Now when all the Amorite kings west of the Jordan
The phrase "Amorite kings" refers to the rulers of the Amorites, a significant group in Canaan. Historically, the Amorites were known as fierce warriors and were often seen as a formidable force. The mention of "west of the Jordan" situates these events geographically, indicating the land of Canaan, which the Israelites were about to enter. This phrase sets the stage for the miraculous crossing of the Jordan River, emphasizing the strategic and divine nature of Israel's entry into the Promised Land.

and all the Canaanite kings along the coast
The "Canaanite kings" were rulers of various city-states in the land of Canaan. The "coast" refers to the Mediterranean coastline, a region known for its trade and cultural exchanges. The Canaanites were known for their polytheistic beliefs and practices, which were in direct opposition to the monotheistic worship of Yahweh by the Israelites. This phrase highlights the widespread impact of God's actions, reaching even the coastal regions.

heard how the LORD had dried up the waters of the Jordan
The act of drying up the Jordan River is a direct demonstration of God's power and favor towards Israel. The Hebrew word for "dried up" (יָבַשׁ, yabash) signifies a miraculous intervention, reminiscent of the parting of the Red Sea. This event served as a divine sign to both the Israelites and their enemies, affirming God's presence and support for His people.

before the Israelites until they had crossed over
The phrase "before the Israelites" underscores the protective and guiding presence of God as the Israelites entered the Promised Land. The crossing of the Jordan was not just a physical transition but a spiritual one, marking the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham. The phrase "until they had crossed over" indicates the completeness and thoroughness of God's provision, ensuring safe passage for all His people.

their hearts melted and their spirits failed
The imagery of "hearts melted" and "spirits failed" conveys a profound sense of fear and demoralization among the Canaanite and Amorite kings. The Hebrew word for "melted" (מוּג, mug) suggests a complete loss of courage and resolve. This reaction is a testament to the psychological impact of God's miraculous acts, instilling fear in the hearts of Israel's enemies and paving the way for their conquest.

for fear of the Israelites
The "fear of the Israelites" is ultimately a fear of the God who fights for them. This fear is not merely of the people themselves but of the divine power that accompanies them. It reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to make Israel a nation that would be feared and respected by others, as seen in Deuteronomy 2:25. This fear serves as a divine tool, preparing the way for Israel's victories in the land of Canaan.

At that time
This phrase sets the stage for a significant moment in Israel's history. The timing is crucial as it follows the miraculous crossing of the Jordan River, symbolizing a new chapter for the Israelites. The Hebrew root for "time" (עֵת, 'et) often denotes a specific, divinely appointed moment. This underscores God's sovereignty and perfect timing in the unfolding of His plans for His people.

the LORD said to Joshua
Here, the direct communication from the LORD to Joshua emphasizes the divine authority and guidance that Joshua receives. The Hebrew name for LORD (יְהוָה, Yahweh) is the covenant name of God, highlighting His faithfulness and commitment to His promises. Joshua, as the leader, is portrayed as a faithful servant who listens and obeys God's commands, reflecting the importance of divine guidance in leadership.

Make flint knives
The instruction to make flint knives is both practical and symbolic. Flint, a hard stone, was commonly used in ancient times for making sharp tools. The use of flint knives for circumcision connects the Israelites to their ancestors, as this was the same material used by Abraham. This act signifies a return to covenant faithfulness, as circumcision was a physical sign of the covenant between God and Abraham's descendants.

and circumcise the sons of Israel
Circumcision is a critical covenantal sign given to Abraham in Genesis 17. It represents the Israelites' unique relationship with God and their commitment to His covenant. The Hebrew word for circumcise (מוּל, mul) means to cut or to remove, symbolizing the removal of impurity and a dedication to holiness. This act of circumcision for the new generation born in the wilderness signifies a renewal of the covenant and a preparation for entering the Promised Land.

a second time
The phrase "a second time" indicates a renewal or reinstatement of the covenant practice that had been neglected during the wilderness wanderings. It highlights God's grace and the opportunity for a fresh start for the Israelites. This renewal is essential for the people to fully claim their identity as God's chosen nation and to enter the land He promised to their forefathers. The emphasis on a second chance reflects the theme of redemption and restoration that runs throughout the Bible.

So Joshua made flint knives
The use of "flint knives" is significant, as it connects the Israelites to their ancient past. Flint, a hard type of sedimentary rock, was used for tools and weapons in prehistoric times. The Hebrew word for "flint" is "tzur," which can also mean "rock" or "cliff," symbolizing strength and permanence. This act of making flint knives is a return to the basics, a reminder of the covenant with God that transcends time and technology. It signifies a renewal of commitment to God’s commands, as the Israelites prepare to enter the Promised Land.

and circumcised the sons of Israel
Circumcision is a physical sign of the covenant between God and Abraham, as described in Genesis 17. The Hebrew word for circumcise is "mul," which means to cut or to remove. This act is not merely physical but deeply spiritual, symbolizing the cutting away of sin and the dedication of the people to God. It is a renewal of identity and purpose for the Israelites, marking them as God’s chosen people. Historically, this act reaffirms their distinctiveness from other nations and their commitment to follow God’s laws.

at Gibeath-haaraloth
The name "Gibeath-haaraloth" translates to "Hill of the Foreskins." This location is significant as it marks a place of transformation and obedience. The act of circumcision here is a collective renewal of the covenant, a necessary preparation for the battles and challenges ahead in the Promised Land. The name itself serves as a memorial of this pivotal moment in Israel’s history, where they reaffirmed their identity and commitment to God. It is a reminder of the cost of discipleship and the importance of obedience to God’s commands.

Now this is why
This phrase introduces an explanation, indicating that the following content is a rationale or reason for a preceding action or event. In the context of Joshua 5, it sets the stage for understanding the necessity of the actions taken by Joshua and the Israelites. The Hebrew word used here, "זֶה" (zeh), often serves to draw attention to a specific point, emphasizing the importance of the explanation that follows.

Joshua circumcised them
The act of circumcision is deeply rooted in the Abrahamic covenant, as described in Genesis 17:10-14. It was a physical sign of the Israelites' covenant with God, symbolizing purity, obedience, and belonging to God's chosen people. The Hebrew root "מוּל" (mul) means to cut or circumcise, and it signifies a renewal of commitment to God. Historically, this act was crucial for the Israelites as they prepared to enter the Promised Land, reaffirming their identity and dedication to God's commands.

All those who came out of Egypt
This phrase refers to the generation of Israelites who experienced the Exodus, the miraculous deliverance from slavery in Egypt. It highlights the continuity of God's promises and the fulfillment of His plans across generations. The Hebrew term "יָצָא" (yatsa) means to go out or come forth, emphasizing the transition from bondage to freedom, a foundational narrative for the Israelite identity.

the males
This specification underscores the patriarchal structure of ancient Israelite society, where males were often the primary participants in covenantal rituals. The Hebrew word "זָכָר" (zakar) denotes male, and in the context of circumcision, it signifies those who were to bear the physical mark of the covenant, representing the entire community's commitment to God.

all the men of war
This phrase identifies a specific group within the Israelite community, those who were capable of fighting and defending the nation. The Hebrew "אַנְשֵׁי הַמִּלְחָמָה" (anshei hammilchamah) translates to men of war, indicating their role as protectors and warriors. This context is significant as the Israelites were on the brink of entering Canaan, where military readiness was essential for conquering the land promised to them by God.

had died in the wilderness
This statement reflects the consequences of disobedience and lack of faith among the first generation of Israelites who left Egypt. The Hebrew "מֵת" (met) means to die, and it serves as a somber reminder of the judgment that befell those who doubted God's promises. The wilderness period was a time of testing and purification, preparing a new generation to enter the Promised Land with renewed faith and obedience.

Though all the people who came out had been circumcised
This phrase refers to the Israelites who left Egypt during the Exodus. The act of circumcision was a sign of the covenant between God and Abraham, as described in Genesis 17:10-14. The Hebrew root for circumcision is "mûl," which signifies a cutting away, symbolizing the removal of impurity and a dedication to God. Historically, circumcision was a physical mark of identity and obedience, setting the Israelites apart from other nations. It was a reminder of their unique relationship with God and His promises to them.

none of those born in the wilderness along the way
This phrase highlights the generation born during the Israelites' 40-year journey in the wilderness. The wilderness period was a time of testing and reliance on God, as the Israelites were sustained by manna and guided by the pillar of cloud and fire. The Hebrew word for wilderness, "midbar," can also mean a place of speaking, indicating that the wilderness was where God communicated His laws and guidance to His people. This generation had not been circumcised, indicating a lapse in the covenantal practice during the journey.

were circumcised after they had come out of Egypt
This phrase underscores the fact that the new generation had not undergone the covenantal rite of circumcision after the Exodus. The lack of circumcision for those born in the wilderness suggests a period of spiritual neglect or a focus on survival over ritual observance. However, this also sets the stage for a renewal of the covenant as the Israelites prepare to enter the Promised Land. The act of circumcision would soon be reinstated as a necessary step to reaffirm their identity and commitment to God before claiming their inheritance in Canaan.

For forty years
The phrase "for forty years" is significant in biblical numerology, often symbolizing a period of testing, trial, or probation. In the Hebrew context, the number forty is frequently associated with times of preparation and transformation. The Israelites wandered in the wilderness for forty years as a direct consequence of their disobedience and lack of faith in God's promises. This period was not just punitive but also purifying, preparing a new generation to enter the Promised Land. The number forty appears in other significant biblical events, such as Moses' forty days on Mount Sinai and Jesus' forty days of fasting in the wilderness, each marking a time of spiritual significance and preparation.

the Israelites
The term "the Israelites" refers to the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel, who was the patriarch of the twelve tribes. This identity is deeply rooted in the covenantal relationship established between God and Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The Israelites were chosen by God to be His people, set apart to demonstrate His glory and holiness to the nations. Their journey from Egypt to the Promised Land is a central narrative in the Old Testament, illustrating themes of faith, obedience, and divine providence. The identity of the Israelites as God's chosen people underscores the unfolding of God's redemptive plan through history.

wandered in the wilderness
The phrase "wandered in the wilderness" describes the Israelites' journey through the desert after their exodus from Egypt. This wandering was a direct result of their rebellion and lack of trust in God's promise to give them the land of Canaan. The wilderness, often seen as a place of desolation and hardship, became a crucible for the Israelites, where God provided for their needs and taught them dependence on Him. The wilderness experience is a powerful metaphor for spiritual growth and reliance on God, as it was a time when the Israelites learned to trust in God's provision and guidance despite their circumstances.

until all the nation’s men of war
This phrase highlights the specific group of Israelites who were affected by the judgment of God due to their disobedience. The "men of war" refers to the fighting men who were counted in the census at Sinai, those who were twenty years old and older. These were the individuals who had witnessed the miracles in Egypt and at the Red Sea but failed to trust God to conquer the land of Canaan. Their failure to believe in God's promise resulted in their exclusion from entering the Promised Land, serving as a sobering reminder of the consequences of unbelief and disobedience.

who had come out of Egypt
The phrase "who had come out of Egypt" refers to the generation of Israelites who experienced the miraculous deliverance from slavery under Pharaoh. This exodus from Egypt is a foundational event in Israel's history, symbolizing God's power to save and His faithfulness to His covenant promises. The deliverance from Egypt is frequently recalled throughout Scripture as a testament to God's mighty acts and His commitment to His people. However, this generation's failure to trust God fully resulted in their inability to enter the land He had promised, emphasizing the importance of faith and obedience in the life of God's people.

had died
The word "had died" signifies the completion of God's judgment on the disobedient generation. Their death in the wilderness was a fulfillment of God's decree that none of the men of war who doubted His promise would see the Promised Land. This serves as a stark reminder of the seriousness of sin and the reality of divine justice. Yet, it also points to the hope of renewal, as a new generation, untainted by the disbelief of their forebears, was being prepared to enter Canaan. The death of the old generation paved the way for a new beginning, illustrating the themes of judgment and grace that run throughout Scripture.

because they had not obeyed the LORD
This phrase underscores the root cause of the Israelites' prolonged wandering and ultimate demise in the wilderness: their disobedience to the LORD. Obedience to God is a central theme in the Bible, reflecting the covenant relationship between God and His people. The Israelites' failure to obey was not merely a breach of conduct but a breach of faith, demonstrating a lack of trust in God's character and promises. This disobedience serves as a cautionary tale for all believers, highlighting the importance of faithfulness and the consequences of turning away from God's commands. It also points to the need for a heart transformed by God's Spirit, capable of true obedience.

And He raised up their sons in their place
This phrase signifies God's sovereign plan and His faithfulness to His covenant promises. The Hebrew root for "raised up" is "קוּם" (qum), which means to establish or set up. This reflects God's active role in ensuring the continuity of His people despite the previous generation's disobedience. Historically, this transition marks a new beginning for Israel, as the sons are prepared to inherit the Promised Land, fulfilling God's promise to Abraham.

and these were the ones Joshua circumcised
Circumcision is a critical covenantal sign between God and His people, originating with Abraham. The Hebrew word for circumcise is "מוּל" (mul), which means to cut or to circumcise. This act by Joshua is not merely a physical ritual but a profound spiritual renewal, symbolizing the people's recommitment to God. It underscores the importance of obedience and purity before entering the Promised Land, aligning with the conservative Christian view of the necessity of spiritual readiness and consecration.

They were still uncircumcised
This phrase highlights the neglect of the covenantal sign during the wilderness journey. The Hebrew word "עָרֵל" (arel) means uncircumcised, often used metaphorically in Scripture to denote spiritual unpreparedness or rebellion. The wilderness generation's failure to circumcise their sons reflects their broader disobedience and lack of faith, serving as a cautionary tale for believers about the consequences of neglecting God's commands.

because they had not been circumcised on the way
The journey "on the way" from Egypt to Canaan was marked by trials and divine discipline. The phrase underscores the transitional period of Israel's history, where the focus was on survival and learning dependence on God. The lack of circumcision during this time can be seen as a reflection of the people's spiritual state, emphasizing the need for renewal and recommitment before entering the land of promise. This serves as a reminder of the importance of spiritual practices and obedience in the life of faith, resonating with the conservative Christian emphasis on living a life set apart for God.

And after
This phrase indicates a sequence of events, suggesting that what follows is a direct consequence of the preceding actions. In the context of Joshua 5, the Israelites have just crossed the Jordan River into the Promised Land. The act of circumcision is a renewal of the covenant with God, a necessary step before they can proceed with their conquest. The phrase underscores the importance of obedience and preparation before undertaking God's mission.

the whole nation
The Hebrew term used here is "kol ha-goy," which emphasizes the inclusivity of the act. Every male member of the Israelite community was circumcised, signifying a collective commitment to God's covenant. This act of unity and obedience is crucial as they prepare to take possession of the land promised to their ancestors. It reflects the communal nature of Israel's relationship with God, where the faithfulness of the entire nation is required.

had been circumcised
Circumcision, or "brit milah" in Hebrew, is a physical sign of the covenant between God and Abraham's descendants (Genesis 17:10-14). For the Israelites, it was a mark of identity and belonging to God's chosen people. This act was particularly significant at this moment because the generation born in the wilderness had not been circumcised. It symbolizes a fresh start and a renewed commitment to God's laws as they enter the Promised Land.

they stayed there
The decision to remain in the camp after circumcision highlights the need for rest and recovery. It also signifies a period of reflection and spiritual preparation. This pause before engaging in battle serves as a reminder that physical readiness must be accompanied by spiritual readiness. It is a time to trust in God's provision and timing, reinforcing the idea that success in their mission depends on divine guidance.

in the camp
The camp represents a place of safety and community for the Israelites. It is where they gather, worship, and receive instruction from God through their leaders. Staying in the camp after circumcision allows them to heal in a supportive environment, surrounded by their fellow believers. It is a reminder of the importance of community in the journey of faith, where believers support and encourage one another.

until they were healed
Healing, or "rapha" in Hebrew, is both a physical and spiritual process. The Israelites needed time to recover from the physical act of circumcision, but this period also allowed for spiritual healing and renewal. It is a testament to God's care and provision, ensuring that His people are fully prepared for the challenges ahead. This healing process underscores the importance of patience and trust in God's timing, as He prepares His people for the fulfillment of His promises.

Then the LORD said to Joshua
This phrase emphasizes the direct communication between God and Joshua, highlighting Joshua's role as a divinely appointed leader. The Hebrew name for God used here is "Yahweh," which signifies the covenantal relationship between God and Israel. This direct communication underscores the importance of obedience and faithfulness to God's commands, as Joshua is leading the Israelites into the Promised Land.

Today
The word "today" marks a significant moment in Israel's history. It signifies a new beginning and a pivotal point in their journey. This day is not just a chronological marker but a spiritual milestone, representing the fulfillment of God's promises and the transition from the past burdens to a future of hope and divine favor.

I have rolled away
The Hebrew root for "rolled away" is "galal," which conveys the idea of removing or taking away a burden. This action by God symbolizes liberation and deliverance. It is a powerful image of God actively intervening to remove the shame and disgrace associated with their past in Egypt, thus preparing them for a new chapter in their covenant relationship.

the reproach of Egypt
The "reproach of Egypt" refers to the disgrace and humiliation the Israelites experienced during their slavery and the lingering shame of their past disobedience and unbelief. This phrase encapsulates the collective memory of oppression and the stigma of being a people who had been enslaved. God's act of rolling away this reproach signifies a divine cleansing and restoration of their identity as His chosen people.

from you
This phrase personalizes the act of deliverance, indicating that the removal of reproach is not just a corporate experience but also an individual one. Each member of the Israelite community is included in this redemptive act, highlighting God's intimate involvement in the lives of His people.

So the place has been called Gilgal
The name "Gilgal" is derived from the Hebrew word "galal," meaning "to roll." Naming the place Gilgal serves as a perpetual reminder of God's deliverance and the new beginning for Israel. It becomes a landmark of faith, a place where the Israelites can remember God's faithfulness and the transformation from shame to honor.

to this day
This phrase indicates the lasting impact of God's actions and the enduring significance of Gilgal in Israel's history. It serves as a testament to future generations of God's power and faithfulness. The phrase also suggests that the lessons learned and the spiritual truths revealed at Gilgal are timeless, continuing to inspire and instruct believers in their walk with God.

On the evening of the fourteenth day of the month
This phrase marks a significant moment in the Israelite calendar, aligning with the instructions given in Exodus 12:6 for the observance of Passover. The "fourteenth day" of the first month, Nisan, is a time set apart by God for remembrance and celebration. The evening signifies the beginning of the Jewish day, which starts at sunset. This timing underscores the continuity of God's covenantal promises, as the Israelites are now in the Promised Land, observing the same Passover that marked their deliverance from Egypt. The Hebrew word for "evening" (עֶרֶב, erev) suggests a transition, symbolizing the shift from slavery to freedom, from wilderness wandering to the inheritance of the land.

while camped at Gilgal
Gilgal holds profound significance as the first encampment of the Israelites in the Promised Land. The name "Gilgal" (גִּלְגָּל) is derived from the Hebrew root meaning "to roll," as God declared in Joshua 5:9, "Today I have rolled away the reproach of Egypt from you." This site becomes a place of renewal and consecration, where the Israelites reaffirm their covenant with God. Archaeologically, Gilgal is identified with a site near Jericho, and its strategic location on the plains signifies a new beginning for the nation. The encampment at Gilgal represents a physical and spiritual anchoring point, where the Israelites prepare to take possession of the land promised to their forefathers.

on the plains of Jericho
The plains of Jericho are a fertile area, contrasting with the wilderness the Israelites have traversed. Jericho, known as the "City of Palms," is one of the oldest inhabited cities, and its mention here foreshadows the imminent conquest. The plains serve as a staging ground for the Israelites, symbolizing the transition from nomadic life to settled existence. Historically, Jericho's strategic location made it a key city in the region, and its mention highlights the impending fulfillment of God's promise to give the land to His people. The plains of Jericho thus become a place of anticipation and divine intervention.

the Israelites kept the Passover
The observance of Passover at this juncture is a powerful act of obedience and faith. "Kept" (עָשָׂה, asah) in Hebrew implies not just a ritual observance but a wholehearted participation in God's redemptive plan. This Passover is the first celebrated in the Promised Land, signifying the continuity of God's deliverance from Egypt to the present moment. It is a reaffirmation of identity and purpose, as the Israelites remember their past and look forward to the future. The Passover meal, with its elements of lamb, unleavened bread, and bitter herbs, serves as a tangible reminder of God's faithfulness and the cost of redemption. This act of keeping the Passover reinforces the centrality of worship and covenant in the life of God's people, inspiring believers today to remember and celebrate God's ongoing work of salvation.

The day after the Passover
This phrase marks a significant transition for the Israelites. The Passover commemorates their deliverance from Egypt, a pivotal event in their history. The "day after" signifies a new beginning, as they are now in the Promised Land. The Hebrew term for Passover, "Pesach," is rooted in the idea of passing over or sparing, reflecting God's mercy. This moment is a fulfillment of God's promises, showing His faithfulness and the importance of remembering His past deliverance as they step into a new chapter.

they ate some of the produce of the land
This phrase highlights the shift from reliance on manna to the sustenance provided by the land of Canaan. The Hebrew word for "produce" is "tevuah," which implies the fruit of labor and the bounty of the land. This act of eating the land's produce is a tangible sign of God's provision and the fulfillment of His promise to bring them to a land flowing with milk and honey. It symbolizes a new era of self-sufficiency and blessing, as they partake in the fruits of the land God has given them.

unleavened bread
Unleavened bread, or "matzah" in Hebrew, is significant in Jewish tradition, especially during Passover. It represents purity and the haste with which the Israelites left Egypt, as there was no time for the bread to rise. In this context, it serves as a reminder of their deliverance and the purity required to enter into God's promises. The unleavened bread is a symbol of their covenant relationship with God, emphasizing obedience and remembrance of His mighty acts.

and roasted grain
Roasted grain, or "kali" in Hebrew, was a common food in ancient times, often prepared by parching the grain over fire. This simple, yet nourishing food represents the firstfruits of the land, a foretaste of the abundance to come. It signifies the end of their wilderness journey and the beginning of a settled life in Canaan. The act of eating roasted grain is an acknowledgment of God's provision and a celebration of His faithfulness in bringing them to a land where they can cultivate and harvest their own food.

The manna ceased
The cessation of manna marks a significant transition for the Israelites. The Hebrew word for "manna" is "מָן" (man), which was the miraculous food provided by God during the Israelites' 40 years in the wilderness. This event signifies the end of their wilderness journey and the beginning of a new chapter in the Promised Land. The ceasing of manna is a testament to God's faithfulness in providing for His people and a call for them to trust Him in new ways as they settle in Canaan.

the day after they had eaten
This phrase underscores the immediacy of God's provision and timing. The Israelites ate the produce of the land, and the very next day, the manna ceased. It highlights God's perfect timing and the seamless transition from one form of provision to another. The Hebrew context suggests a divine orchestration, where God ensures that His people are never left without sustenance.

some of the produce of the land
The "produce of the land" refers to the agricultural bounty of Canaan, a land described as "flowing with milk and honey" (Exodus 3:8). This phrase indicates the fulfillment of God's promise to bring the Israelites into a fertile land. The Hebrew word for "produce" is "תְּבוּאָה" (tevuah), which encompasses the idea of yield or harvest, symbolizing abundance and God's blessing.

there was no more manna
The repetition of the cessation of manna emphasizes the finality of this miraculous provision. It marks a clear end to the wilderness period and a shift to a new reliance on the land's resources. This transition challenges the Israelites to adapt and trust in God's continued provision through natural means.

for the Israelites
The focus on "the Israelites" highlights the collective experience of God's people. It serves as a reminder of their identity as a chosen nation, set apart by God. The Hebrew term "בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל" (Bnei Yisrael) reinforces their covenant relationship with God and their shared history and destiny.

that year
The specification of "that year" situates the event in a particular time, emphasizing the historical reality of God's actions. It marks the beginning of a new agricultural cycle in the Promised Land, symbolizing new beginnings and the fulfillment of God's promises. The Hebrew context suggests a new era of divine provision and faithfulness.

Now when Joshua was near Jericho
The phrase sets the geographical and historical context. Jericho was a fortified city, significant in the ancient Near East, and its conquest was crucial for the Israelites entering the Promised Land. The Hebrew root for "Jericho" is "Yeriho," which may be related to the word for "moon," suggesting a city of great antiquity and possibly linked to lunar worship. This setting underscores the impending divine intervention in a place of pagan influence.

he looked up and saw a man
The act of "looking up" signifies a moment of divine revelation or encounter. In Hebrew, "saw" (ra'ah) often implies perceiving with understanding. Joshua's perception here is not merely physical but spiritual, recognizing the significance of the figure before him. This moment echoes other biblical theophanies where God reveals Himself or His messengers to His chosen leaders.

standing in front of him
The posture of the man "standing" indicates readiness and authority. In biblical narratives, standing often signifies a position of power or readiness to act. This figure's stance before Joshua suggests a confrontation or a pivotal moment of decision, emphasizing the seriousness of the encounter.

with a drawn sword in his hand
The "drawn sword" is a symbol of divine judgment and warfare. In the ancient world, a drawn sword was a clear sign of readiness for battle. The Hebrew word for "sword" (chereb) is often associated with God's judgment and deliverance. This imagery foreshadows the divine intervention that will lead to the fall of Jericho, highlighting God's role as the true leader of Israel's army.

Joshua approached him and asked
Joshua's approach demonstrates his courage and leadership. The Hebrew root for "approached" (qarab) can also mean to draw near in worship or inquiry, suggesting Joshua's recognition of the man's authority. His question reflects a desire for discernment, seeking to understand the divine will in the situation.

Are you for us or for our enemies?
This question reveals Joshua's concern for allegiance and divine support. The binary choice presented—"for us or for our enemies"—underscores the human tendency to categorize divine actions within our limited understanding. However, the subsequent verses reveal that God's purposes transcend human divisions, calling for obedience and faithfulness beyond mere alliances. This moment challenges believers to align with God's will rather than seeking to fit God into our agendas.

Neither, He replied
The response "Neither" is significant in its neutrality. The Hebrew word used here is "לֹא" (lo), which simply means "no" or "neither." This indicates that the divine figure is not aligning with human factions but stands apart, representing God's sovereign purposes. This neutrality emphasizes that God's plans transcend human conflicts and allegiances, reminding us that His ways are higher than ours (Isaiah 55:8-9).

But as Commander of the army of the LORD I have now come
The title "Commander of the army of the LORD" is profound. The Hebrew word for "Commander" is "שַׂר" (sar), meaning prince, leader, or chief. This title suggests a high-ranking celestial being, possibly a theophany or Christophany, indicating the pre-incarnate Christ. The "army of the LORD" refers to the heavenly hosts, underscoring God's omnipotence and the spiritual reality beyond the physical realm. This appearance reassures Joshua of divine support and guidance as Israel embarks on the conquest of Canaan.

Then Joshua fell facedown in reverence
Joshua's reaction of falling "facedown in reverence" is a gesture of worship and submission. The Hebrew word for "fell" is "נָפַל" (naphal), which conveys a sudden and complete prostration. This act signifies Joshua's recognition of the divine presence and authority before him. It reflects the appropriate response to God's holiness and majesty, as seen throughout Scripture when individuals encounter the divine (e.g., Isaiah 6:5, Revelation 1:17).

and asked Him, 'What does my Lord have to say to His servant?'
Joshua's question, "What does my Lord have to say to His servant?" demonstrates humility and readiness to obey. The term "my Lord" (אֲדֹנִי, Adoni) is a respectful address, acknowledging the authority of the divine figure. By referring to himself as "His servant," Joshua positions himself as a willing and obedient follower, eager to receive divine instruction. This attitude is essential for leaders and believers, emphasizing the importance of seeking God's guidance and submitting to His will in all endeavors.

The Commander of the LORD’s army
This phrase introduces a divine figure, often understood to be a theophany, or a pre-incarnate appearance of Christ. The Hebrew term for "commander" is "sar," which can mean prince, leader, or chief. This title signifies authority and divine presence, indicating that Joshua is in the presence of a heavenly being who commands the armies of God. This encounter parallels Moses' experience with the burning bush, suggesting continuity in God's leadership and presence with His people.

replied
The Hebrew word used here is "amar," which is a common term for speaking or saying. The use of this word emphasizes the direct communication from the divine to Joshua, underscoring the importance and solemnity of the message being delivered. It is a moment of divine instruction and revelation.

Take off your sandals
This command echoes the instruction given to Moses in Exodus 3:5. The act of removing sandals is a sign of reverence and humility in the presence of the divine. In ancient Near Eastern culture, it was customary to remove shoes in sacred spaces, acknowledging the holiness of the ground and the presence of God. This act signifies Joshua's submission and recognition of the sacredness of the moment.

for the place where you are standing is holy
The Hebrew word for "holy" is "qodesh," which denotes something set apart, sacred, or consecrated. The ground is not inherently holy but becomes so because of God's presence. This declaration transforms an ordinary location into a sacred space, reminding Joshua and the Israelites that God's presence sanctifies and sets apart their journey and mission.

And Joshua did so
This simple phrase highlights Joshua's obedience and faith. His immediate compliance with the divine command reflects his reverence and readiness to follow God's instructions. Joshua's actions serve as a model of faithful leadership, demonstrating the importance of responding to God's presence with humility and obedience.