Now about food sacrificed to idols
The phrase "food sacrificed to idols" refers to meat that had been offered in pagan religious ceremonies. In the Greco-Roman world, it was common for meat to be part of sacrificial rituals, and the leftover meat would often be sold in markets. The early Christians in Corinth faced a dilemma about whether it was permissible to eat such meat. The Greek word for "idols" (εἰδώλων, eidolon) indicates false gods or images, which were prevalent in Corinth, a city known for its diverse religious practices. This issue was not merely dietary but deeply theological, as it touched on the believers' relationship with God and their witness to others.

We know that we all have knowledge
The phrase "we all have knowledge" suggests a common understanding among the Corinthian believers. The Greek word for "knowledge" (γνῶσις, gnosis) implies an intellectual grasp of spiritual truths. In this context, it likely refers to the understanding that idols are not real gods, and therefore, food offered to them holds no spiritual significance. However, Paul is setting the stage to contrast mere intellectual knowledge with a deeper, more essential Christian virtue—love.

Knowledge puffs up
The expression "knowledge puffs up" uses the Greek word φυσιόω (physioo), meaning to inflate or make proud. Paul warns that knowledge, when not tempered by love, can lead to arrogance and pride. This is a caution against the intellectual elitism that can occur when believers rely solely on their understanding without considering the impact on others. In the Corinthian context, some believers might have felt superior due to their knowledge, potentially leading to division within the church.

but love builds up
In contrast to knowledge that "puffs up," Paul emphasizes that "love builds up." The Greek word for "builds up" (οἰκοδομέω, oikodomeo) conveys the idea of constructing or edifying. Love, in the Christian sense, is selfless and seeks the well-being of others. It is foundational to Christian community and growth. Paul is advocating for a love that considers the conscience and spiritual health of fellow believers, promoting unity and strength within the body of Christ. This aligns with the broader biblical teaching that love is the greatest commandment and the fulfillment of the law (Matthew 22:37-40).

The one who thinks he knows something
This phrase challenges the self-assuredness of human knowledge. In the Greek, "thinks" (δοκεῖ) implies a subjective opinion or assumption. Paul addresses the Corinthian believers who prided themselves on their knowledge, particularly regarding food offered to idols. Historically, Corinth was a hub of philosophical thought, and many believers were influenced by this intellectual environment. Paul warns against the arrogance that can accompany knowledge, reminding us that true wisdom is humble and recognizes its limitations.

does not yet know
The Greek word for "know" (γινώσκει) suggests an experiential understanding rather than mere intellectual assent. Paul emphasizes that possessing information is not equivalent to true understanding. In a scriptural context, this echoes the wisdom literature of the Old Testament, where the fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge (Proverbs 1:7). The phrase suggests a journey of learning, where believers are continually growing in their understanding of God and His ways.

as he ought to know
The phrase "as he ought" (καθὼς δεῖ) implies a standard or expectation. In the Christian life, knowledge is not an end in itself but a means to love and serve God and others. Paul contrasts the superficial knowledge of the Corinthians with the deeper, relational knowledge that God desires. This aligns with the biblical theme that true knowledge is intertwined with love and obedience (1 John 2:3-4). Historically, this would have been a radical departure from the Greek ideal of knowledge for its own sake, emphasizing instead a knowledge that transforms and edifies the community.

But the one who loves God
This phrase emphasizes the centrality of love in the Christian faith. The Greek word for love here is "agapao," which denotes a selfless, sacrificial love that seeks the best for others. This is the same type of love that God demonstrates towards humanity. In the context of 1 Corinthians, Paul is addressing issues of knowledge and freedom, particularly concerning food offered to idols. He contrasts mere knowledge with love, suggesting that love is the higher virtue. Historically, the Corinthian church was struggling with divisions and a lack of unity, and Paul is redirecting them to the foundational principle of love for God, which naturally extends to love for others.

is known by God
The phrase "is known by God" carries profound theological significance. The Greek word for "known" is "ginosko," which implies an intimate, personal knowledge. This is not merely an intellectual awareness but a deep, relational understanding. In the biblical context, to be known by God is to be in a covenant relationship with Him. This echoes the Old Testament concept where God "knows" His people, indicating His choice and love for them. Archaeologically, the concept of being known by a deity was significant in ancient cultures, but the personal and relational aspect presented in the Bible is unique. Scripturally, this phrase reassures believers of their secure position in God's family, emphasizing that their identity and worth are found in being known and loved by God. This knowledge is not based on human achievement or status but on God's grace and love.

So about eating food sacrificed to idols
This phrase addresses a specific issue faced by the Corinthian church, where meat from sacrifices to pagan gods was commonly sold in markets. The Greek word for "idols" (εἴδωλον, eidolon) refers to images or representations of false gods. Historically, Corinth was a city steeped in pagan worship, with temples dedicated to various deities. The early Christians were navigating how to live out their faith in a culture saturated with idolatry. This phrase sets the stage for a discussion on Christian liberty and conscience, emphasizing the need for discernment and sensitivity to the beliefs of others within the community.

We know that an idol is nothing at all in the world
The phrase "an idol is nothing at all" reflects the Christian understanding that idols have no real existence or power. The Greek word for "nothing" (οὐδέν, ouden) underscores the emptiness and futility of idol worship. In the historical context, idols were crafted from wood, stone, or metal, and while they were revered by pagans, they held no true divinity or life. This statement affirms the monotheistic belief central to Christianity, contrasting the living God with lifeless idols. It encourages believers to stand firm in their faith, recognizing the supremacy of God over any man-made object or concept.

and that there is no God but one
This declaration is a cornerstone of Christian doctrine, echoing the Shema from Deuteronomy 6:4, "Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God, the LORD is one." The Greek word for "one" (εἷς, heis) emphasizes the singularity and uniqueness of God. In a polytheistic society like Corinth, this was a radical assertion. It calls believers to exclusive worship and allegiance to the one true God, rejecting the pantheon of gods worshipped by the surrounding culture. This truth serves as a foundation for Christian identity and practice, reminding the faithful of their distinct calling to serve and honor the Creator above all else.

For even if there are so-called gods
In this phrase, Paul acknowledges the existence of entities that are referred to as "gods" by some people. The Greek word used here is "εἴδωλον" (eidolon), which often refers to idols or false gods. Historically, Corinth was a city filled with temples dedicated to various deities, reflecting a polytheistic culture. Paul is addressing the reality of these "so-called gods" in the lives of the Corinthians, who were surrounded by pagan worship. This acknowledgment sets the stage for contrasting these false gods with the one true God.

whether in heaven or on earth
This phrase expands the scope of these "so-called gods" to include celestial and terrestrial realms. The Greek words "οὐρανός" (ouranos) for heaven and "γῆ" (ge) for earth indicate the comprehensive nature of the pagan belief systems, which often included gods of the sky, sea, and land. In the ancient world, people believed in a pantheon of gods who ruled over different aspects of the universe. Paul is emphasizing that regardless of where these entities are believed to reside, they are not comparable to the true God.

as there are many gods and many lords
Here, Paul acknowledges the multitude of deities and spiritual authorities recognized in the Greco-Roman world. The terms "gods" and "lords" reflect the hierarchical structure of pagan religions, where different gods had varying levels of power and influence. The Greek words "θεοί" (theoi) for gods and "κύριοι" (kurioi) for lords highlight the common practice of worshiping multiple deities, each with specific roles and domains. Paul is setting up a contrast to emphasize the uniqueness and supremacy of the Christian God, who transcends these numerous and lesser entities.

yet for us there is but one God, the Father
This phrase emphasizes the monotheistic foundation of Christian belief. The Greek word for "one" is "εἷς" (heis), underscoring the singularity and uniqueness of God in contrast to the polytheistic beliefs prevalent in Corinth. The term "Father" (Greek: "πατήρ," patēr) denotes a personal and relational aspect of God, highlighting His role as the Creator and sustainer of life. Historically, this assertion would have been counter-cultural in a city filled with temples to various deities, affirming the Christian distinction and allegiance to the God of Israel.

from whom all things came
The Greek phrase "ἐξ οὗ τὰ πάντα" (ex hou ta panta) indicates the source of all creation. This reflects the Jewish understanding of God as the ultimate origin of everything, aligning with Genesis 1:1. It affirms God's sovereignty and creative power, reminding believers that everything in existence owes its origin to Him. This would have been a powerful reminder to the Corinthians of God's supreme authority over all creation, including the idols they once worshiped.

and for whom we exist
The phrase "καὶ ἡμεῖς εἰς αὐτόν" (kai hēmeis eis auton) speaks to the purpose of human existence. It suggests that our lives are meant to be lived in relationship with and for the glory of God. This aligns with the Westminster Shorter Catechism's assertion that "man's chief end is to glorify God, and to enjoy Him forever." In a city like Corinth, known for its moral and spiritual confusion, this statement would have provided clarity and direction for the believers' lives.

and there is but one Lord, Jesus Christ
The term "Lord" (Greek: "Κύριος," Kyrios) was a title of authority and divinity, often used in the Septuagint to translate the Hebrew name for God, Yahweh. By applying this title to Jesus, Paul affirms His divine status and authority. This declaration would have been revolutionary, asserting the divinity of Christ in a context where Caesar was often hailed as "lord." It underscores the early Christian confession of Jesus' lordship over all aspects of life.

through whom all things came
The Greek "δι’ οὗ τὰ πάντα" (di’ hou ta panta) parallels the earlier phrase about God the Father, emphasizing the role of Jesus in creation. This reflects the prologue of John's Gospel (John 1:3) and Colossians 1:16, which affirm that Jesus is the agent of creation. It highlights the unity and cooperation within the Trinity, affirming that Jesus is not a created being but the divine Word through whom creation was accomplished.

and through whom we exist
The phrase "καὶ ἡμεῖς δι’ αὐτοῦ" (kai hēmeis di’ autou) reiterates the sustaining power of Christ in the life of believers. It suggests that our spiritual life and existence are maintained through Jesus. This would have been a profound encouragement to the Corinthian church, reminding them of their dependence on Christ for spiritual vitality and growth. It underscores the intimate relationship between the believer and Christ, who is both the source and sustainer of life.

But not everyone has this knowledge
The phrase "this knowledge" refers to the understanding that idols are nothing and that there is only one God, as discussed earlier in the chapter. The Greek word for "knowledge" here is "gnōsis," which implies a deep, experiential understanding. In the early church, not all believers had reached the same level of spiritual maturity or understanding. This highlights the diversity within the body of Christ and the need for patience and teaching. Historically, the early church was a melting pot of Jewish and Gentile believers, each bringing their own backgrounds and struggles into their new faith.

Some people are still so accustomed to idols
The word "accustomed" comes from the Greek "sunētheia," meaning a habitual practice or custom. For many Gentile converts, idol worship was a deeply ingrained part of their previous lives. Archaeological findings reveal the prevalence of idol worship in Corinth, with temples and altars dedicated to various gods. This cultural backdrop made it challenging for new believers to completely detach from their past practices. The phrase underscores the struggle of leaving behind old ways and the transformative journey of sanctification.

that when they eat such food, they think of it as having been sacrificed to an idol
The act of eating food sacrificed to idols was a common practice in Corinth, where meat from pagan temples often ended up in the marketplace. The Greek word for "sacrificed" is "eidōlothuton," which directly refers to offerings made to idols. For those who had recently converted, eating such food could trigger memories of their former idol worship, making it difficult to separate the act of eating from its previous religious connotations. This phrase highlights the importance of understanding the personal and cultural history of fellow believers.

and since their conscience is weak
The term "conscience" in Greek is "syneidēsis," which refers to an internal sense of right and wrong. A "weak" conscience indicates a lack of confidence or assurance in one's understanding of Christian liberty. This weakness is not a moral failing but rather a stage in spiritual growth. The early church had to navigate these differences with sensitivity, recognizing that not all believers were at the same point in their faith journey. This calls for a compassionate approach to discipleship and community life.

it is defiled
The Greek word for "defiled" is "molynō," meaning to stain or pollute. In this context, it refers to the spiritual and emotional turmoil experienced by those whose conscience is troubled by actions they perceive as sinful. The defilement is not in the food itself but in the violation of one's conscience. This serves as a reminder of the importance of respecting the convictions of others and the potential harm of causing a fellow believer to stumble. The verse calls for a loving and considerate approach to Christian freedom, prioritizing the spiritual well-being of others over personal liberty.

But food
The Greek word for "food" here is "βρῶμα" (brōma), which refers to that which is eaten. In the context of 1 Corinthians, Paul addresses the issue of eating food offered to idols, a significant concern in the early church. Historically, Corinth was a city with many pagan temples, and meat sold in markets often came from sacrifices. The early Christians grappled with whether consuming such food was permissible. Paul emphasizes that the physical act of eating does not affect one's spiritual standing before God.

does not bring us closer to God
The phrase underscores a fundamental Christian doctrine: external actions, such as dietary practices, do not inherently enhance one's relationship with God. The Greek word "παρίστησιν" (paristēsin) means to present or bring near. Paul is teaching that spiritual proximity to God is not achieved through physical means but through faith and obedience to His commandments. This reflects the broader biblical theme that God desires a heart aligned with His will rather than mere ritualistic observance.

we are no worse if we do not eat
Here, Paul reassures believers that abstaining from certain foods, particularly those associated with idol worship, does not diminish their spiritual status. The Greek "οὐκ ὑστερούμεθα" (ouk husteroumetha) implies lacking or being inferior. In a historical context, this was a liberating message for Gentile converts who might have felt pressured to adopt Jewish dietary laws. Paul emphasizes that their faith in Christ, not adherence to dietary restrictions, defines their righteousness.

and no better if we do
Conversely, Paul asserts that consuming such food does not enhance one's spiritual condition. The Greek "οὐ περισσεύομεν" (ou perisseuomen) means to abound or excel. This statement challenges any notion of spiritual elitism based on dietary practices. In the early church, there was a risk of division between those who felt free to eat and those who abstained. Paul’s teaching promotes unity, reminding believers that their value in God's eyes is not contingent upon such external matters.

Be careful
The Greek word used here is "βλέπετε" (blepete), which means "to see" or "to watch." In this context, it is a call to vigilance and mindfulness. Paul is urging the Corinthians to be attentive and considerate in their actions. This is a reminder that Christian liberty comes with responsibility. The call to "be careful" is not just about personal conduct but about the impact of one's actions on others within the community of faith.

however
This word serves as a conjunction, indicating a contrast or exception. Paul is making a distinction between the freedom believers have in Christ and the potential negative consequences of exercising that freedom without regard for others. It highlights the tension between liberty and love, a recurring theme in Paul's letters.

your freedom
The Greek term "ἐξουσία" (exousia) is translated as "freedom" or "authority." It refers to the rights or liberties that believers have in Christ. In the context of 1 Corinthians 8, it specifically pertains to the freedom to eat food offered to idols, which some believers understood as permissible. However, Paul emphasizes that this freedom should not be exercised at the expense of others' spiritual well-being.

does not become
This phrase indicates a potential transformation or change in the nature of one's actions. The freedom that believers enjoy should not morph into something harmful. It is a caution against allowing what is good and permissible to turn into something that causes harm or leads others astray.

a stumbling block
The Greek word "πρόσκομμα" (proskomma) means "an obstacle" or "a cause for stumbling." In the biblical context, it refers to anything that might cause another believer to fall into sin or to falter in their faith. Paul is concerned that the exercise of freedom without love and consideration could lead weaker believers to confusion or sin.

to the weak
The "weak" refers to those in the Corinthian church who have a less mature understanding of their freedom in Christ. These individuals might still be influenced by their past associations with idol worship and could be led into sin by seeing others eat food offered to idols. Paul is advocating for a community where the strong support the weak, ensuring that their actions do not lead others into spiritual peril.

For if someone with a weak conscience
The phrase "weak conscience" refers to a believer whose understanding of Christian liberty is not fully developed. In the Greek, "asthenēs syneidēsis" suggests a conscience that is fragile or lacking strength. Historically, the early church was composed of individuals from diverse backgrounds, including those who had recently converted from paganism. These new believers might still struggle with the remnants of their past beliefs, making them vulnerable to actions that could lead them back into old practices. The Apostle Paul is addressing the need for mature Christians to be sensitive to the spiritual maturity of others.

sees you who are well informed
The term "well informed" translates from the Greek "gnōsis," meaning knowledge. This knowledge is not merely intellectual but is rooted in a deep understanding of Christian freedom and the truth that idols have no real existence. Paul acknowledges that some believers possess a mature understanding of their liberty in Christ, which allows them to partake in activities that others might find questionable. However, this knowledge comes with the responsibility to act in love and consideration for those who do not share the same level of understanding.

eating in an idol’s temple
The act of "eating in an idol’s temple" was a common practice in Corinth, where social and religious life often intertwined. Archaeological findings reveal that temples were not only places of worship but also venues for communal meals and gatherings. For a believer with a strong conscience, eating in such a setting might be seen as an exercise of freedom, recognizing that idols are powerless. However, for those with a weak conscience, this action could be perceived as endorsing idol worship, thus leading them into spiritual confusion or sin.

will he not be encouraged
The word "encouraged" comes from the Greek "oikodomeō," which typically means to build up or edify. Ironically, in this context, it implies being led astray or emboldened to act against one's conscience. Paul is highlighting the paradox that what is intended as a demonstration of freedom can inadvertently become a stumbling block, causing spiritual harm rather than growth.

to eat food sacrificed to idols?
Eating "food sacrificed to idols" was a contentious issue in the early church. The Jerusalem Council in Acts 15 had addressed this, advising Gentile converts to abstain from such practices to maintain unity and avoid offending Jewish believers. Theologically, Paul argues elsewhere that food itself is neutral (1 Corinthians 8:8), but the act of eating it in a context that could be misconstrued as idol worship is problematic. The historical context underscores the tension between exercising Christian liberty and maintaining a clear witness to the transformative power of the Gospel.

So this weak brother
The phrase "weak brother" refers to a fellow believer who is not as mature in their faith or understanding of Christian liberty. The Greek word for "weak" is "asthenēs," which implies a lack of strength or firmness in faith. In the early church, this often referred to those who were still struggling with the remnants of their former pagan practices or who had a sensitive conscience regarding certain freedoms. Historically, the early Christian community was diverse, with converts from both Jewish and Gentile backgrounds, each bringing their own set of beliefs and practices. The "weak brother" is someone who may be easily swayed or troubled by the actions of others, particularly in matters of food offered to idols, which was a significant issue in Corinth.

for whom Christ died
This phrase underscores the immense value and worth of every believer, regardless of their spiritual maturity. The Greek word "huper" (for) indicates substitution or representation, emphasizing that Christ's sacrificial death was on behalf of all, including the "weak brother." This is a powerful reminder of the universal scope of Christ's atonement and the unity it brings to the body of believers. Historically, the early church was built on the foundation of Christ's death and resurrection, which was the central message of the apostles. This phrase serves as a call to remember the sacrificial love of Christ and to treat each believer with the same love and respect.

is destroyed
The Greek word "apollymi" is used here, which can mean to ruin or to cause to perish. In this context, it does not imply eternal damnation but rather a spiritual stumbling or harm. The use of "destroyed" highlights the serious consequences of exercising one's freedom without regard for the conscience of others. In the historical context of Corinth, where idol worship was prevalent, eating food offered to idols could lead a weaker believer back into idolatry or cause them to violate their conscience, thus damaging their faith.

by your knowledge
The term "knowledge" comes from the Greek word "gnōsis," which refers to an understanding or insight. In this passage, Paul is addressing those in the Corinthian church who prided themselves on their knowledge of Christian liberty, particularly the understanding that idols are nothing and that food offered to them is not inherently sinful. However, Paul warns that this knowledge, when exercised without love and consideration for others, can lead to the spiritual harm of a fellow believer. The historical context reveals that the Corinthian church struggled with issues of pride and division, often valuing knowledge over love. This serves as a timeless reminder that knowledge must be tempered with love and sensitivity to the spiritual well-being of others.

By sinning against your brothers
The phrase "by sinning against your brothers" emphasizes the communal aspect of Christian life. The Greek word for "sinning" here is "hamartanō," which means to miss the mark or to err. In the context of the early church, this highlights the importance of considering the spiritual well-being of fellow believers. The term "brothers" (Greek: "adelphoi") is inclusive of all members of the Christian community, underscoring the familial bond among believers. Historically, the early church was a close-knit community, and actions that harmed one member were seen as affecting the entire body. This phrase calls Christians to a higher standard of love and care for one another, reflecting the unity and interdependence that should characterize the body of Christ.

in this way
The phrase "in this way" refers to the specific context of eating food offered to idols, which Paul addresses in this chapter. The Greek phrase "houtōs" indicates a manner or method, pointing to the specific actions that lead to sinning against fellow believers. In the historical context of Corinth, a city rife with idol worship, the issue of eating food sacrificed to idols was a significant concern. This phrase serves as a reminder that the manner in which we exercise our freedoms can have profound implications on others, particularly those who are weaker in faith.

and wounding their weak conscience
The word "wounding" (Greek: "typtō") conveys the idea of striking or injuring, which in this context refers to causing spiritual harm. The "weak conscience" refers to believers who are not fully convinced of their freedom in Christ regarding certain practices, such as eating food offered to idols. The Greek word for "conscience" is "syneidēsis," which denotes an inner sense of right and wrong. Historically, the early church was composed of individuals from diverse backgrounds, including those who had recently converted from paganism and were still sensitive to their former practices. This phrase highlights the responsibility of mature believers to protect and nurture the faith of those who are still growing, rather than causing them to stumble.

you sin against Christ
The phrase "you sin against Christ" is a powerful reminder of the intimate connection between Christ and His followers. The Greek word for "sin" here is again "hamartanō," reinforcing the gravity of the offense. By harming a fellow believer, one is, in essence, sinning against Christ Himself, as believers are part of His body. This concept is rooted in the teachings of Jesus, who identified Himself with His followers, as seen in Matthew 25:40. Theologically, this underscores the profound unity between Christ and the church, and the seriousness with which He views offenses against His people. It serves as a sobering reminder of the call to love and serve one another as an expression of our love for Christ.

Therefore
This word serves as a conclusion to the argument Paul has been building throughout the chapter. In Greek, "διό" (dio) indicates a logical consequence. Paul is drawing a conclusion based on the principles of love and consideration for others, which he has been discussing. It emphasizes the importance of applying knowledge with love and sensitivity to the spiritual well-being of others.

if what I eat
The phrase "if what I eat" refers to the specific context of eating food that has been sacrificed to idols, a common practice in Corinth. The Greek word for "eat" here is "βρῶμα" (brōma), which can mean food in general but is contextually linked to meat offered to idols. This highlights the cultural and religious practices of the time, where such food could be a stumbling block to new believers coming out of paganism.

causes my brother to stumble
The Greek word for "stumble" is "σκανδαλίζω" (skandalizō), which means to cause someone to trip or fall spiritually. Paul is deeply concerned about the spiritual health of fellow believers, particularly those who are weaker in faith. The term "brother" underscores the familial relationship within the body of Christ, emphasizing mutual care and responsibility.

I will never eat meat again
Paul's use of "never" (Greek: "οὐ μή" - ou mē) is emphatic, indicating a strong personal commitment. The phrase "eat meat" (Greek: "κρέας" - kreas) specifically refers to flesh, which in this context is associated with idol sacrifices. Paul is willing to forgo his rights and freedoms for the sake of others, demonstrating the principle of self-sacrificial love.

so that I will not cause him to fall
The phrase "cause him to fall" reiterates the concern for not leading a fellow believer into sin or spiritual harm. The Greek word "πίπτω" (piptō) means to fall or to be ruined. Paul’s ultimate goal is to protect the spiritual integrity of his brothers and sisters in Christ. This reflects the heart of Christian love, which prioritizes the spiritual welfare of others over personal liberty.