hate
The word "hate" in Hebrew is "שָׂנֵא" (sane), which conveys a strong aversion or intense dislike. In the biblical context, this term is often used to describe the deep-seated enmity that the wicked have towards the righteous. This hatred is not merely a personal dislike but a profound opposition to the values and lifestyle of the blameless. It reflects the spiritual battle between good and evil, where the wicked are inherently opposed to those who live according to God's commandments.

a blameless man
The term "blameless" is derived from the Hebrew word "תָּם" (tam), meaning complete, perfect, or without fault. In the biblical sense, a blameless man is one who lives with integrity and righteousness, adhering to God's laws and commands. This does not imply sinlessness but rather a sincere and wholehearted commitment to living a life pleasing to God. Historically, such individuals were respected and often seen as models of virtue within their communities.

but the upright
"The upright" refers to those who are morally and ethically sound, living in accordance with God's will. The Hebrew word "יָשָׁר" (yashar) means straight or right, indicating a life that is aligned with divine principles. In the biblical narrative, the upright are often depicted as those who walk in wisdom and understanding, contrasting sharply with the wicked. They are seen as protectors and preservers of life, embodying the virtues of justice and mercy.

care for his life
The phrase "care for his life" suggests a protective and nurturing attitude towards the life of the blameless. The Hebrew verb "בָּקַשׁ" (baqash) means to seek or desire, indicating an active effort to preserve and safeguard. In the context of this proverb, the upright are those who value life and strive to protect it, standing against the destructive tendencies of the wicked. This reflects a broader biblical theme where the righteous are called to be stewards of life, promoting peace and justice in a world marred by sin and violence.

But the just (or upright) seek his soul--i.e. care for the life of the perfect; their uprightness shows itself in active help-giving.

(1) The just seek the soul of the upright to deliver him from death temporal and spiritual (comp. Proverbs 12:6; Psalm 142:4).

(2) The just seek the murderer's life, take vengeance on him (comp. Psalm 63:9, 10).

(3) "As for the just, they (the murderers) attempt his life," where the change of subject, though by no means unparalleled, is awkward (comp. Psalm 37:14). The second explanation makes the righteous the executioners of vengeance on the delinquents, which does not seem to be the idea intended, and there is no confirmation of it in our book. The interpretation first given has against it the fact that the phrase, "to seek the soul," is used of attempts against the life, not of preserving it. But this is not fatal; and the above seems to be the most likely explanation offered, and gives a good antithesis. Men of blood hate a virtuous man, and try to destroy him; the righteous love him, and do their utmost to defend and keep him safe. If this interpretation is rejected, the third explanation is allowable, the casus pendens - "the just, they seek his life" - may be compared with Genesis 26:15; Deuteronomy 2:23. Septuagint, "But the upright will seek (ἐκζητήσουσι) his life."

Parallel Commentaries ...