Now in those days
This phrase sets the historical context, indicating a specific period in Israel's history. The time is during the reign of King Saul, a tumultuous era marked by frequent conflicts with neighboring nations, particularly the Philistines. The phrase suggests a continuation of the narrative, linking past events with the current situation. Historically, this was a time when Israel was transitioning from a loose confederation of tribes to a more centralized monarchy, which often led to internal and external strife.

the Philistines
The Philistines were a significant and persistent enemy of Israel throughout the Old Testament. They were a seafaring people, likely originating from the Aegean region, and settled along the coastal plains of Canaan. Archaeological evidence, such as pottery and inscriptions, supports their presence and influence in the region. The Philistines were known for their advanced military technology, including iron weaponry, which gave them an advantage over the Israelites. Their frequent conflicts with Israel are emblematic of the spiritual and physical battles God's people faced.

gathered their forces for war
This phrase indicates a deliberate and organized military action. The Philistines were not merely raiding or skirmishing; they were preparing for a significant confrontation. The Hebrew root for "gathered" (קָבַץ, qavats) implies a purposeful assembly, suggesting that the Philistines were uniting their resources and manpower for a decisive campaign. This reflects the ongoing struggle for dominance in the region and the Philistines' intent to subdue Israel.

against Israel
Israel, at this time, was under the leadership of King Saul, who was struggling to maintain control and unity among the tribes. The phrase highlights the Philistines' aggressive posture towards Israel, a nation chosen by God but often faltering in faith and obedience. This conflict is not just a physical battle but also a spiritual one, as Israel's reliance on God is tested. The Philistines' opposition serves as a backdrop for God's unfolding plan for His people.

and Achish said to David
Achish was a Philistine king of Gath, one of the five major Philistine cities. His relationship with David is complex, as David, the future king of Israel, sought refuge with the Philistines while fleeing from Saul. This interaction underscores the political and personal tensions of the time. David's presence in Philistine territory is a testament to his precarious situation and the intricate dynamics between Israel and its neighbors.

You must understand
This phrase conveys a sense of obligation and expectation. Achish is not merely suggesting but insisting that David comprehend the gravity of the situation. The Hebrew root for "understand" (יָדַע, yada) implies knowledge and awareness, indicating that Achish is making a clear and unequivocal statement about David's role in the upcoming battle.

that you and your men
David's men were a group of loyal followers who had joined him during his flight from Saul. They were a diverse group, often described as distressed, indebted, or discontented (1 Samuel 22:2). Despite their backgrounds, they became a formidable force under David's leadership. This phrase highlights the collective responsibility and involvement of David and his men in the unfolding events.

are to go out to battle with me
Achish's statement places David in a challenging position, as he is expected to fight alongside the Philistines against his own people, Israel. This situation tests David's loyalty and integrity, as he must navigate his allegiance to Achish while remaining faithful to God's calling. The phrase "go out to battle" (יָצָא לַמִּלְחָמָה, yatza lamilchamah) is a common biblical expression for engaging in warfare, emphasizing the active and participatory nature of the conflict. This moment foreshadows the difficult decisions and divine interventions that will shape David's path to kingship.

David replied
The name "David" in Hebrew means "beloved." At this point in the narrative, David is in a complex situation, having sought refuge with the Philistines, traditional enemies of Israel. His reply is strategic, reflecting his cunning and ability to navigate difficult political landscapes. David's response is non-committal, allowing him to maintain a degree of ambiguity about his true intentions.

Then you will see for yourself
This phrase indicates a future demonstration of David's capabilities. It suggests a promise of action, yet it is deliberately vague. David's words are carefully chosen to assure Achish of his loyalty without specifying the nature of his actions. This reflects David's wisdom and his ability to maintain trust while keeping his options open.

what your servant can do
The term "servant" here is significant. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a servant was expected to be loyal and obedient. David's use of the term is both humble and strategic, as it reassures Achish of his subservience while also subtly reminding him of David's capabilities. This duality highlights David's diplomatic skills and his understanding of the power dynamics at play.

So Achish said to David
Achish, the king of Gath, represents the Philistine leadership. His interactions with David are crucial, as they reveal the level of trust he places in David. Achish's response to David's statement shows his willingness to accept David's assurances at face value, indicating either a lack of insight into David's true loyalties or a strategic gamble on Achish's part.

Very well
This phrase signifies agreement and acceptance. Achish's readiness to accept David's offer without further questioning suggests a level of desperation or a strong belief in David's loyalty. It reflects the political and military pressures Achish faces, as well as his need for capable allies.

I will make you my bodyguard for life
The role of a bodyguard was one of great trust and honor, especially for a king. By offering this position to David, Achish is expressing a profound level of trust. Historically, this would have been a significant appointment, indicating that Achish saw David as a valuable asset. This offer also places David in a position of influence within the Philistine hierarchy, further complicating his dual loyalties.

Now Samuel had died
The phrase marks a significant transition in Israel's history. Samuel, whose name in Hebrew (שְׁמוּאֵל, Shemu'el) means "heard of God," was a pivotal figure as the last judge and a prophet who anointed the first two kings of Israel. His death signifies the end of an era of direct prophetic guidance for Israel. Samuel's role as a spiritual leader and mediator between God and Israel was unparalleled, and his passing left a void in spiritual leadership, contributing to the nation's instability.

and all Israel had mourned for him
The mourning of "all Israel" underscores Samuel's profound impact on the nation. Mourning in ancient Israel was a communal expression of grief, often involving rituals such as fasting, wearing sackcloth, and lamentation. This collective mourning indicates the deep respect and love the people had for Samuel, recognizing his role as a faithful servant of God who led them with integrity and wisdom.

and buried him in Ramah, his own city
Ramah, located in the territory of Benjamin, was Samuel's birthplace and home. The burial in "his own city" signifies a return to his roots and honors his life and legacy. In ancient Israel, burial in one's hometown was a mark of respect and a way to maintain familial and tribal connections. Ramah served as a center for Samuel's ministry, and his burial there symbolizes the lasting influence of his prophetic ministry in the heart of Israel.

And Saul had removed the mediums and spiritists from the land
This action by Saul reflects a partial obedience to God's commands found in the Torah, specifically in Leviticus 19:31 and Deuteronomy 18:10-12, which prohibit engaging with mediums and spiritists. The Hebrew terms for "mediums" (אוֹבוֹת, 'ovot) and "spiritists" (יִדְּעֹנִים, yidde'onim) refer to those who claim to communicate with the dead or spirits. Saul's removal of these practitioners was an attempt to align with God's law, yet it also highlights the tension in Saul's reign, as he later seeks out a medium himself, revealing his spiritual decline and desperation. This act of removal, while commendable, is overshadowed by Saul's inconsistent faithfulness to God's commands, illustrating the tragic complexity of his kingship.

The Philistines assembled
The Philistines were a formidable sea-faring people, often at odds with Israel. Their assembly signifies a strategic military maneuver, highlighting their organized and persistent threat to Israel. Historically, the Philistines were known for their advanced iron weaponry and chariots, which gave them a technological edge over the Israelites. This assembly is a prelude to a significant confrontation, underscoring the ongoing struggle between the Israelites and their perennial enemies.

came and camped at Shunem
Shunem was a town in the territory of Issachar, located in the Jezreel Valley. The choice of Shunem as a campsite indicates the Philistines' strategic positioning, as it provided a vantage point over the surrounding areas. Archaeological findings suggest that Shunem was a fertile and prosperous area, making it a valuable location for military encampment. This move by the Philistines would have been intimidating to the Israelites, as it demonstrated the Philistines' intent to penetrate deeper into Israelite territory.

and Saul gathered all Israel
Saul, as the first king of Israel, was responsible for uniting the tribes against common threats. His gathering of "all Israel" reflects his role as a leader and the gravity of the situation. This phrase emphasizes the collective effort required to face the Philistine threat, highlighting the unity and desperation of the Israelites in the face of impending danger. Saul's leadership is put to the test as he attempts to rally his people against a superior foe.

and camped at Gilboa
Mount Gilboa is a mountain range in northern Israel, providing a natural defensive position. The choice of Gilboa for the Israelite camp reflects a strategic decision to utilize the terrain for protection against the Philistine forces. Historically, Gilboa is significant as the site of Saul's final battle, marking a turning point in Israel's history. The location serves as a backdrop for the unfolding drama of Saul's reign and the transition to David's kingship. The mention of Gilboa foreshadows the tragic events that will soon transpire, serving as a somber reminder of the consequences of disobedience and the importance of faithfulness to God.

When Saul saw
The Hebrew root for "saw" is רָאָה (ra'ah), which means to see, perceive, or understand. This word indicates more than just physical sight; it implies a deeper perception or realization. Saul's seeing of the Philistine army is not just a visual acknowledgment but a moment of profound understanding of the dire situation he faces. In a spiritual sense, this can be seen as a moment where Saul's lack of faith and reliance on God becomes evident. Historically, Saul's reign was marked by a gradual departure from God's guidance, and this moment of seeing the enemy army is a culmination of his spiritual blindness.

the Philistine army
The Philistines were a significant and recurring adversary of Israel throughout the Old Testament. Archaeologically, the Philistines are believed to have been part of the Sea Peoples who settled along the coastal regions of Canaan. Their presence in the narrative of 1 Samuel represents a constant threat to Israel's security and a test of their faithfulness to God. The Philistine army symbolizes the worldly challenges and opposition that God's people face, and Saul's reaction to them highlights his failure to trust in God's deliverance.

he was afraid
The Hebrew word for "afraid" is יָרֵא (yare), which conveys a sense of fear, reverence, or awe. In this context, it reflects Saul's overwhelming fear of the impending battle and his recognition of his own inadequacy without divine support. This fear contrasts sharply with the courage that comes from faith in God, as seen in the lives of other biblical figures like David. Saul's fear is a direct result of his disobedience and separation from God, serving as a cautionary tale for believers to maintain their trust in the Lord.

and trembled violently
The phrase "trembled violently" is derived from the Hebrew חָרַד (charad), meaning to tremble, quake, or be terrified. This intense physical reaction underscores the depth of Saul's fear and anxiety. It is a vivid depiction of a man who has lost his spiritual foundation and is now overwhelmed by the circumstances around him. In a broader scriptural context, this trembling can be contrasted with the peace and assurance that comes from a steadfast relationship with God. Saul's violent trembling serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God's guidance and the importance of seeking His strength in times of trouble.

He inquired of the LORD
This phrase indicates Saul's attempt to seek divine guidance. The Hebrew root for "inquired" is "שָׁאַל" (sha'al), which means to ask or consult. Historically, this reflects a common practice among the Israelites, where leaders sought God's will in times of crisis. Saul's inquiry signifies his desperation and recognition of his need for divine intervention, yet it also highlights his spiritual decline, as his previous disobedience had distanced him from God.

but the LORD did not answer him
This phrase underscores the silence of God in response to Saul's inquiry. The absence of an answer from God is significant, as it reflects the broken relationship between Saul and God due to Saul's repeated disobedience and rejection of God's commands. In the broader biblical narrative, God's silence can be a form of judgment, indicating a withdrawal of His presence and guidance.

by dreams
Dreams were one of the ways God communicated with His people in the Old Testament. The Hebrew word for "dreams" is "חֲלוֹמוֹת" (chalomot). Dreams were considered a legitimate means of divine revelation, as seen in the lives of figures like Joseph and Daniel. Saul's lack of dreams signifies a severance from this channel of divine communication, further emphasizing his spiritual isolation.

or Urim
The Urim, along with the Thummim, were sacred lots used by the high priest to discern God's will. The Hebrew term "אוּרִים" (Urim) is associated with light or revelation. The absence of an answer through the Urim indicates that Saul no longer had access to the priestly means of divine guidance, possibly due to his estrangement from the priesthood after the massacre of the priests at Nob.

or prophets
Prophets were God's messengers, conveying His word to the people. The Hebrew word "נְבִיאִים" (nevi'im) refers to these divinely appointed individuals. Saul's inability to receive guidance from prophets highlights the absence of prophetic revelation in his life, contrasting with earlier times when prophets like Samuel provided him with God's direction. This lack of prophetic insight marks a critical point in Saul's reign, as he is left without the spiritual leadership necessary to guide the nation.

Then Saul said to his servants
This phrase introduces a pivotal moment in the narrative of King Saul's reign. Saul, the first king of Israel, is depicted here in a state of desperation. The Hebrew word for "servants" (עֲבָדָיו, avadim) indicates those who are in service to the king, highlighting Saul's reliance on human counsel rather than divine guidance. Historically, Saul's kingship began with promise but deteriorated due to his disobedience to God. This moment reflects his spiritual decline and increasing isolation from God’s will.

Find me a woman who is a medium
The request for a "medium" (אֵשֶׁת בַּעֲלַת אוֹב, eshet ba'alat ov) is significant. In ancient Israel, mediums were individuals who claimed to communicate with the dead, a practice strictly forbidden by Mosaic Law (Leviticus 19:31, Deuteronomy 18:10-12). Saul's request underscores his desperation and the extent of his departure from God's commandments. The Hebrew term "ov" refers to a spirit or ghost, and the practice of necromancy was associated with pagan rituals, which were anathema to the worship of Yahweh.

so I may go and inquire of her
Saul's intention "to inquire" (וְאֶדְרְשָׁה, vedroshah) of the medium reveals his desire for guidance at a time when God was silent to him. The Hebrew root "darash" implies seeking or consulting, often used in the context of seeking divine will. Ironically, Saul seeks guidance from a source that God explicitly condemned, illustrating his spiritual blindness and the tragic irony of his situation. This act of seeking forbidden counsel marks a low point in Saul's spiritual journey.

'There is a woman at Endor who is a medium,'
The location "Endor" (עֵין־דּוֹר, Ein-Dor) is geographically significant, situated in the territory of Manasseh, near the Jezreel Valley. This area was known for its Canaanite influences, which may have included practices like necromancy. The mention of Endor highlights the lengths to which Saul was willing to go, traveling into enemy territory to find this medium. The historical context suggests a land where pagan practices persisted despite Israel's conquest, reflecting the ongoing struggle between the worship of Yahweh and surrounding pagan influences.

his servants replied
The response of Saul's servants indicates their awareness of the medium's presence, suggesting that such practices were known and perhaps tolerated despite their prohibition. This reflects the spiritual state of Israel under Saul's leadership, where adherence to God's law was compromised. The servants' compliance also underscores Saul's authority, yet it is an authority exercised in defiance of divine command, highlighting the tragic consequences of Saul's disobedience.

So Saul disguised himself by putting on different clothes
In this phrase, we see Saul, the first king of Israel, taking drastic measures to conceal his identity. The Hebrew root for "disguised" (וַיִּתְחַפֵּשׂ, vayitkhapes) implies a deliberate act of deception. Saul's actions reflect his desperation and fear, as he seeks guidance outside of God's will. Historically, this act of disguise is significant because it shows Saul's departure from his kingly duties and his attempt to hide from God’s judgment. The act of changing clothes symbolizes a change in identity, highlighting Saul's internal conflict and spiritual decline.

and he set out with two of his men
The mention of "two of his men" indicates that Saul did not embark on this journey alone, suggesting a need for secrecy and protection. In the ancient Near Eastern context, traveling at night with a small group was risky, emphasizing Saul's desperation. The number two can also symbolize witness or testimony in biblical terms, perhaps indicating that these men were witnesses to Saul's actions, which were contrary to God's law.

They came to the woman by night
The phrase "by night" is significant, as night often symbolizes darkness, both physically and spiritually, in the Bible. Saul's visit to the woman, who is a medium, under the cover of darkness, underscores the illicit nature of his actions. Biblically, night is a time when evil deeds are often done, away from the light of day and the eyes of others. This setting highlights Saul's moral and spiritual darkness, as he seeks forbidden knowledge.

and Saul said, 'Consult a spirit for me,'
Here, Saul directly requests the woman to "consult a spirit," which is a clear violation of God's commandments against necromancy and divination (Deuteronomy 18:10-12). The Hebrew word for "consult" (קָסַם, qasam) is associated with divination and seeking knowledge from sources other than God. This act represents Saul's ultimate rejection of God's guidance, as he turns to forbidden practices in his time of need.

'and bring up for me the one I name.'
Saul's request to "bring up" a spirit indicates his belief in the power of the medium to summon the dead. The phrase "the one I name" suggests a specific intent, likely referring to the prophet Samuel, whom Saul hopes to consult. This reflects Saul's desperation for guidance and his inability to hear from God through legitimate means. Theologically, this act underscores the futility and danger of seeking spiritual insight apart from God, as it leads to further spiritual decline and judgment.

But the woman replied
This phrase introduces the response of the woman, often referred to as the "Witch of Endor." In the Hebrew text, the word for "woman" is "ishah," which simply denotes a female, but in this context, it refers to a medium. Her reply is cautious and defensive, indicating her awareness of the danger involved in her practice. Historically, mediums were often sought for their supposed ability to communicate with the dead, a practice condemned in Israelite law.

Surely you know what Saul has done
The woman's statement reflects the notoriety of Saul's actions against mediums and spiritists. Saul, the first king of Israel, had previously expelled these practitioners in obedience to God's law (Leviticus 19:31, Deuteronomy 18:10-12). This historical context highlights Saul's initial commitment to upholding the covenantal laws of Israel, which prohibited necromancy and divination.

He has cut off the mediums and spiritists from the land
The phrase "cut off" translates from the Hebrew "karath," meaning to eliminate or destroy. This action by Saul was a fulfillment of the divine command to purge the land of practices that were abominable to God. The terms "mediums" and "spiritists" refer to those who claim to communicate with the dead or spirits, practices that were prevalent in surrounding pagan cultures but forbidden in Israel.

Why have you set a trap for my life
The woman's question reveals her fear of entrapment and punishment. The Hebrew word for "trap" is "yakosh," which implies deceit or ensnaring. This reflects the precarious position of those who engaged in forbidden practices, as they were constantly at risk of being caught and punished under the law.

to bring about my death?
The ultimate fear expressed here is death, which was the prescribed penalty for engaging in necromancy (Leviticus 20:27). The woman's concern underscores the seriousness with which these laws were regarded in ancient Israel. Her fear is not just of physical death but of the spiritual and communal consequences of being found guilty of such practices.

Then Saul swore
The act of swearing an oath in ancient Israel was a solemn and binding commitment. The Hebrew root for "swore" is "שָׁבַע" (shava), which conveys the seriousness of making a vow before God. In this context, Saul's oath is particularly significant because it reflects his desperation and willingness to violate God's commandments, as he seeks guidance from a medium, which was strictly forbidden (Leviticus 19:31). This highlights Saul's spiritual decline and the extent of his fear and insecurity.

to her by the LORD
Invoking the name of the LORD (YHWH) in an oath was meant to underscore the truthfulness and binding nature of the promise. The irony here is palpable; Saul, who had previously expelled mediums and spiritists from the land in obedience to God's law, now uses God's name to assure a medium of her safety. This reflects a deep contradiction in Saul's character and leadership, as he uses the sacred name of God to facilitate an act of disobedience.

As surely as the LORD lives
This phrase is a common oath formula in the Old Testament, emphasizing the certainty and seriousness of the statement. The Hebrew expression "חַי־יְהוָה" (chai-YHWH) underscores the living and active presence of God. Saul's use of this phrase is tragically ironic, as he acknowledges the living God while simultaneously engaging in practices that deny God's authority and commands.

no punishment shall come upon you
Saul promises the medium immunity from the consequences of her actions, which were punishable by death according to the Law (Leviticus 20:27). This assurance reveals Saul's moral and spiritual confusion, as he places his own authority above God's law. It also highlights the theme of fear and self-preservation that dominates Saul's later life, as he seeks to protect himself from perceived threats at any cost.

for this
The phrase "for this" refers to the act of conjuring up the spirit of Samuel, which Saul desperately seeks. This moment marks a pivotal point in Saul's reign, as he turns away from seeking God to seeking forbidden spiritual guidance. It serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of disobedience and the consequences of turning away from God's revealed will. Saul's actions here foreshadow his ultimate downfall and the tragic end of his kingship.

Then the woman asked
This phrase introduces the medium, often referred to as the witch of Endor, who is approached by King Saul. The Hebrew word for "woman" here is "ishah," which simply denotes a female, but in this context, it refers to a woman practicing necromancy, a practice forbidden by God (Deuteronomy 18:10-12). The historical context reveals that Saul had previously expelled mediums and spiritists from the land (1 Samuel 28:3), highlighting his desperation and departure from God's commands.

Whom shall I bring up for you?
The phrase "bring up" is translated from the Hebrew word "alah," which means to ascend or to bring forth. In the ancient Near Eastern context, it was believed that the dead resided in Sheol, a shadowy place beneath the earth. The medium's question implies a belief in the ability to summon spirits from this realm, a practice that was both feared and condemned in Israelite culture.

Bring up Samuel
Saul's request to "bring up Samuel" is significant. Samuel, the last judge of Israel and a prophet, had been Saul's spiritual guide. The Hebrew name "Samuel" means "heard of God," reflecting his role as a divinely appointed leader. Saul's desire to consult Samuel, even after his death, underscores his desperation and the absence of divine guidance in his life. This act of seeking Samuel through a medium is a stark contrast to Saul's earlier reliance on God through Samuel's prophetic ministry.

he replied
The phrase "he replied" indicates Saul's direct response to the medium's question. This interaction highlights Saul's state of mind—he is willing to violate God's law to seek guidance. The historical context of Saul's reign shows a king who started with divine favor but gradually fell into disobedience and spiritual decline. This moment is a culmination of Saul's failure to seek God through legitimate means, such as prayer or the counsel of living prophets, reflecting a broader theme of the consequences of turning away from God.

When the woman saw Samuel
The phrase "saw Samuel" is significant as it indicates a supernatural event. The Hebrew word for "saw" is "רָאָה" (ra'ah), which means to see or perceive. This moment is pivotal because it suggests that the medium, who was accustomed to deceiving others with false visions, genuinely perceived Samuel. This occurrence underscores the seriousness of Saul's actions in seeking forbidden spiritual guidance, as God allowed Samuel to appear, emphasizing the gravity of Saul's disobedience.

she cried out in a loud voice
The Hebrew word for "cried out" is "זָעַק" (za'aq), which conveys a sense of alarm or distress. The medium's reaction indicates her shock and fear, suggesting that she did not expect a true prophet to appear. This reaction highlights the authenticity of the event and the power of God, who can intervene even in situations involving forbidden practices. Her loud cry also serves as a narrative device to draw attention to the seriousness of the encounter.

and said to Saul
The phrase "said to Saul" marks a turning point in the narrative. The medium addresses Saul directly, indicating a shift in the power dynamic. Saul, who sought control over his situation by consulting the medium, is now confronted with the reality of his actions. This interaction serves as a reminder of the consequences of straying from God's commandments and seeking guidance outside of His will.

Why have you deceived me?
The word "deceived" in Hebrew is "רִמָּה" (rimmah), which means to betray or mislead. The medium's accusation of deception reflects the irony of the situation, as she, a deceiver by trade, is now the one feeling deceived. This highlights the theme of deception that runs throughout Saul's reign, as he often relied on manipulation rather than faithfulness to God. It serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of deceit and the importance of integrity.

You are Saul!
The revelation "You are Saul!" is a moment of dramatic irony. Saul, who had disguised himself to seek the medium's help, is unmasked. The Hebrew name "שָׁאוּל" (Sha'ul) means "asked for" or "prayed for," which is fitting given Saul's initial anointing as king in response to the people's request. However, this moment reveals the tragic decline of Saul's kingship, as he resorts to forbidden practices out of desperation. It serves as a sobering reminder of the importance of obedience to God and the consequences of turning away from His guidance.

But the king said to her
This phrase introduces King Saul, who is the central figure in this narrative. Saul, the first king of Israel, is depicted here in a moment of desperation. Historically, Saul's reign began with promise but was marred by disobedience to God, leading to his eventual downfall. The Hebrew root for "king" (מֶלֶךְ, melek) emphasizes his authority, yet here it is juxtaposed with his vulnerability as he seeks guidance from a medium, contrary to God's commands.

Do not be afraid
Saul's reassurance to the medium reflects his own fear and desperation. The Hebrew word for "afraid" (יָרֵא, yare) often denotes a reverence or fear of God, but here it is used in a more immediate, human sense. Saul's attempt to calm the woman underscores the tension of the scene, as both are aware they are engaging in forbidden practices.

What do you see?
This question reveals Saul's eagerness and anxiety. In the Hebrew context, "see" (רָאָה, ra'ah) is not just physical sight but also spiritual insight. Saul's inquiry indicates his hope for divine revelation, despite seeking it through illicit means. This moment highlights the tragic irony of Saul's situation: seeking God's guidance while simultaneously disobeying Him.

I see a god coming up out of the earth
The medium's response is pivotal. The term "god" (אֱלֹהִים, elohim) can refer to divine beings or spirits, and its use here suggests a supernatural encounter. The phrase "coming up out of the earth" evokes imagery of the underworld or Sheol, the abode of the dead in ancient Hebrew belief. This reflects the ancient Near Eastern understanding of the afterlife and the spiritual realm, where the dead could be consulted, albeit against God's law.

the woman answered
The medium's role is crucial in this narrative. Her response is not just a report but a revelation of the spiritual reality Saul is engaging with. The Hebrew word for "answered" (עָנָה, anah) implies a response to a call, highlighting the interaction between the physical and spiritual realms. This moment serves as a reminder of the consequences of straying from God's commandments, as Saul's actions lead him further from God's will.

What does he look like?
This question from Saul reveals his desperation and curiosity. In the Hebrew context, the act of seeking a medium was strictly forbidden (Leviticus 19:31), yet Saul's fear and desperation led him to inquire about the appearance of the spirit. This reflects a moment of spiritual blindness and disobedience, as Saul turns away from God's guidance to seek forbidden knowledge.

asked Saul
Saul, the first king of Israel, is depicted here in a state of fear and uncertainty. His inquiry to the medium signifies a departure from his earlier reliance on God. Historically, Saul's reign began with promise but was marred by disobedience and rejection of God's commands, leading to his downfall.

An old man is coming up
The medium's description of Samuel as "an old man" aligns with the prophet's known appearance during his lifetime. In Hebrew culture, age was often associated with wisdom and authority. This phrase suggests the continuity of Samuel's identity beyond death, emphasizing the belief in life after death and the enduring nature of God's servants.

she replied
The medium's response indicates her role as an intermediary between the living and the dead, a practice condemned in Israelite law. Her ability to perceive the spirit world contrasts with Saul's spiritual blindness, highlighting the consequences of his disobedience.

And he is wearing a robe
The robe is a significant symbol in the Hebrew Scriptures, often representing authority and prophetic office. Samuel's robe is mentioned earlier in 1 Samuel 15:27-28, where Saul tears it, symbolizing the kingdom being torn from him. Here, the robe reaffirms Samuel's prophetic authority even in death.

Then Saul knew that it was Samuel
Saul's recognition of Samuel signifies a moment of clarity amidst his spiritual confusion. Despite his disobedience, Saul still acknowledges the authority and identity of God's prophet. This recognition underscores the enduring impact of Samuel's ministry and the reality of divine truth.

and he bowed facedown in reverence
Saul's act of bowing facedown is a gesture of respect and submission, common in ancient Near Eastern cultures when encountering a figure of authority. This act of reverence, however, is tinged with irony, as Saul shows respect to Samuel in death that he often failed to show in life. It serves as a poignant reminder of the importance of obedience and reverence to God and His messengers.

Then Samuel said to Saul
This phrase marks a significant moment where the prophet Samuel, though deceased, communicates with Saul. The Hebrew root for "said" (אָמַר, 'amar) often implies a declaration or proclamation, indicating the gravity of the message. Samuel's appearance, facilitated by a medium, underscores the desperation and spiritual decline of Saul, who resorts to forbidden practices to seek guidance.

Why have you disturbed me by bringing me up?
The word "disturbed" (עָכַר, 'akar) suggests a disruption or troubling. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the dead were believed to rest in Sheol, a shadowy existence. Samuel's question highlights the unnatural act of summoning the dead, which was against God's law (Deuteronomy 18:10-12). This reflects Saul's spiritual turmoil and the consequences of his disobedience.

I am deeply distressed, replied Saul
Saul's admission of being "deeply distressed" (צָרַר, tsarar) reveals his inner turmoil and fear. The Hebrew conveys a sense of being bound or in dire straits, illustrating Saul's desperation. Historically, Saul's reign was marked by a gradual departure from God's favor, leading to his current predicament.

for the Philistines are fighting against me
The Philistines were a constant threat to Israel during Saul's reign. This historical context emphasizes the external pressures Saul faced, which were compounded by his internal spiritual crisis. The Philistines' military prowess often tested Israel's faith and reliance on God.

and God has turned away from me
The phrase "turned away" (סוּר, sur) indicates a withdrawal or removal. Saul's acknowledgment of God's absence is a profound moment of realization. Biblically, God's presence was conditional upon obedience and faithfulness, and Saul's disobedience led to this divine silence.

He no longer answers me
The lack of divine communication (עָנָה, 'anah) signifies a severed relationship. In the Old Testament, God communicated through prophets, dreams, and other means. Saul's inability to receive guidance reflects his spiritual alienation and the consequences of his actions.

either by prophets or by dreams
Prophets and dreams were traditional means of divine revelation in Israel. The absence of these channels underscores the severity of Saul's situation. Historically, prophets served as God's mouthpieces, and dreams were considered significant in conveying God's will.

So I have called on you to tell me what to do
Saul's decision to "call on" (קָרָא, qara) Samuel, even in death, highlights his desperation. This act of seeking guidance from a deceased prophet illustrates Saul's failure to trust in God's sovereignty and his reliance on human means. It serves as a cautionary tale of the dangers of straying from God's commandments.

Why do you consult me
This phrase is a direct question from the prophet Samuel, who has been summoned by Saul through a medium. The Hebrew root for "consult" is "שָׁאַל" (sha'al), which means to inquire or ask. In the context of ancient Israel, consulting a prophet was a common practice for seeking divine guidance. However, Saul's attempt to consult Samuel after his death through forbidden means highlights his desperation and the gravity of his spiritual decline. This question underscores the futility of seeking guidance from God’s prophet when one is in disobedience to God’s commands.

asked Samuel
Samuel, though deceased, is brought back in this narrative, which is unique in the biblical text. Samuel was a significant figure in Israel's history, serving as the last judge and a prophet who anointed the first two kings of Israel. His presence here, even after death, emphasizes the seriousness of Saul's situation. The historical context shows that Samuel was a man of God whose words carried weight and authority, and his questioning of Saul serves as a reminder of the broken relationship between Saul and God.

since the LORD has turned away from you
The phrase "the LORD has turned away" is critical, as it indicates a divine rejection. The Hebrew word for "turned away" is "סָר" (sar), meaning to depart or turn aside. This turning away signifies a severance of the relationship between Saul and God due to Saul's repeated disobedience. In the broader scriptural context, God’s turning away is often a result of persistent sin and rebellion, leading to a loss of divine favor and guidance.

and become your enemy?
The transformation of God from an ally to an enemy is a profound and sobering statement. The Hebrew word for "enemy" is "אֹיֵב" (oyev), which denotes hostility and opposition. This reflects the severity of Saul's spiritual state and the consequences of his actions. In the biblical narrative, God becoming an enemy is a rare and dire situation, emphasizing the seriousness of Saul's estrangement from God. It serves as a warning of the dangers of disobedience and the importance of maintaining a faithful relationship with God.

He has done exactly what He spoke through me
This phrase underscores the fulfillment of divine prophecy. The Hebrew root for "spoke" is "דָּבַר" (dabar), which implies not just speaking but declaring with authority. This highlights the role of the prophet as a mouthpiece of God, emphasizing the certainty and reliability of God's word. Historically, this reflects the consistent biblical theme that God's promises and warnings are always fulfilled, reinforcing the trustworthiness of divine revelation.

The LORD has torn the kingdom out of your hand
The imagery of "torn" is powerful, derived from the Hebrew "קָרַע" (qara), which conveys a violent action, symbolizing the irrevocable nature of Saul's loss. This reflects the historical context of Saul's disobedience and the consequential divine judgment. The kingdom being "torn" signifies a complete and decisive act of God, illustrating the seriousness of Saul's failure to adhere to God's commands.

and given it to your neighbor David
The phrase "your neighbor David" is significant, as it highlights the proximity and relational aspect of David's rise. The Hebrew word for "neighbor" is "רֵעַ" (rea), which can mean friend or companion, indicating that David was not a distant or unknown figure but someone within Saul's sphere. This transfer of power is not just a political shift but a divine appointment, as David is chosen by God due to his heart and obedience. Historically, this marks the transition from Saul's troubled reign to the establishment of David's dynasty, which is central to the biblical narrative of God's covenant with Israel.

Because you did not obey
The Hebrew root for "obey" is "שָׁמַע" (shama), which means to hear, listen, or give heed. In the biblical context, obedience is not merely about hearing but involves a response of submission and action. Saul's failure to obey signifies a deeper spiritual rebellion, highlighting the importance of aligning one's actions with God's commands. This disobedience is a recurring theme in Saul's life, illustrating the consequences of prioritizing personal desires over divine instructions.

the voice of the LORD
The "voice of the LORD" refers to God's direct communication, often through prophets. In Saul's time, this would have been through Samuel, the prophet. The phrase underscores the authority and clarity of God's directives. Historically, the Israelites understood the voice of the LORD as a guiding force, essential for their covenant relationship with Him. Ignoring this voice is tantamount to rejecting God's sovereignty and wisdom.

and did not carry out His fierce wrath
The phrase "fierce wrath" in Hebrew is "חֲרוֹן אַף" (charon aph), literally "burning of the nose," a vivid metaphor for anger. God's wrath against the Amalekites was not arbitrary but a response to their longstanding enmity and sin against Israel. Saul's failure to execute this judgment reflects a lack of reverence for God's holiness and justice. It serves as a reminder of the seriousness with which God views sin and the importance of executing His judgments fully.

against the Amalekites
The Amalekites were a nomadic tribe, historically known for their hostility towards Israel, first attacking them in Exodus 17. God's command to destroy them was a divine judgment for their persistent aggression and sin. Archaeological evidence and historical records outside the Bible also depict the Amalekites as a significant threat to Israel's security. Saul's incomplete obedience in dealing with them demonstrates a failure to trust in God's plan for justice and protection.

the LORD has done this to you today
This phrase indicates the direct consequence of Saul's disobedience. The Hebrew word for "done" is "עָשָׂה" (asah), meaning to make or accomplish. It emphasizes God's active role in bringing about the consequences of Saul's actions. The immediacy of "today" highlights the urgency and inevitability of divine judgment. This serves as a sobering reminder of the principle of sowing and reaping, where disobedience to God leads to tangible repercussions.

Moreover, the LORD
The phrase begins with a conjunction that adds emphasis to the preceding message. "The LORD" refers to Yahweh, the covenantal name of God, highlighting His sovereignty and ultimate authority over Israel and its affairs. In the Hebrew context, this name signifies God's eternal presence and faithfulness to His promises, even when delivering judgment.

will deliver Israel
The Hebrew root for "deliver" is "nathan," meaning to give or hand over. This indicates a transfer of power and control, emphasizing God's active role in the unfolding events. Historically, Israel's deliverance into enemy hands often served as a divine response to their disobedience, reminding them of their dependence on God.

along with you
This phrase personalizes the prophecy, directly addressing King Saul. It underscores the personal consequences of Saul's disobedience and failure to lead Israel according to God's commands. Saul's leadership is intrinsically linked to the fate of the nation, reflecting the biblical principle that leaders bear significant responsibility for their people's spiritual and physical well-being.

into the hands of the Philistines
The Philistines were a perennial enemy of Israel, representing a constant threat to their security and faithfulness to God. The phrase "into the hands" suggests complete control and domination, a humbling reminder of Israel's vulnerability without divine protection. Archaeological findings have confirmed the Philistines' presence and influence in the region, providing historical context to their role as Israel's adversaries.

Tomorrow you and your sons
The specificity of "tomorrow" adds urgency and certainty to the prophecy. It highlights the immediacy of God's judgment and the inevitable fulfillment of His word. The inclusion of Saul's "sons" signifies the end of his dynasty, a tragic consequence of his failure to honor God, and a poignant reminder of the generational impact of sin.

will be with me
This phrase, spoken by the spirit of Samuel, suggests a transition from life to death. In the Hebrew understanding, it implies joining the deceased in Sheol, the abode of the dead. It serves as a sobering reminder of the finality of God's judgment and the reality of life beyond the grave.

and the LORD will deliver the army of Israel
Reiterating the earlier message, this phrase emphasizes the totality of Israel's defeat. The repetition underscores the certainty of God's word and the comprehensive nature of the impending disaster. It serves as a call to repentance and reliance on God, who alone can deliver and save.

into the hands of the Philistines
The repetition of this phrase reinforces the theme of divine judgment and the consequences of turning away from God. It serves as a stark warning to future generations about the dangers of disobedience and the importance of faithfulness to God's covenant. The historical enmity between Israel and the Philistines is a backdrop for understanding the gravity of this prophecy.

Immediately Saul fell full length on the ground
The phrase "Immediately Saul fell full length on the ground" captures the sudden and overwhelming impact of the situation on Saul. The Hebrew word for "fell" (נָפַל, naphal) often denotes a collapse or a fall due to weakness or defeat. This physical reaction signifies Saul's utter despair and helplessness in the face of divine judgment. Historically, this moment marks a turning point where Saul's kingship is visibly crumbling, reflecting the spiritual and moral decline that has been building throughout his reign.

filled with fear because of Samuel’s words
The phrase "filled with fear because of Samuel’s words" highlights the profound terror that grips Saul. The Hebrew word for "fear" (יָרֵא, yare) can imply both reverence and dread, but here it is clearly the latter. Samuel's words, delivered from beyond the grave, confirm Saul's worst fears about his impending doom. This fear is not just of the Philistines but of the divine judgment that Samuel's message represents. Saul's fear underscores the reality of God's sovereignty and the consequences of disobedience, serving as a sobering reminder of the importance of faithfulness to God's commands.

his strength was gone
The phrase "his strength was gone" indicates Saul's physical and emotional depletion. The Hebrew word for "strength" (כֹּחַ, koach) refers to physical power or vigor. Saul's lack of strength is both literal and symbolic, representing his loss of divine favor and the absence of God's empowering presence. This depletion is a direct result of his spiritual disobedience and the severing of his relationship with God. It serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of relying on one's own strength rather than seeking sustenance from the Lord.

for he had eaten nothing all that day and all that night
The phrase "for he had eaten nothing all that day and all that night" provides a practical explanation for Saul's physical weakness. Fasting, in biblical times, was often associated with mourning, repentance, or seeking divine intervention. However, in Saul's case, it appears to be more a result of anxiety and distress rather than a deliberate spiritual act. This detail emphasizes the depth of Saul's despair and the extent to which he is consumed by fear and hopelessness. It also contrasts with the biblical principle of finding strength and sustenance in God, as seen in other scriptural examples where fasting is accompanied by prayer and reliance on the Lord.

When the woman came to Saul
The woman referred to here is the medium of Endor, often called the witch of Endor. In the Hebrew text, the word for "woman" is "ishah," which simply means a female person. Her role as a medium is significant, as it highlights the desperate state of Saul, who had previously expelled such practices from Israel (1 Samuel 28:3). This encounter underscores the spiritual decline of Saul, who, in his fear and desperation, seeks guidance from a source he once condemned.

and saw that he was terrified
The Hebrew word for "terrified" is "charad," which conveys a deep sense of fear and trembling. Saul's terror is not just physical but spiritual, as he faces the consequences of his disobedience to God. This fear is a stark contrast to the courage he once displayed as Israel's anointed king. It serves as a reminder of the importance of faithfulness to God and the peace that comes from trusting in Him, rather than succumbing to fear.

she said to him
The medium's willingness to speak to Saul, despite the potential danger, indicates her recognition of his authority and her own fear of the supernatural events she has witnessed. Her words are a mixture of concern and self-preservation, as she seeks to reassure Saul while also justifying her actions.

Look, your maidservant has obeyed you
The term "maidservant" is "amah" in Hebrew, denoting a female servant or slave. By referring to herself in this way, the woman emphasizes her subservience and obedience to Saul's command. This phrase highlights the irony of Saul's situation: the king of Israel, who should be leading his people in righteousness, is now dependent on the obedience of a medium, a practice he once outlawed.

I have taken my life in my hands
This expression indicates the risk the woman took in performing the act of summoning Samuel's spirit. The phrase "taken my life in my hands" is a Hebrew idiom that conveys the idea of endangering one's life. It reflects the gravity of the situation and the potential consequences she faced for engaging in forbidden practices. This highlights the seriousness of Saul's request and the lengths to which he has gone in his desperation.

and have done what you told me to do
The woman's compliance with Saul's request, despite the danger, underscores the authority Saul still holds, even in his fallen state. Her actions also reflect the moral ambiguity present in the narrative, as she fulfills a request that goes against God's commandments. This serves as a cautionary tale about the consequences of straying from God's will and the moral complexities that arise when one does so.

Now please listen to your servant
This phrase reflects a tone of humility and urgency. The Hebrew word for "listen" is "שָׁמַע" (shama), which implies not just hearing but obeying or heeding. In the context of 1 Samuel 28, the speaker is the medium of Endor, who is addressing King Saul. Her use of "your servant" indicates a position of submission, which is significant given Saul's desperate state. Historically, Saul, once a mighty king, is now reduced to seeking guidance from a medium, which was against God's law (Leviticus 19:31). This phrase underscores the reversal of roles and the humility Saul must accept in his dire situation.

and let me set a morsel of bread before you
The phrase "morsel of bread" in Hebrew is "פַּת־לֶחֶם" (pat-lechem), which signifies a small portion, often used to denote hospitality or sustenance. Bread is a staple in the ancient Near Eastern diet, symbolizing life and sustenance. In this context, the medium offers Saul physical nourishment, which is ironic given his spiritual starvation and disobedience to God. The act of setting bread before someone is a gesture of care and provision, highlighting the medium's role in providing for Saul when he is at his weakest.

so you may eat and have the strength
The Hebrew word for "strength" is "כֹּחַ" (koach), which denotes physical power or vigor. Saul's need for strength is both literal and metaphorical. Physically, he is weak from fasting and fear; spiritually, he is weakened by his separation from God. This phrase emphasizes the necessity of physical sustenance to continue one's journey, but it also subtly points to the deeper need for spiritual strength that Saul lacks due to his disobedience and estrangement from God.

to go on your way
The phrase "to go on your way" in Hebrew is "לָלֶכֶת בַּדֶּרֶךְ" (lalekhet baderekh), which means to continue one's journey or path. In the biblical narrative, a "way" or "path" often symbolizes one's life journey or spiritual direction. Saul's path has led him to a place of desperation and disobedience, seeking guidance from a source forbidden by God. This phrase serves as a poignant reminder of the consequences of straying from God's path and the importance of aligning one's journey with divine will.

But he refused
This phrase indicates Saul's initial resistance to the suggestion of eating. The Hebrew root for "refused" is "מָאֵן" (ma'en), which conveys a strong sense of denial or unwillingness. Saul's refusal can be seen as a reflection of his despair and hopelessness, having just received a dire prophecy from the spirit of Samuel. In a broader scriptural context, refusal often signifies a struggle between human will and divine direction, highlighting Saul's internal conflict and his estrangement from God.

and said, 'I will not eat.'
Saul's verbal declaration, "I will not eat," underscores his deep emotional and spiritual turmoil. In ancient Near Eastern culture, eating was not only a physical necessity but also a communal and covenantal act. By refusing to eat, Saul is symbolically rejecting life and community, further isolating himself. This moment is pivotal, as it shows Saul's vulnerability and the depth of his despair, having lost his connection with God and his prophetic guidance.

However, his servants and the woman together urged him
The persistence of Saul's servants and the woman, the medium of Endor, is significant. The Hebrew word for "urged" is "פָּצַר" (patsar), which implies a strong, insistent persuasion. This collective urging reflects a communal concern for Saul's well-being, emphasizing the importance of community support in times of distress. Historically, this moment illustrates the role of servants and women in providing counsel and care, even to a king, highlighting the universal need for compassion and intervention.

and he listened to them
Saul's decision to listen marks a turning point. The Hebrew root "שָׁמַע" (shama) for "listened" implies not just hearing but obeying or heeding advice. This act of listening indicates a moment of humility and recognition of his need for others, despite his kingly status. Scripturally, listening is often associated with wisdom and obedience to God's will, suggesting a brief moment of clarity for Saul amidst his turmoil.

He got up from the ground
Rising from the ground symbolizes a shift from despair to action. In biblical narratives, being on the ground often represents mourning or supplication, while rising signifies readiness to move forward. Saul's physical movement reflects an internal decision to continue, despite his dire circumstances. This action can inspire readers to find strength to rise from their own moments of despair, trusting in God's provision and the support of others.

and sat on the bed
Sitting on the bed signifies a return to a place of rest and contemplation. In ancient times, the bed was not only for sleeping but also a place for reflection and decision-making. Saul's choice to sit on the bed suggests a moment of pause and potential reconsideration of his situation. This phrase invites readers to find solace and clarity in moments of rest, encouraging a balance between action and reflection in the journey of faith.

Now the woman
This phrase refers to the medium of Endor, a woman who played a significant role in this narrative. In the historical context, mediums were often sought for their supposed ability to communicate with the dead, despite the clear prohibitions against such practices in the Mosaic Law (Leviticus 19:31). Her presence in the account highlights the desperation of King Saul, who had previously expelled mediums and spiritists from the land (1 Samuel 28:3).

had a fattened calf
The "fattened calf" symbolizes wealth and hospitality in ancient Near Eastern culture. It was customary to reserve such an animal for special occasions or honored guests. The Hebrew word for "fattened" (מְרִיא, meri) indicates an animal that has been well-fed and prepared for a significant event. This detail underscores the urgency and importance of Saul's visit, as well as the woman's willingness to provide for him despite the risks involved.

at her house
The setting of the woman's house is significant. It was a private place, away from the public eye, which was necessary given the clandestine nature of Saul's visit. In ancient Israel, homes were often simple structures, but they served as the center of family life and hospitality. The woman's willingness to host Saul in her home reflects the cultural norms of hospitality and the seriousness of the situation.

and she quickly slaughtered it
The act of slaughtering the calf "quickly" indicates the urgency of the moment. In Hebrew, the word for "quickly" (מַהֵר, maher) suggests haste and immediacy. This reflects the tension in the narrative, as Saul was in a dire situation, seeking guidance before an impending battle. The woman's prompt action also demonstrates her compliance and respect for Saul's authority, despite his fallen state.

She took flour, kneaded it
The process of taking flour and kneading it to make bread was a common domestic task in ancient Israel. The Hebrew word for "kneaded" (לָשׁ, lash) implies a thorough mixing, which was necessary to prepare the dough. This act of preparing bread signifies sustenance and life, providing physical nourishment to Saul. It also reflects the woman's role as a provider, even in a time of spiritual and national crisis.

and baked unleavened bread
Unleavened bread, or matzah, is bread made without yeast. In the Hebrew tradition, unleavened bread is significant, especially during Passover, symbolizing purity and the haste of the Israelites' departure from Egypt (Exodus 12:39). In this context, the unleavened bread may symbolize the urgency of the situation and the need for immediate action. It also serves as a reminder of God's past deliverance, contrasting with Saul's current state of disobedience and desperation.

She served it
The phrase "she served it" refers to the woman of Endor, often called the witch of Endor, who prepared a meal for Saul and his servants. In the Hebrew context, the act of serving a meal is an act of hospitality and care, even in dire circumstances. This reflects the cultural importance of hospitality in ancient Israel, where sharing a meal was a sign of peace and fellowship. Despite the ominous circumstances, the woman fulfills her role, showing a sense of duty and perhaps compassion for Saul's desperate state.

to Saul and his servants
Saul, the first king of Israel, is depicted here in a moment of vulnerability and fear. His servants, who accompany him, represent his remaining loyal followers. Historically, Saul's reign began with promise but was marred by disobedience to God, leading to his downfall. This moment highlights the isolation and desperation of Saul, who, despite being king, finds himself reliant on a medium for guidance, a direct violation of God's commands. The presence of his servants underscores the loyalty that still exists, even as his kingdom crumbles.

and they ate
Eating together in the ancient Near East was more than just a physical necessity; it was a communal act that signified trust and alliance. In this context, the act of eating may symbolize a temporary reprieve from the spiritual and emotional turmoil Saul is experiencing. It is a moment of normalcy amidst chaos, yet it also foreshadows the impending doom that Saul faces, as he has turned away from God's guidance.

And that night
The mention of "that night" is significant, as night often symbolizes darkness, fear, and uncertainty in biblical literature. It is during the night that Saul receives the prophecy of his impending defeat and death. The darkness of the night mirrors the spiritual darkness that has enveloped Saul due to his disobedience and estrangement from God. This sets the stage for the tragic events that will soon unfold.

they got up and left
This phrase indicates a sense of urgency and finality. Saul and his servants leave the woman's house, returning to face the Philistines and the fulfillment of the prophecy given by the spirit of Samuel. The act of getting up and leaving can be seen as a metaphor for Saul's final journey, both physically and spiritually. It marks the end of his quest for answers and the beginning of the end of his reign. Historically, this moment is pivotal, as it leads directly to the battle of Gilboa, where Saul meets his demise.