A long time after the LORD had given Israel rest from all the enemies around them
This phrase indicates a significant period has passed since the major military conquests in Canaan, as described in earlier chapters of Joshua. The "rest" refers to a cessation of large-scale warfare, fulfilling God's promise to give Israel the land (Deuteronomy 12:10). This rest symbolizes a period of peace and stability, allowing the Israelites to settle and establish their society according to the laws given by Moses. Theologically, this rest can be seen as a foreshadowing of the ultimate rest found in Christ (Hebrews 4:8-10), where believers find spiritual rest from the burden of sin.

when Joshua was old and well along in years
Joshua's advanced age signifies the end of an era. He is one of the last direct links to the generation that experienced the Exodus and the wilderness wanderings. His leadership was crucial in the conquest and initial settlement of Canaan. The mention of his age underscores the urgency of his forthcoming address to the Israelites, as he prepares to pass on leadership and remind them of their covenant obligations. This transition period is critical, as it sets the stage for the challenges Israel will face in maintaining faithfulness to God without Joshua's direct leadership.

he summoned all Israel
This phrase indicates a formal gathering of the nation, emphasizing the unity and collective identity of Israel. Such assemblies were significant in Israel's history, often marking moments of covenant renewal or important national decisions (e.g., Deuteronomy 31:28-30). The summoning of "all Israel" underscores the importance of the message Joshua is about to deliver, as it pertains to the entire nation.

including its elders, leaders, judges, and officers
The mention of these specific groups highlights the structured leadership within Israel. Elders were respected figures often involved in decision-making (Exodus 3:16). Leaders and judges were responsible for governance and maintaining justice (Deuteronomy 16:18). Officers likely served administrative roles. This structure reflects the organized society that Israel had become, transitioning from a nomadic tribe to a settled nation. It also mirrors the leadership hierarchy established by Moses (Exodus 18:21-26).

“I am old and well along in years,” he said
Joshua's acknowledgment of his age serves as a reminder of the passage of time since the Israelites entered the Promised Land. It echoes similar statements by other biblical figures like Moses (Deuteronomy 31:2) and serves as a prelude to his farewell address. This phrase sets the stage for a transfer of leadership and a call to faithfulness, as Joshua, like Moses, prepares to leave a legacy of obedience to God's covenant. Joshua's life and leadership can be seen as a type of Christ, leading God's people into the promised inheritance, just as Jesus leads believers into eternal life.

and you have seen everything that the LORD your God has done to all these nations for your sake
This phrase emphasizes the firsthand witness of the Israelites to God's mighty acts. The Israelites experienced God's intervention in battles, such as the fall of Jericho (Joshua 6) and the defeat of the Amorite kings (Joshua 10). This serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness to His covenant promises, as seen in Genesis 12:7, where God promised Abraham the land. The phrase underscores the importance of remembering God's past deeds as a foundation for faith and obedience.

because it was the LORD your God who fought for you
This highlights the divine nature of Israel's victories, attributing success not to military prowess but to God's intervention. This is consistent with the theme throughout the Old Testament, where God is depicted as a warrior fighting on behalf of His people (Exodus 14:14, Deuteronomy 1:30). It also foreshadows the ultimate victory through Jesus Christ, who fights and wins the spiritual battle for humanity (Colossians 2:15). The phrase serves as a call to trust in God's power rather than human strength.

See, I have allotted as an inheritance to your tribes
This phrase emphasizes the fulfillment of God's promise to the Israelites regarding the land of Canaan. The concept of "inheritance" is deeply rooted in the Abrahamic covenant, where God promised Abraham that his descendants would inherit the land (Genesis 15:18-21). The division of the land among the tribes of Israel was a significant event, symbolizing God's faithfulness and the realization of His promises. The term "allotted" indicates a deliberate and divinely guided distribution, reflecting God's sovereignty and the importance of each tribe's role in the nation of Israel.

these remaining nations
The "remaining nations" refer to the Canaanite peoples who still inhabited parts of the Promised Land. Despite the Israelites' victories, not all the land was fully conquered, and some Canaanite groups persisted. This situation served as a test of Israel's faithfulness and obedience to God's commands to fully possess the land (Judges 2:20-23). The presence of these nations also foreshadowed future challenges and conflicts, highlighting the need for Israel to rely on God's strength and guidance.

including all the nations I have already cut off
This phrase recalls the victories God granted Israel over various Canaanite kings and peoples during the conquest of Canaan under Joshua's leadership. The phrase "I have already cut off" underscores God's active role in delivering these enemies into Israel's hands, fulfilling His promise to fight for them (Exodus 23:27-31). It also serves as a reminder of God's past faithfulness, encouraging the Israelites to trust Him for future victories.

from the Jordan westward to the Great Sea
Geographically, this phrase defines the extent of the land promised to Israel, stretching from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea, known as the Great Sea. This area encompasses the heart of the Promised Land, including significant regions such as the hill country, the coastal plains, and the Shephelah. The boundaries reflect the land's strategic and fertile nature, essential for the nation's sustenance and security. The mention of these boundaries also connects to earlier promises made to the patriarchs (Genesis 15:18) and highlights the fulfillment of God's covenantal promises.

The LORD your God will push them out of your way
This phrase emphasizes the divine initiative and power in the conquest of Canaan. The Israelites are reminded that it is not by their own strength but by God's intervention that their enemies will be removed. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God fighting for His people, as seen in Exodus 14:14, where God promises to fight for Israel. The phrase also underscores God's sovereignty and faithfulness in fulfilling His promises, as He had previously assured Abraham in Genesis 15:18-21.

and drive them out before you
Here, the focus is on the active role of God in ensuring the removal of the Canaanite nations. This action is both a fulfillment of divine justice against the iniquity of these nations (Genesis 15:16) and a demonstration of God's covenant faithfulness to Israel. The driving out of the nations is a recurring theme in Deuteronomy, where God promises to go before Israel and clear the land (Deuteronomy 9:3). This also prefigures the ultimate victory over sin and evil through Christ, who conquers spiritual enemies on behalf of believers.

so that you can take possession of their land
This phrase highlights the purpose of God's actions: to enable Israel to inherit the land promised to their forefathers. The land is a central element of the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 12:7), symbolizing God's blessing and provision. The concept of taking possession is not merely physical but also spiritual, as it involves living according to God's laws and maintaining covenant faithfulness. This foreshadows the New Testament promise of believers inheriting the kingdom of God (Matthew 5:5).

as the LORD your God promised you
The concluding phrase reaffirms the reliability of God's promises. It connects back to the covenantal assurances given to the patriarchs, particularly Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. This promise is a testament to God's unchanging nature and His commitment to His word (Numbers 23:19). The fulfillment of this promise in Joshua's time serves as a type of the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises in Christ, who secures an eternal inheritance for His people (Hebrews 9:15).

Be very strong, then,
This phrase emphasizes the need for inner strength and courage, a recurring theme in the book of Joshua. It echoes God's command to Joshua in Joshua 1:6-7, where strength and courage are prerequisites for leadership and obedience to God's commands. The call to be strong is not merely physical but spiritual, requiring reliance on God's power and presence.

so that you can keep and obey
The emphasis here is on the active role of the Israelites in maintaining their covenant relationship with God. "Keep" implies guarding or preserving the commandments, while "obey" suggests a proactive adherence to God's laws. This dual action is essential for the Israelites to remain in God's favor and continue to receive His blessings.

all that is written in the Book of the Law of Moses,
The "Book of the Law of Moses" refers to the Torah, particularly the first five books of the Old Testament. This underscores the importance of Scripture as the foundation of Israel's faith and practice. The Law of Moses was central to the identity and religious life of Israel, providing guidelines for worship, social justice, and personal conduct. It also foreshadows the coming of Christ, who fulfills the Law (Matthew 5:17).

not turning aside from it to the right or to the left.
This phrase signifies the importance of unwavering commitment to God's commandments. It suggests a straight path of obedience, avoiding deviations that could lead to idolatry or moral compromise. This imagery is consistent with Deuteronomy 5:32 and Proverbs 4:27, which also warn against straying from God's path. The call to not turn aside reflects the need for focus and dedication in following God's will, a principle that is timeless and applicable to believers today.

So you are not to associate with these nations that remain among you.
This phrase reflects the Israelites' situation after entering the Promised Land. Despite their victories, some Canaanite nations remained. The command not to associate with these nations is rooted in the concern for spiritual purity and the danger of adopting pagan practices. Historically, the Canaanites were known for idolatry and practices contrary to the worship of Yahweh. This directive is consistent with earlier commands in Deuteronomy 7:2-4, emphasizing the need to avoid intermarriage and cultural assimilation that could lead to idolatry.

You must not call on the names of their gods or swear by them,
Invoking the names of foreign gods was more than a verbal act; it signified allegiance and acknowledgment of their power. In ancient Near Eastern culture, names held significant power and calling upon a deity's name was an act of worship and submission. This prohibition is a safeguard against syncretism, ensuring that the Israelites' worship remains exclusive to Yahweh. The command echoes the first two commandments in Exodus 20:3-7, which prohibit having other gods and misusing God's name.

and you must not serve them or bow down to them.
Service and bowing down are acts of worship and submission. In the ancient world, these actions were often part of religious rituals and ceremonies. The Israelites are warned against participating in such practices, which would signify a rejection of their covenant with Yahweh. This command is a reminder of the exclusive worship required by the covenant, as seen in Deuteronomy 6:13-15. The call to avoid idolatry is a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament, highlighting the constant temptation Israel faced and the need for vigilance in maintaining their distinct identity as God's chosen people.

Instead, you shall hold fast to the LORD your God
This phrase emphasizes the importance of loyalty and commitment to God. The Hebrew word for "hold fast" implies a strong, unwavering attachment, similar to the bond in a marriage covenant. This reflects the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where faithfulness is paramount. The call to hold fast contrasts with the temptation to follow other gods, a recurring issue for Israel (Exodus 34:14-16). This phrase also echoes the Shema in Deuteronomy 6:4-5, which commands love and devotion to God with all one's heart, soul, and strength.

as you have done to this day
This part acknowledges Israel's past faithfulness, serving as both encouragement and a reminder of their history. It suggests that the people have successfully adhered to God's commands up to this point, likely referring to their obedience during the conquest of Canaan under Joshua's leadership. This historical context is crucial, as it highlights the victories and blessings that came from their obedience. It also serves as a warning, as past faithfulness does not guarantee future obedience. The phrase underscores the need for continual commitment, resonating with New Testament teachings on perseverance in faith (Hebrews 10:23).

The LORD has driven out great and powerful nations before you
This phrase highlights the divine intervention and sovereignty of God in the conquest of Canaan. The Israelites' victories over formidable nations such as the Amorites, Hittites, and Canaanites were not due to their own strength but were acts of God fulfilling His promises (Deuteronomy 7:1-2). This reflects the covenantal faithfulness of God, as He had promised Abraham that his descendants would inherit the land (Genesis 15:18-21). The phrase also underscores the theme of God as a warrior, a motif seen throughout the Old Testament (Exodus 15:3). Archaeological evidence, such as the destruction layers found in cities like Jericho and Hazor, supports the biblical narrative of conquest during this period.

and to this day no one can stand against you
This statement emphasizes the ongoing protection and favor of God over Israel. Historically, this period marks the establishment of Israel as a dominant force in the region, with surrounding nations unable to defeat them. The phrase "to this day" suggests a continued state of divine favor and security, which is a recurring theme in the Deuteronomic history. It also serves as a reminder of the conditional nature of this protection, as later texts reveal that Israel's disobedience leads to their eventual downfall (Judges 2:11-15). This phrase can be seen as a type of Christ, who provides ultimate victory and security for believers, as no spiritual force can stand against those who are in Him (Romans 8:31-39).

One of you can put a thousand to flight
This phrase emphasizes the miraculous power and protection that God provides to His people. It reflects the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where obedience to God results in His divine intervention. Historically, this echoes the victories Israel experienced during the conquest of Canaan, where smaller forces triumphed over larger armies (e.g., Gideon's victory in Judges 7). Theologically, it underscores the principle that God's strength is made perfect in human weakness (2 Corinthians 12:9).

because the LORD your God fights for you
This statement is a reminder of God's active role in the battles of Israel. Throughout the Old Testament, God is depicted as a divine warrior who fights on behalf of His people (Exodus 14:14, Deuteronomy 1:30). This assurance of divine support is contingent upon Israel's faithfulness to the covenant. It also foreshadows the ultimate victory of God over evil, as seen in the eschatological battles described in Revelation.

just as He promised
This phrase highlights the faithfulness of God to His promises. The promise of divine assistance in battle was part of the covenant God made with Israel (Deuteronomy 28:7). It serves as a reminder of God's unchanging nature and His commitment to fulfill His word. This assurance of God's promises is a recurring theme throughout Scripture, pointing to the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises in Jesus Christ, who is the "Yes" and "Amen" of all God's promises (2 Corinthians 1:20).

Therefore watch yourselves carefully
This phrase serves as a call to vigilance and self-examination. In the context of Joshua's farewell address to the Israelites, it emphasizes the importance of remaining faithful to God's covenant. The word "therefore" connects this command to the preceding verses, where Joshua reminds the Israelites of God's faithfulness in fulfilling His promises. The call to "watch" suggests a proactive stance, akin to a sentry on duty, highlighting the need for constant spiritual alertness. This echoes the New Testament exhortation in 1 Peter 5:8 to be sober-minded and watchful, as the adversary seeks to devour.

that you love the LORD your God
The command to love God is central to the covenant relationship between God and Israel. This love is not merely emotional but involves obedience and commitment, as outlined in Deuteronomy 6:5, which commands loving God with all one's heart, soul, and strength. The historical context is significant here; the Israelites are on the brink of settling into the Promised Land, surrounded by pagan nations. The call to love God serves as a safeguard against idolatry and assimilation into surrounding cultures. This love is a reflection of God's covenantal love for His people, a theme that runs throughout Scripture and finds its ultimate expression in the New Testament through Jesus Christ, who embodies perfect love and obedience to the Father.

For if you turn away
This phrase serves as a warning against apostasy, highlighting the importance of remaining faithful to God. The Israelites were often tempted to turn away from God, as seen in the cycles of sin and repentance throughout the Book of Judges. This warning is consistent with the covenantal language found in Deuteronomy, where blessings and curses are outlined based on Israel's obedience or disobedience.

and cling to the rest of these nations that remain among you
The nations referred to are the Canaanite peoples who were not fully driven out of the Promised Land. Clinging to these nations implies adopting their practices and gods, which was strictly forbidden (Exodus 23:32-33). This phrase underscores the danger of syncretism and the dilution of Israel's distinct identity as God's chosen people. Historically, the Israelites struggled with this, as seen in the accounts of Solomon's reign, where foreign influences led to idolatry.

and if you intermarry
Intermarriage with the Canaanites was prohibited because it often led to the worship of foreign gods (Deuteronomy 7:3-4). This was not a racial issue but a spiritual one, as the primary concern was the preservation of Israel's covenant relationship with God. The story of King Solomon, who married many foreign women and subsequently turned to their gods, serves as a cautionary tale (1 Kings 11:1-4).

and associate with them
Association with the remaining nations involved more than just social interaction; it implied forming alliances and adopting their cultural and religious practices. This was a direct threat to the purity of Israel's worship and obedience to God. The prophets frequently condemned such associations, as they often led to Israel's downfall and exile (Hosea 4:17). The call to be separate is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are urged not to be unequally yoked with unbelievers (2 Corinthians 6:14-17).

know for sure
This phrase emphasizes certainty and assurance. It reflects the biblical theme of God's faithfulness to His word, whether in blessing or judgment. The Israelites are reminded of the consequences of disobedience, echoing the covenantal warnings found in Deuteronomy.

that the LORD your God will no longer drive out these nations before you.
This refers to the Canaanite nations that remained in the Promised Land. Historically, God had promised to drive out these nations (Exodus 23:30-31), but this was contingent on Israel's obedience. The failure to fully conquer the land is a recurring theme in Judges, illustrating the consequences of incomplete obedience.

Instead, they will become for you a snare and a trap,
The imagery of a snare and trap suggests entanglement and danger. In the ancient Near Eastern context, snares were used for hunting, symbolizing how the Canaanite practices and idolatry could ensnare the Israelites spiritually. This warning is consistent with earlier admonitions in Exodus 23:33 and Deuteronomy 7:16.

a scourge in your sides and thorns in your eyes,
These metaphors indicate persistent irritation and suffering. The "scourge" and "thorns" suggest physical and spiritual torment, reflecting the consequences of allowing pagan influences to persist. This language is reminiscent of Numbers 33:55, where similar warnings are given about the inhabitants of the land.

until you perish from this good land
The phrase underscores the conditional nature of Israel's possession of the land. The "good land" is a reference to the land flowing with milk and honey, promised to the patriarchs. The potential for perishing from the land is a fulfillment of covenant curses outlined in Deuteronomy 28.

that the LORD your God has given you.
This acknowledges God's sovereignty and grace in giving the land to Israel. It serves as a reminder of the divine gift and the responsibility that comes with it. The land is not just a possession but a sacred trust, highlighting the covenant relationship between God and His people.

Now behold, today I am going the way of all the earth
This phrase signifies Joshua's awareness of his impending death, a common expression in ancient Near Eastern cultures to denote mortality. It reflects the natural order of life and death, as seen in other biblical figures like David (1 Kings 2:2). Joshua's acknowledgment of his mortality underscores the transient nature of human leadership and the enduring faithfulness of God.

and you know with all your heart and soul
This emphasizes the deep, internal conviction and understanding of the Israelites. The heart and soul together represent the entirety of one's being in Hebrew thought, indicating a comprehensive and sincere acknowledgment of God's faithfulness. This phrase calls the Israelites to remember and internalize their experiences of God's promises being fulfilled.

that not one of the good promises the LORD your God made to you has failed
This statement highlights God's unwavering faithfulness to His covenant with Israel. The "good promises" refer to the blessings and victories promised to the Israelites, such as the conquest of Canaan (Deuteronomy 7:9). This assurance of God's reliability is a recurring theme throughout Scripture, reinforcing the trustworthiness of His word.

Everything was fulfilled for you
This phrase confirms the complete realization of God's promises to Israel, particularly regarding the land and their victories over enemies. It serves as a testament to God's power and faithfulness, encouraging the Israelites to continue trusting in Him. This fulfillment is a precursor to the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises through Jesus Christ, who embodies the completion of God's redemptive plan.

not one promise has failed
Reiterating the previous assurance, this phrase underscores the perfection and reliability of God's word. It serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and the certainty of His plans. This assurance is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are reminded of the certainty of God's promises through Christ (2 Corinthians 1:20). The unfailing nature of God's promises is a cornerstone of faith, providing hope and assurance to believers throughout history.

But just as every good thing the LORD your God promised you has come to pass
This phrase highlights the faithfulness of God in fulfilling His promises to Israel. Throughout the Old Testament, God made numerous covenants with His people, such as the Abrahamic Covenant (Genesis 12:1-3) and the Mosaic Covenant (Exodus 19-24). The fulfillment of these promises is evident in Israel's conquest of Canaan, as detailed in the earlier chapters of Joshua. This serves as a reminder of God's reliability and the importance of trusting in His word.

likewise the LORD will bring upon you the calamity He has threatened
Here, the text underscores the conditional nature of God's promises, which often include blessings for obedience and curses for disobedience, as outlined in Deuteronomy 28. The "calamity" refers to the consequences of turning away from God, which historically manifested in events like the Babylonian exile. This serves as a warning to remain faithful to God's commandments.

until He has destroyed you from this good land
The "good land" refers to the Promised Land, a central theme in the Old Testament, symbolizing God's provision and blessing. The potential destruction from the land is a direct consequence of Israel's disobedience, as seen in later historical events when the Israelites were exiled. This reflects the seriousness of covenantal faithfulness and the repercussions of failing to uphold it.

He has given you
This phrase emphasizes the gift of the land as an act of divine grace. The land was not earned by Israel's merit but was a fulfillment of God's promise to their ancestors. It serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and generosity, and the responsibility of the Israelites to honor God through their stewardship of the land.

If you transgress the covenant of the LORD your God,
The covenant refers to the agreement established between God and the Israelites, initially through Abraham and later reaffirmed through Moses at Sinai. This covenant included laws and commandments that the Israelites were to follow. Transgressing the covenant implies a breach of this sacred agreement, which was central to Israel's identity and relationship with God. The covenant was not just a legal contract but a relational bond, emphasizing faithfulness and obedience.

which He commanded you,
The commandments were given by God as part of the covenant, including the Ten Commandments and other laws found in the Torah. These were not merely suggestions but divine mandates that required adherence. The emphasis on "He commanded you" underscores the authority of God as the lawgiver and the expectation of obedience from His people.

and go and serve other gods and bow down to them,
Idolatry was a significant concern in the ancient Near East, where polytheism was prevalent. The Israelites were surrounded by nations that worshipped various deities, and the temptation to adopt these practices was strong. Serving and bowing down to other gods represented a direct violation of the first commandment and a betrayal of their exclusive relationship with Yahweh. This phrase highlights the spiritual adultery involved in idolatry.

then the anger of the LORD will burn against you,
The anger of the LORD is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, often depicted as a response to Israel's unfaithfulness. This anthropomorphic expression conveys God's righteous indignation and the seriousness of covenant violation. It serves as a warning of the consequences of disobedience, reflecting God's holiness and justice.

and you will quickly perish from this good land He has given you.”
The land was a central element of the covenant promises, symbolizing God's provision and blessing. The threat of perishing from the land underscores the conditional nature of the Israelites' tenure in Canaan, contingent upon their faithfulness to God. This warning foreshadows the eventual exile of Israel due to persistent disobedience, as seen in later historical books. The phrase "this good land" emphasizes the gift and grace of God in granting them a prosperous inheritance, which they risk losing through unfaithfulness.