Brothers
The term "brothers" (Greek: ἀδελφοί, adelphoi) is a term of endearment and familial connection, indicating that Paul is addressing fellow believers in the Corinthian church. This word underscores the unity and equality among believers, as they are all part of the family of God. Historically, the early Christian communities were tightly knit, often facing external pressures, which made this familial bond even more significant. Paul’s use of "brothers" sets a tone of gentle correction rather than harsh rebuke.

I could not address you
This phrase indicates a limitation in communication. Paul is expressing a past inability to speak to the Corinthians in a certain way. The Greek verb "could not" (οὐκ ἠδυνήθην, ouk ēdynēthēn) suggests a lack of capacity or readiness on the part of the Corinthians to receive deeper spiritual truths. This reflects a pastoral concern, as Paul desires to lead them into greater maturity but recognizes their current state prevents this.

as spiritual
The word "spiritual" (πνευματικοῖς, pneumatikos) refers to those who are mature in their faith, guided by the Holy Spirit. In the context of 1 Corinthians, being spiritual is contrasted with being worldly or fleshly. The spiritual person is one who discerns and lives according to the Spirit’s leading. Paul’s lament here is that the Corinthians have not yet reached this level of maturity, which is the goal for every believer.

but as worldly
The term "worldly" (σαρκίνοις, sarkinois) is derived from the Greek word for flesh (σάρξ, sarx), indicating a life driven by human desires and instincts rather than by the Spirit. This word choice highlights the tension between living according to the flesh and living according to the Spirit, a common theme in Paul’s writings. The historical context of Corinth, a city known for its moral laxity and philosophical pride, provides a backdrop for understanding the challenges the Corinthian believers faced in overcoming worldly influences.

as infants in Christ
The phrase "infants in Christ" (νήπιοι ἐν Χριστῷ, nēpioi en Christō) uses the metaphor of infancy to describe the Corinthians’ spiritual state. Infants are characterized by their dependence and lack of understanding, which is appropriate for new believers but not for those who should have matured. This metaphor is both a rebuke and an encouragement, as it acknowledges their position in Christ while urging them to grow. Theologically, it reminds us that spiritual growth is a process, and maturity in Christ is the goal for every believer.

I gave you milk
The metaphor of "milk" in this context is drawn from the basic, foundational teachings of the Christian faith. In Greek, the word for milk is "gala," which signifies nourishment suitable for infants. Paul uses this imagery to convey the idea that the Corinthians were spiritually immature, needing simple, easily digestible teachings. This reflects a nurturing approach, akin to a mother's care for her child, emphasizing the importance of starting with the basics in spiritual growth. Historically, milk as a symbol of basic teaching is consistent with Jewish educational practices, where learners begin with simple concepts before advancing to more complex ones.

not solid food
The phrase "solid food" translates from the Greek "brosis stereas," indicating more substantial, complex teachings meant for mature believers. This contrast between milk and solid food highlights the Corinthians' lack of readiness to delve into deeper theological truths. In the broader scriptural context, solid food represents the wisdom and understanding that come with spiritual maturity. The use of this metaphor underscores the expectation of growth and development in the Christian life, moving from elementary teachings to a more profound comprehension of God's word.

for you were not yet ready for it
The phrase "not yet ready" suggests a lack of preparedness or capacity to receive more advanced instruction. The Greek word "dunamai" implies ability or power, indicating that the Corinthians lacked the spiritual strength or maturity to handle deeper truths. This reflects a pastoral concern from Paul, who recognizes their current state and adjusts his teaching accordingly. Historically, this mirrors the process of discipleship in the early church, where believers were gradually introduced to more complex doctrines as they matured in faith.

Indeed, you are still not ready
The repetition of the idea that they are "still not ready" emphasizes the ongoing nature of their spiritual immaturity. The Greek word "eti" (still) indicates a continuation of the previous state, suggesting that despite time and opportunity, the Corinthians have not progressed as expected. This serves as both a rebuke and a call to self-examination, urging them to recognize their stagnation and strive for growth. In the broader biblical narrative, this highlights the importance of perseverance and diligence in the Christian journey, encouraging believers to seek maturity and deeper understanding continually.

for you are still worldly
The term "worldly" in this context is translated from the Greek word "sarkikos," which refers to being fleshly or carnal. Paul is addressing the Corinthian church, highlighting their spiritual immaturity. Despite being believers, they are still influenced by their old nature, which is dominated by human desires and inclinations. This phrase serves as a reminder that spiritual growth is a journey, and believers are called to transcend their fleshly tendencies by living according to the Spirit.

For since there is jealousy
The word "jealousy" comes from the Greek "zēlos," which can mean zeal or fervor but in this context refers to envy and rivalry. Jealousy is a manifestation of the flesh, as outlined in Galatians 5:20, and it disrupts the unity and harmony within the body of Christ. Paul is pointing out that such attitudes are evidence of their worldly state, as they reflect a focus on self rather than on Christ and His teachings.

and dissension among you
"Dissension" is translated from the Greek "eris," meaning strife or discord. This term indicates divisions and conflicts that arise from selfish ambitions and pride. Historically, the Corinthian church was plagued by factions and disputes, which Paul addresses throughout his letter. Dissension is contrary to the unity that Christ prayed for in John 17:21, and it hinders the church's witness to the world.

are you not worldly?
Here, Paul reiterates the accusation of worldliness, emphasizing the seriousness of their condition. The repetition serves to drive home the point that their behavior is inconsistent with their identity in Christ. It challenges believers to examine their lives and align their actions with the teachings of Jesus, moving away from the patterns of the world.

Are you not walking in the way of man?
The phrase "walking in the way of man" suggests living according to human standards rather than God's. The Greek word "peripateō" for "walking" implies a habitual lifestyle or conduct. Paul is urging the Corinthians to recognize that their actions are indistinguishable from those who do not know Christ. This call to self-examination is a timeless exhortation for believers to live in a manner worthy of their calling, as stated in Ephesians 4:1, and to be transformed by the renewing of their minds (Romans 12:2).

For when one of you says
This phrase introduces a scenario that Paul is addressing within the Corinthian church. The Greek word for "says" (λέγει) implies a continuous or habitual action, suggesting that this was an ongoing issue among the Corinthians. The use of "one of you" indicates that this was not an isolated incident but a common problem within the community. Historically, the Corinthian church was known for its divisions and factions, which Paul seeks to correct by pointing out the immaturity in their thinking.

'I follow Paul,'
The phrase "I follow" (ἐγώ εἰμι) in Greek literally means "I am of," indicating a sense of belonging or allegiance. Paul, as the founder of the Corinthian church, naturally had followers who were loyal to him. However, Paul is emphasizing that such allegiance to human leaders is misplaced. In the broader scriptural context, Paul consistently points to Christ as the head of the church, urging believers to find their identity in Him rather than in human leaders.

and another, 'I follow Apollos,'
Apollos was an eloquent speaker and a learned man, as described in Acts 18:24-28. His ministry in Corinth was significant, and he attracted a following due to his powerful teaching. The Greek construction here is parallel to the previous phrase, reinforcing the idea of division based on personal preference for leaders. This reflects a historical context where rhetoric and oratory skills were highly valued in Greek culture, leading some to favor Apollos over Paul.

are you not mere men?
The rhetorical question posed by Paul challenges the Corinthians to reflect on their spiritual maturity. The term "mere men" (σαρκικοί) suggests a worldly or fleshly mindset, contrasting with the spiritual maturity expected of believers. In the broader biblical context, Paul often contrasts the flesh with the spirit, urging believers to live according to the Spirit. This phrase serves as a call to rise above human divisions and to seek unity in Christ, who transcends all human leaders and factions.

What then is Apollos?
The name "Apollos" refers to a Jewish Christian from Alexandria, known for his eloquence and knowledge of the Scriptures (Acts 18:24). The rhetorical question here diminishes the focus on human leaders, emphasizing that Apollos, despite his talents, is merely a vessel for God's work. The Greek root for "Apollos" (Ἀπολλώς) reminds us of his role as a teacher and preacher, yet Paul is redirecting the Corinthian church's attention from human leaders to God.

What is Paul?
Similarly, Paul, the apostle and author of this letter, is presented not as a figure of division but as a servant. The Greek word for "Paul" (Παῦλος) is used here to remind the readers of his humility and dedication to Christ's mission. Paul is emphasizing that he, like Apollos, is not the source of their faith but a conduit through which God works.

They are servants
The term "servants" (διάκονοι) in Greek highlights the role of both Apollos and Paul as ministers or deacons. This word underscores their function as humble workers in God's field, not as figures to be idolized. In the historical context of the early church, this was a radical redefinition of leadership, focusing on service rather than authority.

through whom you believed
This phrase indicates the instrumental role of Apollos and Paul in the faith journey of the Corinthians. The Greek preposition "through" (δι’) suggests that they were channels of God's grace, not the originators of faith. This aligns with the scriptural teaching that faith comes from hearing the message of Christ (Romans 10:17).

as the Lord has assigned
The word "assigned" (ἔδωκεν) in Greek implies a divine appointment or distribution. This reflects the sovereignty of God in determining the roles and functions within the church. It is a reminder that each person's ministry is a gift from God, tailored to His divine plan and purpose.

to each his role
The phrase "his role" (ἑκάστῳ) emphasizes individuality within the unity of the church. Each believer has a unique function, as determined by God. This concept is further explored in Paul's teachings on spiritual gifts (1 Corinthians 12), where diversity in roles is celebrated as part of the body of Christ. Historically, this teaching would have been crucial for maintaining unity in the diverse and often divided Corinthian church.

I planted
In this phrase, the Apostle Paul uses the metaphor of planting to describe his role in the establishment of the Corinthian church. The Greek word for "planted" is "ἐφύτευσα" (ephyteusa), which conveys the idea of initiating growth or beginning a process. Paul, as a missionary and church planter, laid the foundational teachings of Christianity in Corinth. This imagery of planting is deeply rooted in the agrarian culture of the time, where planting was the first step in a long process leading to a harvest. Spiritually, it signifies the initial introduction of the Gospel message to a community or individual, emphasizing the importance of starting with a solid foundation in Christ.

Apollos watered
Here, Paul acknowledges the role of Apollos, another early Christian teacher, in nurturing and developing the faith of the Corinthian believers. The Greek word "ἐπότισεν" (epotisen) means "to water" or "to give drink," suggesting the act of providing sustenance and support for growth. Apollos, known for his eloquence and knowledge of the Scriptures, built upon the foundation laid by Paul, helping the believers to mature in their faith. This highlights the collaborative nature of ministry, where different individuals contribute their unique gifts to the growth of the church. It also reflects the biblical principle that while one person may begin a work, others are needed to continue and nurture it.

but God made it grow
This phrase shifts the focus from human efforts to divine intervention. The Greek word "ηὔξανεν" (auxanen) means "to cause to grow" or "to increase." Paul emphasizes that while he and Apollos played significant roles in planting and watering, it is ultimately God who brings about spiritual growth and maturity. This underscores the sovereignty of God in the process of salvation and sanctification. It serves as a reminder that human efforts, though necessary, are insufficient without God's power and blessing. This truth encourages believers to rely on God for the increase, trusting that He is the one who brings fruitfulness to their labors.

So neither he who plants
The phrase "he who plants" refers to those who initiate the work of spreading the Gospel. In the context of 1 Corinthians, Paul is addressing divisions within the church, emphasizing that the work of planting, or evangelizing, is not about the individual but about the message of Christ. The Greek word for "plants" is "φυτεύων" (phyteuōn), which implies the act of sowing seeds. This metaphor highlights the initial efforts in ministry, where the focus should be on the seed—the Word of God—rather than the sower. Historically, this reflects the early church's mission to spread Christianity across diverse cultures, emphasizing unity in purpose rather than individual accolades.

nor he who waters
The phrase "he who waters" represents those who nurture and cultivate the faith of believers after the initial planting. The Greek term "ποτίζων" (potizōn) suggests the act of providing nourishment and care, akin to a gardener tending to plants. This role is crucial in discipleship, where teaching, encouragement, and pastoral care help believers grow in their faith. In the historical context of the Corinthian church, this would involve leaders like Apollos, who followed Paul and continued to teach and strengthen the community. The emphasis here is on the collaborative nature of ministry, where different roles contribute to the spiritual growth of the church.

is anything
This phrase underscores the insignificance of human agents in comparison to God's work. The Greek word "τι" (ti) can be translated as "anything" or "something," indicating that the human role, while necessary, is not the source of growth. This humbling reminder serves to redirect glory and credit away from individuals and towards God. In a broader scriptural context, this aligns with the biblical theme of humility and the recognition of God's sovereignty, as seen in passages like John 15:5, where Jesus states, "apart from Me you can do nothing."

but only God
The phrase "but only God" shifts the focus entirely to the divine. The Greek word "θεός" (theos) is used here, emphasizing the centrality of God in the process of spiritual growth. This statement is a powerful reminder of God's ultimate authority and power in all things. In the historical context of Corinth, a city known for its diverse religious practices and philosophical schools, this declaration would serve to affirm the supremacy of the Christian God over all other deities and human wisdom.

who makes things grow
The concluding phrase "who makes things grow" attributes the increase and development of faith solely to God. The Greek verb "αὐξάνει" (auxanei) means "to cause to grow" or "to increase," highlighting God's active role in the maturation of believers. This growth is not merely numerical but also spiritual, reflecting deeper understanding, stronger faith, and greater love. Scripturally, this aligns with the parable of the sower in Matthew 13, where the growth of the seed depends on the condition of the soil and the divine blessing. This perspective encourages believers to trust in God's timing and methods, recognizing that true transformation is a work of the Holy Spirit.

He who plants
The imagery of planting is deeply rooted in the agrarian culture of the ancient Near East. The Greek word used here is "φυτεύων" (phyteuōn), which means to plant or set in the ground. This metaphor reflects the initial work of spreading the Gospel, akin to sowing seeds. In the context of the early church, this represents the foundational work of apostles and evangelists who introduce the message of Christ to new believers. Historically, planting was a labor-intensive task, requiring patience and faith that the seeds would grow, much like the spiritual work of introducing the Gospel.

and he who waters
The Greek word "ποτίζων" (potizōn) means to give drink or to water. This represents the nurturing and teaching that follows the initial planting. In the early church, this role was often fulfilled by pastors and teachers who helped new believers grow in their faith. Watering is essential for growth, symbolizing the ongoing discipleship and care needed to mature in Christ. The historical context of Corinth, a city known for its commerce and diversity, required diligent teaching to ensure the church remained rooted in sound doctrine amidst various cultural influences.

are one in purpose
The phrase "ἕν εἰσιν" (hen eisin) translates to "are one," emphasizing unity. Despite different roles, those who plant and water share a common goal: the growth and flourishing of the church. This unity reflects the body of Christ, where diverse gifts and functions work together harmoniously. The early church faced divisions, as seen in Corinth, where believers aligned themselves with different leaders. Paul’s message here is a call to unity, reminding the church that all laborers are working towards the same divine purpose.

and each will be rewarded
The Greek word "μισθὸν" (misthon) means wages or reward. This indicates that God recognizes and values the individual contributions of each worker. The reward is not based on the role but on the faithfulness and diligence of the laborer. In a historical context, this would have been a comforting assurance to early Christians who faced persecution and hardship, knowing that their efforts were not in vain but would be honored by God.

according to his own labor
The word "κόπον" (kopon) refers to labor or toil, emphasizing the effort and dedication involved in ministry. This phrase underscores personal responsibility and the unique contribution each believer makes to the kingdom of God. In the scriptural context, it highlights that while salvation is a gift, the rewards in God’s kingdom are linked to the faithful service and stewardship of one’s calling. This serves as an encouragement to believers to diligently pursue their God-given tasks, trusting that their labor is meaningful and will be rewarded by the Lord.

For we are God’s fellow workers
The phrase "God’s fellow workers" is derived from the Greek word "synergoi," which means co-laborers or collaborators. This term emphasizes the partnership between God and His servants in the work of the Gospel. Historically, this reflects the early Christian understanding that their mission was a divine collaboration, not merely human effort. The apostles, including Paul, saw themselves as instruments through which God worked to build His church. This partnership is inspirational, reminding believers that their labor in the Lord is not in vain, as they are part of a divine plan and purpose.

you are God’s field
The metaphor of "God’s field" draws from agricultural imagery common in the ancient world, where fields were cultivated for growth and harvest. In the Greek, the word "georgion" is used, which directly translates to a cultivated field. This imagery suggests that the Corinthian believers are the soil in which God plants His seeds of truth, expecting growth and fruitfulness. It highlights the nurturing role of God and His workers in tending to the spiritual development of the church. This metaphor encourages believers to be receptive to God’s word and to allow it to take root and flourish in their lives.

God’s building
The term "building" comes from the Greek "oikodome," which refers to a structure or edifice. This metaphor shifts from agriculture to architecture, illustrating the church as a spiritual structure being built by God. In the historical context, this reflects the idea of the church as a temple of the Holy Spirit, a concept Paul elaborates on in other parts of his letters. The imagery of a building suggests stability, strength, and purpose, with Christ as the foundation. This encourages believers to see themselves as integral parts of a larger, divine construction, each contributing to the strength and beauty of the whole. It is a call to unity and cooperation in the spiritual edification of the church community.

By the grace God has given me
The phrase begins with "By the grace," which in Greek is "kata tēn charin." The word "charis" (grace) is central to Pauline theology, emphasizing unmerited favor from God. Paul acknowledges that his ability to lay a foundation is not due to his own merit but is a divine gift. This humility is a cornerstone of Christian leadership, reminding believers that all accomplishments in ministry are rooted in God's grace. Historically, this grace is seen as the empowering presence of God, enabling Paul to fulfill his apostolic mission.

I laid a foundation
The Greek word for "foundation" is "themelion," which refers to the base upon which a structure is built. In the context of 1 Corinthians, Paul is speaking metaphorically about the spiritual foundation of the church, which is Jesus Christ (as clarified in verse 11). The imagery of a foundation is significant in both Jewish and Greco-Roman architecture, symbolizing stability and endurance. Paul's role as a "wise builder" (sophos architektōn) underscores his responsibility in establishing the early church's doctrinal and communal base.

as a wise builder
The term "wise" (sophos) in Greek culture was associated with skill and insight, often linked to philosophers and craftsmen. Paul uses this term to describe his role in the church, indicating that his work is not only divinely inspired but also executed with skill and discernment. The "builder" (architektōn) is akin to an architect, suggesting a strategic and thoughtful approach to ministry. This reflects the need for leaders to be both spiritually attuned and practically effective in their service.

and someone else is building on it
This phrase acknowledges the collaborative nature of church ministry. The Greek verb "epoikodomei" (is building on) implies ongoing construction, indicating that the work of the church is continuous and involves multiple contributors. Historically, this reflects the early church's growth and the diverse roles of various leaders and teachers. It serves as a reminder that while one may start a work, others will continue it, emphasizing the importance of unity and cooperation in the body of Christ.

But each one should build with care
The exhortation to "build with care" (blepetō pōs epoikodomei) is a call to diligence and responsibility. The Greek "blepetō" (should see) implies careful consideration and foresight. Paul warns that the quality of one's work will be tested (as elaborated in the following verses), urging believers to be mindful of their contributions to the church. This reflects a broader biblical principle of stewardship, where each person is accountable for their actions and the impact they have on the community of faith.

For no one
This phrase emphasizes the universality and exclusivity of the statement that follows. In the Greek, "οὐδεὶς" (oudeis) means "no one" or "none," underscoring that there are no exceptions to this rule. Historically, this reflects the early church's struggle against false teachings and the need to establish a clear, unified doctrine. The Apostle Paul is asserting that regardless of human wisdom or authority, no person has the power to alter the foundational truth of the Christian faith.

can lay
The Greek word "δύναται" (dunatai) translates to "can" or "is able," indicating capability or power. "Lay" comes from "τίθημι" (tithēmi), meaning to place or establish. This phrase suggests that it is beyond human ability to establish any other foundation. Theologically, this speaks to the sovereignty of God in determining the basis of salvation and truth, which is not subject to human alteration.

a foundation
The term "θεμέλιον" (themelion) refers to a foundation, a base upon which a structure is built. In ancient construction, the foundation was critical for the stability and longevity of a building. Spiritually, this metaphor highlights the importance of a solid and unchanging base for the Christian life and doctrine. The foundation is not just any teaching or philosophy but something divinely ordained and essential for spiritual growth and stability.

other than the one already laid
This phrase emphasizes the pre-existence and sufficiency of the foundation that has been established. The Greek "ἤ" (ē) means "other than," and "κεῖται" (keitai) means "laid" or "set." Historically, this reflects the early church's understanding that the foundation of their faith was not a new invention but something that had been divinely revealed and established through Jesus Christ. It underscores the continuity and consistency of God's plan throughout history.

which is Jesus Christ
The foundation is explicitly identified as "Jesus Christ," leaving no room for ambiguity. In Greek, "Ἰησοῦς Χριστός" (Iēsous Christos) refers to Jesus, the Messiah, the anointed one. This declaration is central to Christian doctrine, affirming that Jesus is the cornerstone of faith, as prophesied in the Old Testament (e.g., Isaiah 28:16) and fulfilled in the New Testament. Historically, this was a radical claim in a polytheistic society, asserting the uniqueness and supremacy of Christ over all other religious figures or systems. Theologically, it affirms that salvation and truth are found solely in Jesus, who is both the foundation and the builder of the church. This is a call to believers to root their lives and teachings in Christ alone, ensuring that their faith is built on the unshakeable truth of His life, death, and resurrection.

If anyone builds
The phrase "If anyone builds" suggests an open invitation and responsibility to all believers. The Greek word for "builds" is "oikodomei," which implies constructing or edifying. In the context of the early church, this construction is not physical but spiritual, referring to the development of one's faith and the community of believers. Historically, the early Christians were tasked with spreading the Gospel and nurturing the fledgling church, much like builders working on a new structure.

on this foundation
The "foundation" refers to the fundamental teachings of Jesus Christ, as Paul previously established in 1 Corinthians 3:11. The Greek word "themelion" denotes a base or groundwork, essential for any structure's stability. In a spiritual sense, this foundation is the core of Christian doctrine and faith. Archaeologically, foundations were critical in ancient architecture, symbolizing strength and endurance, much like Christ's teachings are to the church.

using gold, silver, precious stones
These materials—gold, silver, and precious stones—are symbolic of enduring, valuable, and high-quality works in the life of a believer. In the Greek, "chrysos" (gold), "argyros" (silver), and "lithous timious" (precious stones) suggest materials that withstand fire and time, representing deeds and teachings aligned with God's will. Historically, these materials were used in the construction of temples and palaces, indicating their worth and durability. Spiritually, they symbolize the eternal value of actions rooted in faith and love.

wood, hay, or straw
In contrast, "wood, hay, or straw" are materials that are perishable and easily consumed by fire. The Greek words "xylon" (wood), "chorton" (hay), and "kalamen" (straw) imply works that are temporary and lack eternal significance. These materials were commonly used in everyday construction in ancient times but were not meant to last. In a spiritual context, they represent actions and teachings that are superficial or self-serving, lacking the depth and permanence of those built on the foundation of Christ.

his workmanship
The Greek word for "workmanship" is "ergon," which refers to work, task, or labor. In the context of this passage, it signifies the efforts and deeds of a believer, particularly in the service of God. Historically, the concept of workmanship in the Bible often relates to the idea of creation and craftsmanship, as seen in Ephesians 2:10, where believers are described as God's workmanship. This highlights the divine aspect of our efforts, suggesting that our works are not merely human endeavors but are crafted under God's guidance and purpose.

will be evident
The phrase "will be evident" comes from the Greek "phaneros," meaning to be made manifest or visible. This suggests a future revelation where hidden things are brought to light. In a biblical context, this aligns with the theme of divine judgment and revelation, where God uncovers the true nature of our actions. The historical understanding of this concept is rooted in the belief that God's judgment is both inevitable and just, revealing the truth of our lives and works.

because the Day
"The Day" refers to the Day of the Lord, a significant eschatological event in Christian theology. This day is anticipated as a time of divine judgment and fulfillment of God's promises. The historical and scriptural context of "the Day" is rich, drawing from Old Testament prophecies and New Testament teachings that emphasize its importance as a time when God will judge the world and establish His kingdom. It serves as a reminder of the ultimate accountability all believers face.

will bring it to light
The phrase "will bring it to light" uses the Greek "phōtizō," meaning to illuminate or make visible. This imagery of light is prevalent throughout Scripture, symbolizing truth, purity, and divine revelation. In the context of this verse, it underscores the idea that God's judgment will expose the true nature of our works, separating what is genuine from what is not. Historically, light has been associated with God's presence and truth, reinforcing the notion that nothing can remain hidden from His sight.

It will be revealed with fire
The use of "fire" in this context is symbolic of testing and purification. The Greek word "pyri" is often associated with trials and divine judgment. Fire, in biblical terms, is a purifying agent, used to refine and test the quality of materials. This imagery is consistent with the historical understanding of God's judgment as a refining process, where the true value and integrity of one's works are tested. It serves as a powerful reminder of the need for sincerity and purity in our service to God.

and the fire will prove
The word "prove" comes from the Greek "dokimazō," meaning to test, examine, or approve. This suggests a process of evaluation where the authenticity and quality of one's works are assessed. In a biblical context, this aligns with the idea of divine scrutiny, where God examines the heart and intentions behind our actions. Historically, this concept is rooted in the belief that God's judgment is thorough and discerning, ensuring that only what is true and worthy endures.

the quality of each man's work
The phrase "the quality of each man's work" emphasizes the individual responsibility and accountability of believers. The Greek word for "quality" is "hopoios," which refers to the nature or kind of something. This highlights the importance of the character and substance of our deeds, not just their outward appearance. Scripturally, this reflects the teaching that God values the motives and intentions behind our actions, as seen in passages like 1 Samuel 16:7, where God looks at the heart. Historically, this underscores the call for integrity and faithfulness in our walk with God, knowing that He will ultimately judge the true worth of our efforts.

If what he has built
This phrase emphasizes the conditional nature of the outcome based on the quality of the work. The Greek word for "built" is "oikodomeō," which means to build or construct. In the context of 1 Corinthians, Paul is speaking metaphorically about the spiritual work and ministry of believers. Historically, Corinth was a city known for its impressive architecture and construction, which would resonate with the audience. Spiritually, this phrase challenges believers to consider the foundation and materials of their spiritual lives and ministries, ensuring they align with Christ's teachings.

survives
The Greek word used here is "menō," meaning to remain or endure. This implies a testing or trial that the work must withstand. In the broader scriptural context, this refers to the judgment seat of Christ, where believers' works will be tested by fire (1 Corinthians 3:13). The imagery of fire is significant, as it purifies and reveals the true nature of materials. Historically, fire was a common method for testing the purity of metals, which would be a familiar concept to the original audience. This word encourages believers to build with materials that can endure divine scrutiny, such as faith, love, and obedience.

he will receive
This phrase indicates a future promise and assurance. The Greek word "lambanō" means to take or receive. It suggests an active reception of something that is due. In the context of Christian doctrine, this points to the rewards believers will receive in heaven for their faithful service on earth. The certainty of this promise is rooted in God's faithfulness and justice, providing hope and motivation for believers to persevere in their spiritual endeavors.

a reward
The Greek word for "reward" is "misthos," which refers to wages or recompense. This term is used throughout the New Testament to describe the blessings and honors that God will bestow upon His faithful servants. In the historical context of Corinth, a city known for its competitive games and rewards, this concept would be particularly meaningful. Scripturally, this reward is not about earning salvation, which is a gift of grace, but about the acknowledgment and celebration of faithful service. This promise of reward serves as an encouragement for believers to invest in eternal, rather than temporal, pursuits, aligning their lives with God's eternal purposes.

If it is burned up
This phrase refers to the works of a believer being tested by fire, as described in the preceding verses. The Greek word for "burned up" is "κατακαίω" (katakaio), which means to consume wholly or to burn down. In the context of 1 Corinthians 3, Paul uses the metaphor of fire to represent God's judgment and testing of the quality of each person's work. Historically, fire has been a symbol of purification and judgment throughout Scripture, as seen in passages like Malachi 3:2-3 and 1 Peter 1:7. The imagery suggests that only what is built on the foundation of Christ with enduring materials will survive this divine scrutiny.

he will suffer loss
The Greek word for "suffer loss" is "ζημιόω" (zēmioō), which implies damage or forfeiture. This phrase indicates that while the believer's works may not withstand the test, resulting in a loss of reward, the individual himself is not lost. The concept of suffering loss here is not about eternal damnation but rather the loss of potential rewards in the kingdom of God. This aligns with the conservative Christian understanding that salvation is secure in Christ, but rewards are contingent upon faithful service and obedience.

He himself will be saved
The assurance of salvation is a central tenet of conservative Christian theology. The Greek word for "saved" is "σῴζω" (sōzō), meaning to rescue or deliver. This emphasizes the security of the believer's salvation, which is not dependent on works but on faith in Jesus Christ. Ephesians 2:8-9 reinforces this by stating that salvation is a gift of God, not a result of works. The phrase underscores the grace and mercy of God, ensuring that even if one's works are inadequate, the believer's eternal destiny remains secure.

but only as if through the flames
This phrase uses the imagery of escaping through fire to illustrate the narrowness of the escape. The Greek word "διά" (dia) means "through," and "πῦρ" (pur) means "fire." The imagery suggests a scenario where a person escapes a burning building, emerging with their life but nothing else. Historically, fire has been a refining agent, and in this context, it serves as a metaphor for the testing of one's life work. The conservative Christian perspective sees this as a call to live a life of genuine faith and good works, not for salvation, but as a response to it, aiming to build with materials that will endure the test of divine judgment. This serves as an encouragement to pursue holiness and faithful service, knowing that while salvation is assured, the quality of one's life work will be evaluated.

Do you not know
This phrase is a rhetorical question, often used by Paul to emphasize a point that should be obvious to the Corinthians. The Greek word "οἴδατε" (oidate) implies a knowledge that is both intellectual and experiential. Paul is reminding the Corinthians of a truth they should already be aware of, urging them to reflect on their identity and responsibilities as believers. This phrase sets the tone for the verse, calling the readers to a deeper understanding of their spiritual status.

that you yourselves
The emphasis on "you yourselves" (Greek: "ὑμεῖς") highlights the collective identity of the Corinthian believers. Paul is addressing the entire community, not just individuals. This communal aspect is crucial in understanding the nature of the church as a unified body. In the historical context, the Corinthian church was struggling with divisions and factions, and Paul is reminding them of their shared identity and purpose.

are God’s temple
The term "temple" (Greek: "ναός") refers to the inner sanctuary, the most sacred part of the temple where God's presence dwelt. In the Old Testament, the temple was the physical dwelling place of God among His people. By using this imagery, Paul is conveying the profound truth that the church, as a collective body of believers, is now the dwelling place of God. This would have been a radical concept for the Corinthians, who were familiar with the grandeur of pagan temples. Theologically, this signifies the holiness and sanctity of the church, calling believers to live in a manner worthy of being God’s dwelling place.

and that God’s Spirit
The "Spirit" (Greek: "Πνεῦμα") refers to the Holy Spirit, the third person of the Trinity. The presence of the Holy Spirit is a defining characteristic of the New Covenant, marking believers as God’s own. In the historical context, the Corinthians were surrounded by various spiritual influences, but Paul emphasizes that it is God’s Spirit that dwells within them, setting them apart from the world. This indwelling is both a privilege and a responsibility, as it empowers believers to live according to God’s will.

dwells in you
The word "dwells" (Greek: "οἰκεῖ") implies a permanent residence, not a temporary visit. This indicates the ongoing presence and activity of the Holy Spirit in the lives of believers. In the scriptural context, this indwelling is a fulfillment of God’s promise to be with His people, as seen throughout the Bible. Theologically, it underscores the intimate relationship between God and His people, as well as the transformative power of the Spirit in guiding and sanctifying the church. This truth is meant to inspire believers to live in unity and holiness, reflecting the character of the God who dwells within them.

If anyone destroys
The Greek word for "destroys" is "φθείρει" (phtheirei), which implies corruption, defilement, or ruin. In the context of the Corinthian church, this destruction can be understood as any action that harms the unity and purity of the church body. Historically, the early church faced numerous challenges, including false teachings and internal divisions. This phrase serves as a stern warning against actions that would lead to spiritual decay or division within the community of believers.

God’s temple
The term "temple" in Greek is "ναός" (naos), referring to the inner sanctuary, the most sacred part of the temple where God's presence dwells. In the New Testament context, this signifies the collective body of believers, the church, as the dwelling place of the Holy Spirit. Archaeologically, the temple in Jerusalem was the center of Jewish worship, symbolizing God's presence among His people. Paul uses this imagery to emphasize the sanctity and importance of the church as God's dwelling place on earth.

God will destroy him
The repetition of the word "destroy" underscores the seriousness of the warning. The Greek verb "φθείρει" (phtheirei) is used again, indicating a divine retribution for those who harm the church. This reflects the biblical principle of divine justice, where God protects His people and holds accountable those who cause harm. Historically, this can be seen as a reassurance to the early Christians that God is actively involved in preserving the integrity of His church.

for God’s temple is holy
The word "holy" in Greek is "ἅγιος" (hagios), meaning set apart, sacred, or consecrated. This highlights the distinctiveness and purity expected of the church. In the Old Testament, holiness was a key attribute of God and His dwelling place, requiring those who approached Him to be consecrated. Paul applies this concept to the church, emphasizing that as God's temple, it must remain pure and undefiled.

and you are that temple
The pronoun "you" is plural in Greek, indicating that Paul is addressing the entire community of believers in Corinth. This collective identity as God's temple underscores the unity and interdependence of the church members. Scripturally, this aligns with the New Testament teaching that believers, both individually and corporately, are indwelt by the Holy Spirit. This profound truth serves as both an encouragement and a call to live in a manner worthy of this divine indwelling, fostering unity and holiness within the church.

Let no one deceive himself
This phrase serves as a cautionary introduction, urging believers to be vigilant against self-deception. The Greek word for "deceive" is "ἐξαπατάω" (exapatao), which implies leading oneself astray or being misled. In the context of Corinth, a city known for its philosophical diversity and moral laxity, Paul warns against the allure of worldly wisdom that can lead one away from the truth of the Gospel. The historical context reveals a church struggling with divisions and pride, making this admonition particularly relevant. The call is to self-awareness and humility, recognizing the potential for internal error without the guidance of the Holy Spirit.

If any of you thinks he is wise in this age
Here, Paul challenges the Corinthian believers to evaluate their understanding of wisdom. The phrase "wise in this age" refers to the prevailing cultural and philosophical norms of the time, which often contradicted the teachings of Christ. The Greek word for "wise" is "σοφός" (sophos), which in the Greco-Roman world was associated with intellectual prowess and rhetorical skill. Paul contrasts this with divine wisdom, which often appears foolish to the world. The historical context of Corinth, a hub of intellectual activity, underscores the temptation to conform to societal standards of wisdom rather than God's.

he should become a fool
This paradoxical statement invites believers to embrace what the world considers foolishness in order to gain true wisdom. The Greek word for "fool" is "μωρός" (moros), which can mean simple or lacking in worldly sophistication. Paul is not advocating for ignorance but rather a radical reorientation of values. By becoming a "fool" in the eyes of the world, believers align themselves with the countercultural message of the cross, which subverts human expectations and reveals God's power and wisdom.

so that he may become wise
The ultimate goal of embracing divine foolishness is to attain true wisdom. The Greek word for "wise" here is the same as before, "σοφός" (sophos), but now it is redefined in the context of God's eternal truth. This wisdom is characterized by a deep understanding of God's purposes and a life lived in accordance with His will. The scriptural context emphasizes that true wisdom is a gift from God, accessible through faith and the indwelling of the Holy Spirit. It is a wisdom that transcends human understanding and leads to spiritual maturity and unity within the body of Christ.

For the wisdom of this world
The phrase "the wisdom of this world" refers to human understanding and reasoning that is apart from God. In Greek, "wisdom" is "sophia," which in the context of the Greco-Roman world, was highly esteemed. However, Paul contrasts this with divine wisdom, suggesting that human wisdom, when it stands alone, is limited and flawed. Historically, Corinth was a hub of philosophical thought, and Paul addresses the tendency of the Corinthians to rely on human intellect rather than divine revelation. This serves as a reminder that true wisdom comes from God and not from human achievement or intellect.

is foolishness in God’s sight
The term "foolishness" in Greek is "moria," which implies something absurd or nonsensical. From a divine perspective, human wisdom that excludes God is not just inadequate but is seen as folly. This reflects the biblical theme that God's ways and thoughts are higher than ours (Isaiah 55:8-9). The conservative Christian perspective emphasizes that reliance on human wisdom alone leads to spiritual blindness and separation from God. It is a call to humility, recognizing that God's wisdom surpasses all human understanding.

As it is written
This phrase indicates that Paul is about to quote from the Old Testament, grounding his argument in the authority of Scripture. It reflects the Jewish tradition of using Scripture to validate a point, showing continuity between the Old and New Testaments. For conservative Christians, this underscores the importance of Scripture as the ultimate authority in matters of faith and practice.

'He catches the wise in their craftiness.'
This quotation is from Job 5:13, where Eliphaz speaks of God's ability to thwart the plans of the cunning. The word "catches" in Greek is "drassomai," meaning to seize or capture. It conveys the idea that God is not deceived by human schemes and can easily overturn them. "Craftiness" in Greek is "panourgia," which implies a shrewdness or cunning that is often associated with deceit. This serves as a warning against relying on manipulative or deceitful tactics, as God sees through them and will ultimately bring them to nothing. For conservative Christians, this is a call to integrity and trust in God's wisdom rather than human cunning. It reassures believers that God is sovereign and just, and that He will protect His people from the deceptive schemes of the world.

And again
This phrase indicates a continuation or reinforcement of a previous argument. Paul is reiterating a point he has made earlier, emphasizing the importance of understanding the wisdom of God over human wisdom. The use of "again" suggests that this is a recurring theme in his teachings, highlighting its significance in the life of a believer.

The Lord knows
This phrase underscores the omniscience of God. In the original Greek, the word for "knows" is "γινώσκει" (ginōskei), which implies a deep, intimate knowledge. It is not merely awareness but a profound understanding. This serves as a reminder that God is fully aware of all human thoughts and intentions, and nothing is hidden from Him. It is a call for humility, recognizing that human wisdom is always under the scrutiny of divine knowledge.

that the thoughts
The term "thoughts" here is translated from the Greek word "διαλογισμοὺς" (dialogismous), which can refer to reasoning, deliberations, or intentions. This suggests that Paul is addressing not just fleeting ideas but the deeper, more considered reflections of individuals. It is a reminder that even our most reasoned and logical conclusions are subject to God's judgment.

of the wise
The "wise" in this context refers to those who are considered knowledgeable or learned by worldly standards. In the Greco-Roman world, wisdom was highly prized, often associated with philosophers and scholars. However, Paul challenges this notion by contrasting human wisdom with divine wisdom, suggesting that true wisdom comes from God alone.

are futile
The word "futile" is translated from the Greek "μάταιοι" (mataioi), meaning vain, empty, or useless. This is a strong statement about the limitations of human wisdom when it is not aligned with God's truth. It serves as a warning against pride and self-reliance, encouraging believers to seek wisdom from God rather than relying solely on human understanding.

Therefore
The word "therefore" serves as a critical connector, linking the preceding arguments to the conclusion that follows. In the context of 1 Corinthians, Paul has been addressing divisions within the church, where believers were aligning themselves with different leaders (Paul, Apollos, Cephas). The Greek word "ὥστε" (hōste) implies a logical conclusion drawn from previous statements. It reminds us that our actions and beliefs should be rooted in the truths previously established by Paul, particularly the unity and foundation in Christ.

stop boasting
The phrase "stop boasting" is a direct command, urging the Corinthians to cease their prideful behavior. The Greek word "καυχάομαι" (kauchaomai) means to boast or glory in something. Historically, boasting was a common cultural practice in Corinth, a city known for its competitive spirit and emphasis on status. Paul challenges this mindset, emphasizing that boasting in human leaders is contrary to the humility and unity that should characterize the body of Christ.

in men
The focus here is on the object of the boasting—"in men." The Greek word "ἄνθρωπος" (anthrōpos) refers to human beings, emphasizing the fallibility and limitations of human leaders. In the broader scriptural context, this phrase serves as a reminder that our faith and identity should not be anchored in human wisdom or leadership but in God alone. The historical context of Corinth, with its admiration for eloquent speakers and philosophers, underscores the temptation to elevate human leaders above their rightful place.

All things are yours
This phrase is a profound declaration of the believer's inheritance in Christ. The Greek "πάντα" (panta) means "all things," signifying the comprehensive nature of what believers possess. Paul is not speaking of material wealth but of spiritual riches and the fullness of life in Christ. This echoes other scriptural promises, such as Romans 8:32, where believers are assured that God will graciously give us all things. The historical and theological context highlights the radical nature of this statement, as it redefines wealth and possession in terms of spiritual abundance rather than earthly status. It is an invitation to live in the freedom and fullness of our identity in Christ, transcending worldly divisions and limitations.

whether Paul or Apollos or Cephas
In this phrase, Paul addresses the divisions within the Corinthian church, where believers were aligning themselves with different leaders. "Paul" was the apostle who founded the church in Corinth, known for his missionary journeys and theological teachings. "Apollos" was an eloquent speaker and teacher, known for his knowledge of the Scriptures (Acts 18:24-28). "Cephas", also known as Peter, was one of Jesus' original disciples and a pillar of the early church. The Greek root for "Cephas" is "Κηφᾶς," which means "rock," highlighting Peter's foundational role. Paul emphasizes that these leaders are not to be sources of division but are all servants of Christ, working together for the same purpose.

or the world
The term "world" here is translated from the Greek "κόσμος" (kosmos), which can refer to the physical world, humanity, or the worldly system opposed to God. In this context, Paul is likely referring to the entirety of creation and the systems within it. By including "the world," Paul is reminding the Corinthians that all of creation is under God's sovereignty and is ultimately for the benefit of believers, as they are heirs with Christ (Romans 8:17).

or life or death
"Life" and "death" are fundamental aspects of human existence. In Greek, "life" is "ζωή" (zoe), often used in the New Testament to denote not just physical life but also spiritual life in Christ. "Death," or "θάνατος" (thanatos), represents the end of physical life and, without Christ, spiritual separation from God. Paul is asserting that both life and death are under God's control and serve His purposes for believers. For Christians, life is an opportunity to serve Christ, and death is a gateway to eternal life with Him (Philippians 1:21).

or the present or the future
The "present" and the "future" encompass all of time. The Greek word for "present" is "ἐνεστώς" (enestōs), meaning the current time or situation. "Future" is "μέλλων" (mellōn), indicating what is to come. Paul reassures the Corinthians that both the current circumstances and what lies ahead are within God's providence. Believers can trust that God is working all things for their good (Romans 8:28), and they are secure in His eternal plan.

All of them belong to you
This phrase encapsulates the generous inheritance believers have in Christ. The Greek word for "belong" is "ἐστιν" (estin), meaning "is" or "exists." Paul is emphasizing that everything—leaders, the world, life, death, the present, and the future—are given to believers as part of their spiritual inheritance. This reflects the truth that in Christ, believers are co-heirs with Him (Romans 8:17) and have access to all the riches of God's grace. This assurance is meant to unify the church, reminding them of their shared identity and blessings in Christ.

and you belong to Christ
This phrase emphasizes the intimate and personal relationship believers have with Jesus Christ. The Greek word for "belong" here is "ἐστε" (este), which is a form of the verb "to be," indicating a state of existence or identity. This suggests that being in Christ is not merely a matter of association but of essence and identity. Historically, the early church understood this belonging as a transformative union with Christ, where believers are seen as part of His body, the church. This union is both spiritual and communal, reflecting the early Christian understanding of being part of a new creation in Christ (2 Corinthians 5:17). Theologically, this belonging signifies a shift from the old self to a new identity rooted in the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus. It is a call to live in accordance with the teachings and example of Christ, reflecting His love, humility, and obedience to God.

and Christ belongs to God
This phrase highlights the hierarchical yet intimate relationship within the Trinity. The Greek word for "belongs" is not explicitly present in the original text but is implied in the structure, indicating a relationship of order and purpose. Theologically, this reflects the concept of the economic Trinity, where Christ, the Son, willingly submits to the Father, not in essence or divinity, but in role and function. Historically, this understanding was crucial in the early church to combat heresies that either denied the divinity of Christ or misunderstood His relationship with the Father. The phrase underscores the unity and distinct roles within the Godhead, affirming that while Christ is fully God, He operates in perfect harmony and submission to the Father’s will. This relationship is a model for believers, illustrating the importance of submission, unity, and purpose within the body of Christ and in their relationship with God. It serves as a reminder that all authority and purpose ultimately flow from God the Father, through Christ, to His followers.