This is what the LORD says
This phrase introduces a divine proclamation, emphasizing the authority and sovereignty of God. In Hebrew, "LORD" is "YHWH," the sacred name of God, underscoring His eternal and unchanging nature. This introduction sets the stage for a message that is both personal and communal, reflecting God's intimate involvement with His people.

Where is your mother’s certificate of divorce
The imagery of a "certificate of divorce" refers to the legal document required in ancient Israel to formalize a separation. In the context of Isaiah, this metaphor highlights the broken relationship between God and Israel. Historically, divorce was a serious matter, and the absence of such a certificate suggests that God has not permanently abandoned His people, despite their unfaithfulness.

with which I sent her away?
This phrase implies a temporary separation rather than a permanent rejection. The Hebrew word for "sent away" (shalach) can also mean to release or let go, indicating that God's actions are not final. This reflects God's enduring commitment to His covenant, even when discipline is necessary.

Or to which of My creditors did I sell you?
The concept of selling to creditors draws from the practice of selling oneself or one's family into servitude to pay off debts. Here, God uses this metaphor to illustrate that He has not relinquished His ownership or care for Israel. The rhetorical question emphasizes that God is not indebted to anyone, reinforcing His ultimate authority and the unbreakable bond with His people.

Behold, you were sold for your iniquities
The word "Behold" serves as a call to attention, urging the audience to recognize the truth of their situation. The term "iniquities" (Hebrew: avon) refers to moral perversity or sin. This phrase underscores the cause of Israel's predicament: their own sinful actions, not God's abandonment. It serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God's commandments.

and for your transgressions your mother was sent away
"Transgressions" (Hebrew: pesha) implies rebellion or willful disobedience. The use of "mother" symbolizes the nation of Israel as a collective entity. The separation is a result of their collective rebellion against God. This phrase reinforces the theme of accountability, highlighting that the separation is due to their actions, not a failure on God's part.

When I came, why was there no one?
This phrase reflects God's lament over Israel's lack of response to His presence and call. The Hebrew root for "came" (בּוֹא, bo) implies an arrival or coming forth, often used in contexts where God intervenes in human history. Historically, this can be seen in God's repeated interventions and deliverances for Israel, yet they often failed to recognize or respond to His presence. This rhetorical question underscores the people's spiritual apathy and neglect.

When I called, why was there no one to answer?
The act of calling (קָרָא, qara) in Hebrew is significant, often used for summoning or inviting. It suggests an intimate and purposeful communication from God to His people. The lack of response indicates a spiritual deafness or rebellion. This reflects a broader biblical theme where God calls His people to repentance and relationship, yet they often turn away, as seen throughout the prophetic literature.

Is My hand too short to redeem?
The imagery of God's "hand" (יָד, yad) is a powerful metaphor for His strength and ability to save. The question challenges the people's doubt in God's power. Historically, God's "hand" delivered Israel from Egypt, parted the Red Sea, and performed countless miracles. The rhetorical question emphasizes that God's ability to redeem is not limited or diminished, countering any belief that their situation is beyond His intervention.

Or do I lack the strength to deliver?
This phrase reinforces the previous one, with "strength" (כֹּחַ, koach) highlighting God's omnipotence. The historical context of Israel's deliverance from enemies and oppression serves as a testament to God's enduring power. The question serves to remind the people of God's past faithfulness and His unchanging nature, encouraging trust in His ability to deliver them from current troubles.

Behold, by My rebuke I dry up the sea
The word "rebuke" (גָּעַר, gaar) indicates a powerful command or reprimand. This phrase recalls God's authority over creation, reminiscent of the Exodus narrative where He parted the Red Sea. The drying up of the sea symbolizes God's control over nature and His ability to alter circumstances for His purposes. It serves as a reminder of His sovereignty and the futility of doubting His power.

I turn rivers into a desert
This imagery of transformation from abundance to desolation underscores God's control over the natural world. The historical context may allude to the plagues of Egypt or other miraculous interventions where God demonstrated His power over water, a vital resource. It serves as a metaphor for God's ability to change situations drastically, reinforcing His authority and the seriousness of His rebuke.

their fish stink for lack of water and die of thirst
The consequences of God's actions are vividly depicted here. The stench of dead fish due to dried-up waters illustrates the severity of divine judgment. In the ancient Near Eastern context, water was life-sustaining, and its absence signified desolation and death. This serves as a stark warning of the consequences of ignoring God's call and the reality of His judgment when His people remain unresponsive.

I clothe
The phrase "I clothe" signifies an action of covering or adorning. In Hebrew, the root word is "לבש" (labash), which means to put on garments or to dress. This action is often associated with authority and intentionality. In the context of Isaiah, it reflects God's sovereign power to transform and control the natural order. The imagery of clothing suggests a deliberate act of God, emphasizing His dominion over creation.

the heavens
The term "the heavens" refers to the sky or the celestial realm. In Hebrew, "שמים" (shamayim) is used, which can denote both the physical sky and the spiritual realm. Biblically, the heavens are often seen as a testament to God's majesty and glory (Psalm 19:1). Here, the heavens are subject to God's will, highlighting His supremacy over all creation, both seen and unseen.

with blackness
"With blackness" conveys a sense of darkness and obscurity. The Hebrew word "קדרות" (qadarut) is used, which can mean gloom or mourning. This imagery is powerful, as blackness often symbolizes judgment, mystery, or the absence of light. In the biblical narrative, darkness can represent God's judgment or the withdrawal of His presence, as seen in the plagues of Egypt (Exodus 10:21-23). It serves as a reminder of the seriousness of turning away from God.

and make sackcloth
The phrase "and make sackcloth" refers to the creation of a garment associated with mourning and repentance. Sackcloth, made from coarse material, was traditionally worn in times of grief or penitence. The Hebrew word "שק" (saq) is used, which is often linked to humility and contrition. This imagery suggests a call to repentance and reflection, urging the people to recognize their need for God's mercy and forgiveness.

their covering
"Their covering" indicates a complete envelopment or concealment. The Hebrew word "כסות" (kesut) implies a protective or concealing layer. In this context, it suggests that the heavens are entirely shrouded, symbolizing a profound transformation or divine intervention. This covering serves as a metaphor for God's ability to alter the natural order, reminding believers of His omnipotence and the importance of seeking His light amidst darkness.

The Lord GOD
This phrase in Hebrew is "Adonai Yahweh," emphasizing both the sovereignty and the covenantal nature of God. "Adonai" signifies the Lord as Master, highlighting His authority and power, while "Yahweh" is the personal name of God, reflecting His eternal presence and faithfulness. In the context of Isaiah, this dual title underscores God's supreme authority and His intimate relationship with His people, reminding us of His control over all circumstances and His commitment to His promises.

has given Me
The phrase indicates a divine bestowal, suggesting that what follows is a gift from God. In the prophetic context, it implies that the speaker, often understood as the Servant of the Lord, receives something directly from God, emphasizing the divine origin and purpose of the gift. This highlights the idea that God equips His servants with what they need to fulfill their mission.

the tongue of the learned
This expression suggests the ability to speak wisely and effectively. The Hebrew word for "learned" is "limmud," which can also mean "disciple" or "instructed one." It implies that the speaker has been taught by God Himself, possessing wisdom that comes from divine instruction. This is a reminder of the importance of being spiritually educated and guided by God to speak truth and wisdom into the lives of others.

that I should know how to speak a word in season
This phrase emphasizes the importance of timely and appropriate speech. The ability to speak "a word in season" suggests discernment and sensitivity to the needs of others, knowing when and how to offer encouragement or guidance. It reflects the wisdom that comes from God, enabling His servants to provide the right words at the right time, which can bring comfort and hope to those who hear.

to him who is weary
The focus here is on those who are exhausted or burdened, whether physically, emotionally, or spiritually. The Hebrew word "ya'ef" conveys a sense of fatigue and weariness. This highlights the compassionate nature of the Servant's mission, to bring relief and encouragement to those who are struggling. It serves as a reminder of God's care for the weary and His desire to provide rest and renewal through His word.

He awakens Me morning by morning
This phrase suggests a continual, daily renewal and instruction from God. The imagery of being awakened each morning implies a fresh start and a new opportunity to receive guidance and strength from God. It underscores the importance of daily communion with God, seeking His presence and wisdom to face each day's challenges.

He awakens My ear to listen as one being instructed
The emphasis here is on the posture of a learner, one who is attentive and ready to receive instruction. The Hebrew word for "instructed" is again "limmud," reinforcing the idea of being a disciple. This highlights the importance of having a teachable spirit, being open to God's voice and willing to learn from Him continually. It serves as a model for believers to cultivate a listening heart, eager to hear and obey God's word.

The Lord GOD
This phrase emphasizes the sovereignty and authority of God. In Hebrew, "Adonai Yahweh" is used, combining the title "Adonai" (Lord) with the personal name of God, "Yahweh." This dual title underscores God's supreme power and covenantal faithfulness. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of God as both a personal and transcendent being, deeply involved in the affairs of His people.

has opened My ears
The imagery of opened ears suggests a divine act of revelation and understanding. In Hebrew culture, having one's ears opened implies being receptive to God's voice and commands. This phrase indicates a willingness to listen and obey, contrasting with the spiritual deafness often criticized by the prophets. It suggests a readiness to receive divine instruction, akin to the servant who is attentive to the master's voice.

and I have not been rebellious
This phrase highlights obedience and submission to God's will. The Hebrew word for rebellious, "marah," conveys a sense of defiance or resistance. In the context of Isaiah, this obedience is significant, as it contrasts with the frequent disobedience of Israel. The speaker's commitment to not being rebellious reflects a model of faithfulness and trust in God's plan, serving as an example for believers to follow.

nor have I turned back
This phrase signifies perseverance and steadfastness. To "turn back" would imply retreat or abandonment of one's mission. In the Hebrew context, this steadfastness is crucial, especially in the face of adversity or temptation. The speaker's resolve to not turn back demonstrates a deep commitment to God's calling, encouraging believers to remain faithful even when faced with challenges or opposition.

I offered My back
The phrase "I offered My back" signifies a voluntary submission to suffering. In Hebrew, the word for "offered" implies a deliberate choice, reflecting the servant's willingness to endure pain for a greater purpose. This act of offering is prophetic of Christ's passion, where He willingly submitted to scourging. Historically, the back was often the target for punishment, symbolizing the acceptance of judgment on behalf of others.

to those who beat Me
The act of being beaten is a physical manifestation of suffering and humiliation. In the context of Isaiah, this reflects the servant's role as a suffering servant, a theme that resonates with the New Testament portrayal of Jesus. The Hebrew root for "beat" suggests a violent and repeated action, emphasizing the intensity of the suffering endured.

My cheeks to those who tore out My beard
In ancient Near Eastern culture, the beard was a symbol of dignity and respect. To have one's beard torn out was a profound act of humiliation and disgrace. The servant's willingness to endure such shame highlights the depth of His humility and submission. This phrase foreshadows the mockery and abuse Jesus faced, as recorded in the Gospels.

I did not hide My face
The decision not to hide one's face in the face of scorn and abuse indicates courage and resolve. In Hebrew, the concept of "hiding" often relates to shame or fear. By not hiding, the servant demonstrates a steadfast commitment to His mission, regardless of the personal cost. This reflects the unwavering determination of Christ to fulfill His redemptive work.

from scorn and spittle
Scorn and spittle represent the ultimate expressions of contempt and rejection. In biblical times, spitting on someone was a grave insult, signifying utter disdain. The servant's acceptance of such treatment underscores His role as the bearer of humanity's sin and shame. This imagery is poignantly fulfilled in the New Testament, where Jesus is mocked and spat upon during His trial and crucifixion.

Because the Lord GOD helps Me
The phrase begins with a profound acknowledgment of divine assistance. The Hebrew word for "Lord GOD" here is "Adonai Yahweh," emphasizing both the sovereignty and the covenantal faithfulness of God. This reflects a deep trust in God's providence and support. Historically, this assurance of divine help is rooted in the covenant relationship between God and His people, Israel. The speaker, often interpreted as the Servant of the Lord, finds strength and confidence in God's unwavering support, which is a recurring theme throughout the prophetic literature.

I have not been disgraced
The Hebrew word for "disgraced" is "kalam," which conveys a sense of being shamed or humiliated. In the context of Isaiah, disgrace often comes from failing to fulfill one's mission or from the scorn of others. However, the Servant's reliance on God ensures that he is not put to shame. This reflects the biblical principle that those who trust in God will ultimately be vindicated, a theme echoed in the New Testament, particularly in the life and mission of Jesus Christ.

therefore I have set My face like flint
The imagery of setting one's face "like flint" suggests determination and resoluteness. Flint is a hard, unyielding stone, symbolizing the Servant's steadfastness in the face of opposition. This phrase indicates a prophetic resolve to fulfill God's mission despite challenges. In the broader biblical narrative, this determination is mirrored in the Gospels, where Jesus resolutely sets His face toward Jerusalem, fully aware of the suffering that awaits Him, yet unwavering in His commitment to God's redemptive plan.

and I know I will not be put to shame
The assurance of not being put to shame is a declaration of confidence in God's ultimate vindication. The Hebrew word "bosh" for "shame" implies a public disgrace or failure. The Servant's confidence is not in human strength but in the certainty of God's justice and faithfulness. This assurance is a source of hope and encouragement for believers, affirming that faithfulness to God's calling will be honored, even if not immediately apparent. This promise of vindication is a cornerstone of Christian hope, as believers trust in the ultimate triumph of God's purposes.

He who vindicates Me
The Hebrew root for "vindicates" is "tsadaq," which means to be just or righteous. In this context, it refers to God as the ultimate judge who declares righteousness. The phrase emphasizes the close relationship between the Servant and God, who stands ready to defend and justify Him. This reflects the confidence of the Servant in God's justice and support, a theme that resonates throughout the prophetic literature, where God is often portrayed as the defender of the righteous.

is near
The proximity of God to the Servant underscores His readiness to act on behalf of His chosen one. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the presence of a deity was often associated with protection and support. This nearness signifies not only physical closeness but also an intimate relationship and assurance of divine intervention. It is a comforting reminder to believers that God is always present and ready to assist those who are faithful to Him.

Who will dare to contend with Me?
The rhetorical question challenges any adversary to step forward, highlighting the futility of opposing God's chosen Servant. The Hebrew word for "contend" is "riyb," which means to strive or dispute. This legal terminology evokes a courtroom setting, where the Servant stands confident in the face of accusations, knowing that God is His advocate. It serves as an encouragement to believers that, with God on their side, no opposition can ultimately prevail.

Let us confront each other
This phrase invites adversaries to a face-to-face confrontation, suggesting transparency and confidence in the truth. The Hebrew word "paga" implies an encounter or meeting, often used in contexts of intercession or conflict. The Servant's willingness to confront his accusers directly reflects his integrity and the righteousness of his cause. It is a call to believers to stand firm in their faith and convictions, trusting in God's justice.

Who has a case against Me?
The phrase continues the legal imagery, with "case" translating from the Hebrew "mishpat," meaning judgment or legal decision. It implies that any accusations against the Servant are baseless and will not stand in the divine court. This challenges the accusers to present their arguments, knowing that God's truth will prevail. It reassures believers that, despite worldly accusations or trials, God's judgment is the ultimate authority.

Let him approach Me
The invitation to approach signifies openness and readiness to address any charges. The Hebrew "nagash" means to draw near, often used in contexts of worship or legal proceedings. This reflects the Servant's confidence in his innocence and the righteousness of his mission. For believers, it is a reminder of the boldness they can have in approaching God, assured of His justice and mercy. It encourages a life of integrity, knowing that God is the ultimate judge and vindicator.

Surely the Lord GOD will help me
The phrase begins with a strong affirmation, "Surely," which in Hebrew is "הִנֵּה" (hinneh), often used to draw attention to a significant truth. The term "Lord GOD" is a translation of "אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה" (Adonai Yahweh), emphasizing both the sovereignty and covenantal faithfulness of God. This phrase reflects a deep trust in God's providence and assistance, a theme prevalent throughout Isaiah. Historically, this assurance would resonate with the Israelites, who often faced external threats and needed to rely on God's help. Theologically, it underscores the belief that God is an ever-present help in times of trouble, a sentiment echoed in Psalm 46:1.

who is he who will condemn me?
This rhetorical question challenges any adversary to stand against the servant of the Lord. The Hebrew word for "condemn" is "יַרְשִׁיעֵנִי" (yarshi'eni), which means to declare guilty or to pronounce judgment. In the context of Isaiah, this reflects the confidence of the servant, possibly a messianic figure, in God's vindication. The question implies that no accusation can stand when God is the defender. This is reminiscent of Romans 8:33-34, where Paul echoes a similar sentiment about God's elect being beyond condemnation because of Christ's intercession.

Indeed, they will all wear out like a garment
The imagery of wearing out "like a garment" is a powerful metaphor for the transient nature of human opposition. In ancient times, garments were valuable but also susceptible to decay and wear. The Hebrew word "יִבְלוּ" (yiblu) conveys the idea of becoming old or worn out. This metaphor suggests that those who oppose God's servant will inevitably fade away, emphasizing the futility of resisting God's will. Historically, this would remind the Israelites of the temporary nature of their oppressors, offering hope and encouragement.

a moth will devour them
The final phrase uses the imagery of a moth, a small and seemingly insignificant creature, to depict the destruction of the enemies. In Hebrew, "עָשׁ" (ash) refers to a moth, known for its ability to destroy fabric quietly and persistently. This suggests that the downfall of the adversaries will be both inevitable and complete, even if it appears gradual. Theologically, it serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over all creation and His ability to bring about justice in His timing. This imagery is also found in Job 13:28 and Hosea 5:12, where the moth symbolizes decay and divine judgment.

Who among you fears the LORD
This phrase calls out to those who possess a reverent awe and respect for God. The Hebrew word for "fears" is "yare," which encompasses a deep sense of reverence, honor, and respect, rather than mere terror. In the context of ancient Israel, fearing the LORD was foundational to wisdom and understanding (Proverbs 9:10). It implies a relationship of trust and obedience, recognizing God's sovereignty and holiness. Historically, this fear was a distinguishing mark of the faithful remnant who remained true to God amidst widespread idolatry and apostasy.

and obeys the voice of His Servant?
The "voice of His Servant" refers to the prophetic messages delivered by God's chosen messengers, often seen as a reference to the Messiah in the broader context of Isaiah. The Hebrew word for "obeys" is "shama," meaning to hear intelligently, often with the implication of attention and obedience. This phrase emphasizes the importance of not just hearing but actively following the guidance and commands given by God's appointed Servant. In the historical context of Isaiah, this would have been a call to heed the prophetic words that pointed towards redemption and restoration.

Who walks in darkness
Walking in darkness symbolizes living in a state of confusion, uncertainty, or distress. The Hebrew word "choshek" for "darkness" often represents adversity or the absence of divine guidance. In the biblical narrative, darkness is frequently contrasted with light, which represents God's presence and truth. This phrase acknowledges the reality that even those who fear the LORD may experience times of spiritual or emotional darkness, yet it serves as a prelude to the hope and trust that follows.

and has no light?
The absence of light signifies a lack of clarity or understanding, often experienced during trials or periods of waiting for God's intervention. The Hebrew word "or" for "light" is associated with illumination, both physically and spiritually. In the scriptural context, light is synonymous with God's presence, guidance, and revelation. This phrase highlights the human experience of feeling abandoned or lost, yet it sets the stage for the subsequent call to trust in the LORD.

Let him trust in the name of the LORD
Trusting in the "name of the LORD" signifies placing one's confidence in God's character and promises. The Hebrew word "batach" for "trust" conveys a sense of security and reliance. The "name of the LORD" represents His nature, attributes, and covenant faithfulness. In the historical and scriptural context, this trust is a call to rely on God's unchanging nature and His past acts of deliverance, even when circumstances seem bleak.

and rely on his God
To "rely" on God is to lean on Him for support and strength. The Hebrew word "sha'an" implies a sense of resting or depending on someone. This phrase encourages believers to find their stability and assurance in God alone, especially during times of darkness and uncertainty. It is a reminder of the covenant relationship between God and His people, where He is both their protector and provider. In the broader biblical narrative, this reliance is a testament to faith that transcends immediate circumstances, rooted in the assurance of God's eternal faithfulness.

Behold
The word "Behold" is a call to attention, urging the listener or reader to pay close attention to what follows. In Hebrew, the word is "הִנֵּה" (hinneh), often used to introduce a significant statement or revelation. It serves as a divine alert, emphasizing the importance of the message and the seriousness of the warning that God is about to deliver.

all you who light fires
This phrase refers to those who rely on their own wisdom and understanding rather than trusting in God. The act of lighting fires symbolizes self-reliance and the pursuit of one's own path, often in defiance of divine guidance. In the historical context, it may allude to the Israelites who sought alliances with foreign nations or turned to idolatry instead of relying on God.

and encircle yourselves with firebrands
Firebrands are burning sticks or torches, representing human efforts to create light and security. The imagery of encircling oneself with firebrands suggests a false sense of security and self-sufficiency. In a spiritual sense, it warns against surrounding oneself with worldly solutions and comforts that ultimately cannot provide true safety or peace.

walk in the light of your fire
This phrase is a metaphor for living according to one's own understanding and desires. It is a caution against the prideful belief that one can illuminate their own path without divine guidance. Biblically, walking in one's own light is contrasted with walking in the light of God, which is the true source of wisdom and direction.

and of the firebrands you have lit
The repetition of the imagery of firebrands underscores the futility of relying on human efforts. It highlights the temporary and ultimately destructive nature of such endeavors. Historically, this could be seen as a critique of Israel's alliances with pagan nations, which were like firebrands—bright for a moment but ultimately leading to destruction.

This is what you will receive from My hand
Here, God declares the consequences of choosing self-reliance over divine guidance. The phrase "from My hand" indicates that the outcome is a direct result of divine judgment. It serves as a reminder that God is sovereign and that human actions have consequences that are ultimately under His control.

You will lie down in torment
The final phrase is a stark warning of the inevitable suffering that comes from rejecting God's ways. "Lie down" suggests a state of rest or finality, but instead of peace, it is torment that awaits. This serves as a sobering reminder of the eternal consequences of turning away from God, emphasizing the importance of seeking His light and guidance.