Now there was a man named Elkanah
Elkanah is introduced as a significant figure in the narrative of 1 Samuel. His name means "God has created" or "God has possessed," which may reflect his role in the divine plan. Elkanah is the father of Samuel, a major prophet and last judge of Israel, indicating his importance in the biblical history of Israel.

who was from Ramathaim-zophim
Ramathaim-zophim, often shortened to Ramah, is located in the hill country of Ephraim. It is significant as the birthplace and home of Samuel. The name suggests a place of high elevation, possibly indicating a place of watchfulness or prophecy. This location becomes central in the narrative of Samuel's life and ministry.

in the hill country of Ephraim
The hill country of Ephraim is a region known for its rugged terrain and strategic importance. Ephraim was one of the prominent tribes of Israel, descended from Joseph's son Ephraim. This area was central in the tribal confederation of Israel and often associated with leadership and influence.

He was the son of Jeroham, the son of Elihu, the son of Tohu, the son of Zuph
This genealogy establishes Elkanah's lineage, connecting him to a family of some standing. Genealogies in the Bible often serve to authenticate a person's heritage and role within God's plan. Zuph, the ancestor mentioned, is believed to be the founder of the clan or region, indicating a long-standing family presence in the area.

an Ephraimite
Although Elkanah is described as an Ephraimite, he is actually a Levite by descent, as indicated in 1 Chronicles 6:22-28. This dual identification highlights the complex tribal affiliations in Israel. Levites were set apart for religious duties, which may explain Elkanah's piety and his family's significant role in Israel's spiritual history.

He had two wives
In the context of ancient Israel, polygamy was practiced, though it was not God's original design for marriage as seen in Genesis 2:24. The practice often led to familial strife, as seen in the lives of the patriarchs like Jacob (Genesis 29-30). The presence of two wives in this narrative sets the stage for the tension and rivalry that will unfold, particularly between Hannah and Peninnah. This situation reflects the cultural and social norms of the time, where having multiple wives was sometimes seen as a means to ensure offspring and secure family lineage.

one named Hannah and the other Peninnah
Hannah, whose name means "grace" or "favor," is introduced first, possibly indicating her primary role in the narrative. Peninnah, whose name means "pearl" or "coral," is mentioned second, and her role is often seen in contrast to Hannah's. The order of their mention may suggest Hannah's prominence in the story, despite her initial lack of children. This introduction foreshadows the conflict and emotional struggle that will be central to the narrative.

And Peninnah had children
In the cultural context of ancient Israel, having children was considered a sign of God's blessing and favor. Peninnah's ability to bear children would have elevated her status within the family and society. Her fertility contrasts with Hannah's barrenness, setting up a dynamic of rivalry and tension. This situation echoes other biblical narratives where childbearing is a significant theme, such as Sarah and Hagar (Genesis 16) and Rachel and Leah (Genesis 29-30).

but Hannah had none
Hannah's barrenness is a critical element of the story, highlighting her personal anguish and societal shame. In biblical times, a woman's worth was often tied to her ability to bear children, and barrenness was seen as a misfortune or even a divine judgment. This phrase sets the stage for Hannah's deep emotional and spiritual journey, which will lead her to fervent prayer and a vow to God. Her situation parallels other biblical figures like Sarah, Rebekah, and Rachel, who also experienced periods of barrenness before God's intervention. Hannah's eventual role as the mother of Samuel, a significant prophet and leader in Israel, underscores the theme of God's sovereignty and grace in overcoming human limitations.

Year after year
This phrase indicates a regular, faithful practice of worship and sacrifice, highlighting the importance of consistent devotion in the life of a believer. It reflects the Jewish tradition of attending the annual feasts, such as Passover, Pentecost, and Tabernacles, as commanded in Deuteronomy 16:16. This regularity underscores the importance of perseverance in faith and obedience to God's commands.

Elkanah would go up from his city
Elkanah, a Levite, lived in Ramathaim-Zophim, in the hill country of Ephraim. His journey "up" to Shiloh reflects the geographical elevation of Shiloh, which was a central place of worship before the establishment of Jerusalem as the religious center. This pilgrimage signifies a commitment to worship despite the distance, emphasizing the importance of prioritizing spiritual duties.

to worship and sacrifice to the LORD of Hosts
The title "LORD of Hosts" emphasizes God's sovereignty and power over the heavenly armies, reflecting His majesty and authority. Worship and sacrifice were central to Israelite religion, serving as acts of devotion and atonement. This practice connects to the sacrificial system outlined in Leviticus, which foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29).

at Shiloh
Shiloh was the religious center of Israel before the temple was built in Jerusalem. It housed the Tabernacle and the Ark of the Covenant, making it a significant location for worship. Archaeological evidence supports Shiloh's role as a religious center during this period. The presence of the Ark signifies God's dwelling among His people, a precursor to the incarnation of Christ, Emmanuel, "God with us" (Matthew 1:23).

where Eli’s two sons, Hophni and Phinehas, were priests to the LORD
Hophni and Phinehas, sons of Eli, served as priests but were corrupt, as detailed in 1 Samuel 2:12-17. Their behavior contrasts with the holiness required of priests, highlighting the need for righteous leadership. This situation sets the stage for God's judgment and the eventual rise of Samuel, a faithful servant. The corruption of the priesthood points to the need for a perfect High Priest, fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who is holy, blameless, and pure (Hebrews 7:26).

And whenever the day came for Elkanah to present his sacrifice
This phrase indicates a regular, recurring event, likely tied to the annual pilgrimage to Shiloh, where the tabernacle was located. Elkanah, a devout man, followed the Mosaic Law, which required sacrifices and offerings at the central place of worship. This reflects the religious practices of ancient Israel, where families would travel to offer sacrifices, a practice rooted in Deuteronomy 12:5-7. The act of presenting a sacrifice was a demonstration of obedience and devotion to God, and it underscores the importance of worship in the life of an Israelite family.

he would give portions to his wife Peninnah
Elkanah's distribution of portions to Peninnah signifies the sharing of the sacrificial meal, a common practice after offering sacrifices. This act was not only a religious duty but also a familial one, ensuring that all members of the household participated in the blessings of the sacrifice. Peninnah, as one of Elkanah's wives, received her share, highlighting the polygamous practices of the time, which were culturally accepted though often fraught with tension, as seen in the narrative of Sarah and Hagar in Genesis 16.

and to all her sons and daughters
The mention of Peninnah's sons and daughters emphasizes her fertility, contrasting with Hannah's barrenness, which is a central theme in the narrative. In ancient Israel, children were considered a blessing from God, and a large family was a sign of divine favor. This cultural context sets the stage for the tension between Peninnah and Hannah, as Peninnah's fruitful womb stands in stark contrast to Hannah's childlessness, echoing the stories of other biblical matriarchs like Rachel and Leah in Genesis 29-30. The distribution of portions to Peninnah's children also reflects the communal aspect of worship and the importance of family unity in religious observance.

But to Hannah he would give a double portion
In the context of ancient Israel, giving a double portion was a sign of special favor and honor. Elkanah's act of giving Hannah a double portion demonstrates his deep affection and preference for her, despite her barrenness. This gesture is significant in a culture where a woman's worth was often measured by her ability to bear children. The double portion can be seen as a symbol of Elkanah's love and an attempt to comfort Hannah in her distress. This act also foreshadows the future blessing and favor that God would bestow upon Hannah.

for he loved her
Elkanah's love for Hannah is emphasized here, highlighting the personal and emotional dynamics within the family. This love is significant because it contrasts with the cultural norm where a woman's value was often tied to her fertility. Elkanah's love for Hannah, despite her inability to bear children, reflects a deeper, unconditional love. This mirrors the love God has for His people, which is not based on their productivity or status but on His covenantal commitment.

even though the LORD had closed her womb
The phrase acknowledges God's sovereignty over the circumstances of Hannah's life. In the biblical narrative, barrenness is often portrayed as a temporary state that God can change, as seen in the stories of Sarah, Rebekah, and Rachel. This phrase sets the stage for the miraculous birth of Samuel, emphasizing that God has a purpose and timing for everything. It also highlights a theme of divine intervention and the reversal of fortunes, which is prevalent throughout Scripture. The closing of Hannah's womb can be seen as a test of faith, leading to a greater demonstration of God's power and faithfulness.

Because the LORD had closed Hannah’s womb
This phrase highlights the belief in divine sovereignty over human circumstances, particularly in matters of fertility. In ancient Israel, children were seen as a blessing from God, and barrenness was often viewed as a sign of divine disfavor or a test of faith. The Bible frequently records instances where God intervenes in matters of childbirth, such as with Sarah (Genesis 21:1-2) and Rachel (Genesis 30:22-24). The closing of Hannah's womb serves as a backdrop for God's eventual miraculous intervention, emphasizing His power and timing. It also sets the stage for the birth of Samuel, a significant prophet in Israel's history, who would anoint the first two kings of Israel.

her rival would provoke her viciously
Hannah's rival, Peninnah, is described as provoking her, which reflects the cultural and familial tensions that could arise from polygamous marriages. In the ancient Near East, a woman's status was often tied to her ability to bear children, particularly sons. Peninnah's provocations may have stemmed from jealousy or a desire to assert her own status within the household. This dynamic is reminiscent of other biblical stories of rivalry between women, such as Leah and Rachel (Genesis 30:1-8). The use of the word "viciously" underscores the intensity of the emotional pain and social pressure Hannah faced.

to taunt her
The act of taunting highlights the personal and emotional suffering Hannah endured. This taunting was not just a personal attack but also a public humiliation, as childlessness was a visible and socially significant issue. The narrative invites readers to empathize with Hannah's plight and her perseverance in faith despite her circumstances. This theme of enduring faith in the face of adversity is echoed in other biblical figures, such as Job, who remained faithful despite severe trials (Job 1:21-22). Hannah's response to her situation, turning to God in prayer, foreshadows the New Testament teaching of casting all anxieties on God (1 Peter 5:7).

And this went on year after year.
This phrase highlights the persistent nature of Hannah's trials. The annual pilgrimage to Shiloh, where the tabernacle was located, was a significant event for Israelite families, as prescribed in Deuteronomy 16:16. The repetition of this cycle underscores the enduring nature of Hannah's suffering and the test of her faith. It reflects the broader biblical theme of perseverance through trials, as seen in James 1:2-4.

Whenever Hannah went up to the house of the LORD,
The "house of the LORD" refers to the tabernacle at Shiloh, the central place of worship before the construction of Solomon's Temple. This was a place where Israelites gathered for worship and sacrifice, as outlined in Exodus 23:14-17. Hannah's devotion is evident in her regular attendance, demonstrating her faithfulness despite personal anguish. This setting foreshadows the importance of the temple in later biblical narratives and the centrality of worship in the life of believers.

her rival taunted her
Hannah's rival, Peninnah, is described as provoking her, which adds a personal and emotional dimension to Hannah's suffering. This rivalry is reminiscent of other biblical narratives of familial strife, such as Sarah and Hagar in Genesis 16. The taunting reflects the cultural importance of childbearing in ancient Israel, where a woman's worth was often measured by her ability to bear children, as seen in Genesis 30:1-2.

until she wept and would not eat.
Hannah's response of weeping and fasting indicates the depth of her distress. Fasting is a common biblical expression of mourning or seeking God's intervention, as seen in Esther 4:16 and Psalm 35:13. Her emotional turmoil is a poignant reminder of the human experience of suffering and the need for divine comfort. This moment sets the stage for Hannah's fervent prayer and vow to God, leading to the birth of Samuel, a pivotal figure in Israel's history.

Hannah, why are you crying?
Elkanah's question to Hannah highlights her deep emotional distress. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, a woman's worth was often tied to her ability to bear children. Hannah's barrenness would have been a source of great shame and sorrow. This question reflects Elkanah's concern but also his lack of understanding of the depth of Hannah's pain. The Bible often portrays God as attentive to the cries of the heartbroken, as seen in Psalm 34:18, which states that the Lord is close to the brokenhearted.

her husband Elkanah asked.
Elkanah is depicted as a caring husband who loves Hannah despite her inability to bear children. His role as a Levite and a man of faith is significant, as he regularly worships and sacrifices at Shiloh. His concern for Hannah's well-being is evident, yet he may not fully grasp the cultural and personal implications of her barrenness. Elkanah's character can be compared to other biblical figures who show compassion, such as Boaz in the Book of Ruth.

Why won’t you eat?
In ancient Near Eastern culture, feasting was a communal activity, often associated with religious festivals and family gatherings. Hannah's refusal to eat indicates her deep sorrow and possibly her participation in a form of fasting, a practice seen throughout Scripture as a means of seeking God's intervention (e.g., Esther 4:16). Her abstention from food underscores the intensity of her grief and her focus on prayer.

Why is your heart so grieved?
The heart in biblical terms often represents the center of emotions and will. Hannah's grief is not just emotional but spiritual, as she longs for a child to fulfill her role as a mother. Her grief can be seen as a precursor to her fervent prayer in the temple, where she pours out her soul to God (1 Samuel 1:10-11). This mirrors the biblical theme of God responding to the cries of His people, as seen in the stories of Hagar (Genesis 21:16-19) and the Israelites in Egypt (Exodus 3:7).

Am I not better to you than ten sons?
Elkanah's question reveals his attempt to console Hannah by emphasizing his love and devotion to her. The reference to "ten sons" signifies completeness and abundance, as the number ten often symbolizes in Scripture. However, Elkanah's question also highlights a misunderstanding of Hannah's cultural and personal longing for children. This phrase can be compared to the biblical theme of God's sufficiency, where God's presence and love are portrayed as more fulfilling than earthly desires (Psalm 73:25-26).

So after they had finished eating and drinking in Shiloh
This phrase sets the scene in Shiloh, an important religious center in Israel during the time of the Judges. Shiloh was where the tabernacle and the Ark of the Covenant were located, making it a central place of worship and pilgrimage. The context here is the annual pilgrimage for sacrifice and worship, a time of communal feasting and celebration. The act of eating and drinking signifies the completion of the sacrificial meal, a common practice in ancient Israelite worship, reflecting fellowship with God and the community. This setting underscores the religious and cultural backdrop of Hannah's story, highlighting the significance of her actions in a sacred space.

Hannah stood up
Hannah's action of standing up is significant, indicating a decisive moment and a shift from passive participation to active engagement. In the cultural context, standing up could symbolize readiness to speak or act, often associated with prayer or petition. Hannah's standing contrasts with the earlier scene of feasting, suggesting a transition from communal celebration to personal supplication. Her resolve to stand and pray reflects her deep personal anguish and determination to seek God's intervention in her barrenness, a condition that carried social stigma and personal grief in ancient Israel.

Now Eli the priest was sitting on a chair
Eli, the high priest, is introduced here, highlighting his role as a religious authority in Shiloh. His sitting position may indicate his role as a judge or overseer, as sitting was a common posture for teaching or judging in ancient Near Eastern cultures. Eli's presence at the tabernacle underscores the religious significance of the location and the events unfolding. His later interactions with Hannah reveal his initial misunderstanding of her actions, yet ultimately, he becomes a conduit for God's blessing upon her.

by the doorpost of the temple of the LORD
The reference to the "temple of the LORD" here refers to the tabernacle, as the permanent temple in Jerusalem had not yet been built. The doorpost signifies the entrance to the sacred space, a place of transition between the secular and the divine. This location is significant as it represents a threshold where human petitions meet divine presence. The mention of the doorpost may also evoke imagery of the Passover, where doorposts were marked with blood, symbolizing protection and deliverance. Hannah's prayer at this threshold foreshadows her pivotal role in the birth of Samuel, who would become a key figure in Israel's history, anointing its first kings and serving as a prophet and judge.

In her bitter distress
Hannah's distress is rooted in her barrenness, a significant source of shame and sorrow in ancient Israelite culture. Childlessness was often seen as a divine judgment or curse, adding to her emotional turmoil. Her distress is compounded by the taunting of Peninnah, her husband's other wife, who had children. This reflects the polygamous practices of the time, which often led to familial strife, as seen in other biblical accounts like Jacob, Leah, and Rachel.

Hannah prayed to the LORD
Hannah's response to her distress is to turn to prayer, demonstrating her faith and reliance on God. This act of prayer is significant, as it shows her belief in God's power to change her situation. The LORD, or Yahweh, is the covenant name of God, emphasizing a personal relationship. Her prayer is a model of earnest supplication, similar to other biblical figures who sought God's intervention, such as David in the Psalms.

and wept with many tears
Her weeping indicates the depth of her sorrow and the sincerity of her prayer. Tears in the Bible often accompany heartfelt prayer and repentance, as seen in the stories of Hezekiah and Peter. This emotional expression underscores the human experience of suffering and the biblical encouragement to bring such burdens before God. Hannah's tears also foreshadow the eventual joy and fulfillment she will experience, paralleling the biblical theme of mourning turning into joy.

And she made a vow, saying,
In the ancient Near Eastern context, making a vow was a solemn promise often made in times of distress or need. Vows were binding and taken seriously, as seen in Numbers 30:2, where it is stated that a person must not break their word. Hannah's vow indicates her deep desperation and faith.

“O LORD of Hosts,
The title "LORD of Hosts" refers to God as the commander of the heavenly armies, emphasizing His power and sovereignty. This title is used frequently in the Old Testament, especially in contexts of divine intervention and protection, as seen in Isaiah 1:9 and Psalm 46:7.

if only You will look upon the affliction of Your maidservant
Hannah's plea for God to "look upon" her affliction echoes the language of the oppressed seeking divine intervention, similar to the Israelites' cries in Egypt (Exodus 3:7). The term "maidservant" reflects humility and submission, acknowledging her position before God.

and remember me,
The request for God to "remember" is a call for divine action, not merely recollection. In biblical terms, when God remembers, He acts on behalf of His people, as seen in Genesis 8:1 with Noah and the ark.

not forgetting Your maidservant
This repetition underscores Hannah's earnestness and the cultural importance of remembrance. Forgetting, in this context, would imply neglect or abandonment, which Hannah seeks to avoid.

but giving her a son,
In ancient Israel, having children, especially sons, was crucial for family lineage and inheritance. Hannah's request for a son highlights her personal anguish and societal pressure, as barrenness was often seen as a curse or divine disfavor.

then I will dedicate him to the LORD all the days of his life,
Hannah's vow to dedicate her son reflects the practice of consecration, similar to the Nazirite vow described in Numbers 6:1-21. This dedication signifies a lifelong commitment to God's service, paralleling the dedication of Samson and John the Baptist.

and no razor shall ever touch his head.”
This phrase indicates a Nazirite vow, which involved abstaining from cutting one's hair, consuming wine, and avoiding contact with the dead. The uncut hair symbolizes a visible sign of consecration and separation unto God, as seen in the life of Samson (Judges 13:5).

As Hannah kept on praying before the LORD
Hannah's persistent prayer reflects her deep faith and desperation. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, childlessness was often seen as a source of shame and a sign of divine disfavor. Her continuous prayer indicates her belief in God's power to change her situation. This persistence in prayer is echoed in the New Testament, where Jesus teaches about the importance of persistent prayer in Luke 18:1-8. Hannah's prayer life is a model of faithfulness and trust in God's timing and sovereignty.

Eli watched her mouth
Eli, the high priest, observed Hannah's silent prayer, which was unusual for the time, as prayers were typically spoken aloud. This silent prayer can be seen as a precursor to the New Testament understanding of prayer as a personal and intimate communication with God, as seen in Matthew 6:6. Eli's role as a priest is significant, as he represents the religious authority of the time, yet his initial misunderstanding of Hannah's actions highlights the spiritual decline in Israel, which is a recurring theme in the book of 1 Samuel. Eli's observation also sets the stage for his later interaction with Hannah, where he blesses her, leading to the fulfillment of her prayer.

Hannah was praying in her heart
Hannah's silent prayer reflects a deep, personal communication with God, emphasizing the sincerity and intensity of her supplication. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, prayer was often vocal and public, yet Hannah's approach shows a profound internalization of her faith. This silent prayer can be seen as a precursor to the New Testament teaching on prayer found in Matthew 6:6, where Jesus instructs believers to pray in private. Hannah's heartfelt prayer also highlights the personal nature of her relationship with God, setting a precedent for the intimate, personal prayer life encouraged throughout Scripture.

and though her lips were moving
The movement of Hannah's lips without audible words indicates a fervent, emotional prayer. This physical manifestation of prayer underscores the depth of her distress and longing for a child. It also reflects the cultural practice of praying aloud, which makes her silent prayer stand out as unusual. This moment can be compared to Romans 8:26, where the Spirit intercedes with groanings too deep for words, suggesting that God understands the prayers of the heart even when they are not spoken.

her voice could not be heard
The inaudibility of Hannah's prayer signifies a departure from the norm of vocal prayer in the temple setting. This silence can be seen as a metaphor for the often silent suffering and unspoken desires of the human heart. It also foreshadows the New Covenant understanding that God hears and knows the heart, as seen in 1 John 5:14-15, where believers are assured that God hears their prayers according to His will.

So Eli thought she was drunk
Eli's misinterpretation of Hannah's behavior reflects a lack of spiritual discernment and highlights the spiritual decline of the priesthood at that time. This misunderstanding can be seen as a commentary on the state of Israel's spiritual leadership, which is further evidenced by the corruption of Eli's sons. The accusation of drunkenness also parallels the events of Pentecost in Acts 2:13, where the apostles are accused of being drunk when filled with the Holy Spirit, suggesting a recurring theme of misunderstanding spiritual fervor.

and said to her,
This phrase refers to Eli, the high priest, who is speaking to Hannah. Eli's role as a high priest is significant, as he is responsible for maintaining the spiritual order and worship practices at the tabernacle in Shiloh. His position gives him authority, but his misunderstanding of Hannah's situation highlights the human limitations even of those in spiritual leadership. This moment foreshadows Eli's later failures in discerning God's will, as seen in his inability to control his sons (1 Samuel 2:12-17).

“How long will you be drunk?
Eli's question reveals a common cultural practice of the time, where excessive drinking was not uncommon during feasts and religious gatherings. However, Hannah was not drunk; she was praying fervently and silently, which Eli misinterpreted. This misunderstanding underscores the theme of appearances versus reality, a recurring motif in Scripture (e.g., 1 Samuel 16:7, where God looks at the heart rather than outward appearances). It also highlights the societal challenges women faced, as their actions were often misjudged or misunderstood by male authority figures.

Put away your wine!”
Eli's command reflects a concern for maintaining the sanctity of the worship space. Drunkenness was considered inappropriate, especially in a place dedicated to God. This directive aligns with biblical teachings against drunkenness (Proverbs 20:1, Ephesians 5:18) and the importance of sobriety in spiritual matters. The irony here is that Hannah's "intoxication" was not from wine but from her deep spiritual anguish and earnest prayer, which ultimately leads to the birth of Samuel, a pivotal figure in Israel's history. This moment can be seen as a type of Christ, where misunderstanding and judgment lead to a greater revelation of God's plan, similar to how Jesus was misunderstood and judged during His ministry.

“No, my lord,” Hannah replied.
Hannah addresses Eli, the high priest, with respect, using the term "my lord," which reflects the cultural norms of deference to religious authority figures. This interaction occurs at the tabernacle in Shiloh, a central place of worship before the temple was built in Jerusalem. Hannah's respectful address indicates her humility and the seriousness of her situation.

“I am a woman troubled in spirit.”
Hannah's distress is deeply personal, stemming from her barrenness and the societal pressure to bear children, which was considered a woman's primary role in ancient Israel. Her emotional turmoil is compounded by Peninnah's provocation. This phrase highlights the human experience of suffering and the spiritual struggle that often accompanies it.

“I have not had any wine or strong drink,”
Eli initially mistakes Hannah's fervent prayer for drunkenness, a misunderstanding that reflects the cultural context where public displays of intense emotion could be misinterpreted. Hannah clarifies that her behavior is not due to intoxication, emphasizing her sincerity and the depth of her prayerful state. This distinction underscores the importance of discernment in spiritual leadership.

“but I have poured out my soul before the LORD.”
Hannah's act of pouring out her soul signifies a complete and earnest surrender to God, a theme echoed in other biblical narratives where individuals seek divine intervention. This phrase connects to the broader biblical motif of prayer as a means of expressing one's deepest desires and burdens to God. It also prefigures the New Testament encouragement to cast all anxieties on God (1 Peter 5:7). Hannah's prayer is a model of faith and reliance on God, foreshadowing the ultimate pouring out of Jesus' soul in the Garden of Gethsemane.

Do not take your servant for a wicked woman
Hannah, the speaker, addresses Eli, the priest, with humility, referring to herself as "your servant." This reflects the cultural norms of respect and submission to religious authority in ancient Israel. The term "wicked woman" suggests a moral or social outcast, possibly referencing women accused of drunkenness or immorality. In the context of the tabernacle at Shiloh, where Eli served, maintaining purity and reverence was crucial. Hannah's plea indicates her awareness of the potential for misunderstanding her intense emotional state as inappropriate behavior. This phrase highlights the societal expectations placed on women and the stigma associated with being misunderstood or falsely accused.

for all this time I have been praying
Hannah emphasizes the duration and intensity of her prayer, indicating persistence and faithfulness. This reflects the biblical principle of persistent prayer, as seen in other scriptures like Luke 18:1-8, where Jesus teaches about the importance of continual prayer. Her dedication in prayer aligns with the Jewish tradition of seeking God earnestly, especially in times of personal distress. The setting in Shiloh, a significant religious center before the establishment of the temple in Jerusalem, underscores the importance of prayer in the life of the Israelites.

out of the depth of my anguish and grief.
Hannah's emotional state is described with words that convey profound sorrow and desperation. Her anguish is due to her barrenness, a condition that carried social stigma and personal heartache in ancient Israelite culture. This phrase connects to other biblical narratives of women who experienced similar struggles, such as Sarah and Rachel, highlighting a recurring theme of God’s intervention in seemingly hopeless situations. Hannah's heartfelt prayer and subsequent vow to dedicate her son to the Lord foreshadow the birth of Samuel, a pivotal figure in Israel's history. Her experience can be seen as a type of Christ, as her suffering leads to the birth of a deliverer, paralleling the sorrow and hope found in the story of Jesus.

Go in peace,
This phrase is a common biblical expression used to convey a blessing or farewell, often implying the speaker's wish for the recipient's well-being and divine favor. In the context of 1 Samuel, Eli, the high priest, uses it to reassure Hannah after her heartfelt prayer. The phrase reflects a deep-seated cultural and religious understanding of peace (shalom) as encompassing wholeness, health, and prosperity. It is reminiscent of Jesus' words in the New Testament, where He often used similar expressions to convey spiritual and physical well-being (e.g., Mark 5:34).

Eli replied,
Eli, serving as the high priest and judge of Israel, plays a significant role in the early chapters of 1 Samuel. His position gives weight to his words, as he acts as a mediator between God and the people. Despite his earlier misunderstanding of Hannah's actions, Eli's response here shows a shift to compassion and spiritual insight. His role as a priest is crucial, as he represents the religious authority of the time, and his blessing carries the weight of divine approval.

and may the God of Israel
This phrase emphasizes the covenant relationship between God and the nation of Israel. It highlights the unique identity of God as the one true God who has chosen Israel as His people. The invocation of "the God of Israel" underscores the belief in God's sovereignty and His ability to intervene in the lives of His people. This is consistent with the broader biblical narrative, where God is often referred to in terms of His relationship with Israel (e.g., Exodus 3:15).

grant the petition
The term "petition" refers to Hannah's earnest prayer for a child. In the biblical context, prayer is a vital means of communication with God, and petitions are requests made with faith and humility. The granting of petitions is a recurring theme in Scripture, illustrating God's responsiveness to the prayers of His people (e.g., 1 John 5:14-15). This phrase also foreshadows the fulfillment of Hannah's request, demonstrating God's faithfulness.

you have asked of Him.
Hannah's act of asking highlights the importance of personal prayer and supplication in the believer's life. Her request is made directly to God, reflecting a personal relationship and trust in His power to act. This phrase underscores the biblical principle that God hears and answers the prayers of those who earnestly seek Him (e.g., Matthew 7:7-8). Hannah's story serves as an example of faith and perseverance in prayer, encouraging believers to bring their deepest desires before God.

“May your maidservant find favor with you,” said Hannah.
Hannah's plea for favor reflects a deep humility and recognition of her position before God and Eli, the priest. The term "maidservant" indicates her submission and servitude, a common cultural expression of humility in ancient Israel. This phrase echoes the language of other biblical figures who sought divine favor, such as Mary in Luke 1:38. Hannah's request for favor is a turning point, showing her faith in God's ability to change her circumstances.

Then she went on her way,
This indicates a shift in Hannah's demeanor and actions. After her prayer, she leaves the temple with a sense of peace and resolution. The act of going on her way signifies a release of her burdens to God, trusting in His sovereignty. This mirrors the biblical principle of casting one's cares upon the Lord, as seen in 1 Peter 5:7.

and she began to eat,
Hannah's decision to eat again signifies a restoration of her spirit and hope. Previously, her grief had been so intense that she could not partake in the sacrificial meal (1 Samuel 1:7). Her renewed appetite symbolizes her faith that God has heard her prayer, similar to how fasting and feasting are used in the Bible to denote mourning and celebration, respectively.

and her face was no longer downcast.
The change in Hannah's countenance reflects an inner transformation. Her faith and trust in God have replaced her sorrow and despair. This transformation is reminiscent of the joy and peace that believers experience when they trust in God's promises, as described in Philippians 4:6-7. Hannah's story foreshadows the peace that comes through faith in Christ, who lifts the burdens of the weary.

The next morning they got up early to bow in worship before the LORD
This phrase highlights the devotion and piety of Elkanah and Hannah. Rising early to worship signifies their earnestness and dedication. In the ancient Near Eastern context, morning was often a time for prayer and sacrifice, as seen in Psalm 5:3, which emphasizes seeking God in the morning. Worship before the LORD indicates their acknowledgment of Yahweh as the one true God, contrasting with the idolatrous practices surrounding them. This act of worship is a response to Hannah's prayer and vow made in the temple, showing their faithfulness and gratitude.

and then they returned home to Ramah
Ramah, located in the hill country of Ephraim, was the hometown of Elkanah and Hannah. It is significant as the birthplace and home of the prophet Samuel. The return to Ramah signifies a transition from the sacred space of Shiloh, where the tabernacle was located, back to their daily lives. This journey underscores the faith journey of believers, moving from moments of intense spiritual experience back to everyday life, yet carrying the impact of those experiences with them.

And Elkanah had relations with his wife Hannah
This phrase indicates the fulfillment of marital intimacy, which in the biblical context is seen as a blessing and a means of fulfilling God's command to be fruitful and multiply (Genesis 1:28). The act of Elkanah having relations with Hannah is significant because it follows her vow and prayer for a child. It demonstrates the natural means through which God often fulfills His promises, using human actions to bring about His divine purposes.

and the LORD remembered her
The phrase "the LORD remembered her" is a powerful expression of divine intervention and faithfulness. In biblical terms, when God "remembers" someone, it signifies His active engagement and fulfillment of His promises, as seen in Genesis 8:1 when God remembered Noah. This remembrance is not about recalling forgotten information but about acting on behalf of His people. For Hannah, it meant the granting of her heartfelt desire for a child, which would lead to the birth of Samuel, a pivotal figure in Israel's history. This act of remembrance also foreshadows God's faithfulness in fulfilling His promises through Christ, who is the ultimate fulfillment of God's covenant with His people.

So in the course of time
This phrase indicates the fulfillment of God's promise and the answer to Hannah's fervent prayers. It reflects the biblical theme of God's perfect timing, as seen in other scriptures like Ecclesiastes 3:1, which speaks of a time for every purpose under heaven. The phrase suggests a period of waiting and faith, common in biblical narratives where God's promises are fulfilled after a period of testing or patience.

Hannah conceived and gave birth to a son
Hannah's conception is a direct answer to her prayer, highlighting the power of prayer and God's intervention in human affairs. This event is significant in the biblical narrative as it marks the beginning of Samuel's life, who would become a pivotal figure in Israel's history. The miraculous nature of this conception is reminiscent of other biblical births, such as Isaac's birth to Sarah and John the Baptist's birth to Elizabeth, both of whom were also born to previously barren women.

She named him Samuel
The name Samuel is significant and is often understood to mean "heard by God" or "asked of God." Naming in the Bible often reflects circumstances of birth or prophetic significance. Samuel's name serves as a perpetual reminder of God's faithfulness in answering prayer. This practice of naming children with meaningful names is seen throughout the Bible, such as in the naming of Isaac, which means "laughter," reflecting Sarah's reaction to the promise of his birth.

saying, “Because I have asked for him from the LORD.”
Hannah's statement underscores the personal relationship between her and God, emphasizing the power of prayer and God's responsiveness. It reflects the biblical principle that God hears and answers the prayers of the faithful, as seen in passages like Psalm 34:17. This phrase also highlights the importance of acknowledging God's role in the blessings received, a theme that runs throughout the scriptures, encouraging believers to give thanks and recognize God's hand in their lives.

Then Elkanah and all his house
Elkanah, a Levite from the hill country of Ephraim, is depicted as a devout man who leads his family in worship. The phrase "all his house" indicates the inclusion of his wives, children, and possibly servants, reflecting the patriarchal structure of ancient Israelite society. This communal aspect of worship underscores the importance of family unity in religious observance, as seen in other biblical narratives such as Joshua 24:15, where Joshua declares, "As for me and my house, we will serve the LORD."

went up to make the annual sacrifice to the LORD
The act of going "up" refers to the geographical ascent to Shiloh, where the tabernacle was located. This pilgrimage was part of the Israelites' religious duty, as prescribed in Deuteronomy 16:16, which required males to appear before the LORD three times a year. The "annual sacrifice" likely refers to the Feast of Tabernacles, Passover, or the Feast of Weeks, which were times of communal worship and celebration. This practice highlights the centrality of sacrificial worship in maintaining the covenant relationship with God.

and to fulfill his vow
Vows were solemn promises made to God, often in times of distress or need, as seen in Numbers 30:2. Elkanah's vow may have been related to his prayer for a child, as vows were commonly associated with requests for divine intervention. The fulfillment of vows was a serious obligation, reflecting one's faithfulness and integrity before God. This act of fulfilling a vow also prefigures the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises through Jesus Christ, who is the "yes" and "amen" of all God's promises (2 Corinthians 1:20).

but Hannah did not go.
Hannah's decision not to go to Shiloh with her husband Elkanah and the rest of the family highlights her dedication to fulfilling her vow to God. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, women often accompanied their families to religious festivals, but Hannah's choice underscores her focus on the spiritual commitment she made. Her absence from the pilgrimage is a deliberate act of preparation for the fulfillment of her promise to dedicate her son to the Lord.

“After the boy is weaned,”
Weaning in ancient Israel typically occurred around the age of three, marking a significant milestone in a child's early life. This period allowed Hannah to bond with Samuel and prepare him for his future service. The weaning process was not only physical but also spiritual, as Hannah likely used this time to instill in Samuel a sense of his divine purpose. This phrase also reflects the cultural practices of the time, where weaning was celebrated as a transition from infancy to early childhood.

she said to her husband,
Hannah's communication with Elkanah demonstrates the mutual respect and understanding within their marriage. In a patriarchal society, her ability to express her intentions and have them respected by her husband indicates a partnership rooted in faith and shared spiritual goals. This dialogue also reflects the importance of family unity in fulfilling religious vows.

“I will take him to appear before the LORD
Hannah's vow to bring Samuel to appear before the Lord at Shiloh signifies her commitment to dedicating her son to God's service. Shiloh was the central place of worship at the time, housing the Tabernacle and the Ark of the Covenant. This act of dedication is reminiscent of the Nazarite vow, where individuals were set apart for God's purposes. Hannah's promise aligns with the biblical theme of offering one's best to God, as seen in the stories of other dedicated servants like Samson and John the Baptist.

and to stay there permanently.”
Hannah's intention for Samuel to remain at the Tabernacle permanently underscores the depth of her commitment and faith. This lifelong dedication is a profound act of worship and trust in God's plan for Samuel. It also foreshadows Samuel's significant role as a prophet and leader in Israel, serving as a type of Christ in his role as a mediator between God and the people. Hannah's sacrifice parallels the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus, who was dedicated to God's service from birth and remained faithful to His mission.

“Do what you think is best,” her husband Elkanah replied,
Elkanah's response to Hannah reflects a supportive and understanding marital relationship, which was significant in the cultural context of ancient Israel. In a patriarchal society, a husband's approval was crucial for a wife's decisions. Elkanah's trust in Hannah's judgment highlights the mutual respect in their relationship. This phrase also underscores the importance of discernment and wisdom in decision-making, a theme echoed in Proverbs 3:5-6, where believers are encouraged to trust in the Lord and lean not on their own understanding.

“and stay here until you have weaned him.”
In ancient Israel, weaning typically occurred around the age of three, a practice supported by archaeological findings and historical records. This period was crucial for the child's development and survival, as infant mortality rates were high. The decision to stay and wean Samuel indicates the importance of maternal care and the nurturing role of mothers, which is a recurring theme in Scripture, as seen in Isaiah 49:15, where God's care is compared to that of a nursing mother.

“Only may the LORD confirm His word.”
This phrase reflects a deep reliance on God's promises and faithfulness. The reference to "His word" likely pertains to the vow Hannah made to dedicate Samuel to the Lord's service (1 Samuel 1:11). It underscores the belief in divine sovereignty and the fulfillment of God's promises, a theme prevalent throughout the Bible, such as in Numbers 23:19, which emphasizes that God does not lie or change His mind. This reliance on God's word is a precursor to the New Testament understanding of Jesus as the Word made flesh (John 1:14).

So Hannah stayed and nursed her son until she had weaned him.
Hannah's obedience and dedication to her vow demonstrate her faithfulness and commitment to God. Her actions are a testament to the importance of fulfilling one's promises to the Lord, a principle that is echoed in Ecclesiastes 5:4-5, which warns against making vows and not fulfilling them. Hannah's nurturing of Samuel until he was weaned also foreshadows the significant role Samuel would play as a prophet and leader in Israel, anointing the first two kings, Saul and David, and serving as a type of Christ in his role as a mediator between God and the people.

Once she had weaned him
In ancient Israel, weaning typically occurred around the age of three. This was a significant milestone, marking the child's transition from infancy to early childhood. Weaning was often celebrated as it indicated the child had survived the vulnerable early years. Hannah's decision to wait until Samuel was weaned before fulfilling her vow to dedicate him to the LORD shows her commitment to nurturing him during his formative years.

Hannah took the boy with her
Hannah's journey to Shiloh with Samuel was a fulfillment of her vow to God. This act of dedication was a profound expression of faith and obedience. It highlights the importance of vows in the biblical narrative, where making and keeping vows to God was a serious matter (Ecclesiastes 5:4-5).

along with a three-year-old bull
The offering of a bull was significant in the sacrificial system of Israel. A three-year-old bull was considered a valuable and substantial offering, indicating Hannah's gratitude and the seriousness of her vow. This offering aligns with the Levitical laws concerning sacrifices (Leviticus 1:3-5).

an ephah of flour
An ephah is a unit of dry measure, roughly equivalent to 22 liters or about 5.8 gallons. The flour was likely intended for a grain offering, which accompanied burnt offerings as a sign of dedication and thanksgiving to God (Leviticus 2:1-3).

and a skin of wine
Wine was often used in drink offerings, which were poured out as a libation to the LORD (Numbers 15:5-10). The inclusion of wine with the bull and flour completes the sacrificial offering, symbolizing joy and celebration in fulfilling her vow.

Though the boy was still young
Samuel's youth is emphasized to highlight the faith and trust Hannah placed in God. Despite his tender age, Samuel was dedicated to the LORD's service, foreshadowing his future role as a prophet and judge in Israel. This dedication parallels the Nazarite vow, where individuals were set apart for God's service from a young age (Judges 13:5).

she brought him to the house of the LORD at Shiloh
Shiloh was the central place of worship in Israel before the temple was built in Jerusalem. It housed the tabernacle and the Ark of the Covenant, making it the spiritual center of the nation (Joshua 18:1). Bringing Samuel to Shiloh signifies his consecration to God's service in the presence of the sacred symbols of Israel's faith. This act prefigures the dedication of Jesus at the temple in Jerusalem (Luke 2:22-24), drawing a parallel between Samuel and Christ as dedicated servants of God.

And when they had slaughtered the bull
This phrase refers to the sacrificial practices of ancient Israel, which were central to their worship and covenant relationship with God. The bull, a valuable and significant offering, symbolizes dedication and atonement. Sacrifices were a way to express gratitude, seek forgiveness, and maintain a right relationship with God. The act of slaughtering the bull indicates a serious commitment to fulfilling a vow, as Hannah had vowed to dedicate her son to the Lord if He granted her a child (1 Samuel 1:11). This practice is rooted in the Levitical laws (Leviticus 1:3-5) and reflects the importance of sacrifice in maintaining holiness and obedience to God.

they brought the boy to Eli
Hannah and Elkanah bringing Samuel to Eli signifies the fulfillment of Hannah's vow to dedicate her son to the Lord's service. Eli, the high priest at Shiloh, represents the religious authority and leadership of Israel at the time. This act of bringing Samuel to Eli is significant as it places Samuel under the tutelage and authority of the priesthood, setting the stage for his future role as a prophet and judge of Israel. The dedication of Samuel echoes the Nazarite vow, a special commitment to God, which is also seen in the life of Samson (Judges 13:5). This moment foreshadows Samuel's significant role in Israel's history, including anointing the first two kings of Israel, Saul and David.

“Please, my lord,”
Hannah addresses Eli, the high priest, with respect, acknowledging his authority and position. This reflects the cultural norms of ancient Israel, where titles and respect for religious leaders were significant. The use of "lord" here is a term of respect, not divinity.

“said Hannah,”
Hannah is a central figure in this narrative, known for her deep faith and fervent prayer. Her story sets the stage for the birth of Samuel, a pivotal prophet in Israel's history. Her character is often seen as a model of piety and perseverance in prayer.

“as surely as you live, my lord,”
This phrase is an oath, emphasizing the sincerity and truthfulness of her words. Oaths were common in biblical times to affirm the seriousness of a statement. It underscores the gravity of her previous vow to God regarding her son.

“I am the woman who stood here beside you”
Hannah reminds Eli of her previous presence and prayer at the temple. This reference to her past action highlights her persistence and faithfulness. It also serves as a narrative link to earlier in the chapter, where she was mistaken for being drunk due to her intense prayer.

“praying to the LORD.”
Hannah's prayer was directed to Yahweh, the covenant God of Israel. Her prayer was not just a request for a child but a vow to dedicate that child to God's service. This act of devotion is significant, as it leads to the birth of Samuel, who would become a major figure in Israel's history. Her prayer life is often compared to other biblical figures who sought God earnestly, such as David and Daniel.

I prayed for this boy
Hannah's prayer is a profound example of faith and persistence in seeking God's intervention. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, barrenness was often seen as a source of shame and a sign of divine disfavor. Hannah's earnest prayer at the tabernacle in Shiloh reflects her deep desire for a child and her belief in God's power to change her circumstances. This phrase highlights the importance of prayer in the life of a believer, demonstrating that God hears and responds to the heartfelt petitions of His people. Hannah's prayer can be seen as a precursor to the New Testament teaching on prayer, such as in James 5:16, which emphasizes the power of a righteous person's prayer.

and since the LORD has granted me
The acknowledgment of the LORD's role in granting her request underscores the sovereignty and faithfulness of God. In the historical context, the name "LORD" (YHWH) is significant as it denotes the covenant-keeping God of Israel. Hannah's recognition of God's hand in her situation is a testament to her faith and understanding of God's character. This phrase also connects to the broader biblical theme of God as the giver of life and blessings, as seen in Genesis 21:1-2 with the birth of Isaac to Sarah. It reflects the biblical principle that every good and perfect gift comes from above (James 1:17).

what I asked of Him
Hannah's specific request for a son and God's fulfillment of that request illustrates the personal nature of God's relationship with His people. It shows that God is attentive to individual needs and desires, responding to the specific prayers of His followers. This phrase also highlights the importance of aligning one's requests with God's will, as seen in 1 John 5:14-15, where believers are encouraged to ask according to His will. Hannah's vow to dedicate her son to the LORD's service (1 Samuel 1:11) demonstrates her commitment to honoring God with the answer to her prayer, setting a precedent for dedicating one's blessings back to God.

I now dedicate the boy to the LORD.
Hannah's act of dedication is a fulfillment of the vow she made to God in 1 Samuel 1:11, where she promised to give her son to the LORD if He granted her a child. This dedication is significant in the cultural context of ancient Israel, where firstborn sons held special status and were often consecrated to God (Exodus 13:2). The act of dedicating Samuel to the LORD also reflects the practice of the Nazirite vow (Numbers 6:1-21), although Samuel's dedication is lifelong and initiated by his mother. This dedication is a profound act of faith and gratitude, acknowledging God's sovereignty and provision.

For as long as he lives, he is dedicated to the LORD.
The lifelong dedication of Samuel to the LORD underscores the seriousness and permanence of Hannah's vow. Unlike the temporary Nazirite vow, Samuel's service to God is to be unending, signifying total commitment. This mirrors the concept of being set apart for God's purposes, a theme that runs throughout Scripture (e.g., Jeremiah 1:5, where God sets Jeremiah apart before birth). Samuel's life becomes a type of Christ, who was also dedicated to God's service from birth and lived a life wholly devoted to fulfilling God's will (Luke 2:49).

So they worshiped the LORD there.
The act of worship at the conclusion of the dedication ceremony highlights the centrality of worship in the life of the Israelites. Worship at Shiloh, where the tabernacle was located, was a communal and familial act, reflecting obedience and reverence to God. This moment of worship signifies acknowledgment of God's faithfulness and the fulfillment of His promises. It also prefigures the worship of Christ, who is the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises and the object of Christian worship (John 4:23-24). The communal aspect of worship here points to the importance of corporate worship in the life of believers, as seen in the early church (Acts 2:42-47).