (Mitzrayim), is often associated with narrowness or constraint, reflecting the Israelites' experience of slavery. The deliverance from Egypt is a central theme in the Old Testament, symbolizing salvation and freedom. It prefigures the ultimate deliverance through Christ, who frees humanity from the bondage of sin. This phrase encapsulates the hope and promise of liberation, both physically and spiritually, for God's people.

But Moses asked God
This phrase introduces a pivotal moment of dialogue between Moses and God. The Hebrew root for "asked" is "אָמַר" (amar), which can also mean "said" or "spoke." This indicates a direct and personal communication with God, highlighting the intimate relationship Moses had with the Divine. Historically, this moment occurs at the burning bush, a significant theophany where God reveals Himself to Moses. It underscores the humility and humanity of Moses, who, despite his past as a prince of Egypt, approaches God with questions and concerns.

Who am I
Moses' question "Who am I" reflects a deep sense of inadequacy and humility. The Hebrew phrase "מִי אָנֹכִי" (mi anochi) suggests a self-reflective inquiry into his own identity and worthiness. This is a common theme in Scripture, where God often chooses the seemingly unqualified to fulfill His purposes, emphasizing that it is God's power, not human ability, that accomplishes His will. Moses' question resonates with believers who may feel unworthy of God's calling, reminding them that God equips those He calls.

that I should go to Pharaoh
The mention of "Pharaoh" places this narrative within a specific historical and political context. Pharaoh was the ruler of Egypt, considered a god by his people, and the most powerful man in the known world at that time. Moses' hesitation to confront Pharaoh highlights the enormity of the task and the danger involved. It also sets the stage for the demonstration of God's power over earthly authorities, a recurring theme in the Bible where God uses His chosen servants to challenge and overcome worldly powers.

and bring the Israelites out of Egypt
This phrase encapsulates the mission God is entrusting to Moses: the liberation of the Israelites from slavery. The Hebrew word for "bring" is "יָצָא" (yatsa), meaning to lead out or deliver. This mission is not just a physical relocation but a spiritual and covenantal act, fulfilling God's promise to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The "Israelites" are God's chosen people, and their deliverance from "Egypt," a symbol of bondage and sin, foreshadows the ultimate deliverance through Christ. This phrase inspires believers to trust in God's promises and His power to deliver them from their own "Egypts" of sin and oppression.

And God said
This phrase introduces the divine response, emphasizing the direct communication from God to Moses. In Hebrew, the word for God here is "אֱלֹהִים" (Elohim), a plural form that denotes majesty and power. This highlights the authority and sovereignty of God as He speaks to Moses, reassuring him of His divine plan and presence.

I will surely be with you
The promise of God's presence is central to this verse. The Hebrew phrase "אֶהְיֶה עִמָּךְ" (Ehyeh immakh) translates to "I will be with you." The word "אֶהְיֶה" (Ehyeh) is the same as "I AM" from Exodus 3:14, indicating God's eternal and self-existent nature. This assurance is foundational for Moses' mission, as it underscores that his success depends not on his own abilities but on God's unwavering presence.

and this will be the sign to you
God provides a tangible sign to Moses, which serves as a confirmation of His promise. The Hebrew word for "sign" is "אוֹת" (oth), often used in the Old Testament to denote a miraculous or divine indicator. This sign is meant to strengthen Moses' faith and resolve, reminding him that God's promises are trustworthy and will be fulfilled.

that I have sent you
The phrase underscores the divine commissioning of Moses. The Hebrew verb "שָׁלַח" (shalach) means "to send," indicating that Moses is not acting on his own initiative but is an emissary of God. This divine sending is crucial, as it legitimizes Moses' authority and mission to lead the Israelites out of Egypt.

When you have brought the people out of Egypt
This part of the verse looks forward to the successful completion of Moses' mission. The Hebrew verb "הוֹצֵאתָ" (hotze'ta) means "to bring out" or "to deliver," reflecting the liberation theme central to the Exodus narrative. It assures Moses that the deliverance of the Israelites is not just a possibility but a certainty in God's plan.

you will worship God on this mountain
The mountain referred to is Mount Sinai, also known as Horeb. The Hebrew word for "worship" is "תַּעַבְדוּן" (ta'avdun), which can also mean "to serve." This indicates that the ultimate purpose of the Exodus is not just freedom from physical bondage but a spiritual liberation to serve and worship God. The mountain becomes a sacred place where the covenant between God and Israel will be established, highlighting the importance of worship and obedience in the life of God's people.

Then Moses asked God
This phrase introduces a pivotal moment in the narrative where Moses, standing before the burning bush, engages in a direct conversation with God. The Hebrew root for "asked" (אָמַר, 'amar) implies a dialogue, a seeking of understanding. Moses, a shepherd in Midian, is being called to a monumental task, and his inquiry reflects both humility and a desire for clarity. This moment underscores the personal relationship God establishes with His chosen leaders, inviting them to question and seek guidance.

Suppose I go to the Israelites
Moses anticipates the mission God is assigning him, showing foresight and concern for the reception of his message. The phrase "Suppose I go" indicates a hypothetical scenario, reflecting Moses' apprehension and the weight of the responsibility. Historically, the Israelites were in bondage in Egypt, and Moses' return would be significant. This phrase highlights Moses' awareness of the gravity of his task and the need for divine assurance.

and say to them, ‘The God of your fathers has sent me to you,’
Here, Moses refers to "The God of your fathers," which connects the present with the patriarchal past—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. This phrase is crucial as it establishes continuity and legitimacy. The Israelites' identity and faith are deeply rooted in their ancestral lineage, and invoking "The God of your fathers" would resonate with them, affirming that the God who made covenants with their ancestors is still active and faithful.

and they ask me, ‘What is His name?’
The question of God's name is profound, as names in the ancient Near Eastern context were not merely labels but conveyed essence and character. The Israelites, living amidst a polytheistic culture in Egypt, would naturally inquire about the identity of the God who claims to deliver them. This question reflects a desire for assurance and understanding of who this God is, beyond the gods of Egypt.

What should I tell them?
Moses seeks specific guidance on how to respond to the Israelites' inquiry. This request for instruction underscores his role as a mediator between God and His people. It also highlights the importance of God's self-revelation, which will follow in the subsequent verses. Moses' question is a pivotal moment that sets the stage for one of the most significant revelations of God's nature and name in the biblical narrative.

God said to Moses
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative of the Exodus. The Hebrew word for "God" here is "Elohim," a plural form that denotes majesty and power. It is significant that God speaks directly to Moses, indicating a personal relationship and divine commissioning. Historically, this encounter occurs at the burning bush on Mount Horeb, a sacred site that underscores the holiness of the moment. Moses, a shepherd at this time, is being called to lead the Israelites out of Egypt, highlighting God's sovereign choice and preparation of His servants.

I AM WHO I AM
The Hebrew phrase "Ehyeh Asher Ehyeh" is profound and enigmatic. It can be translated as "I AM WHO I AM," "I WILL BE WHAT I WILL BE," or "I AM THAT I AM." This self-revelation of God emphasizes His eternal, self-existent nature. Unlike the gods of Egypt, who were tied to specific domains or functions, the God of Israel is independent and unchanging. This declaration is foundational for understanding God's character: He is the ultimate reality, the source of all being, and not contingent upon anything else. Theologically, it speaks to God's immutability and faithfulness, assuring Moses and the Israelites of His unchanging presence and power.

This is what you are to say to the Israelites
God provides Moses with a specific message for the Israelites, indicating the importance of divine communication and authority. The Israelites, enslaved in Egypt, are in need of hope and assurance. By instructing Moses on what to say, God is establishing Moses as His prophet and spokesperson. This directive also underscores the importance of obedience to God's word, as Moses is to convey exactly what God has revealed to him.

'I AM has sent me to you.'
The name "I AM" (Hebrew "Ehyeh") is a powerful declaration of God's presence and involvement. By using this name, God is assuring the Israelites of His active role in their deliverance. The phrase "has sent me to you" emphasizes the divine commissioning of Moses. He is not acting on his own authority but as an emissary of the Almighty. This assurance is crucial for the Israelites, who are about to embark on a journey of liberation and covenant relationship with God. Theologically, this highlights the concept of divine mission and the importance of recognizing God's authority in the unfolding of His redemptive plan.

God also told Moses
This phrase emphasizes the direct communication between God and Moses, highlighting Moses' role as a prophet and leader. The Hebrew root for "told" (אָמַר, 'amar) signifies a declaration or command, underscoring the authority and importance of God's message. This divine communication sets the stage for Moses' mission to lead the Israelites out of Egypt.

Say to the Israelites
Here, God instructs Moses to deliver a specific message to the Israelites. The term "Israelites" refers to the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel. This phrase underscores the covenant relationship between God and His chosen people, reminding them of their unique identity and divine purpose.

The LORD
In the Hebrew text, "The LORD" is represented by the tetragrammaton YHWH, often vocalized as Yahweh. This name signifies God's eternal, self-existent nature. It is a sacred name, reflecting His unchanging character and faithfulness to His promises. The use of this name in the context of the Exodus narrative emphasizes God's active presence and deliverance.

the God of your fathers
This phrase connects the present generation of Israelites with their patriarchal heritage. The Hebrew word for "fathers" (אָבוֹת, avot) refers to the patriarchs—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. This connection reinforces the continuity of God's covenant and His faithfulness across generations.

the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob
By specifically naming the patriarchs, God reaffirms His covenantal promises made to each of them. This triadic formula is a powerful reminder of God's historical acts and His ongoing relationship with His people. It serves to assure the Israelites of God's commitment to fulfill His promises.

has sent me to you
This phrase indicates Moses' divine commissioning. The Hebrew verb "sent" (שָׁלַח, shalach) conveys the idea of being dispatched with authority. Moses is not acting on his own initiative but as God's chosen representative, carrying a message of liberation and hope.

This is My name forever
God declares the eternal nature of His name, YHWH. The Hebrew word for "forever" (עוֹלָם, olam) suggests perpetuity and timelessness. This declaration emphasizes the enduring relevance and authority of God's name throughout all ages.

and this is how I am to be remembered in every generation
God's name and His mighty acts are to be remembered and revered by all future generations. The Hebrew root for "remembered" (זָכַר, zakar) implies more than mere recollection; it involves active commemoration and acknowledgment of God's deeds. This command ensures that the account of God's deliverance and His covenant faithfulness will be passed down through the ages, shaping the identity and faith of His people.

Go, and assemble the elders of Israel
The directive "Go, and assemble the elders of Israel" signifies a divine command to Moses to gather the leaders of the Israelite community. The Hebrew word for "elders" is "זְקֵנִים" (zeqenim), which refers to the respected and wise leaders within the community. Historically, these elders were the heads of families or tribes, and they played a crucial role in decision-making and maintaining the traditions of the people. This command underscores the importance of leadership and collective wisdom in the journey of faith and liberation.

and say to them
The phrase "and say to them" indicates the importance of communication and the transmission of God's message. Moses is not acting on his own authority but as a messenger of God. This highlights the prophetic role Moses is to play, serving as a conduit for divine revelation. The act of speaking to the elders also emphasizes the need for clear and direct communication in leadership and spiritual guidance.

The LORD, the God of your fathers
Here, "The LORD, the God of your fathers" establishes the continuity of God's covenant relationship with the Israelites. The Hebrew name for God used here is "YHWH," often rendered as "LORD" in English translations, signifying the eternal and self-existent nature of God. By referring to "the God of your fathers," the text connects the present generation with the patriarchs—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—reinforcing the faithfulness of God to His promises and the enduring nature of His covenant.

the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob
This phrase reiterates the specific patriarchal lineage through which God's promises and blessings have been transmitted. Each of these patriarchs had a unique covenantal relationship with God, and their mention here serves to remind the Israelites of their heritage and the divine promises made to their ancestors. It is a call to remember the past acts of God and to trust in His continued faithfulness.

has appeared to me
The statement "has appeared to me" is a declaration of divine encounter and revelation. The Hebrew verb "נִרְאָה" (nir'ah) implies a visible manifestation of God, which in the context of Moses, refers to the burning bush experience. This appearance is not just a personal experience for Moses but a pivotal moment in the history of Israel, marking the beginning of their deliverance from Egypt.

I have watched over you
The phrase "I have watched over you" conveys God's attentive care and providence. The Hebrew root "פָּקַד" (paqad) can mean to attend to, visit, or care for. This assurance of divine oversight is meant to comfort the Israelites, affirming that God has been aware of their suffering and is actively involved in their deliverance. It is a reminder of God's omniscience and His compassionate involvement in the lives of His people.

and have seen what has been done to you in Egypt
This concluding phrase, "and have seen what has been done to you in Egypt," emphasizes God's awareness of the Israelites' oppression. The Hebrew verb "רָאָה" (ra'ah) means to see or perceive, indicating that God is not distant or indifferent to their plight. This acknowledgment of their suffering serves as a prelude to the promise of deliverance, assuring the Israelites that their cries have been heard and that God is about to act on their behalf.

I have promised
This phrase underscores the faithfulness and reliability of God. The Hebrew root word for "promised" is "amar," which means to say, speak, or declare. In the context of the Bible, God's promises are not mere words but covenants that He is committed to fulfilling. This reflects God's unchanging nature and His dedication to His people. Historically, God's promises to the Israelites were a source of hope and assurance, especially during times of oppression and uncertainty.

to bring you up out of your affliction
The phrase "bring you up" is significant, as it implies not just a physical relocation but a spiritual and emotional elevation. The Hebrew word "alah" means to ascend or go up, suggesting a movement towards something greater. The "affliction" refers to the suffering and oppression the Israelites experienced in Egypt. This promise of deliverance is a recurring theme in the Bible, symbolizing God's power to rescue and redeem His people from bondage and hardship.

in Egypt
Egypt, in the biblical narrative, is often symbolic of oppression and idolatry. It was a place where the Israelites were enslaved and subjected to harsh treatment. Archaeologically, Egypt was a powerful and advanced civilization, which makes the deliverance of the Israelites even more miraculous and a testament to God's sovereignty over nations and rulers.

to the land of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites
This list of nations represents the inhabitants of the Promised Land. Each of these groups had established cultures and societies, often characterized by practices contrary to the worship of Yahweh. The mention of these nations highlights the challenges that lay ahead for the Israelites but also the richness and diversity of the land they were to inherit. Historically, these groups were known for their fortified cities and advanced agricultural practices, which the Israelites would eventually inherit.

a land flowing with milk and honey
This phrase paints a vivid picture of abundance and prosperity. "Flowing with milk and honey" is a metaphor for fertility and plenty, indicating a land that is bountiful and capable of sustaining life. In the ancient Near East, milk and honey were symbols of wealth and well-being. This promise of a fertile land was a stark contrast to the harsh conditions of slavery in Egypt and served as a powerful motivator for the Israelites to trust in God's plan for their future.

The elders of Israel
This phrase refers to the leaders or representatives of the Israelite community. In the Hebrew context, "elders" (זְקֵנִים, zekenim) were respected figures, often chosen for their wisdom and experience. Historically, these elders played a crucial role in decision-making and governance within the tribal structure of ancient Israel. Their involvement signifies the communal and authoritative support for Moses' mission, emphasizing the collective nature of the Israelites' plea to Pharaoh.

will listen to you
This assurance from God to Moses highlights the divine orchestration of events. The Hebrew verb שָׁמַע (shama) means to hear or listen, but it also implies obedience and understanding. This promise underscores God's sovereignty and the preparation of hearts to receive His message. It reassures Moses of the success of his mission, as the elders' acceptance is pivotal for the subsequent confrontation with Pharaoh.

Then you and the elders
The inclusion of both Moses and the elders in approaching Pharaoh indicates a united front. This collective approach not only lends credibility to Moses' message but also reflects the communal nature of Israelite society. It demonstrates the importance of leadership and unity in fulfilling God's purposes, as well as the necessity of collaboration in the face of oppression.

are to go to the king of Egypt
This directive involves a bold and courageous act, as approaching Pharaoh, the most powerful ruler of the time, was a daunting task. The phrase underscores the gravity and danger of the mission. Historically, Egypt was a dominant empire, and Pharaoh was considered a god-king. This context highlights the audacity of the request and the faith required to confront such authority.

and say to him
This phrase introduces the message that Moses and the elders are to deliver. It signifies the role of Moses as a prophet and spokesperson for God. The act of speaking to Pharaoh is not just a diplomatic mission but a divine mandate. It reflects the prophetic tradition of delivering God's message to those in power, regardless of the potential consequences.

The LORD, the God of the Hebrews
This declaration identifies the God of Israel by His covenant name, YHWH (יהוה), and associates Him with the Hebrews, emphasizing the special relationship between God and His people. The use of "Hebrews" (עִבְרִים, Ivrim) connects the Israelites to their ancestral heritage and distinguishes them from the Egyptians. This identification serves as a reminder of God's promises and faithfulness to His chosen people.

has met with us
The phrase indicates a divine encounter or revelation. The Hebrew verb נִקְרָה (nikrah) suggests an unexpected or significant meeting. This encounter legitimizes the request to Pharaoh, as it is not merely a human initiative but a response to divine instruction. It underscores the theme of God's active involvement in the lives of His people and His guidance in their deliverance.

Let us take a three-day journey
This request for a temporary departure into the wilderness is strategic. The "three-day journey" is a diplomatic way to ask for religious freedom without directly challenging Pharaoh's authority. It reflects the cultural and religious practices of the time, where such pilgrimages were common. This request sets the stage for the unfolding narrative of liberation and the eventual exodus.

into the wilderness
The wilderness, or desert, in biblical terms, is often a place of testing, revelation, and transformation. It is where God meets His people and where they learn dependence on Him. This journey into the wilderness symbolizes a step of faith and obedience, leaving behind the known for the unknown, trusting in God's provision and guidance.

to sacrifice to the LORD our God
The act of sacrifice is central to Israelite worship and covenant relationship with God. It signifies devotion, atonement, and thanksgiving. This request highlights the Israelites' desire to worship God according to His commands, free from Egyptian idolatry and oppression. It underscores the theme of worship as a fundamental aspect of identity and freedom for God's people.

But I know
This phrase indicates God's omniscience and foreknowledge. In the Hebrew text, the word used is "יָדַעְתִּי" (yada'ti), which means "I know." This knowledge is not just intellectual but relational and experiential. God is intimately aware of the situation and the hearts of those involved. This reassures believers that God is not distant or unaware of their struggles but is actively involved and knowledgeable about every detail of their lives.

that the king of Egypt
The "king of Egypt" refers to Pharaoh, the ruler of Egypt, who is a central figure in the Exodus narrative. Historically, Pharaohs were considered divine by their people, wielding immense power and authority. This sets the stage for a confrontation between the God of Israel and the perceived divine authority of Egypt. It highlights the theme of God's sovereignty over earthly powers, a recurring theme throughout the Bible.

will not allow you to go
This phrase underscores the stubbornness and resistance of Pharaoh. The Hebrew word "לֹא" (lo) means "not," indicating a definitive refusal. This resistance is not just a political stance but a spiritual one, as Pharaoh's heart is hardened against God's will. It serves as a reminder of the spiritual battles that often accompany God's plans and the opposition believers may face when following God's directives.

unless a mighty hand compels him
The "mighty hand" is a metaphor for God's power and intervention. In Hebrew, "יָד חֲזָקָה" (yad chazakah) translates to "strong hand," symbolizing divine strength and authority. This phrase foreshadows the miraculous signs and wonders God will perform to compel Pharaoh to release the Israelites. It emphasizes that human resistance cannot thwart God's purposes and that His power is sufficient to overcome any obstacle. This serves as an encouragement to believers that God's might is always at work, even when circumstances seem insurmountable.

So I will stretch out My hand
This phrase signifies God's direct intervention and power. In Hebrew, the word for "hand" (יָד, yad) often symbolizes strength and authority. The imagery of God stretching out His hand conveys His active role in delivering the Israelites. Historically, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern understanding of divine power, where a deity's "hand" was a metaphor for their ability to influence events on earth. This phrase reassures believers of God's omnipotence and His willingness to act on behalf of His people.

and strike the Egyptians
The word "strike" (נָכָה, nakah) in Hebrew implies a decisive and powerful blow. This action is not merely punitive but serves as a demonstration of God's supremacy over the Egyptian gods and Pharaoh, who was considered a deity himself. The Egyptians, known for their advanced civilization and military prowess, are here depicted as vulnerable before the true God. This serves as a reminder of the futility of human pride and the ultimate authority of God over all nations.

with all the wonders
"Wonders" (מֹפְתִים, mophtim) refers to miraculous signs that reveal God's power and purpose. These wonders, which include the ten plagues, are not random acts of destruction but are carefully orchestrated to demonstrate God's sovereignty and to compel Pharaoh to release the Israelites. In a broader scriptural context, wonders are often used by God to authenticate His messengers and to call people to faith and repentance. This highlights the theme of divine revelation and the call to recognize God's hand in history.

I will perform among them
The phrase underscores God's active role in the unfolding events. The Hebrew verb for "perform" (עָשָׂה, asah) suggests intentionality and craftsmanship. God is not a distant observer but an active participant in the liberation of His people. This reflects the biblical theme of God as a covenant-keeping deity who intervenes in human history to fulfill His promises. It encourages believers to trust in God's faithfulness and His ability to bring about His purposes.

After that, he will release you
This statement is a prophetic assurance of the Israelites' eventual freedom. The phrase "he will release you" (שָׁלַח, shalach) indicates a sending away or letting go, which in this context means liberation from bondage. Historically, this foreshadows the Exodus, a foundational event in Israel's history that symbolizes redemption and deliverance. It serves as a powerful reminder of God's ability to bring freedom to those who are oppressed and to fulfill His promises despite human resistance. This encourages believers to have hope and confidence in God's ultimate plan for deliverance.

And I will grant
The phrase "I will grant" signifies a divine promise and assurance from God. In Hebrew, the word used here is "נָתַן" (natan), which means to give, bestow, or permit. This reflects God's sovereign will and His active role in the unfolding of His plan for the Israelites. It is a reminder of God's faithfulness and His ability to fulfill His promises, emphasizing His control over the events that are to transpire.

this people
"This people" refers to the Israelites, God's chosen people. The Hebrew term "עַם" (am) is used, which denotes a community or nation bound together by common identity and purpose. This highlights the collective identity of the Israelites as a covenant community, chosen by God to be His representatives on earth. It underscores the special relationship between God and Israel, rooted in the promises made to the patriarchs.

such favor
The word "favor" in Hebrew is "חֵן" (chen), which means grace, charm, or acceptance. This indicates a supernatural influence that God will bestow upon the Israelites, causing the Egyptians to look upon them with kindness and generosity. It is a testament to God's ability to change hearts and minds, even those of their oppressors, to fulfill His purposes.

in the sight of the Egyptians
This phrase emphasizes the public and visible nature of God's intervention. The Egyptians, who had been the oppressors, will witness this divine favor. The Hebrew word "עֵינַיִם" (einaim) for "sight" suggests not just physical seeing but also perception and understanding. It implies that the Egyptians will recognize the hand of God at work, which serves as a powerful testimony to His sovereignty and justice.

that when you leave
The phrase "when you leave" points to the impending Exodus, the moment of liberation for the Israelites. The Hebrew verb "יָצָא" (yatsa) means to go out or depart, signifying a transition from slavery to freedom. This departure is not just a physical relocation but a profound spiritual and communal transformation, marking the beginning of a new identity as a free people under God's guidance.

you will not go away empty-handed
The assurance that they "will not go away empty-handed" is a promise of provision and restitution. The Hebrew term "רֵיקָם" (reqam) means empty or without possession. This promise indicates that the Israelites will leave Egypt with material wealth, which serves as compensation for their years of labor and suffering. It also symbolizes God's justice and His ability to provide abundantly for His people, ensuring that they are equipped for the journey ahead and the establishment of their new life.

But every woman shall ask of her neighbor and any woman staying in her house
This phrase sets the stage for the Israelites' departure from Egypt, highlighting the role of women in this pivotal moment. The Hebrew word for "ask" (שָׁאַל, sha'al) implies a request or demand, suggesting a boldness and assertiveness that God commands. This is not a mere suggestion but a divine directive, indicating God's sovereignty and the fulfillment of His promise to Abraham that his descendants would leave their place of bondage with great possessions (Genesis 15:14). The mention of "neighbor" and "any woman staying in her house" underscores the communal and relational aspect of this act, reflecting the interconnectedness of the Israelite community and their Egyptian counterparts. It also hints at the social dynamics of the time, where women often interacted within domestic spheres, making this request both practical and strategic.

articles of silver and gold, and clothing
The "articles of silver and gold" symbolize wealth and divine provision. In the ancient Near East, silver and gold were not only measures of wealth but also held religious significance, often used in temple offerings and idol creation. Here, they represent God's justice and recompense for the years of slavery and oppression. The "clothing" signifies dignity and identity, essential for a people about to embark on a journey to freedom. Clothing in biblical times was a marker of status and identity, and receiving these garments from the Egyptians can be seen as a restoration of the Israelites' dignity and a preparation for their new identity as God's chosen people.

and you will put them on your sons and daughters
This phrase emphasizes the generational impact of God's deliverance. The act of putting these items on their "sons and daughters" signifies the transfer of wealth and blessing to the next generation. It is a tangible reminder of God's faithfulness and the hope for a future free from bondage. In a broader biblical context, this act can be seen as a precursor to the inheritance laws and the importance of passing down faith and blessings to future generations, as seen throughout the Old Testament.

So you will plunder the Egyptians
The term "plunder" (נָצַל, natsal) is often associated with victory in battle, yet here it is achieved without conflict, highlighting God's power and the fulfillment of His promise. This act of plundering is not theft but a divinely ordained transfer of wealth, a reversal of the Egyptians' exploitation of the Israelites. It serves as a powerful testament to God's justice and His ability to turn the tables in favor of His people. Historically, this event marks a significant shift in the Israelites' status, from slaves to a people equipped for their journey to the Promised Land, underscoring the theme of redemption and divine provision that runs throughout the Exodus narrative.