Then all the Israelites from Dan to Beersheba and from the land of Gilead came out
This phrase indicates a united response from the entire nation of Israel, spanning from Dan in the north to Beersheba in the south, and including the land of Gilead east of the Jordan River. This geographical range emphasizes the comprehensive nature of the assembly, suggesting a significant national crisis. Dan and Beersheba are often used in Scripture to denote the full extent of the Israelite territory (1 Samuel 3:20). The inclusion of Gilead highlights the involvement of the Transjordan tribes, showing solidarity among all the tribes of Israel. This unity is significant in the context of the tribal confederation of Israel, which often struggled with internal divisions.

and the congregation assembled as one man
The phrase "as one man" underscores the unity and collective resolve of the Israelites. This expression is used to convey a sense of unanimity and shared purpose among the people. In the context of the Book of Judges, where tribal conflicts and disunity are common, this moment of unity is particularly noteworthy. It reflects a rare occasion where the tribes come together with a singular focus, which in this case is to address the grievous crime committed in Gibeah. This unity can be seen as a foreshadowing of the ideal unity that is later realized under the monarchy, particularly during the reigns of David and Solomon.

before the LORD at Mizpah
Mizpah was a significant gathering place for the Israelites, often associated with solemn assemblies and important decisions (1 Samuel 7:5-6). The phrase "before the LORD" indicates that this assembly was not merely a political or military gathering but had a religious dimension, acknowledging God's presence and seeking His guidance. Mizpah's location in the territory of Benjamin is significant, as it is near the scene of the crime that prompted this assembly. The gathering "before the LORD" suggests an appeal to divine justice and a desire for God's will to be discerned and followed. This reflects the theocratic nature of Israelite society, where God was recognized as the ultimate authority.

The leaders of all the people and all the tribes of Israel
This phrase highlights the unity and collective responsibility of the tribes of Israel. The leaders, or "chiefs," represent the tribal heads and elders who were responsible for making decisions and guiding the people. This gathering signifies a national crisis, as the tribes come together to address the grievous sin committed in Gibeah. The unity here contrasts with the frequent disunity seen throughout the Book of Judges, where "everyone did what was right in his own eyes" (Judges 21:25). This assembly is reminiscent of earlier gatherings, such as those under Moses and Joshua, where the tribes united for a common purpose.

presented themselves in the assembly of God’s people
The assembly of God's people refers to a formal gathering, often for religious or judicial purposes. This assembly is convened at Mizpah (Judges 20:1), a significant location for Israelite gatherings and covenant renewals. The phrase underscores the theocratic nature of Israel, where God is the ultimate authority, and the people are His covenant community. This assembly is not merely a political or military council but a gathering under divine oversight, seeking to address sin and injustice in accordance with God's law.

400,000 men on foot, armed with swords
The mention of 400,000 men indicates a substantial military force, reflecting the seriousness of the situation. This number suggests a full mobilization of Israel's fighting men, emphasizing the gravity of the offense and the need for decisive action. The men being "on foot" and "armed with swords" highlights their readiness for battle, prepared to execute judgment on the tribe of Benjamin for harboring the perpetrators of the crime in Gibeah. This military assembly is reminiscent of earlier battles in Israel's history, such as those led by Joshua, where the Israelites fought to uphold God's commands and maintain the holiness of the land.

Meanwhile the Benjamites heard that the Israelites had gone up to Mizpah.
The tribe of Benjamin, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, was geographically located in a central region, making communication with other tribes relatively swift. Mizpah, a significant site in Israel's history, served as a gathering place for the tribes. It was a location associated with covenant renewal and judgment (1 Samuel 7:5-6). The Benjamites' awareness of the assembly at Mizpah indicates the gravity of the situation, as tribal gatherings were not common unless addressing serious matters. This reflects the interconnectedness of the tribes and the importance of collective decision-making in ancient Israel.

And the Israelites asked,
The Israelites, representing the collective tribes excluding Benjamin, sought to address a grievous sin within their community. This inquiry reflects the judicial process in Israel, where matters of sin and justice were communal concerns. The assembly at Mizpah underscores the seriousness with which the Israelites approached issues of morality and justice, adhering to the covenantal laws given by God.

“Tell us, how did this wicked thing happen?”
The phrase "wicked thing" refers to the heinous crime committed in Gibeah, a city of Benjamin, where a Levite's concubine was brutally abused and murdered (Judges 19). This inquiry is not merely for information but a call for accountability and justice. The Israelites' demand for an explanation highlights the communal responsibility to uphold righteousness and the law. This reflects the biblical principle that sin affects the entire community, not just the individual, and must be addressed to maintain the covenant relationship with God. The call for justice here foreshadows the ultimate justice fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who addresses the sin of humanity.

So the Levite, the husband of the murdered woman, answered:
The Levite's role is significant as Levites were set apart for religious duties in Israel. His presence in this narrative highlights the moral and spiritual decline in Israel during the time of the Judges. The term "husband" here is notable because it reflects the cultural practice of concubinage, where a concubine had a recognized but lesser status than a wife. This situation underscores the complex social and familial structures of ancient Israel. The Levite's response is part of a larger assembly of the tribes of Israel, indicating the gravity of the situation and the communal approach to justice.

I and my concubine came to Gibeah in Benjamin to spend the night.
Gibeah, a town in the territory of Benjamin, becomes infamous due to the events that unfold. This location is significant as it later becomes the royal city of King Saul, Israel's first king. The mention of spending the night suggests the cultural expectation of hospitality, which was a sacred duty in ancient Near Eastern societies. The failure of the people of Gibeah to provide this hospitality, leading to the tragic events, highlights the moral decay and lawlessness prevalent during this period, as described in Judges 21:25, "In those days there was no king in Israel; everyone did what was right in his own eyes." This phrase also foreshadows the violence and chaos that will ensue, serving as a microcosm of the broader spiritual and social disorder in Israel.

And during the night
The timing of events at night often signifies evil or danger in biblical narratives. Nighttime was a period when lawlessness could prevail, as seen in other biblical accounts such as the betrayal of Jesus (John 13:30). The cover of darkness provided an opportunity for the men of Gibeah to carry out their wicked plans without immediate repercussions.

the men of Gibeah rose up against me
Gibeah was a city in the territory of Benjamin. The men of Gibeah rising up indicates a collective action, suggesting a deep-seated moral corruption within the community. This event echoes the depravity found in Sodom (Genesis 19), highlighting a recurring theme of societal decay in the absence of righteous leadership.

and surrounded the house
The act of surrounding the house signifies an aggressive and hostile intent, reminiscent of the siege tactics used in warfare. This imagery is used elsewhere in Scripture to depict overwhelming danger or judgment (2 Kings 6:14). It underscores the severity of the threat faced by the Levite and his concubine.

They intended to kill me
The intention to kill reflects the extreme violence and lawlessness of the men of Gibeah. This mirrors the broader theme of the book of Judges, where "everyone did what was right in his own eyes" (Judges 21:25), illustrating the chaos and moral decline during this period.

but they abused my concubine, and she died
The abuse and subsequent death of the concubine is a tragic and brutal act that highlights the devaluation of human life and dignity. This event serves as a catalyst for the ensuing civil war among the tribes of Israel. It also parallels the story of the Levite's concubine with the account of the unnamed woman in Genesis 34, where the violation of Dinah leads to conflict. The concubine's death is a stark reminder of the consequences of sin and the need for justice and righteousness, themes that are ultimately fulfilled in the person of Jesus Christ, who came to restore and redeem.

Then I took my concubine
This phrase refers to the Levite's concubine, a secondary wife or partner, which was a common practice in ancient Israel. The Levite's actions follow the horrific events in Gibeah, where the concubine was abused and died. This reflects the moral decay and lawlessness during the time of the Judges, a period characterized by the repeated phrase, "In those days Israel had no king; everyone did as they saw fit" (Judges 21:25).

cut her into pieces
The act of dismembering the concubine's body was a shocking and gruesome method to convey the gravity of the crime committed. This act was intended to provoke a national response. It echoes the ancient Near Eastern practice of sending body parts as a call to arms or to highlight a severe injustice, similar to the story of Saul and the oxen in 1 Samuel 11:7.

and sent her throughout the land of Israel’s inheritance
The distribution of the body parts to the tribes of Israel was a call for unity and action against the atrocity committed in Gibeah. The "land of Israel's inheritance" refers to the territories allotted to the twelve tribes, emphasizing the collective responsibility of the nation to uphold justice and righteousness.

because they had committed a lewd and disgraceful act in Israel
The "lewd and disgraceful act" refers to the gang rape and murder of the concubine by the men of Gibeah, a crime that violated the covenantal laws of hospitality and protection. This phrase underscores the severity of the sin and the need for communal accountability. It also highlights the moral decline in Israel, drawing parallels to the sin of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19), and serves as a warning against turning away from God's commandments.

Behold, all you Israelites
This phrase calls attention to the collective identity of the Israelites, emphasizing their unity as God's chosen people. The term "Israelites" refers to the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel, and highlights their covenant relationship with God. This collective identity is crucial in the context of Judges, where tribal divisions often lead to conflict. The call to the Israelites underscores the need for national unity in addressing the moral and social issues facing the nation.

give your advice
The request for advice indicates a communal decision-making process, which was common in ancient Israelite society. This reflects the tribal confederation system where leaders and elders would gather to deliberate on important matters. The need for advice suggests a situation requiring wisdom and discernment, echoing the biblical principle found in Proverbs 11:14, "Where there is no guidance, a people falls, but in an abundance of counselors there is safety."

and verdict
The term "verdict" implies a judicial decision, highlighting the legal and moral dimensions of the issue at hand. In the context of Judges, this reflects the role of the Israelites as enforcers of God's law, tasked with upholding justice and righteousness. The need for a verdict also points to the seriousness of the situation, requiring a definitive and authoritative resolution.

here and now.
The urgency of "here and now" underscores the immediate need for action and resolution. This reflects the pressing nature of the crisis in the narrative, where delay could lead to further moral decay or social unrest. The immediacy of the call to action is reminiscent of other biblical instances where prompt obedience to God's commands is required, such as in Joshua 24:15, where Joshua urges the Israelites to choose whom they will serve.

Then all the people stood as one man
This phrase emphasizes the unity and collective resolve of the Israelites. In the context of Judges 20, the tribes of Israel are responding to the grievous crime committed in Gibeah, a city of the tribe of Benjamin. The phrase "stood as one man" indicates a unanimous decision, reflecting a rare moment of national solidarity among the often-fractious tribes. This unity is significant in the biblical narrative, as it contrasts with the frequent disunity and infighting seen throughout the book of Judges. The concept of unity is echoed in other scriptures, such as Psalm 133:1, which speaks of the goodness and pleasantness of brethren dwelling together in unity. This unity can also be seen as a type of the unity that is found in the body of Christ, as described in the New Testament (1 Corinthians 12:12-27).

and said, “Not one of us will return to his tent or to his house.
This declaration signifies a collective commitment to action and justice. The Israelites vow not to return to their homes until they have addressed the atrocity committed in Gibeah. This reflects a cultural and historical context where tribal and familial honor demanded a response to such an egregious act. The phrase "not one of us will return" underscores the seriousness of their vow and the urgency of their mission. It also highlights the communal nature of ancient Israelite society, where individual actions were often subordinate to the needs and decisions of the community. This determination to act can be compared to the resolve seen in other biblical narratives, such as Nehemiah's commitment to rebuilding the walls of Jerusalem (Nehemiah 4:6) or the early church's dedication to spreading the gospel despite persecution (Acts 4:18-20).

Now this is what we will do to Gibeah:
The phrase indicates a collective decision by the Israelites, emphasizing unity and determination. Gibeah, a city in the territory of Benjamin, is central to the narrative due to the grievous sin committed there, reminiscent of Sodom's wickedness (Genesis 19). The Israelites' resolve to act against Gibeah reflects a broader theme of communal responsibility and justice in the face of moral corruption. This decision underscores the severity of the crime and the necessity for decisive action, aligning with the biblical principle of purging evil from among the people (Deuteronomy 13:5).

We will go against it
This phrase highlights the intention to confront and address the sin directly. The Israelites' approach to Gibeah is not merely punitive but also serves as a warning to the nation about the consequences of moral decay. The act of going against Gibeah can be seen as a form of divine judgment, where the Israelites act as instruments of God's justice. This mirrors other instances in Scripture where God uses His people to execute judgment, such as the conquest of Canaan (Joshua 6).

as the lot dictates.
The use of casting lots indicates a reliance on divine guidance to determine the course of action. Casting lots was a common biblical practice to discern God's will, seen in decisions like the division of the Promised Land (Joshua 18:10) and the selection of Saul as king (1 Samuel 10:20-21). This method underscores the belief in God's sovereignty and the desire to align human actions with divine purposes. It reflects a trust in God's providence, ensuring that the decision to attack Gibeah is not based on human impulse but on divine direction.

We will take ten men out of every hundred from all the tribes of Israel
This phrase indicates a systematic and organized approach to assembling a force, reflecting the unity and collective responsibility of the Israelite tribes. The selection of men from each tribe underscores the communal nature of the response to the crime committed in Gibeah. This method of conscription ensures that the burden of military service is shared equally among the tribes, promoting fairness and solidarity. The number ten is often symbolic in the Bible, representing completeness or a whole unit, which may suggest the thoroughness of the Israelites' commitment to justice.

and a hundred out of every thousand
The escalation in numbers from ten to a hundred signifies the seriousness of the situation and the need for a substantial force. This scaling up reflects the gravity of the offense and the collective determination to address it. The use of a decimal system for organizing troops is efficient and practical, ensuring that a significant portion of the population is mobilized without overwhelming any single tribe. This method of organization may also reflect ancient military practices where proportional representation was crucial for maintaining balance and unity among diverse groups.

and a thousand out of every ten thousand
This further increase in numbers highlights the magnitude of the response required to address the atrocity. The phrase suggests a large-scale mobilization, indicating that the crime in Gibeah was not only a local issue but a national crisis that demanded a unified and decisive action. The structure of the numbers also reflects a well-planned military strategy, ensuring that the force is both large enough to be effective and proportionally representative of the entire nation of Israel.

to supply provisions for the army
The mention of provisions underscores the logistical considerations necessary for sustaining a military campaign. It reflects the practical aspects of warfare in ancient times, where ensuring a steady supply of food and resources was crucial for maintaining an army's effectiveness. This detail also highlights the communal effort required, as the entire nation must contribute to support the troops. The provision of supplies is a reminder of the interconnectedness of the tribes and their shared responsibility in upholding justice.

when they go to Gibeah in Benjamin
Gibeah, located in the territory of Benjamin, is the focal point of the conflict. The city is significant in biblical history, later becoming the royal residence of King Saul. The mention of Gibeah ties the narrative to the broader theme of moral and social decay within Israel, as the crime committed there is a reflection of the nation's spiritual state. The tribe of Benjamin's involvement adds a layer of complexity, as it pits one tribe against the collective will of the others, foreshadowing internal strife and division.

to punish them for the atrocity they have committed in Israel
The term "atrocity" indicates a heinous crime that has shocked the conscience of the nation. This phrase emphasizes the need for justice and the moral imperative to address sin within the community. The collective action to punish the perpetrators reflects the biblical principle of communal responsibility for sin and the necessity of purging evil from among the people. This narrative echoes other biblical instances where God calls His people to act against wickedness, reinforcing the theme of divine justice and righteousness.

So all the men of Israel gathered as one man
This phrase highlights the unity among the tribes of Israel, a rare occurrence in the period of the Judges, which was marked by tribal disunity and frequent internal conflict. The phrase "as one man" suggests a collective resolve and purpose, reminiscent of the unity seen in Exodus 19:8 when the Israelites agreed to the covenant at Sinai. This unity is significant given the context of the moral and social chaos described in the book of Judges, particularly in the chapters leading up to this event. The gathering of the tribes can be seen as a response to the grievous sin committed in Gibeah, which demanded a unified action to uphold justice and righteousness according to the law of Moses.

united against the city
The city in question is Gibeah, located in the territory of Benjamin. This phrase indicates the focus of the Israelite assembly's anger and their intent to address the atrocity committed there. Gibeah's crime, the brutal assault and murder of a Levite's concubine, is detailed in Judges 19 and is reminiscent of the sin of Sodom in Genesis 19, highlighting the moral decay within Israel. The unity against Gibeah underscores the seriousness of the offense and the necessity of purging such evil from among the people, as prescribed in Deuteronomy 13:12-18. This confrontation also foreshadows the internal strife and civil war that would ensue, illustrating the consequences of Israel's failure to fully adhere to God's commandments and the need for a righteous king, ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who brings true justice and peace.

And the tribes of Israel sent men throughout the tribe of Benjamin,
This phrase indicates a collective action by the tribes of Israel, emphasizing unity among the tribes in addressing a serious issue. The sending of men suggests a formal delegation, which was a common practice in ancient times for communication and negotiation. The tribe of Benjamin was one of the twelve tribes of Israel, descended from Jacob's youngest son, Benjamin. This action reflects the tribal confederation system in Israel before the establishment of the monarchy, where tribes acted both independently and collectively. The geographical context places Benjamin in a central location in the land of Israel, which was significant for communication and travel among the tribes.

saying, “What is this wickedness that has occurred among you?
The term "wickedness" here refers to the grievous sin committed in Gibeah, a city within the tribe of Benjamin, as described in the preceding chapter. This wickedness involved the brutal assault and murder of a Levite's concubine, which was a violation of the covenantal laws and moral standards expected of the Israelites. The inquiry reflects a judicial process, seeking accountability and justice. The cultural context of ancient Israel placed a high value on communal purity and righteousness, and such an atrocity demanded a response. This phrase also echoes the prophetic tradition of calling out sin and urging repentance, seen throughout the Old Testament. The call for accountability can be seen as a type of Christ's role in calling out sin and offering redemption.

Hand over the wicked men of Gibeah
This phrase refers to the demand made by the Israelite tribes to the tribe of Benjamin to surrender the perpetrators of a heinous crime committed in Gibeah. Gibeah was a city in the territory of Benjamin, and the crime involved the brutal assault and murder of a Levite's concubine, as detailed in Judges 19. The demand for justice reflects the communal responsibility in ancient Israel to uphold righteousness and the law, as seen in Deuteronomy 13:5, which calls for the removal of evil from among the people.

so we can put them to death
The call for capital punishment aligns with the Mosaic Law, which prescribed death for certain offenses to maintain holiness and justice within the community (Leviticus 20:10). This reflects the seriousness with which sin and its consequences were regarded in Israelite society. The death penalty was seen as a means to deter further sin and to uphold the covenant relationship with God.

and purge Israel of this evil.”
The concept of purging evil is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, emphasizing the need to remove sin to maintain the purity and sanctity of the nation (Deuteronomy 17:7). This reflects the covenantal understanding that Israel was to be a holy nation, set apart for God’s purposes. The failure to address sin could lead to communal guilt and divine judgment, as seen in the story of Achan in Joshua 7.

But the Benjamites refused to heed the voice of their fellow Israelites.
The refusal of the Benjamites to surrender the guilty men highlights tribal loyalty and the potential for division within the nation. This decision led to a civil war, illustrating the destructive consequences of sin and disobedience. The Benjamites' defiance can be seen as a rejection of communal justice and a failure to uphold the covenantal laws. This incident foreshadows the later divisions in Israel, culminating in the split of the kingdom after Solomon's reign (1 Kings 12).

And from their cities
The Benjamites gathered from various cities within their tribal territory. This indicates a unified response from the tribe of Benjamin, highlighting the strong tribal loyalty and identity that existed among the Israelites. The cities of Benjamin were strategically located in the central hill country of Canaan, which provided natural fortifications and a sense of security.

they came together at Gibeah
Gibeah was a significant city within the territory of Benjamin, known for its elevated position and strategic importance. It was the hometown of King Saul, Israel's first king, and had a reputation for being a stronghold. The gathering at Gibeah underscores its role as a central place for the tribe of Benjamin, both politically and militarily. Archaeological evidence suggests that Gibeah was a fortified city, which would have made it a logical rallying point for the Benjamites.

to go out and fight against the Israelites
This phrase highlights the internal conflict within the nation of Israel, as the tribe of Benjamin prepared to fight against the other tribes. The civil war was sparked by the heinous crime committed in Gibeah, as described in the preceding chapters. The Benjamites' decision to fight rather than surrender the guilty men reflects the deep-seated issues of justice, loyalty, and pride. This conflict foreshadows the later divisions within Israel, such as the split between the northern and southern kingdoms. The Benjamites' resistance can be seen as a type of the broader human rebellion against divine justice, contrasting with the ultimate reconciliation offered through Jesus Christ.

On that day
This phrase indicates a specific time during the events described in the Book of Judges, a period characterized by moral and social chaos in Israel. The phrase "on that day" often marks a significant moment in biblical narratives, emphasizing the immediacy and urgency of the situation.

the Benjamites mobilized
The tribe of Benjamin was one of the twelve tribes of Israel, descended from Jacob's youngest son, Benjamin. Mobilization here refers to the preparation for battle, highlighting the tribal unity and readiness to defend their own, despite the moral implications of the conflict. This reflects the tribal loyalty and the decentralized nature of Israelite society during the time of the Judges.

26,000 swordsmen from their cities
The number 26,000 indicates a substantial military force, suggesting the size and strength of the tribe of Benjamin. The mention of "swordsmen" underscores the preparedness for armed conflict. The cities refer to the various settlements within the territory allotted to Benjamin, which included strategic locations such as Jerusalem and Jericho.

in addition to the 700 select men of Gibeah
Gibeah was a significant city within the territory of Benjamin, known for the grievous sin that led to the conflict described in Judges 19-21. The "700 select men" implies a group of elite warriors, possibly chosen for their skill and valor. This detail highlights the seriousness with which the Benjamites approached the impending battle. The focus on Gibeah connects to the broader narrative of sin and judgment, as the events in Gibeah were the catalyst for the civil war.

Among all these soldiers
This phrase refers to the Israelite forces gathered against the tribe of Benjamin. The context is a civil war within Israel, sparked by the grievous crime committed in Gibeah. The soldiers are from the eleven tribes of Israel, excluding Benjamin, who are seeking justice. This internal conflict highlights the moral and social chaos during the time of the Judges, a period marked by the repeated cycle of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance.

there were 700 select left-handers
Left-handedness is mentioned in the Bible as a notable trait, often associated with the tribe of Benjamin (Judges 3:15, 1 Chronicles 12:2). Being left-handed could provide a strategic advantage in battle, as opponents would be less accustomed to defending against left-handed attacks. The specificity of "700 select" indicates a group chosen for their exceptional skill, suggesting a level of military organization and specialization.

each of whom could sling a stone at a hair
The sling was a common weapon in ancient warfare, requiring great skill and precision. The ability to sling a stone "at a hair" signifies extraordinary accuracy. This skill would have been developed through extensive practice, reflecting the importance of slingers in ancient military tactics. The sling's effectiveness is also seen in the story of David and Goliath (1 Samuel 17), where David's skill with a sling plays a crucial role in his victory.

without missing
The phrase "without missing" underscores the remarkable proficiency of these soldiers. In Hebrew, the word for "sin" is often translated as "missing the mark," which can provide a metaphorical connection to spiritual accuracy and righteousness. The precision of these slingers can be seen as a parallel to the need for spiritual precision and faithfulness in following God's commands.

The Israelites, apart from Benjamin
This phrase highlights the division within the tribes of Israel, as the tribe of Benjamin is excluded from the rest of the Israelite confederation. This division is significant in the context of the civil war that ensues due to the grievous sin committed in Gibeah, a Benjamite city. The exclusion of Benjamin underscores the severity of the conflict and the moral outrage felt by the other tribes. Historically, the tribes of Israel were meant to be united under the covenant with God, but internal strife often led to divisions, as seen here. This division foreshadows later splits in the kingdom, such as the division between Israel and Judah.

mobilized 400,000 swordsmen
The mobilization of such a large number of warriors indicates the seriousness with which the Israelites approached the conflict. This number suggests a significant military capability and reflects the tribal confederation's ability to gather a large force when necessary. The use of swordsmen points to the common weaponry of the time, with swords being a primary tool for warfare. This mobilization can be compared to other instances in the Old Testament where Israel gathers for battle, such as in the wars against the Canaanites and Philistines.

each one an experienced warrior
The emphasis on the warriors being experienced suggests that these were not merely conscripted men but seasoned fighters, likely with previous battle experience. This detail highlights the gravity of the situation and the Israelites' determination to address the sin in Gibeah decisively. The concept of experienced warriors is echoed in other biblical narratives, such as David's mighty men, who were known for their valor and skill in battle. This phrase also underscores the theme of God using human agency and military might to achieve divine purposes, as seen throughout the history of Israel.

The Israelites set out
This phrase indicates a collective movement of the Israelite tribes, emphasizing unity and a shared purpose. Historically, the tribes often acted together in times of crisis, reflecting their covenant relationship with God and each other. This unity is crucial in the narrative of Judges, where tribal disunity often leads to chaos and moral decline.

went up to Bethel
Bethel, meaning "House of God," was a significant religious site for the Israelites. It was a place where patriarchs like Abraham and Jacob had encounters with God (Genesis 12:8, 28:19). The choice of Bethel for seeking divine guidance underscores its spiritual importance and the Israelites' desire to align their actions with God's will.

and inquired of God
This reflects the practice of seeking divine guidance before making significant decisions, a common theme in the Old Testament. The Israelites used the Urim and Thummim, sacred lots, or consulted prophets to discern God's will. This practice highlights their dependence on God for direction and success.

“Who of us shall go up first to fight against the Benjamites?”
The question reveals the gravity of the situation, as the Israelites are preparing for civil war against one of their own tribes. This internal conflict arose from the moral corruption and lawlessness depicted in the preceding chapters. The inquiry shows their desire for divine strategy in warfare, a recurring theme in Israel's military history.

“Judah will be first,” the LORD replied.
Judah's selection as the leading tribe is significant, as it aligns with earlier biblical themes where Judah is often given prominence (Genesis 49:8-10). This foreshadows Judah's future role in Israel's monarchy and the lineage of Jesus Christ, the Lion of the tribe of Judah (Revelation 5:5). The choice of Judah also reflects God's sovereign plan and the unfolding of His purposes through specific tribes and individuals.

The next morning
This phrase indicates a continuation of events from the previous chapter, where the Israelites had gathered to address the grievous sin committed in Gibeah. The timing suggests a sense of urgency and determination among the Israelites to seek justice. Morning often symbolizes new beginnings or divine intervention in biblical narratives, as seen in Lamentations 3:22-23, where God's mercies are new every morning.

the Israelites set out
The Israelites, representing the twelve tribes, are acting in unity, a rare occurrence in the period of the Judges, which was marked by tribal disunity and moral decline. This collective action underscores the severity of the crime in Gibeah and the need for a unified response. The setting out signifies a mobilization for battle, reflecting the seriousness of their mission.

and camped near Gibeah.
Gibeah, a city in the territory of Benjamin, is central to the narrative. Its geographical location is significant as it was a Benjamite city, and the crime committed there had national implications. The Israelites camping near Gibeah indicates a strategic positioning for confrontation. This act of encampment is reminiscent of military campaigns in the Old Testament, such as the Israelites' encampment before the battle of Jericho in Joshua 6. The proximity to Gibeah also highlights the tension and impending conflict between the Israelites and the tribe of Benjamin.

And the men of Israel went out to fight against Benjamin
This phrase highlights the internal conflict within the tribes of Israel, a civil war sparked by the grievous crime committed in Gibeah, a city of Benjamin. The men of Israel, representing the other tribes, are united in their resolve to address the sin and injustice that occurred. This reflects the broader biblical theme of communal responsibility and the need for justice, as seen in Deuteronomy 13:12-18, where Israel is instructed to purge evil from among them. The conflict also underscores the fractured nature of Israel during the time of the Judges, a period marked by a lack of centralized leadership and frequent moral and social chaos (Judges 21:25).

and took up their battle positions at Gibeah
Gibeah, the scene of the initial atrocity, becomes the focal point of the conflict. Archaeologically, Gibeah is identified with Tell el-Ful, located a few miles north of Jerusalem. The choice of Gibeah as the battleground is significant, as it symbolizes the confrontation of sin at its source. The strategic positioning of the Israelite forces indicates their military preparedness and determination to hold the tribe of Benjamin accountable. This act of taking battle positions can be seen as a fulfillment of the principle of divine justice, where God uses human agents to execute judgment, a theme echoed in Romans 13:4, where governing authorities are described as God's servants to bring punishment on the wrongdoer.

And the Benjamites came out of Gibeah
The tribe of Benjamin, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, is central in this conflict. Gibeah, a city within Benjamin's territory, is significant as the site of a grievous crime that led to this battle (Judges 19). The Benjamites' defense of Gibeah highlights tribal loyalty and the severe breakdown of unity among the Israelites. Gibeah's location, identified with modern Tell el-Ful, was strategically important, providing a defensible position.

and cut down 22,000 Israelites
The phrase indicates a devastating defeat for the Israelites, who vastly outnumbered the Benjamites. This loss underscores the seriousness of internal strife and the consequences of sin within the community. The number 22,000 may symbolize completeness in judgment, reflecting the severity of the situation. This event parallels other instances in Scripture where Israel suffers due to disobedience or moral failure, such as the defeat at Ai (Joshua 7).

on the battlefield that day
The battlefield context emphasizes the physical and spiritual warfare occurring among God's people. The phrase "that day" suggests a specific, divinely appointed time for judgment. This battle is part of a larger narrative of Israel's cyclical sin and redemption, illustrating the need for a righteous leader. It foreshadows the coming of a perfect Judge and King, fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who brings ultimate peace and unity.

But the Israelite army took courage
The Israelites, after suffering a defeat, found renewed strength and determination. This reflects a recurring biblical theme where God's people find courage in adversity, often through divine encouragement or remembrance of God's past faithfulness. The concept of taking courage is echoed in Joshua 1:9, where God commands Joshua to be strong and courageous. This phrase suggests a reliance on God for strength, a common motif in the Old Testament.

and again took their battle positions
The Israelites' return to their battle positions indicates a strategic and organized approach to warfare, typical of ancient Near Eastern military practices. This action demonstrates their resilience and commitment to justice, as they were fighting against the tribe of Benjamin due to the grievous sin committed in Gibeah. The repetition of taking positions also signifies persistence in the face of previous failure, a lesson in perseverance.

in the same place where they had arrayed themselves on the first day.
Returning to the same location suggests a determination to confront the issue without retreat. This could symbolize a test of faith and obedience, as they sought God's guidance through prayer and sacrifice before re-engaging in battle. The geographical consistency might also imply a strategic advantage or a symbolic act of reclaiming lost ground. This mirrors the Israelites' journey in the wilderness, where they often revisited places of previous encounters with God, reinforcing the idea of learning and growing through repeated experiences.

They went up and wept before the LORD until evening
This phrase indicates a deep sense of sorrow and desperation among the Israelites. The act of going up suggests a movement towards a place of worship or a high place, often associated with seeking divine guidance. Weeping before the LORD signifies genuine repentance and a plea for divine intervention. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, communal lamentation was a common practice during times of distress. This reflects the Israelites' recognition of their need for God's guidance in a situation involving internal conflict. The evening time frame may symbolize the end of a day, suggesting a prolonged period of seeking God, which aligns with other biblical instances where evening is a time of reflection and prayer (e.g., Psalm 141:2).

inquiring of Him, “Should we again draw near for battle against our brothers the Benjamites?”
The Israelites' inquiry of the LORD demonstrates their dependence on divine direction for their actions. The phrase "draw near for battle" indicates a readiness to engage in conflict, yet the mention of "our brothers the Benjamites" highlights the painful reality of civil strife within the twelve tribes of Israel. This internal conflict is rooted in the events of Judges 19, where a grievous crime committed by the Benjamites led to national outrage. The Israelites' approach to God for guidance reflects a pattern seen throughout the Old Testament, where leaders and people seek divine will before making significant decisions (e.g., 1 Samuel 23:2). This inquiry also underscores the importance of seeking God's will in matters of justice and conflict resolution.

And the LORD answered, “Go up against them.”
The LORD's response is direct and authoritative, providing the Israelites with clear guidance. This divine instruction to "go up against them" affirms the necessity of addressing the sin and injustice perpetrated by the Benjamites. It reflects God's justice and the need for accountability within His covenant community. The command to engage in battle, despite the familial ties, underscores the seriousness of the offense and the importance of upholding righteousness. This directive can be seen as part of God's broader plan to purify and maintain the holiness of His people, a theme consistent throughout Scripture (e.g., Deuteronomy 13:5). The response also highlights God's sovereignty in guiding the affairs of His people, ensuring that justice is served according to His divine purposes.

On the second day
The phrase "on the second day" indicates a continuation of the conflict between the Israelites and the Benjamites. This battle is part of a larger narrative that began with a grievous crime in Gibeah, leading to a civil war within Israel. The second day suggests persistence and determination in the Israelites' efforts, despite their initial defeat. It reflects the ongoing struggle and the need for perseverance in the face of adversity, a theme echoed in other biblical narratives such as the Israelites' journey through the wilderness.

the Israelites advanced
The Israelites' advance signifies a strategic military movement. This action demonstrates their resolve to address the sin within their community, as the tribe of Benjamin had refused to surrender the perpetrators of the crime in Gibeah. The advance can be seen as an act of justice, aligning with the biblical principle of purging evil from among the people (Deuteronomy 13:5). It also highlights the unity of the other tribes of Israel in their collective response to the moral corruption within their nation.

against the Benjamites
The Benjamites, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, were known for their warrior skills and valor (1 Chronicles 8:40). This internal conflict underscores the tragic division within the chosen people of God, reminiscent of other familial and tribal conflicts in the Bible, such as the strife between Jacob's sons. The Benjamites' resistance to the collective will of the other tribes illustrates the dangers of pride and isolation. This battle foreshadows future divisions within Israel, ultimately leading to the split into the northern and southern kingdoms.

That same day
This phrase indicates the immediacy and continuity of the conflict. The events are part of a larger narrative of civil war within Israel, highlighting the urgency and intensity of the situation. The repetition of battle on the same day underscores the relentless nature of the conflict and the determination of both sides.

the Benjamites came out against them from Gibeah
Gibeah was a significant city in the territory of Benjamin, known for the grievous sin that led to this conflict (Judges 19). The Benjamites' defense of their city reflects their loyalty to their tribe over the broader unity of Israel. This tribal allegiance is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, often leading to internal strife. Gibeah's location and fortifications would have provided a strategic advantage in battle.

and cut down another 18,000 Israelites
The phrase "cut down" indicates a decisive and violent victory for the Benjamites. The number 18,000 signifies a substantial loss for the Israelites, emphasizing the severity of the defeat. This loss is part of a series of defeats that the Israelites suffer, which serves as a humbling experience and a call to seek God's guidance more earnestly.

all of them armed with swords
The mention of being "armed with swords" highlights the preparedness and military capability of the Israelite forces, making their defeat even more striking. This detail underscores the futility of relying solely on human strength and weapons without divine favor. The sword is a common biblical symbol for warfare and judgment, often used to illustrate the power of God's word (Hebrews 4:12).

Then the Israelites, all the people, went up to Bethel
Bethel, meaning "House of God," was a significant location in Israel's history. It was a place where Jacob had a vision of God (Genesis 28:19) and later became a center for worship. The Israelites' decision to go to Bethel indicates their desire to seek divine guidance and intervention. This reflects a pattern seen throughout the Old Testament, where the people of Israel sought God in times of distress.

where they sat weeping before the LORD
The act of weeping signifies deep sorrow and repentance. The Israelites were mourning the heavy losses they suffered in battle against the tribe of Benjamin. This emotional response is consistent with other biblical instances where God's people express their grief and seek His mercy, such as in the book of Lamentations. It underscores the importance of humility and contrition in approaching God.

That day they fasted until evening
Fasting is a spiritual discipline used to humble oneself before God and seek His favor. In the Old Testament, fasting often accompanied prayer and repentance, as seen in the story of Jonah and the Ninevites (Jonah 3:5-10). The Israelites' fast until evening demonstrates their earnestness in seeking God's guidance and forgiveness, acknowledging their dependence on Him.

and presented burnt offerings and peace offerings to the LORD
Burnt offerings and peace offerings were integral parts of the sacrificial system established in the Mosaic Law (Leviticus 1-3). Burnt offerings symbolized atonement and dedication to God, while peace offerings expressed thanksgiving and fellowship with Him. By presenting these offerings, the Israelites sought to restore their relationship with God and seek His favor in their conflict. This act foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, who fulfilled the sacrificial system through His death and resurrection, providing eternal peace and reconciliation with God.

And the Israelites inquired of the LORD.
This phrase highlights the Israelites' practice of seeking divine guidance during times of crisis. In the context of Judges 20, the Israelites are facing internal conflict with the tribe of Benjamin. The act of inquiring of the LORD reflects a dependence on God for direction, a common practice in the Old Testament (e.g., 1 Samuel 23:2, 2 Samuel 2:1). This inquiry was often done through the priestly use of the Urim and Thummim, sacred lots used to discern God's will (Exodus 28:30). It underscores the importance of seeking God's guidance in decision-making, a principle that remains relevant for believers today.

(In those days the ark of the covenant of God was there,
The mention of the Ark of the Covenant signifies the presence of God among His people. The Ark, a sacred chest containing the tablets of the Law, Aaron's rod, and manna, symbolized God's covenant with Israel and His dwelling among them (Exodus 25:10-22). During this period, the Ark was located at Bethel, a significant site for worship and inquiry (Judges 20:18, 26-28). The presence of the Ark indicates that the Israelites were seeking guidance in a legitimate and reverent manner. The Ark also foreshadows Christ, who is the ultimate presence of God with humanity (John 1:14). The reference to the Ark here emphasizes the seriousness of the situation and the Israelites' desire for divine intervention.

and Phinehas son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron, served before it.
Phinehas was the grandson of Aaron, the first high priest, and son of Eleazar. His presence here indicates a continuity of the priestly line and the importance of maintaining religious order during tumultuous times. Phinehas is known for his zealousness for God's holiness (Numbers 25:7-13), which underscores the gravity of the situation in Judges 20. His role as a priest serving before the Ark of the Covenant highlights the centrality of seeking divine guidance in Israel's military and moral crises.

The Israelites asked,
The Israelites' inquiry reflects a pattern of seeking divine counsel before making significant decisions, a practice rooted in their covenant relationship with God. This approach is consistent with other instances in the Old Testament where leaders sought God's will through the Urim and Thummim or through prophets (1 Samuel 23:2, 2 Samuel 5:19).

“Should we again go out to battle against our brothers the Benjamites, or should we stop?”
The phrasing "our brothers the Benjamites" emphasizes the internal conflict and the tragic nature of civil war within the tribes of Israel. This conflict arose from the grievous sin committed in Gibeah, a Benjamite city, and the subsequent refusal of the tribe of Benjamin to surrender the guilty parties (Judges 19-20). The question reflects the Israelites' hesitation and the moral complexity of fighting against their own kin, highlighting the tension between justice and unity.

The LORD answered,
The direct response from the LORD signifies His active involvement and sovereignty in the affairs of Israel. It reassures the Israelites of divine support and guidance, which is a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament. God's responses to Israel's inquiries often come through the priestly mediation, emphasizing the importance of the priesthood in maintaining the covenant relationship.

“Fight, for tomorrow I will deliver them into your hand.”
This assurance of victory is a divine promise that echoes God's faithfulness to His people when they act in accordance with His will. The phrase "I will deliver them into your hand" is reminiscent of God's promises to deliver Israel's enemies into their hands during the conquest of Canaan (Joshua 6:2, 8:1). It underscores God's role as the ultimate warrior and deliverer, foreshadowing the ultimate victory over sin and death through Jesus Christ. The promise of victory also serves as a test of faith and obedience for the Israelites, challenging them to trust in God's timing and power.

So Israel
The term "Israel" here refers to the collective tribes of Israel, excluding the tribe of Benjamin. This reflects the unity of the tribes in addressing a grievous sin within their community, as described earlier in Judges 19-20. The unity of Israel in this context is significant, as it demonstrates a collective response to moral and social corruption, which is a recurring theme in the book of Judges.

set up an ambush
The strategy of setting up an ambush indicates a tactical military maneuver. Ambushes were common in ancient warfare, often used to gain an advantage over a stronger or more fortified enemy. This tactic is reminiscent of earlier biblical battles, such as the ambush at Ai in Joshua 8, where God instructed Joshua to use a similar strategy. The use of an ambush here suggests a reliance on strategic planning and possibly divine guidance, as the Israelites sought to rectify the situation with the Benjamites.

around Gibeah
Gibeah was a city in the territory of Benjamin, notorious for the heinous crime committed there, which led to the civil conflict described in Judges 19-20. The geographical location of Gibeah is significant, as it was situated on a hill, providing a strategic advantage in defense. The ambush around Gibeah indicates a comprehensive encirclement, aiming to cut off escape routes and ensure the success of the attack. The focus on Gibeah highlights the severity of the crime committed there and the necessity of addressing it to restore justice and order within Israel.

On the third day
The phrase "on the third day" often signifies a period of completion or divine intervention in biblical narratives. In the context of Judges 20, it marks the continuation of a prolonged conflict between the Israelites and the tribe of Benjamin. The third day can symbolize a turning point, as seen in other biblical events such as the resurrection of Jesus Christ, which also occurred on the third day, indicating hope and redemption.

the Israelites went up against the Benjamites
This conflict arose from a grievous crime committed in Gibeah, a city of Benjamin, leading to a civil war within Israel. The Israelites, representing the other tribes, sought justice for the atrocity. This internal strife highlights the moral and social decay during the time of the Judges, a period characterized by the repeated phrase, "In those days Israel had no king; everyone did as they saw fit" (Judges 21:25). The Benjamites' resistance to handing over the guilty parties led to this confrontation.

and arrayed themselves against Gibeah
Gibeah was a significant city within the territory of Benjamin, located in the central highlands of Israel. Archaeological evidence suggests it was a fortified city, making it a strategic location for battle. The Israelites' decision to array themselves against Gibeah indicates a tactical approach to besiege the city, reflecting the military strategies of ancient Near Eastern warfare.

as they had done before
This phrase suggests a repeated action, indicating previous unsuccessful attempts by the Israelites to defeat the Benjamites. It underscores the persistence and determination of the Israelites to achieve justice, despite earlier failures. This persistence can be seen as a reflection of the broader biblical theme of perseverance in the face of adversity, as well as the need for reliance on divine guidance rather than human strength alone.

The Benjamites came out against them
The tribe of Benjamin, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, is engaged in a civil conflict with the other Israelite tribes. This reflects the internal strife and moral decline during the period of the Judges, a time characterized by the repeated cycle of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance. The Benjamites' willingness to confront their fellow Israelites highlights the deep divisions and the severity of the conflict.

and were drawn away from the city.
The strategy employed by the Israelites involved luring the Benjamites away from the safety of their city, Gibeah. This tactic is reminiscent of military strategies seen elsewhere in the Bible, such as Joshua's ambush at Ai (Joshua 8). The drawing away from the city indicates a planned maneuver to weaken the Benjamites' defensive position.

They began to attack the people as before,
This phrase suggests a repeated pattern of aggression by the Benjamites, indicating their confidence and previous success in battle. It also underscores the ongoing nature of the conflict, with the Benjamites initially having the upper hand, as seen in earlier verses where they inflicted heavy casualties on the Israelites.

killing about thirty men of Israel in the fields and on the roads,
The specific mention of "fields and on the roads" indicates the widespread nature of the battle, not confined to a single location. This detail highlights the chaos and the tactical disadvantage faced by the Israelites. The number thirty, while relatively small, serves to illustrate the initial success of the Benjamites' attack.

one of which led up to Bethel and the other to Gibeah.
Bethel and Gibeah are significant locations in biblical history. Bethel, meaning "house of God," was a place of worship and spiritual significance, while Gibeah was the Benjamite city at the center of the conflict. The roads leading to these locations suggest strategic routes and the importance of controlling access to key areas. The mention of these roads also provides geographical context, indicating the proximity of the battle to these notable sites.

“We are defeating them as before,” said the Benjamites.
The Benjamites' confidence stems from previous victories over the Israelites, as seen in earlier battles (Judges 20:21, 25). This reflects a common biblical theme where initial success can lead to overconfidence, as seen with other groups in scripture (e.g., the Philistines in 1 Samuel 4:2-10). The Benjamites' statement reveals their reliance on past victories rather than seeking divine guidance, a recurring issue in Israel's history. This overconfidence can be compared to the pride that precedes a fall, as warned in Proverbs 16:18.

But the Israelites said, “Let us retreat and draw them away from the city onto the roads.”
The Israelites' strategy involves a tactical retreat, a common military maneuver designed to lure the enemy into a vulnerable position. This reflects a shift from their previous direct confrontations, indicating a more strategic approach. The city in question is Gibeah, the Benjamite stronghold, which holds significant geographical and historical importance. By drawing the Benjamites away from Gibeah, the Israelites aim to neutralize the advantage of the Benjamites' familiarity with their terrain. This tactic is reminiscent of other biblical strategies, such as Joshua's ambush at Ai (Joshua 8:3-8). The roads symbolize a place of vulnerability and exposure, contrasting with the fortified city, and this plan demonstrates the Israelites' reliance on wisdom and planning, aligning with Proverbs 21:31, which emphasizes preparation alongside trust in the Lord.

So all the men of Israel got up from their places
This phrase indicates a unified action among the tribes of Israel, highlighting their collective response to the grievous crime committed in Gibeah. The unity of Israel here contrasts with the earlier disunity seen throughout the period of the Judges, where "everyone did what was right in his own eyes" (Judges 21:25). This moment of unity is significant in the narrative, as it shows a rare instance of the tribes coming together for a common cause.

and arrayed themselves at Baal-tamar
Baal-tamar is a location near Gibeah, and its name suggests a place associated with a deity, "Baal," which was common in Canaanite religion. The Israelites' positioning here is strategic, indicating their readiness for battle. The use of "arrayed" suggests military organization and preparedness, reflecting the seriousness of their mission. This location is not frequently mentioned in Scripture, but its mention here underscores the tactical planning involved in the conflict.

and the Israelites in ambush charged from their positions
The ambush tactic employed by the Israelites is reminiscent of earlier biblical battles, such as the battle of Ai in Joshua 8, where a similar strategy was used. This method of warfare demonstrates the Israelites' reliance on cunning and strategy, rather than sheer numbers or strength. It also reflects the divine guidance often seen in Israel's military campaigns, where God provides wisdom and direction for victory.

west of Gibeah
Gibeah, a Benjaminite city, is central to the narrative of Judges 19-21. The geographical reference to the west of Gibeah indicates the specific positioning of the ambush, which was crucial for the success of the Israelites' plan. Gibeah's location in the tribal territory of Benjamin is significant, as it was the site of the atrocity that sparked the conflict. The mention of the direction "west" may also have symbolic implications, as westward movements in the Bible sometimes signify moving away from God's presence, which could reflect the moral decline seen in the narrative.

Then 10,000 select men from all Israel made a frontal assault against Gibeah
This phrase highlights the strategic military action taken by the Israelites. The selection of 10,000 men indicates a deliberate and organized approach, emphasizing the seriousness of the conflict. The term "select men" suggests these were elite warriors, chosen for their skill and bravery. The frontal assault signifies a direct and aggressive tactic, reflecting the intensity of the civil war within Israel. Gibeah, a city in the territory of Benjamin, was the focal point of this conflict due to the grievous sin committed there, as recounted in Judges 19. This event underscores the theme of justice and retribution in the narrative.

and the battle was fierce
The intensity of the battle is underscored by the word "fierce," indicating a brutal and hard-fought engagement. This reflects the deep divisions and the high stakes involved in this internal conflict among the tribes of Israel. The ferocity of the battle can be seen as a consequence of the moral and social decay depicted in the preceding chapters, where the lack of centralized leadership ("In those days Israel had no king") led to chaos and violence. The fierce nature of the battle also serves as a reminder of the destructive potential of sin and disobedience to God's covenant.

But the Benjamites did not realize that disaster was upon them
This phrase highlights the element of surprise and the impending doom for the tribe of Benjamin. The Benjamites' lack of awareness of their impending disaster can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual blindness and the consequences of sin. Their confidence, perhaps stemming from previous victories or a sense of invincibility, blinds them to the reality of their situation. This serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of pride and the failure to heed warnings. The disaster that befalls them is a direct result of their actions and the moral corruption that had taken root in Gibeah. This moment foreshadows the eventual downfall and near destruction of the tribe, illustrating the biblical principle that sin leads to judgment.

The LORD defeated Benjamin in the presence of Israel
This phrase highlights the divine intervention in the battle, emphasizing that the victory was attributed to the LORD rather than human strength or strategy. This reflects a recurring theme in the Old Testament where God is portrayed as the ultimate warrior and deliverer of His people (Exodus 15:3). The context of this battle is a civil war within Israel, where the tribe of Benjamin was defending the men of Gibeah who had committed a grievous sin (Judges 19). The phrase "in the presence of Israel" suggests that the victory was witnessed by the other tribes, reinforcing the idea that God was actively involved in the affairs of His people. This event serves as a reminder of the consequences of sin and the importance of seeking God's guidance in conflict.

and on that day the Israelites slaughtered 25,100 Benjamites
The specific number of casualties underscores the severity of the conflict and the extent of the judgment against Benjamin. The use of the word "slaughtered" indicates a decisive and overwhelming defeat, which was common in ancient warfare narratives. This event is part of a larger narrative that illustrates the cycle of sin, judgment, and redemption found throughout the Book of Judges. The historical context reveals the tribal tensions and the fragile unity among the Israelites during this period. The large number of casualties also reflects the seriousness with which God viewed the sin of the Benjamites and the necessity of purging evil from among His people (Deuteronomy 13:5).

all armed with swords
This detail highlights the preparedness and military capability of the Benjamites, who were known for their skill in battle (Judges 20:16). Despite their readiness and armament, they were unable to withstand the judgment of God, illustrating the futility of relying solely on human strength and weapons (Psalm 33:16-17). The mention of swords also connects to the broader biblical theme of spiritual warfare, where believers are called to put on the full armor of God (Ephesians 6:10-18). In this context, the physical battle serves as a type of the spiritual battles faced by believers, where victory is achieved not by might, but by the Spirit of the LORD (Zechariah 4:6).

Then the Benjamites realized they had been defeated.
The realization of defeat by the Benjamites marks a turning point in the battle narrative. The tribe of Benjamin, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, was engaged in a civil war against the other Israelite tribes due to the grievous sin committed in Gibeah (Judges 19). This moment of realization signifies the fulfillment of divine justice against the Benjamites for their actions. The defeat also highlights the consequences of sin and disobedience to God's laws, as seen throughout the Old Testament. The Benjamites' realization can be compared to moments of recognition of sin and its consequences in other biblical narratives, such as David's realization of his sin with Bathsheba (2 Samuel 12).

Now the men of Israel had retreated before Benjamin
The strategic retreat by the men of Israel was a tactical maneuver rather than a sign of weakness. This retreat was part of a larger military strategy to draw the Benjamites away from their stronghold. The use of such tactics is reminiscent of other biblical battles where God provided wisdom and strategy to His people, such as the battle of Ai in Joshua 8. The retreat also demonstrates the Israelites' reliance on divine guidance and their willingness to follow God's instructions, even when it involved unconventional methods.

because they were relying on the ambush they had set against Gibeah.
The ambush set against Gibeah was a critical component of the Israelites' battle plan. This tactic involved a hidden force waiting to attack the city once the main Benjamite forces were drawn out. The use of an ambush reflects the Israelites' understanding of warfare and their ability to execute complex strategies. It also underscores the theme of divine justice, as the ambush was part of God's plan to punish the Benjamites for their sin. The concept of an ambush can be seen in other biblical contexts, such as the ambush at Ai (Joshua 8), where God instructed Joshua to use a similar strategy. This reliance on divine strategy points to the importance of seeking God's guidance in overcoming challenges and achieving victory.

The men in ambush
This phrase refers to the Israelite forces who were strategically positioned to surprise the Benjamites. Ambush tactics were common in ancient warfare, as seen in Joshua 8:2 during the conquest of Ai. The use of ambush indicates a planned and deliberate military strategy, reflecting the Israelites' determination to execute justice on the tribe of Benjamin for their grievous sin.

rushed suddenly against Gibeah
Gibeah was a city in the territory of Benjamin, notorious for the crime against the Levite's concubine (Judges 19). The sudden rush signifies the element of surprise, crucial in ancient battles. This tactic is reminiscent of the suddenness of God's judgment, as seen in other biblical narratives, such as the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19).

they advanced
The advancement of the ambush party signifies the execution of a well-coordinated plan. This movement can be seen as a parallel to the spiritual advance believers are called to make against sin and injustice, as Paul describes in Ephesians 6:10-18, where believers are urged to put on the full armor of God.

and put the whole city to the sword
This phrase indicates the complete destruction of Gibeah, a common practice in ancient warfare to ensure total victory and prevent future retaliation. It reflects the severity of divine justice, as seen in the herem (devotion to destruction) commanded in Deuteronomy 20:16-18. This act also foreshadows the ultimate judgment and separation of the righteous from the wicked at the end of times, as described in Revelation 19:11-21.

The men of Israel had arranged a signal with the men in ambush:
This phrase highlights the strategic planning and military tactics employed by the Israelites. The use of signals in warfare is a common practice in ancient military operations, indicating a level of organization and communication. This reflects the Israelites' reliance on human strategy in addition to divine guidance. The ambush tactic is reminiscent of the strategy used in the battle of Ai (Joshua 8), where God instructed Joshua to set an ambush against the city. This connection underscores the continuity of God's involvement in Israel's military endeavors.

When they sent up a great cloud of smoke from the city:
The signal of a great cloud of smoke serves as a visual cue for coordination during the battle. In ancient warfare, smoke was often used to communicate over long distances, especially in the absence of modern communication tools. The smoke rising from the city signifies the successful breach and burning of the city, a common practice in ancient conquests to demonstrate total victory and destruction. This imagery of smoke is also symbolic in biblical literature, often representing God's presence or judgment, as seen in the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:28). The use of smoke here can be seen as a type of divine judgment against the Benjamites for their grievous sin, aligning with the broader biblical theme of God using human agents to execute His justice.

the men of Israel would turn in the battle.
This phrase indicates a strategic maneuver by the Israelites. In the context of ancient warfare, turning in battle could imply a feigned retreat, a tactic used to draw the enemy into a vulnerable position. This strategy is reminiscent of Joshua's tactics at Ai (Joshua 8:15-19), where a similar feigned retreat led to victory. The Israelites' decision to turn in battle reflects their reliance on divine guidance and strategic planning, emphasizing the importance of wisdom and discernment in warfare.

When the Benjamites had begun to strike them down,
The Benjamites, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, were known for their skill in battle, particularly their left-handed slingers (Judges 20:16). This phrase highlights their initial success in the conflict, showcasing their confidence and military prowess. Historically, the tribe of Benjamin was small but fierce, often engaging in battles with other tribes. This moment in the narrative underscores the tension and division within the nation of Israel, as internal conflict threatened their unity.

killing about thirty men of Israel,
The loss of thirty men, while seemingly small, would have been significant in the context of tribal warfare, where every warrior counted. This loss served to embolden the Benjamites, reinforcing their belief in their superiority and the righteousness of their cause. The specific number may also symbolize a testing period for Israel, as numbers often carry symbolic weight in biblical texts.

they said, “They are defeated before us as in the first battle.”
This statement reflects the Benjamites' confidence, recalling their previous victory over the Israelites (Judges 20:21). It highlights the cyclical nature of conflict and the danger of overconfidence. The reference to the "first battle" serves as a reminder of past failures and the need for humility and reliance on God. This moment foreshadows the eventual downfall of the Benjamites, as their pride blinds them to the Israelites' strategy and God's ultimate plan for justice and restoration.

But when the column of smoke began to go up from the city
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the battle between the Israelites and the Benjamites. The column of smoke served as a prearranged signal for the Israelite forces. In ancient warfare, such signals were crucial for coordinating attacks, especially in the absence of modern communication methods. The use of smoke as a signal is also seen in other biblical contexts, such as the pillar of cloud that guided the Israelites in the wilderness (Exodus 13:21). This imagery of smoke rising can symbolize divine intervention or judgment, as seen in the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:28).

the Benjamites looked behind them
The Benjamites, engaged in battle, were caught off guard by the sudden realization of their city's destruction. This moment of looking back is reminiscent of Lot's wife looking back at Sodom (Genesis 19:26), symbolizing a moment of realization and impending doom. The Benjamites' focus on the battlefront left them vulnerable to the strategic maneuver of the Israelites, highlighting the importance of vigilance and awareness in spiritual warfare.

and saw the whole city going up in smoke
The complete destruction of the city signifies total defeat and judgment. In the context of Judges, this event is a consequence of the moral and social decay within the tribe of Benjamin, particularly the atrocity committed in Gibeah (Judges 19). The imagery of a city going up in smoke is a powerful representation of divine judgment, similar to the destruction of Jericho (Joshua 6:24) and the prophesied fall of Babylon (Revelation 18:9). This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin and the justice of God. The destruction also foreshadows the ultimate judgment and purification that will come through Christ, who will establish a new and holy city (Revelation 21:2).

Then the men of Israel turned back on them
This phrase indicates a strategic military maneuver. The Israelites, after initially retreating, turned back to confront the Benjamites. This tactic is reminiscent of Joshua's strategy at Ai (Joshua 8:18-21), where a feigned retreat led to a decisive victory. The turning back signifies a shift in momentum, suggesting divine intervention and fulfillment of God's promise to deliver the Benjamites into Israel's hands (Judges 20:28).

and the men of Benjamin were terrified
The terror of the Benjamites reflects a sudden realization of their vulnerable position. This fear can be compared to the fear that fell upon the Canaanites when they faced the Israelites (Joshua 2:9-11). It underscores the psychological impact of warfare and the divine judgment upon Benjamin for their sin (Judges 19:22-30). The fear also fulfills the biblical principle that those who oppose God's people will ultimately face fear and defeat (Deuteronomy 28:7).

when they realized that disaster had come upon them
The disaster refers to the overwhelming defeat and destruction that the Benjamites faced. This realization is a moment of reckoning, akin to the judgment that fell upon Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:24-25). It serves as a warning of the consequences of sin and rebellion against God's commandments. The disaster also foreshadows the ultimate judgment that will come upon all who oppose God's will, as seen in prophetic scriptures like Revelation 19:19-21.

So they fled before the men of Israel toward the wilderness
This phrase describes the retreat of the Benjamites, who were overwhelmed by the forces of the other Israelite tribes. The wilderness often symbolizes a place of desolation and testing in the Bible, as seen in the Israelites' 40 years of wandering (Exodus 16:1-3). The Benjamites' flight toward the wilderness signifies their desperation and the dire situation they faced. This retreat can be compared to other biblical instances where enemies of Israel fled, such as the Canaanites in Joshua 10:16. The wilderness here may refer to the rugged terrain east of Gibeah, which provided limited refuge.

but the battle overtook them
The phrase indicates that the Benjamites could not escape the pursuing Israelite forces. This reflects the completeness of God's judgment against Benjamin for their sin, as the battle was divinely ordained (Judges 20:18, 28). The inevitability of the battle overtaking them can be seen as a parallel to the inescapable nature of divine justice, reminiscent of the fate of the Egyptians at the Red Sea (Exodus 14:23-28). The relentless pursuit by the Israelites underscores the seriousness of the conflict and the determination to eradicate the sin from among them.

and the men coming out of the cities struck them down there
This part of the verse highlights the strategic ambush set by the Israelites. The men coming out of the cities were likely part of a tactical maneuver, similar to the ambush at Ai in Joshua 8:3-8. This strategy reflects the wisdom and planning involved in the battle, as well as the unity of the Israelite tribes in executing God's judgment. The cities mentioned could be those near Gibeah, where the Benjamites had initially sought refuge. The striking down of the Benjamites signifies the fulfillment of divine retribution and the restoration of justice, echoing the theme of God's sovereignty in battle as seen throughout the Old Testament.

They surrounded the Benjamites
The tribe of Benjamin was one of the twelve tribes of Israel, descended from Jacob's youngest son, Benjamin. The surrounding of the Benjamites by the other Israelite tribes signifies a strategic military maneuver, indicating the severity of the conflict. This event is part of a larger narrative where the Israelites sought justice for a grievous crime committed in Gibeah, a Benjamite city. The surrounding of the Benjamites can be seen as a fulfillment of divine justice, as the Israelites sought to purge evil from among them, a recurring theme in the Old Testament (Deuteronomy 13:5).

pursued them
The pursuit of the Benjamites highlights the intensity and determination of the Israelite forces. This relentless pursuit can be compared to other biblical instances where God's people are called to pursue righteousness and justice (Proverbs 21:21). The pursuit also reflects the seriousness of the covenant community in dealing with sin, as the Benjamites had refused to hand over the perpetrators of the crime in Gibeah.

and easily overtook them
The ease with which the Israelites overtook the Benjamites suggests divine intervention and favor. Throughout the Old Testament, God often grants victory to His people when they act in accordance with His will (Joshua 10:8). This phrase underscores the idea that when God is with His people, their enemies cannot stand against them, a principle echoed in Romans 8:31.

in the vicinity of Gibeah
Gibeah was a significant city within the territory of Benjamin, known for its association with King Saul, Israel's first king. The events in Gibeah serve as a backdrop for the moral and spiritual decline of Israel during the time of the Judges, a period marked by the repeated cycle of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance. The location is crucial as it ties the narrative to the broader theme of Israel's need for righteous leadership, ultimately pointing to the future kingship of David and the messianic hope in Jesus Christ.

on the east
The mention of the east may have geographical significance, indicating the direction from which the Israelites approached or the area where the Benjamites attempted to flee. In biblical symbolism, the east often represents beginnings or origins, as seen in the Garden of Eden (Genesis 2:8). This directional detail might also suggest the completeness of the Israelites' victory, as they left no escape route for the Benjamites, emphasizing the totality of God's judgment against sin.

And 18,000 Benjamites fell
This phrase highlights the significant loss suffered by the tribe of Benjamin during the civil war with the other Israelite tribes. The number 18,000 indicates a substantial portion of the Benjamite fighting force, reflecting the severity of the conflict. This event is part of a larger narrative where the tribe of Benjamin is nearly annihilated due to their defense of the men of Gibeah, who committed a grievous crime. The fall of these men signifies the judgment upon Benjamin for their actions and the consequences of internal strife within Israel. This also serves as a reminder of the destructive nature of sin and disobedience to God's laws.

all men of valor
The term "men of valor" refers to the warriors' bravery and skill in battle. Despite their courage and strength, they were unable to withstand the judgment that came upon them. This phrase underscores the futility of relying solely on human strength and valor when opposed to divine justice. It also reflects the tragic loss of potential and leadership within the tribe of Benjamin, as these men represented the best of their warriors. The concept of "men of valor" is echoed throughout Scripture, often used to describe those who are mighty in battle, such as David's mighty men (2 Samuel 23:8-39). This highlights the importance of aligning one's strength with God's purposes rather than opposing them.

Then the Benjamites turned and fled toward the wilderness to the rock of Rimmon
The Benjamites, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, were engaged in a civil war against the other Israelite tribes due to the grievous sin committed in Gibeah. The "wilderness" refers to the desolate and rugged terrain east of the central hill country of Israel, often a place of refuge or escape. The "rock of Rimmon" is a specific location, likely a natural fortress or high place, providing a strategic defensive position. This reflects the desperation and tactical retreat of the Benjamites, seeking safety in a familiar and defensible location. The rock of Rimmon is mentioned again in Judges 20:47, indicating its significance as a place of refuge.

and Israel cut down 5,000 men on the roads
The phrase "cut down" indicates a decisive and violent confrontation. The roads were likely the main routes of escape, suggesting that the Israelites had anticipated the Benjamites' retreat and strategically positioned themselves to intercept them. This reflects the intensity and brutality of the conflict, as well as the determination of the Israelite forces to bring judgment upon the Benjamites for their transgressions. The number 5,000 signifies a significant loss, emphasizing the scale of the battle and the severity of the punishment.

And they overtook them at Gidom and struck down 2,000 more
The location "Gidom" is not mentioned elsewhere in the Bible, indicating it may have been a minor or temporary landmark known to the original audience. The pursuit and additional slaughter of 2,000 Benjamites highlight the relentless nature of the conflict and the thoroughness of the Israelite campaign. This relentless pursuit can be seen as a fulfillment of divine judgment, as the Israelites sought to eradicate the sin from their midst. The total number of casualties underscores the tragic consequences of sin and disobedience within the covenant community.

That day
The phrase "that day" refers to a specific moment in the narrative of the Israelite civil war against the tribe of Benjamin. This conflict arose from the grievous crime committed in Gibeah, as detailed in Judges 19. The phrase underscores the immediacy and finality of the judgment executed upon the Benjamites, highlighting the culmination of a series of battles. It serves as a reminder of the swift and decisive nature of divine justice in the biblical narrative.

25,000 Benjamite swordsmen fell
The number 25,000 indicates the significant loss suffered by the tribe of Benjamin. This figure emphasizes the scale of the conflict and the severity of the punishment. The Benjamites were known for their skill in battle, as seen earlier in Judges 20:16, where they are described as left-handed slingers capable of hitting a target with precision. The fall of such a large number of warriors signifies a devastating blow to the tribe, both in terms of military strength and population. This event is a stark reminder of the consequences of sin and disobedience to God's law, as the tribe faced near annihilation due to their defense of the wickedness in Gibeah.

all men of valor
The description "men of valor" highlights the bravery and combat prowess of the Benjamite warriors. This term is often used in the Old Testament to denote individuals of exceptional courage and strength, such as Gideon in Judges 6:12. Despite their valor, the Benjamites' downfall illustrates that human strength and bravery are insufficient when opposed to divine will. The narrative serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of pride and the importance of aligning one's actions with God's commandments. The fall of these valiant men also foreshadows the ultimate victory of righteousness over wickedness, a theme that resonates throughout the biblical text.

But 600 men turned and fled
This phrase indicates a remnant of the tribe of Benjamin who survived the devastating civil war against the other Israelite tribes. The number 600 is significant, as it represents a small fraction of the original fighting force, highlighting the severity of the conflict. The act of fleeing suggests desperation and a strategic retreat to preserve life. This remnant concept is echoed throughout Scripture, where God often preserves a faithful few, such as Noah's family during the flood or the remnant of Israel in prophetic writings.

into the wilderness
The wilderness often symbolizes a place of testing, refuge, and divine encounter in the Bible. It is a place where God meets His people, as seen with Moses and the Israelites during the Exodus. The wilderness serves as a backdrop for transformation and reliance on God, suggesting that the Benjaminites' time there could be a period of reflection and potential repentance.

to the rock of Rimmon
The rock of Rimmon is a specific geographical location, likely a natural fortress or stronghold, providing a strategic advantage for defense and survival. Rocks and high places in Scripture often symbolize safety and refuge, akin to God being described as a "rock" or "fortress" in Psalms. This location underscores the Benjaminites' need for protection and security after their defeat.

where they stayed four months
The duration of four months indicates a significant period of waiting and uncertainty. Biblically, the number four can symbolize completeness or universality, as seen in the four corners of the earth or the four living creatures in Revelation. This time frame suggests a complete cycle of waiting, possibly for divine intervention or the resolution of conflict. The period of waiting can also be seen as a time for the Benjaminites to regroup and plan their next steps, reflecting themes of patience and endurance found throughout Scripture.

And the men of Israel turned back against the other Benjamites
This phrase indicates a decisive action taken by the Israelites against the tribe of Benjamin. The context is the civil war that erupted due to the grievous sin committed in Gibeah, a Benjamite city. The Israelites had initially suffered losses but eventually gained the upper hand. This turning back signifies a strategic and determined effort to subdue the remaining Benjamites, highlighting the severity of the conflict within the tribes of Israel.

and put to the sword all the cities
The phrase "put to the sword" reflects the complete destruction and judgment executed by the Israelites. This was a common practice in ancient warfare, often seen as a form of divine judgment. The cities of Benjamin were systematically destroyed, which underscores the seriousness of the offense and the need for purging evil from among the people, as seen in Deuteronomy 13:15.

including the animals and everything else they found
The inclusion of animals and all possessions in the destruction indicates a total annihilation, similar to the concept of herem, or devotion to destruction, seen in other parts of the Old Testament (e.g., Joshua 6:21). This reflects the idea of removing all traces of sin and corruption, ensuring that nothing remains that could lead the Israelites back into sin.

And they burned down all the cities in their path
Burning the cities was a final act of destruction, ensuring that the cities could not be easily rebuilt or reoccupied. This act of burning is reminiscent of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:24-25) and serves as a symbol of divine judgment. It also foreshadows the future destruction of Jerusalem, as prophesied in Jeremiah 21:10, when the city would be burned due to the people's unfaithfulness.