Now
The word "Now" serves as a transitional marker, connecting the narrative of Exodus 2 with the preceding chapter. It indicates a continuation of the account of the Israelites in Egypt, setting the stage for the introduction of Moses. This transition is crucial as it moves from the broader context of Israel's suffering to the specific account of Moses, who will become a central figure in God's plan for deliverance.

a man of the house of Levi
The phrase "a man of the house of Levi" identifies the lineage of Moses' father, Amram. The tribe of Levi is significant in Israelite history, as it is later designated as the priestly tribe. The Levites were set apart for religious duties, and this heritage foreshadows Moses' future role as a leader and mediator between God and His people. The Levites' dedication to God is a recurring theme throughout the Bible, emphasizing the importance of faithfulness and service.

married
The act of marriage here is not just a personal union but a continuation of God's covenantal promise to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Marriage within the Israelite community was a means of preserving the faith and identity of God's chosen people. This union also highlights the importance of family and lineage in the unfolding of God's redemptive plan, as it leads to the birth of Moses, who will play a pivotal role in the history of Israel.

a daughter of Levi
The phrase "a daughter of Levi" refers to Jochebed, Moses' mother. Her Levitical heritage is significant, as it underscores the purity and dedication of Moses' lineage. The mention of both parents being from the tribe of Levi emphasizes the spiritual and cultural heritage that Moses inherits. This background prepares him for his future role as a leader and lawgiver, deeply rooted in the traditions and faith of his ancestors.

and she became pregnant
This phrase marks the beginning of a significant event in the life of the Levite woman, Jochebed, and her family. The Hebrew root for "became pregnant" is "הָרָה" (harah), which signifies conception and the beginning of life. In the context of the Israelites' oppression in Egypt, this pregnancy is a beacon of hope and divine providence. Despite Pharaoh's decree to kill Hebrew male infants, God’s plan for deliverance is already in motion through this pregnancy.

and gave birth to a son
The birth of a son during this perilous time is both a moment of joy and fear. The Hebrew word for "son" is "בֵּן" (ben), which not only signifies a male child but also carries the connotation of a builder of the family name. This son, Moses, is destined to become a pivotal figure in Israel's history. His birth is a testament to God's faithfulness and the unfolding of His redemptive plan for His people.

When she saw that he was a beautiful child
The phrase "beautiful child" is translated from the Hebrew "טוֹב" (tov), meaning good, pleasing, or favorable. This description goes beyond physical appearance, suggesting that Moses was marked by God for a special purpose. In the cultural and historical context, beauty often indicated divine favor or a special destiny. This perception of Moses by his mother is an early indication of his future role as a leader and deliverer.

she hid him for three months
The act of hiding Moses is a courageous defiance of Pharaoh's edict. The number "three" in biblical terms often signifies completeness or divine perfection. Jochebed's decision to hide her son reflects her faith and trust in God’s protection. This period of concealment is a testament to the protective instincts of a mother and the providential care of God, who preserves Moses for his future mission.

But when she could hide him no longer
This phrase highlights the desperation and courage of Moses' mother, Jochebed. The Hebrew root for "hide" (צָפַן, tsaphan) implies concealment with care and protection. Historically, this reflects the oppressive environment under Pharaoh's decree to kill Hebrew male infants (Exodus 1:22). Jochebed's actions demonstrate a mother's instinct to protect her child against all odds, embodying faith and hope in God's providence.

she got a papyrus basket for him
The "papyrus basket" (תֵּבָה, tebah) is the same word used for Noah's ark, symbolizing salvation and divine protection. Papyrus, a plant abundant along the Nile, was used for making boats and writing materials, indicating resourcefulness. This connection to Noah's ark suggests that just as God preserved Noah and his family, He would preserve Moses for a significant purpose.

and coated it with tar and pitch
The use of "tar and pitch" (חֵמָר, chemar and זָפֶת, zepheth) for waterproofing the basket is reminiscent of the construction of Noah's ark (Genesis 6:14). This detail underscores the theme of deliverance through water, a recurring motif in Scripture. It also reflects the practical knowledge and skills of the Hebrews, who adapted available resources for survival.

Then she placed the child in it
This act of placing Moses in the basket is a profound act of faith. The Hebrew word for "placed" (שִׂים, sim) conveys intentionality and trust. Jochebed entrusts her son to God's care, foreshadowing Moses' future role as the deliverer of Israel. This moment is a testament to the power of faith in action, trusting God with the most precious aspects of our lives.

and set it among the reeds
The "reeds" (סוּף, suph) along the Nile's bank provided natural concealment and stability for the basket. Reeds were common in the Nile Delta, symbolizing both vulnerability and protection. This setting illustrates God's providence, using the natural environment to safeguard Moses, and hints at the future parting of the Red Sea (Yam Suph), where God would again deliver His people.

along the bank of the Nile
The "Nile" (יְאֹר, ye'or) was the lifeblood of Egypt, central to its economy and culture. By placing Moses in the Nile, Jochebed subverts Pharaoh's decree, using the river intended for death as a means of life. This act foreshadows God's ability to transform instruments of oppression into channels of deliverance, highlighting His sovereignty over creation and history.

And his sister
This phrase introduces Miriam, the sister of Moses, who plays a crucial role in the early life of Moses. The Hebrew word for "sister" is "אָחוֹת" (achot), which signifies a familial bond and responsibility. Miriam's presence here is significant as it highlights the protective and watchful role she assumes over her brother. In the broader scriptural context, Miriam is later recognized as a prophetess and leader among the Israelites (Exodus 15:20), indicating her importance in God's plan.

stood at a distance
The Hebrew word for "stood" is "וַתֵּתַצַּב" (vatetatzav), which implies a deliberate and attentive posture. Miriam's action of standing "at a distance" (מֵרָחֹק, merachok) suggests both caution and care. This distance allowed her to observe without drawing attention to herself, reflecting wisdom and foresight. Historically, this setting along the Nile River was fraught with danger, yet Miriam's courage and vigilance are evident as she watches over her brother.

to see
The phrase "to see" (לָדַעַת, lada'at) in Hebrew conveys more than just physical sight; it implies understanding and discernment. Miriam's intent was not merely to observe but to comprehend the unfolding events and to be ready to act if necessary. This reflects a deep sense of responsibility and faith, trusting in God's providence while being prepared to intervene.

what would happen to him
This phrase captures the uncertainty and hope surrounding Moses' fate. The Hebrew "מַה־יֵּעָשֶׂה לוֹ" (mah-ye'aseh lo) suggests an openness to the future, acknowledging that the outcome is in God's hands. Historically, the context of Pharaoh's decree to kill Hebrew male infants (Exodus 1:22) adds tension to this moment. Yet, this narrative foreshadows God's deliverance and the pivotal role Moses will play in the liberation of the Israelites.

Soon the daughter of Pharaoh
The phrase "daughter of Pharaoh" indicates a person of high status and privilege in ancient Egypt. Pharaohs were considered divine or semi-divine figures, and their families were treated with reverence. The Hebrew word for "daughter" is "bat," which signifies a direct familial relationship. This highlights the providential nature of Moses' discovery, as God orchestrates events to place Moses in a position of influence and safety. Historically, Egyptian princesses were often involved in religious and cultural activities, which may explain her presence at the Nile.

went down to the Nile to bathe
The Nile River was central to Egyptian life, both as a source of sustenance and as a religious symbol. Bathing in the Nile could have been a ritualistic act, as the river was associated with the god Hapi, who was believed to bring fertility and life. The Hebrew verb "yarad," meaning "to go down," suggests a deliberate action, indicating that this was a routine or significant event. This setting underscores the divine orchestration, as the Nile becomes the meeting place for Moses' salvation.

and her attendants were walking along the riverbank
The presence of attendants signifies the princess's high status and the normalcy of her activities. The Hebrew word "na'arot" for "attendants" can also mean young women or maidens, suggesting a retinue of servants. This detail emphasizes the structured and hierarchical nature of Egyptian society. The attendants' presence also serves a narrative function, as they become witnesses to the unfolding divine plan.

When she saw the basket among the reeds
The "basket" is described in Hebrew as "tevah," the same word used for Noah's ark, symbolizing divine protection and deliverance. The "reeds" or "suf" in Hebrew, often associated with the Red Sea (Yam Suf), foreshadow the future deliverance of the Israelites. The act of seeing, "ra'ah" in Hebrew, implies perception and understanding, suggesting that the princess's discovery is not merely coincidental but part of a larger divine narrative.

she sent her maidservant to retrieve it
The action of sending her maidservant, "shalah" in Hebrew, indicates authority and command. This act of retrieval is pivotal, as it brings Moses into the Egyptian royal household. The maidservant's obedience reflects the social order and the princess's influence. This moment marks the beginning of Moses' journey from a Hebrew child to a leader of his people, orchestrated by God's providence through seemingly ordinary events.

When she opened it
This phrase refers to Pharaoh's daughter opening the basket in which the infant Moses was placed. The act of opening signifies a moment of revelation and discovery. In the Hebrew context, the word for "opened" (פָּתַח, patach) often implies an unveiling or a new beginning. This moment marks the beginning of Moses' journey from a hidden Hebrew child to a future leader of Israel. It is a divine orchestration, where God uses unexpected people and circumstances to fulfill His purposes.

she saw the child
The sight of the child is pivotal. The Hebrew word for "saw" (רָאָה, ra'ah) implies more than just physical sight; it often denotes perception and understanding. Pharaoh's daughter perceives the significance of the child, even if she does not fully understand it. This moment of seeing is a divine appointment, where God softens her heart towards Moses, setting the stage for his adoption into Egyptian royalty.

and behold
The word "behold" (הִנֵּה, hinneh) is an interjection used frequently in the Bible to draw attention to something significant. It is a call to pause and consider the importance of what is being revealed. In this context, it emphasizes the unexpected and miraculous nature of the discovery of Moses. It invites the reader to recognize God's hand in the unfolding events.

the boy was crying
The crying of the boy is a natural human response, yet it carries deeper significance. The Hebrew word for "crying" (בָּכָה, bakah) can also imply a call for help or an expression of need. This cry evokes compassion in Pharaoh's daughter, demonstrating how God uses the vulnerability of a child to move the heart of a powerful figure. It is a reminder of God's providence and His ability to use the simplest of actions to achieve His divine plans.

She took pity on him
The phrase "took pity" (חָמַל, chamal) indicates a deep sense of compassion and mercy. In the ancient Near Eastern context, this kind of compassion was often seen as a divine attribute. Pharaoh's daughter's response is not just a human emotion but is portrayed as part of God's intervention. Her pity leads to action, showing how God can use the compassion of individuals to bring about His purposes.

and said, 'This is one of the Hebrew children.'
This statement acknowledges the identity of the child. The term "Hebrew" (עִבְרִי, Ivri) is significant as it connects Moses to the covenant people of God. Despite the potential danger of harboring a Hebrew child, Pharaoh's daughter recognizes and accepts Moses' identity. This acknowledgment is crucial, as it sets the stage for Moses' future role in leading the Hebrews out of Egypt. It highlights the theme of identity and God's faithfulness to His covenant people throughout the narrative.

Then his sister
This phrase refers to Miriam, the older sister of Moses. Her presence in this narrative highlights the protective and proactive role she plays in her brother's life. In the Hebrew context, family bonds were strong, and siblings often took on responsibilities for one another. Miriam's quick thinking and courage are evident here, showcasing her as an early example of female leadership and initiative in the Bible.

said to Pharaoh’s daughter
Pharaoh's daughter is a pivotal figure in this story, representing a bridge between the Hebrew and Egyptian worlds. Her willingness to listen to Miriam and her eventual adoption of Moses demonstrate a divine orchestration of events. Historically, Egyptian princesses had significant influence and autonomy, which is reflected in her ability to make decisions independently of her father's decrees.

Shall I go and call
This question is both strategic and respectful. Miriam approaches Pharaoh’s daughter with a suggestion that is both helpful and culturally appropriate. The Hebrew culture placed a high value on hospitality and service, and Miriam's offer is in line with these values. Her question is a subtle yet powerful act of faith, trusting that God will protect her brother through her actions.

one of the Hebrew women
This phrase underscores the ethnic and cultural identity of the Hebrews in Egypt. Despite their status as slaves, the Hebrews maintained a distinct cultural identity. Miriam's suggestion to involve a Hebrew woman ensures that Moses will be nursed by someone who shares his heritage, preserving his connection to his people from the very beginning.

to nurse the baby for you
Nursing in ancient times was not only a means of providing physical nourishment but also a way to bond and impart cultural values. By suggesting a Hebrew nurse, Miriam ensures that Moses will receive not only sustenance but also an early education in the faith and traditions of his people. This act of nursing becomes a symbol of God's providence and care for Moses, preparing him for his future role as a leader of the Israelites.

Go ahead
This phrase signifies a moment of divine orchestration and human obedience. In Hebrew, the word used here is "לֵכִי" (lekhi), which is a command to go. It reflects the authority and decisiveness of Pharaoh's daughter, who, despite her royal status, is unknowingly participating in God's plan for the deliverance of Israel. Her willingness to act upon the suggestion of Moses' sister shows a heart open to compassion and divine influence, a reminder that God can use anyone, regardless of their background, to fulfill His purposes.

Pharaoh's daughter
This character is pivotal in the narrative of Moses' early life. Historically, Pharaoh's daughter would have been a person of significant influence and power in ancient Egypt. Her actions here are countercultural, as she chooses to defy her father's decree to kill Hebrew male infants. This act of defiance is a testament to the courage and moral conviction that God can instill in individuals, even those outside the covenant community. Her role in Moses' life is a profound example of how God can use unexpected people to protect and nurture His chosen leaders.

told her
The communication between Pharaoh's daughter and Moses' sister is a crucial link in the chain of events that leads to Moses' survival and eventual leadership. The Hebrew verb "אָמַר" (amar), meaning "to say" or "to tell," indicates a direct and clear instruction. This moment of dialogue is a divine appointment, orchestrated by God to ensure that Moses is returned to his mother. It highlights the importance of listening to God's voice and being ready to act when He speaks through others.

And the girl
This refers to Moses' sister, traditionally understood to be Miriam. Her presence and quick thinking are instrumental in the preservation of Moses. The Hebrew word "הָעַלְמָה" (ha'almah) denotes a young woman or maiden, emphasizing her youth and courage. Miriam's role here is a powerful reminder of how God values and uses the faith and initiative of young people in His plans. Her bravery and wisdom in approaching Pharaoh's daughter demonstrate a deep trust in God's providence.

went
The action of going is significant in biblical narratives, often symbolizing obedience and faith. The Hebrew verb "וַתֵּלֶךְ" (vatelech) conveys movement and purpose. Miriam's willingness to go and fulfill the request of Pharaoh's daughter is an act of faith, trusting that God is at work in these circumstances. This movement is not just physical but also spiritual, as it aligns with God's redemptive plan for His people.

and called
The act of calling is a pivotal moment in the story. The Hebrew verb "וַתִּקְרָא" (vatikra) means "to call" or "to summon." This action signifies the connection between Moses and his biological family, ensuring that he is nursed and raised with the knowledge of his Hebrew heritage. It is a moment of divine intervention, where God uses Miriam's initiative to reunite Moses with his mother, setting the stage for his future role as the deliverer of Israel.

the boy's mother
This phrase highlights the identity and role of Jochebed, Moses' mother. Her faith and courage in placing Moses in the basket on the Nile are rewarded as she is given the opportunity to nurse and raise her son during his formative years. The Hebrew word "אֵם" (em) for "mother" underscores the nurturing and protective nature of Jochebed. This reunion is a testament to God's faithfulness in preserving His chosen ones and ensuring that they are equipped for their divine calling. It serves as an encouragement to trust in God's timing and provision, even in seemingly impossible situations.

Take this child
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative of Moses' early life. The Hebrew word for "take" is "laqach," which often implies receiving or accepting something with purpose. Here, Pharaoh's daughter is not merely taking the child into her care; she is accepting a divine role in the preservation of Israel's future leader. Historically, this act of taking a Hebrew child into an Egyptian household is significant, as it symbolizes God's providence and the unexpected ways He orchestrates His plans.

and nurse him for me
The word "nurse" in Hebrew is "yanaq," which means to suckle or to nourish. This request from Pharaoh's daughter to Moses' biological mother is laden with irony and divine orchestration. The very mother who had to give up her child to save him is now being asked to nurture him under the protection of the Egyptian royal family. This highlights God's sovereignty and His ability to turn dire situations into blessings. It also underscores the theme of maternal care and the importance of nurturing the next generation in faith and identity.

and I will pay you
The promise of payment is intriguing in this context. The Hebrew word for "pay" is "natan," which means to give or bestow. This transaction is not just a financial arrangement; it is a divine provision. God ensures that Moses' mother is compensated for her care, which is a testament to His justice and provision. This also reflects the biblical principle that God rewards those who are faithful and obedient to His calling, even in unexpected ways.

So the woman took the child and nursed him
This concluding phrase of the verse encapsulates the fulfillment of God's plan through human obedience. The Hebrew word for "took" is again "laqach," reinforcing the idea of accepting a divine mission. The act of nursing, "yanaq," signifies more than physical nourishment; it represents the impartation of faith, culture, and identity. Moses' early years with his mother would have been foundational in shaping his understanding of his Hebrew heritage, which would later influence his leadership and mission. This verse, therefore, is a powerful reminder of God's faithfulness and the importance of trusting in His plans, even when they unfold in unexpected ways.

When the child grew older
This phrase marks a significant transition in the life of Moses. The Hebrew word for "grew older" is "gadal," which implies not just physical growth but also development in stature and importance. In the context of Moses' life, this growth signifies God's providential care and preparation for his future role as a leader. Historically, this period would have been a time of nurturing and teaching by his biological mother, Jochebed, instilling in him the faith and heritage of the Hebrews.

she brought him to Pharaoh’s daughter
The act of bringing Moses to Pharaoh's daughter is a pivotal moment orchestrated by divine providence. The Hebrew verb "bo" (to bring) suggests a deliberate and purposeful action. Jochebed's faith and trust in God's plan are evident here, as she relinquishes her son to the Egyptian royal household. Archaeologically, this reflects the historical practice of adoption within royal families, which was not uncommon in ancient Egypt, allowing Moses to be raised with privileges and education befitting a prince.

and he became her son
This phrase indicates a legal and social transformation. The Hebrew word "hayah" (became) signifies a change in status. Moses, a Hebrew by birth, is now integrated into the Egyptian royal family. This dual identity is crucial for his future role as a mediator between God and His people. Scripturally, this adoption prefigures the concept of believers being adopted into God's family, as seen in the New Testament.

She named him Moses
The naming of Moses is significant both linguistically and theologically. The name "Moses" is derived from the Hebrew "Mosheh," which is related to the verb "mashah," meaning "to draw out." This name is prophetic, foreshadowing Moses' future role in drawing the Israelites out of Egypt. In the Egyptian language, "Moses" is also associated with "son" or "born of," which aligns with his royal upbringing.

saying, 'I drew him out of the water.'
This phrase provides the etymological explanation for Moses' name. The act of drawing him out of the water is symbolic of salvation and deliverance, themes that are central to Moses' life and mission. Water, in biblical symbolism, often represents chaos and danger, and Moses' rescue from the Nile prefigures the deliverance of Israel through the Red Sea. Historically, the Nile was both a source of life and a place of peril, making Moses' rescue a powerful testament to God's sovereignty and protection.

One day
This phrase marks a significant turning point in Moses' life. It suggests a moment of divine timing and intervention. In the Hebrew context, "one day" can imply a day of destiny, a day when God's plan begins to unfold in a new way. It is a reminder that God often chooses specific moments to initiate His purposes.

after Moses had grown up
This indicates that Moses had reached maturity, both physically and spiritually. In the Hebrew tradition, maturity is not just about age but about readiness to fulfill God's calling. Moses' upbringing in Pharaoh's palace provided him with education and skills, but his spiritual maturity was essential for his future role as a leader.

he went out to his own people
This phrase highlights Moses' identification with the Hebrews, despite his Egyptian upbringing. The Hebrew word for "went out" can also mean "to go forth with purpose." Moses' decision to visit his people shows his growing awareness of his identity and his concern for their plight.

and observed their hard labor
The word "observed" implies more than just seeing; it suggests a deep, empathetic understanding. Moses was moved by the suffering of his people. The Hebrew word for "hard labor" conveys the idea of severe oppression and toil, reflecting the harsh conditions the Israelites endured under Egyptian rule.

He saw an Egyptian beating a Hebrew
This phrase sets the stage for Moses' first act of deliverance. The word "beating" in Hebrew can mean to strike repeatedly, indicating the brutality of the act. Moses' reaction to this injustice reveals his innate sense of justice and foreshadows his future role as a deliverer.

one of his own people
This repetition emphasizes Moses' connection to the Hebrews. It underscores the theme of identity and belonging. Despite his royal upbringing, Moses' heart was with his people, and this identification would drive his actions and decisions throughout his life.

After looking this way and that
This phrase indicates Moses' awareness and caution. The Hebrew root for "looking" (נבט, nabat) suggests a deliberate and careful observation. Moses is not acting impulsively; he is fully aware of the gravity of his actions. This moment of hesitation reflects the internal conflict Moses faces, torn between his Egyptian upbringing and his Hebrew identity. Historically, this act of looking around signifies a moment of decision, where Moses weighs the consequences of his actions, a theme that resonates with the moral and ethical dilemmas faced by believers today.

and seeing no one
The phrase underscores the isolation Moses feels in this moment. The Hebrew word for "seeing" (ראה, ra'ah) implies perception and understanding. Moses perceives not just the absence of witnesses but also the absence of justice for his people. This moment highlights the loneliness of leadership and the burden of acting righteously when no one else is watching. It serves as a reminder that God sees all, even when human eyes do not, encouraging believers to act justly regardless of human oversight.

he struck down the Egyptian
The action of striking down (נכה, nakah) is significant, as it denotes a decisive and forceful act. Moses' choice to intervene reflects his emerging role as a deliverer, foreshadowing his future leadership. Historically, this act of violence is a turning point, marking Moses' break from his Egyptian identity and aligning himself with the Hebrews. It challenges believers to consider the cost of standing up for justice and the complexities of righteous anger.

and hid his body in the sand
The act of hiding (טמן, taman) the body in the sand is symbolic of Moses' attempt to cover his actions and the consequences of sin. Sand, being a temporary and unstable covering, suggests that human efforts to conceal wrongdoing are ultimately futile. This imagery serves as a powerful reminder of the need for repentance and the futility of hiding sin from God. It calls believers to seek God's forgiveness and to live transparently before Him, trusting in His grace and mercy.

The next day
This phrase indicates the passage of time and continuity in the narrative. It suggests that Moses is actively engaging with his people, the Hebrews, on consecutive days. Historically, this reflects Moses' growing awareness and concern for the plight of his people, which is a significant turning point in his life. It marks the beginning of his journey from being a prince of Egypt to becoming the deliverer of Israel.

he went out
The act of going out signifies Moses' intentional decision to leave the comfort and safety of the Egyptian palace. This action is symbolic of his identification with the Hebrews, his true kin. In a broader theological context, it foreshadows the greater exodus that Moses will later lead, as he steps out in faith and obedience to God's calling.

and saw
The verb "saw" implies more than just physical sight; it suggests perception and understanding. Moses is not merely observing the situation; he is discerning the injustice occurring among his people. This insight is crucial as it demonstrates Moses' growing empathy and sense of justice, qualities that God will later use to lead His people.

two Hebrews fighting
This phrase highlights the internal strife among the Hebrews. It is a reminder that even among God's chosen people, there can be discord and conflict. Historically, this reflects the oppression and stress the Hebrews were under, which often leads to internal disputes. Spiritually, it serves as a call for unity and reconciliation within the community of believers.

and he asked the one in the wrong
Moses' direct approach to addressing the wrongdoer shows his courage and sense of justice. The phrase "the one in the wrong" indicates that Moses is not afraid to confront sin and wrongdoing, even among his own people. This reflects a key aspect of leadership: the willingness to stand up for what is right, even when it is uncomfortable.

'Why are you striking your fellow Hebrew?'
This question is both a challenge and an invitation for self-reflection. Moses is calling the aggressor to consider his actions and the implications of harming a fellow Hebrew. The use of "fellow Hebrew" emphasizes the shared identity and community among the Israelites. It is a call to remember their common heritage and to act in love and unity. This question also foreshadows Moses' future role as a mediator and leader who seeks to guide his people towards righteousness and harmony.

But the man replied
This phrase introduces a response from one of the Hebrew men whom Moses had previously tried to help. The Hebrew word for "man" here is "אִישׁ" (ish), which is a common term for a male individual. In the context of Exodus, it often refers to an adult male with a sense of responsibility or authority. This sets the stage for a confrontation, highlighting the tension and misunderstanding between Moses and his fellow Hebrews.

Who made you ruler and judge over us?
This question challenges Moses' authority and legitimacy. The Hebrew words "שַׂר" (sar) for "ruler" and "שֹׁפֵט" (shofet) for "judge" are significant. "Sar" implies a leader or prince, while "shofet" suggests someone who decides or governs. Historically, these roles were crucial in maintaining order and justice. The question reflects the skepticism and resistance Moses faced, even from his own people, foreshadowing the challenges of leadership and the need for divine appointment and validation.

Are you thinking of killing me as you killed the Egyptian?
This phrase reveals the awareness of Moses' previous actions and the fear it instilled. The Hebrew verb "הָרַג" (harag) means "to kill" or "to slay," indicating a deliberate act of violence. The mention of the Egyptian's death underscores the gravity of Moses' situation and the potential consequences of his actions. It also highlights the theme of justice and retribution, as Moses' attempt to defend his people leads to unintended exposure and danger.

Then Moses was afraid and thought
Here, the narrative shifts to Moses' internal reaction. The Hebrew word "יָרֵא" (yare) for "afraid" conveys a deep sense of fear or dread. This fear is not just of physical harm but also of the repercussions of his actions being known. Moses' fear marks a turning point, prompting his eventual flight from Egypt. It reflects the human emotion of fear in the face of exposure and the need for divine guidance and protection.

What I did must have become known
This realization by Moses indicates the spread of information and the loss of secrecy. The Hebrew root "יָדַע" (yada) means "to know," suggesting that Moses' actions were no longer hidden. This acknowledgment of exposure is crucial, as it propels Moses into a new phase of his life, leading to his eventual encounter with God at the burning bush. It underscores the theme of divine providence, where even human mistakes and fears are woven into God's greater plan for deliverance and redemption.

When Pharaoh heard about this
The phrase indicates a pivotal moment of awareness and reaction. The Hebrew root for "heard" (שָׁמַע, shama) implies not just the act of hearing but an understanding and acknowledgment that demands a response. Pharaoh's hearing signifies the reach of Moses' actions and the threat they posed to the Egyptian authority. Historically, Pharaohs were seen as divine rulers, and any challenge to their authority was met with severe consequences. This sets the stage for Moses' transition from a prince of Egypt to a fugitive.

he tried to kill Moses
This phrase underscores the severity of Moses' situation. The Hebrew word for "kill" (הָרַג, harag) conveys an intent to destroy or put to death. Pharaoh's attempt to kill Moses reflects the zero-tolerance policy for insubordination in ancient Egypt. It also foreshadows the spiritual battle between the forces of God and the oppressive powers of the world. Moses' life is now in jeopardy, highlighting the cost of standing up for justice and God's people.

but Moses fled from Pharaoh
The word "fled" (בָּרַח, barach) in Hebrew suggests a swift escape, driven by fear and urgency. Moses' flight marks a significant turning point in his life, moving from a place of privilege to one of exile. This act of fleeing is not just a physical escape but a spiritual journey towards his divine calling. It reflects the biblical theme of God using the wilderness as a place of preparation and transformation.

and settled in the land of Midian
"Settled" (יָשַׁב, yashab) implies a temporary dwelling, a pause in Moses' journey. The land of Midian, located in the northwestern Arabian Peninsula, was inhabited by the Midianites, descendants of Abraham through Keturah. This region becomes a place of refuge and growth for Moses. Historically, Midian was a land of nomads, which contrasts with the structured society of Egypt, symbolizing a shift from worldly power to divine purpose.

where he sat down by a well
The well is a significant biblical symbol, often representing life, sustenance, and divine encounters. In the ancient Near East, wells were central to community life, serving as gathering places. Moses sitting by a well suggests a moment of rest and reflection, a pause before the next phase of his journey. This setting foreshadows his meeting with Zipporah and the beginning of his integration into the Midianite community. Wells in scripture often serve as places of revelation and transformation, indicating that God is at work in Moses' life even in exile.

Now the priest of Midian
This phrase introduces us to a significant figure in the narrative, the priest of Midian. The Hebrew word for "priest" is "kohen," which indicates a person who performs religious duties. Midian was a region located in the northwestern part of the Arabian Peninsula. Historically, the Midianites were descendants of Abraham through his wife Keturah (Genesis 25:1-2). The priest of Midian, therefore, represents a connection to the broader Abrahamic tradition, even outside the direct line of Isaac. This highlights God's work beyond the immediate family of Israel, suggesting His sovereignty and involvement in the wider world.

had seven daughters
The mention of "seven daughters" is significant in biblical numerology, where the number seven often symbolizes completeness or perfection. In the context of the narrative, these daughters are responsible for tending to their father's flock, which indicates a family structure where women actively participate in essential daily tasks. This detail sets the stage for Moses' interaction with them and underscores the cultural norms of the time, where shepherding was a common occupation.

They came to draw water
Drawing water was a daily necessity and a task often performed by women in ancient cultures. The act of drawing water is symbolic of life and sustenance, as water is essential for survival. In the biblical context, wells are often places of divine encounters and significant events (e.g., Rebekah at the well in Genesis 24). This phrase sets the scene for an encounter that will change the course of Moses' life, as he will soon intervene on behalf of these women.

and fill the troughs to water their father’s flock
The troughs were containers used to hold water for the animals, indicating the practical aspects of shepherding life. The phrase "their father's flock" emphasizes the familial responsibility and the daughters' role in supporting their household. This task reflects the agrarian lifestyle of the time and the importance of livestock as a source of wealth and sustenance. The mention of the flock also foreshadows Moses' future role as a shepherd of God's people, Israel, highlighting the theme of leadership and care.

Then some shepherds came along
This phrase introduces the antagonists in this narrative. The shepherds represent a common occupational group in ancient Near Eastern societies, often associated with both pastoral care and, at times, unruly behavior. Historically, shepherds were known to be protective of their grazing rights, which could lead to conflicts. The Hebrew word for "shepherds" is "רֹעִים" (ro'im), which can also imply leaders or rulers, suggesting a deeper symbolic meaning of those who misuse their power.

and drove them away
The action of driving away, in Hebrew "וַיְגָרְשׁוּם" (vaygarshum), implies a forceful expulsion. This reflects the harsh realities of life in the wilderness, where resources like water were scarce and often contested. The shepherds' actions highlight the vulnerability of the daughters of Reuel, who were without male protection, a significant disadvantage in the patriarchal society of the time.

but Moses got up
The phrase "Moses got up" signifies a decisive action. The Hebrew verb "וַיָּקָם" (vayakam) suggests rising with purpose. Moses' intervention is a pivotal moment, marking the beginning of his role as a deliverer. This act of standing up against injustice foreshadows his future leadership in liberating the Israelites from Egypt.

and came to their rescue
The Hebrew root "יָשַׁע" (yasha) for "rescue" is the same root from which the name "Joshua" and the concept of salvation are derived. Moses' act of deliverance here is a microcosm of his larger mission. It reflects the biblical theme of God raising up deliverers to save His people, a theme that resonates throughout the Scriptures and finds its ultimate fulfillment in Jesus Christ.

and watered their flock
Watering the flock, in Hebrew "וַיַּשְׁקְ אֶת־צֹאנָם" (vayashk et-tzonam), is an act of service and provision. In the arid climate of the Sinai Peninsula, water is a precious resource, symbolizing life and sustenance. Moses' willingness to serve in this humble capacity demonstrates his character and foreshadows his future role as a shepherd of God's people. This act of kindness and provision is reminiscent of the Good Shepherd imagery found in the New Testament, where Jesus cares for His flock.

When his father-in-law Reuel
The name "Reuel" is of Hebrew origin, meaning "friend of God." This name reflects a significant aspect of his character and his relationship with God. Reuel, also known as Jethro in other parts of the Bible, was a priest of Midian. The Midianites were descendants of Abraham through Keturah, which places Reuel within a broader narrative of God's covenant people. His role as a priest suggests he was a man of spiritual insight and wisdom, which is later confirmed in his interactions with Moses. The term "father-in-law" indicates a familial bond that would have been significant in the ancient Near Eastern context, where family ties were crucial for social and economic stability.

asked
The act of asking here is more than a simple inquiry; it reflects a relationship of care and authority. In the Hebrew culture, questions were often used as a teaching tool or a way to express concern. Reuel's question indicates his role as a protector and guide for his daughters, showing his responsibility and interest in their well-being. This interaction sets the stage for Moses' integration into Reuel's family and the unfolding of God's plan for Moses' life.

Why have you returned so early today?
This question implies an expectation of a longer absence, suggesting that the daughters' early return was unusual. In the historical context, shepherding was a time-consuming task, often requiring long hours. The early return would have been unexpected and warranted an explanation. This phrase highlights the providential timing of events, as Moses' intervention at the well led to the daughters' early return. It underscores the theme of divine orchestration in the lives of individuals, a recurring motif in the Exodus narrative. The question also opens the door for the daughters to recount Moses' actions, setting in motion the events that would lead to Moses' integration into Reuel's family and his eventual calling by God.

An Egyptian rescued us from the shepherds
An Egyptian
The term "Egyptian" here is significant in the context of Moses' identity and the perception of him by others. Moses, though Hebrew by birth, was raised in the Egyptian royal household, which shaped his outward appearance and mannerisms. This highlights the dual identity Moses carried, being both a Hebrew and an Egyptian. Historically, Egyptians were known for their advanced civilization, and their influence extended throughout the ancient Near East. Moses' Egyptian upbringing equipped him with knowledge and skills that would later be instrumental in leading the Israelites. This dual identity also foreshadows the internal and external conflicts Moses would face as he embraced his role as a leader of the Hebrews.

rescued us
The act of rescue is central to Moses' character and mission. The Hebrew root for "rescued" is "natsal," which means to snatch away, deliver, or save. This word is often used in the context of divine deliverance, pointing to God's overarching plan of salvation for His people. Moses' intervention here is a precursor to his future role as the deliverer of Israel from Egyptian bondage. It reflects the heart of God, who hears the cries of the oppressed and acts to save them. This moment is a microcosm of the larger narrative of Exodus, where God uses Moses to rescue His people from slavery.

from the shepherds
Shepherds in the ancient Near East were often seen as rough and sometimes aggressive, especially when protecting their flocks or territory. The conflict with the shepherds underscores the challenges and dangers present in the wilderness, a theme that recurs throughout the Exodus narrative. Historically, shepherds were essential to the economy and survival of nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples, yet they were also marginalized in some societies. Moses' defense of the women against the shepherds not only demonstrates his sense of justice and courage but also aligns with the biblical theme of God defending the vulnerable and marginalized. This act of protection foreshadows Moses' future role as a shepherd of God's people, guiding them through the wilderness to the Promised Land.

So where is he?
This phrase reflects a sense of urgency and curiosity. In the context of Exodus 2:20, Reuel (also known as Jethro), the priest of Midian, is inquiring about Moses, who had helped his daughters at the well. The Hebrew root for "where" is "אֵי" (ay), which often denotes a search or a quest for understanding. This question signifies the importance of hospitality and the cultural expectation to show gratitude and kindness to strangers, a theme prevalent throughout the Old Testament.

Reuel asked his daughters
Reuel, also known as Jethro, is a significant figure in the narrative of Moses. His name in Hebrew, "רְעוּאֵל" (Re'u'el), means "friend of God," indicating his righteous character. As a priest of Midian, Reuel represents a non-Israelite who acknowledges the God of Israel, highlighting the inclusivity of God's plan. His inquiry to his daughters shows his wisdom and leadership, ensuring that proper hospitality is extended to Moses.

Why did you leave the man behind?
This question underscores the cultural and moral obligation of hospitality in ancient Near Eastern societies. The Hebrew culture, as well as many others in the region, placed a high value on welcoming and caring for strangers. Reuel's question suggests a missed opportunity to extend kindness and possibly form an alliance or friendship. It reflects the biblical principle of loving one's neighbor and the importance of community and support.

Invite him to have something to eat
The act of sharing a meal is a powerful symbol of fellowship and acceptance in biblical times. In Hebrew culture, eating together was more than just a physical necessity; it was a sign of peace, friendship, and covenant. The invitation to eat signifies a gesture of goodwill and the beginning of a relationship. This act of hospitality foreshadows the significant role Reuel and his family will play in Moses' life, providing him with refuge and support during his time in Midian.

Moses agreed to stay with the man
This phrase marks a significant turning point in Moses' life. The Hebrew root for "agreed" is "יואל" (ya'al), which implies a willingness or consent. This decision reflects Moses' acceptance of a new phase in his life, moving from being a fugitive in Egypt to finding refuge and purpose in Midian. Historically, this moment signifies Moses' transition from his Egyptian upbringing to embracing a simpler, pastoral life, which would prepare him for his future leadership role. The "man" referred to is Jethro, also known as Reuel, a priest of Midian, indicating a connection to a family of faith and wisdom.

and he gave his daughter Zipporah to Moses in marriage
The act of giving Zipporah in marriage to Moses is a customary practice of the time, where marriages were often arranged by the family. The Hebrew name "Zipporah" means "bird," symbolizing beauty and freedom. This union is not just a personal relationship but also a strategic alliance, as it integrates Moses into the Midianite community. From a scriptural context, this marriage is significant because it establishes Moses' family line and provides him with a supportive partner in Zipporah, who plays a crucial role in his life and mission. The marriage also reflects God's providence in Moses' life, providing him with companionship and stability during his time in exile.

And she gave birth to a son
This phrase marks a significant moment in Moses' life, as it signifies the continuation of his lineage and the establishment of his family in a foreign land. The Hebrew word for "gave birth" is "yalad," which is often used in the Old Testament to denote the act of bringing forth life, emphasizing the divine blessing of fertility and the continuation of God's covenant through generations. The birth of a son in ancient Hebrew culture was particularly significant, as it ensured the continuation of the family name and inheritance.

and Moses named him Gershom
The act of naming in the Hebrew tradition is deeply symbolic and often reflects circumstances or prophetic insights. The name "Gershom" is derived from the Hebrew roots "ger," meaning "sojourner" or "foreigner," and "sham," meaning "there." This name encapsulates Moses' personal experience and identity crisis as a Hebrew raised in the Egyptian royal court, now living in Midian. It reflects his transient status and the sense of displacement he felt, which is a recurring theme in the lives of the patriarchs, such as Abraham and Jacob, who were also sojourners in foreign lands.

saying, 'I have become a foreigner
This phrase captures Moses' acknowledgment of his status as an outsider. The Hebrew word "ger" is used here, which not only means "foreigner" but also carries connotations of being a temporary resident or alien. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God's people living as sojourners on earth, looking forward to a promised homeland. Moses' experience as a foreigner prefigures the Israelites' own journey and identity as a people set apart, often living in lands not their own, yet under God's providential care.

in a foreign land.'
The "foreign land" refers to Midian, where Moses fled after killing an Egyptian. The Hebrew word for "land" is "eretz," which can mean earth, land, or territory. This highlights the physical and spiritual journey Moses is on, as he navigates his identity and calling. The concept of being in a "foreign land" resonates with the broader narrative of the Israelites, who would later wander in the wilderness and eventually settle in the Promised Land. It serves as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly life and the ultimate hope of a heavenly homeland promised by God.

After a long time
This phrase indicates a significant passage of time, suggesting a period of waiting and enduring hardship. In Hebrew, the word for "long time" is "רַבִּים" (rabbim), which can imply a multitude or abundance, often used to describe a prolonged period. This sets the stage for God's timing, which often requires patience and faith from His people. The Israelites' endurance during this time reflects the perseverance required in the Christian walk, trusting in God's perfect timing.

the king of Egypt died
The death of the Pharaoh marks a pivotal moment in the narrative. Historically, the death of a king could lead to political instability or change, offering a glimmer of hope for the oppressed. In the biblical context, this event signifies a potential shift in the Israelites' circumstances. Theologically, it reminds believers that earthly powers are temporary and subject to God's sovereign plan.

and the Israelites groaned
The Hebrew word for "groaned" is "נָאַק" (na'aq), which conveys a deep, visceral expression of pain and suffering. This groaning is not just physical but also spiritual, reflecting the Israelites' desperate need for deliverance. It serves as a reminder that God hears the cries of His people, and their suffering does not go unnoticed. In a broader sense, it symbolizes the groaning of creation awaiting redemption, as mentioned in Romans 8:22.

because of their bondage
The term "bondage" refers to the harsh slavery imposed on the Israelites by the Egyptians. The Hebrew word "עֲבֹדָה" (avodah) can mean labor or service, often used in the context of servitude. This bondage is a physical representation of spiritual enslavement to sin, from which Christ delivers believers. It highlights the need for divine intervention to break the chains of oppression.

and cried out
The act of crying out signifies a turning point, where the Israelites actively seek God's intervention. The Hebrew "זָעַק" (za'aq) implies a loud, urgent plea for help. This cry is an act of faith, acknowledging their dependence on God. It encourages believers to bring their burdens to the Lord, trusting in His power to save and deliver.

and their cry for deliverance from slavery
This phrase emphasizes the specific nature of their plea—deliverance from slavery. The Hebrew "שַׁוְעָה" (shav'ah) for "cry" is a call for help, while "מִן הָעֲבֹדָה" (min ha'avodah) specifies the desire to be freed from forced labor. It reflects the human longing for freedom and redemption, pointing to the ultimate deliverance found in Jesus Christ, who frees humanity from the bondage of sin.

ascended to God
The imagery of their cry ascending to God suggests that their prayers reached the divine throne. The Hebrew "עָלָה" (alah) means to go up or ascend, indicating that God is attentive to the prayers of His people. This ascent signifies God's readiness to act on behalf of His children. It reassures believers that their prayers are heard and valued by God, who is compassionate and responsive to their needs.

So God heard their groaning
The phrase "So God heard" indicates a divine response to human suffering. The Hebrew word for "heard" is "שָׁמַע" (shama), which implies not just auditory reception but an attentive listening that leads to action. This highlights God's omniscience and His compassionate nature. The "groaning" of the Israelites, "נְאָקָה" (ne'aqah), reflects deep distress and suffering under Egyptian bondage. This groaning is not merely physical but spiritual, a cry for deliverance. Historically, this period of slavery was marked by severe oppression, and the Israelites' cries reached the ears of a God who is both just and merciful.

and He remembered His covenant
The word "remembered" in Hebrew is "זָכַר" (zakar), which in this context does not imply that God had forgotten, but rather that He chose to act upon His promises. The "covenant" refers to a solemn and binding agreement, in this case, the one God made with the patriarchs. This covenant is central to the narrative of the Israelites, serving as a foundation for their identity and God's faithfulness. Theologically, this underscores the unchanging nature of God and His commitment to His promises, offering assurance to believers that God is faithful to His word.

with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob
These patriarchs are foundational figures in the history of Israel. The mention of "Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob" serves as a reminder of the specific promises made to each: land, descendants, and blessing. Abraham, the father of faith, was promised that his descendants would be as numerous as the stars (Genesis 15:5). Isaac and Jacob continued this lineage, each receiving reaffirmations of God's promises. This phrase ties the current plight of the Israelites back to these promises, reinforcing the continuity of God's plan through generations. It also serves as a reminder of the personal nature of God's relationship with His people, as He is the God of individuals and families, not just nations. This continuity and personal relationship are central to understanding God's redemptive work throughout history.

God saw
The Hebrew word for "saw" is "ra'ah," which implies more than just a visual observation. It suggests a deep, discerning awareness and understanding. In the context of Exodus, this indicates that God was not indifferent to the plight of the Israelites. His seeing is an active, compassionate engagement with their suffering. This reflects the nature of God as one who is intimately involved with His creation, aware of their struggles, and ready to act on their behalf. It is a reminder that God is omniscient, fully aware of the circumstances of His people.

the Israelites
The term "Israelites" refers to the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel. This designation is significant as it ties the people to the covenant promises made to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Historically, the Israelites were in Egypt due to Joseph's rise to power and the subsequent migration of his family during a famine. Over time, they became enslaved by the Egyptians. The use of "Israelites" here emphasizes their identity as God's chosen people, set apart for His purposes, and the recipients of His covenantal love and faithfulness.

and He took notice
The phrase "took notice" is derived from the Hebrew word "yada," which means to know intimately or to acknowledge. This is not a passive acknowledgment but an active, intentional recognition that leads to action. In the biblical narrative, God's taking notice is often a precursor to divine intervention. It signifies that God is about to fulfill His promises and deliver His people. This phrase reassures believers of God's attentiveness and readiness to respond to their cries, affirming His role as a just and compassionate deity who is deeply involved in the lives of His people.