After the death of Joshua
This phrase marks a significant transition in the history of Israel. Joshua, the faithful leader who succeeded Moses, had led the Israelites into the Promised Land. His death signifies the end of an era of direct leadership under a divinely appointed leader. The Hebrew word for "death" (מוֹת, "moth") here emphasizes the finality and the need for Israel to seek new guidance. Historically, this period is marked by a shift from centralized leadership to a more tribal confederation, setting the stage for the events in the Book of Judges.

the Israelites asked the LORD
The Israelites' inquiry to the LORD reflects their dependence on divine guidance. The Hebrew verb "asked" (שָׁאַל, "sha'al") indicates a seeking or inquiring, often used in the context of seeking divine will. This demonstrates the Israelites' recognition of their need for God's direction in the absence of Joshua. It also highlights the theocratic nature of Israel's society, where God was seen as the ultimate leader and authority.

Who will be the first to go up
This question reveals the Israelites' concern for leadership and initiative in the face of their enemies. The phrase "go up" (עָלָה, "alah") is often used in military contexts, indicating a movement towards battle or conquest. It underscores the need for a leader to take the initiative in fulfilling God's command to possess the land. This reflects the ongoing struggle and the need for faith and courage among the tribes of Israel.

and fight for us
The word "fight" (לָחַם, "lacham") is a call to engage in battle, emphasizing the reality of the conflict that the Israelites faced. This phrase highlights the communal aspect of Israel's warfare; it was not just an individual or tribal endeavor but a collective responsibility. The Israelites understood that their battles were not merely physical but spiritual, requiring reliance on God's strength and promises.

against the Canaanites
The Canaanites were the inhabitants of the land that God had promised to Israel. This phrase sets the stage for the ongoing conflict between the Israelites and the Canaanite nations. Historically and archaeologically, the Canaanites were known for their fortified cities and advanced culture, presenting a formidable challenge to the Israelites. Theologically, the Canaanites represented the pagan practices and idolatry that Israel was to overcome, symbolizing the spiritual battles that believers face in remaining faithful to God amidst worldly influences.

Judah shall go up
The phrase "Judah shall go up" signifies the tribe of Judah being chosen to lead the conquest of the land. In Hebrew, "Judah" (יְהוּדָה, Yehudah) is derived from the root word יָדָה (yadah), meaning "to praise." This reflects Judah's role as a leader and a tribe of praise and strength. Historically, Judah was one of the most prominent tribes of Israel, known for its leadership qualities and its central role in the history of the Israelites. The directive for Judah to "go up" indicates a divine appointment and a call to action, emphasizing the tribe's responsibility to lead the charge in fulfilling God's promise to Israel.

Indeed, I have delivered the land into his hands
This phrase underscores God's sovereignty and faithfulness in delivering the land to the Israelites. The Hebrew word for "delivered" (נָתַן, natan) means "to give" or "to grant," indicating that the victory is assured by God's will and power, not by human strength alone. The "land" refers to the Promised Land, a central theme in the Old Testament, representing God's covenant and blessing to His people. The phrase "into his hands" signifies possession and control, highlighting the assurance of victory and the fulfillment of God's promises. This divine assurance serves as an encouragement and a reminder of God's faithfulness to His covenant with Israel.

Judah said to his brother Simeon
In this opening phrase, we see the tribes of Israel personified through their patriarchs, Judah and Simeon. The historical context here is significant as it reflects the close relationship between these two tribes. Both descended from Leah, they often collaborated in their military endeavors. The Hebrew root for "said" (אָמַר, 'amar) implies a declaration or command, indicating Judah's leadership role. This collaboration is a model of unity and cooperation among God's people, emphasizing the importance of working together to fulfill God's promises.

Come up with me into my allotted territory
The phrase "come up" (עָלָה, 'alah) is often used in the context of ascending or going up, which in biblical terms can imply moving towards a place of significance or divine appointment. The "allotted territory" refers to the land apportioned to Judah by divine decree, as recorded in Joshua 15. This highlights the fulfillment of God's promises to the Israelites regarding the land of Canaan. It serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness and the importance of claiming His promises through active participation and obedience.

and let us fight against the Canaanites
The call to "fight" (נִלְחַם, nilcham) against the Canaanites is a call to spiritual warfare, reflecting the ongoing struggle between God's people and the forces opposed to His will. Historically, the Canaanites were known for their idolatry and moral corruption, which posed a threat to the spiritual purity of Israel. This phrase underscores the necessity of confronting and overcoming sin and opposition in our lives, relying on God's strength and guidance.

And I will likewise go with you into your allotted territory
Judah's promise to reciprocate Simeon's assistance demonstrates the principle of mutual support and alliance. The Hebrew word for "likewise" (כֵּן, ken) indicates a commitment to fairness and reciprocity. This mutual support is a powerful example of how believers are called to bear one another's burdens and work together in the spiritual battles we face. It reflects the biblical principle of sowing and reaping, where cooperation and support lead to shared victories.

So Simeon went with him
The final phrase, "Simeon went with him," signifies obedience and trust. Simeon's willingness to join Judah reflects a unity of purpose and faith in God's promises. The Hebrew root for "went" (הָלַךְ, halak) often implies a journey or walk, symbolizing the spiritual journey of faith and obedience. This act of going together into battle serves as an inspirational reminder of the power of unity and the strength found in fellowship with other believers as we pursue God's purposes.

When Judah attacked
The tribe of Judah, named after one of Jacob's sons, is often seen as a leading tribe among the Israelites. The Hebrew root for "Judah" is "Yehudah," which means "praise." This reflects the tribe's role in leading the charge against the Canaanites, symbolizing a spiritual act of obedience and trust in God's promises. Historically, Judah's leadership in battle sets a precedent for their future prominence, as seen in the lineage of King David and ultimately Jesus Christ, the Lion of the tribe of Judah.

the LORD delivered
The phrase emphasizes divine intervention and sovereignty. The Hebrew word for "delivered" is "nathan," meaning to give or bestow. This indicates that victory is a gift from God, not merely a result of human effort. It underscores the belief that God is actively involved in the affairs of His people, fulfilling His covenant promises. This divine deliverance is a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament, reminding believers of God's faithfulness and power.

the Canaanites and Perizzites
These groups were among the original inhabitants of the Promised Land. The Canaanites, descendants of Canaan, were known for their idolatrous practices, which were in direct opposition to the worship of Yahweh. The Perizzites, whose name may mean "villagers" or "dwellers in the open country," were another group living in the land. The mention of these peoples highlights the spiritual and physical battles the Israelites faced in claiming the land God promised to them. It serves as a reminder of the need for spiritual vigilance and the dangers of compromising with worldly influences.

into their hands
This phrase signifies the transfer of power and victory from God to His people. The Hebrew word "yad" for "hand" often symbolizes strength, power, and possession. It illustrates the concept that God empowers His people to achieve His purposes. This empowerment is not just for physical battles but also for spiritual victories in the lives of believers today.

and they struck down ten thousand men
The number "ten thousand" is often used in the Bible to signify a large, complete, or overwhelming number. The Hebrew word "nakah" for "struck down" implies a decisive defeat. This victory demonstrates the might of God's people when they act in obedience to His commands. It serves as an encouragement to believers that no matter the odds, with God, victory is assured.

at Bezek
Bezek is a location in the territory of Judah, though its exact location is uncertain today. Archaeologically, it represents the tangible reality of the biblical narrative, grounding the spiritual lessons in historical events. The victory at Bezek is a testament to God's faithfulness in fulfilling His promises to give the Israelites the land. It serves as a reminder that God is present in specific places and times, working out His divine plan through His people.

And there they found
This phrase indicates a moment of discovery and confrontation. The Hebrew root for "found" is "מָצָא" (matsa), which often implies not just a physical finding but a divine appointment or encounter. In the context of Judges, this suggests that the Israelites' encounter with Adoni-bezek was not merely coincidental but orchestrated by God as part of His plan to fulfill His promises to Israel. This highlights the sovereignty of God in guiding His people to confront and overcome their enemies.

Adoni-bezek
Adoni-bezek, meaning "lord of Bezek," was a Canaanite king. His name and title reflect his authority and the pagan culture that dominated the land. Historically, Bezek was a city of significance, and Adoni-bezek's rule represents the entrenched opposition to Israel's divinely ordained conquest. This encounter underscores the spiritual battle between the forces of God and the pagan practices that Israel was commanded to eradicate.

and fought against him
The Hebrew word for "fought" is "נִלְחָם" (nilcham), which conveys the idea of engaging in battle or warfare. This phrase emphasizes the active role of the Israelites in claiming the land God promised them. It serves as a reminder of the spiritual warfare that believers are called to engage in, standing firm against the forces of darkness with the armor of God (Ephesians 6:10-18).

striking down
The phrase "striking down" comes from the Hebrew "נָכָה" (nakah), meaning to smite or defeat. This action signifies the decisive victory that God grants His people over their enemies. It is a testament to the power and faithfulness of God in fulfilling His promises, as He empowers His people to overcome obstacles and adversaries.

the Canaanites and Perizzites
The Canaanites and Perizzites were among the original inhabitants of the Promised Land. Their mention here is significant, as they represent the idolatrous nations that Israel was commanded to drive out. Historically, these groups were known for their pagan practices and opposition to the worship of Yahweh. The defeat of these peoples symbolizes the triumph of God's holiness over idolatry and sin, and it foreshadows the ultimate victory of Christ over all spiritual enemies.

Adoni-bezek fled
The name "Adoni-bezek" means "lord of Bezek," indicating his rule over the city of Bezek. Historically, Bezek is identified with a location in the territory of Judah, though its exact archaeological site remains uncertain. The act of fleeing suggests a moment of desperation and fear, as Adoni-bezek attempts to escape the consequences of his actions. This reflects a broader biblical theme where those who oppose God's people often find themselves in a state of panic and retreat.

but they pursued him
The Israelites' pursuit of Adoni-bezek demonstrates their commitment to fulfilling God's command to conquer the land. The Hebrew root for "pursued" (רדף, radaph) conveys a sense of relentless pursuit, emphasizing the determination and obedience of the Israelites. This pursuit is not merely a physical chase but also a spiritual act of following God's directive to claim the Promised Land.

and captured him
The capture of Adoni-bezek signifies a moment of divine justice. The Israelites' success in capturing him is a testament to God's faithfulness in delivering their enemies into their hands. Historically, capturing a king or leader was a significant victory, symbolizing the defeat of the entire nation or city. This act underscores the power and authority of God working through His chosen people.

and cut off his thumbs and big toes
This action may seem harsh by modern standards, but it carries significant historical and theological implications. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, cutting off the thumbs and big toes of a captured king was a common practice to incapacitate him, preventing him from wielding a weapon or running effectively. Theologically, this act serves as a measure-for-measure justice, as Adoni-bezek himself admits in the following verse that he had done the same to seventy kings. This reflects the biblical principle of retributive justice, where individuals reap what they sow, highlighting God's sovereignty and justice.

Then Adoni-bezek said
Adoni-bezek, whose name means "lord of Bezek," was a Canaanite king. The historical context reveals that he was a powerful ruler who had subdued many other kings. His acknowledgment here is significant as it shows a moment of self-awareness and recognition of divine justice. The phrase indicates a turning point where a pagan king acknowledges the sovereignty of the God of Israel, which is a recurring theme in the Old Testament.

Seventy kings
The number seventy often symbolizes completeness or totality in the Bible. This phrase suggests the extent of Adoni-bezek's conquests and the severity of his actions. Historically, the practice of subjugating defeated kings by mutilating them was a way to ensure they could not fight again, demonstrating the brutal nature of ancient Near Eastern warfare.

with their thumbs and big toes cut off
This gruesome practice rendered the kings unable to wield weapons or run effectively, symbolizing total defeat and humiliation. In the Hebrew context, the loss of thumbs and big toes would have been seen as a loss of strength and honor. This act of mutilation was a common practice in ancient times to incapacitate enemies, reflecting the harsh realities of ancient justice and warfare.

used to gather scraps under my table
This imagery of defeated kings reduced to scavenging for food like dogs under a table highlights the complete reversal of their fortunes. It serves as a metaphor for humiliation and subjugation. In the biblical context, eating scraps signifies a fall from power and dignity, emphasizing the consequences of pride and tyranny.

As I have done, so God has repaid me
Adoni-bezek's statement is a profound acknowledgment of divine retribution. The Hebrew concept of "measure for measure" justice is evident here, where one's actions are returned upon them. This reflects a biblical principle that God is just and that human actions have consequences. It serves as a moral lesson on the inevitability of divine justice.

They brought him to Jerusalem
Jerusalem, at this time, was not yet the central city of Israel but was significant as a stronghold. Bringing Adoni-bezek to Jerusalem symbolizes the transfer of power and the beginning of Israelite dominance in the region. It foreshadows Jerusalem's future importance in biblical history as the city of David and the spiritual center of Israel.

and he died there
The death of Adoni-bezek in Jerusalem marks the end of his reign and serves as a narrative closure to his story. It signifies the ultimate judgment and the fulfillment of divine justice. In the broader biblical narrative, the death of a tyrant in Jerusalem can be seen as a precursor to the establishment of God's chosen people in the land, reinforcing the theme of divine sovereignty and justice.

Then the men of Judah
The tribe of Judah, named after one of Jacob's sons, holds a significant place in biblical history. Judah was prophesied to be a leader among his brothers (Genesis 49:8-10), and this verse reflects the fulfillment of that leadership role. The Hebrew root for Judah, "Yehudah," means "praise," indicating the tribe's role in leading Israel in both worship and warfare. Historically, Judah's prominence is seen in its central location in the land of Israel and its eventual emergence as the royal tribe from which King David and ultimately Jesus Christ descended.

fought against Jerusalem
Jerusalem, a city with a rich and complex history, is first mentioned in the Bible as Salem, where Melchizedek was king (Genesis 14:18). The Hebrew name "Yerushalayim" suggests meanings like "foundation of peace" or "possession of peace," yet its history is marked by conflict. The men of Judah's battle against Jerusalem signifies the ongoing struggle to establish God's chosen people in the Promised Land. This battle is part of the larger narrative of the Israelites' conquest of Canaan, a land promised to them by God but inhabited by various peoples.

and captured it
The capture of Jerusalem by the men of Judah is a pivotal moment in the conquest of Canaan. The Hebrew verb "lakad" means to capture or seize, indicating a decisive victory. This event foreshadows Jerusalem's future as the political and spiritual center of Israel. The capture signifies God's faithfulness in delivering the land to His people, despite the challenges they faced. It also prefigures the ultimate spiritual conquest through Christ, who would later enter Jerusalem as the King of Kings.

They put the city to the sword
This phrase reflects the common ancient Near Eastern practice of total warfare, where cities were often completely destroyed to prevent future rebellion. The Hebrew word "chereb" for sword implies a thorough and decisive action. This act of destruction underscores the seriousness of God's command to the Israelites to remove the Canaanite influence from the land, which was often associated with idolatry and immorality. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin and the holiness required by God.

and set it on fire
Fire, in biblical terms, often symbolizes purification and judgment. The Hebrew word "esh" for fire is used throughout Scripture to denote God's presence and power, as seen in the burning bush (Exodus 3:2) and the pillar of fire (Exodus 13:21). The burning of Jerusalem by the men of Judah can be seen as an act of purifying the city from its pagan past, preparing it for its future role as the holy city of God. This act of setting the city on fire also serves as a metaphor for the refining process believers undergo, as God purifies His people to reflect His glory.

After that
This phrase indicates a sequence of events, following the initial conquests described earlier in the chapter. It suggests a continuation of the Israelites' mission to claim the land promised to them by God. The Hebrew root here implies a sense of progression and fulfillment of divine command, emphasizing the importance of obedience and perseverance in the faith journey.

the men of Judah
The tribe of Judah is highlighted, reflecting its prominent role among the tribes of Israel. Historically, Judah was one of the largest and most influential tribes, often leading military campaigns. This aligns with the prophetic blessing given by Jacob in Genesis 49:8-10, where Judah is depicted as a leader among his brothers. The focus on Judah underscores the tribe's responsibility and privilege in fulfilling God's promises.

marched down
This phrase conveys a sense of purpose and determination. The Hebrew verb used here often implies a strategic movement, suggesting that the men of Judah were not acting impulsively but were following a divinely guided plan. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God's sovereignty and guidance in the lives of His people.

to fight against the Canaanites
The Canaanites were the inhabitants of the land that God had promised to the Israelites. Historically, they were known for their fortified cities and advanced culture, which posed significant challenges to the Israelites. Theologically, the Canaanites often symbolize opposition to God's people and His purposes, representing the spiritual battles believers face in their journey of faith.

living in the hill country
The hill country refers to the central mountainous region of Canaan, known for its strategic and defensible locations. This area was crucial for establishing control over the land. The mention of the hill country highlights the challenges faced by the Israelites, as they had to rely on God's strength to overcome formidable obstacles.

the Negev
The Negev is a desert region in the southern part of Israel. Its harsh environment required resilience and faith from those who sought to inhabit it. The inclusion of the Negev in the conquest narrative emphasizes the comprehensive nature of God's promise, extending to all parts of the land, even those that seemed inhospitable.

and the foothills
The foothills, or Shephelah, were the lowland regions between the hill country and the coastal plains. This area was agriculturally rich and strategically important, often serving as a battleground between different peoples. The mention of the foothills signifies the completeness of the conquest, as the Israelites sought to establish God's kingdom in every part of the land.

Judah also marched
The tribe of Judah, named after one of Jacob's sons, is often seen as a leading tribe among the Israelites. The Hebrew root for "marched" (יָלַךְ, yalak) implies a purposeful journey or advance, indicating a divinely ordained mission. Historically, Judah's leadership role is significant, as it foreshadows the eventual rise of King David and the Messianic lineage. This march is not just a physical movement but a spiritual advance against the forces opposing God's people.

against the Canaanites
The Canaanites were the inhabitants of the land promised to the Israelites. They represent the pagan cultures and practices that were contrary to the worship of Yahweh. The Hebrew term for Canaanites (כְּנַעֲנִי, Kena'ani) is often associated with merchants or traders, reflecting their established cities and economic systems. This confrontation is symbolic of the spiritual battles believers face against worldly influences.

who were living in Hebron
Hebron is one of the oldest cities in the world, with a rich biblical history. The Hebrew name חֶבְרוֹן (Chevron) means "association" or "alliance," possibly referring to its strategic alliances or its significance as a burial place for the patriarchs. Hebron's mention here underscores its importance as a spiritual and historical stronghold that needed to be reclaimed for God's purposes.

(formerly known as Kiriath-arba)
Kiriath-arba means "City of Arba," named after Arba, the greatest man among the Anakim, a race of giants. This name change signifies a transformation from a place associated with giants and fear to a city of God's promise. It reflects the broader biblical theme of God transforming places and people for His glory.

and they struck down Sheshai, Ahiman, and Talmai
These three individuals are identified as descendants of Anak, known for their formidable size and strength. The Hebrew root for "struck down" (נָכָה, nakah) implies a decisive victory. This victory over the giants symbolizes God's power to overcome seemingly insurmountable obstacles. It serves as an encouragement to believers that no challenge is too great when God is on their side. The defeat of these giants is a testament to faith and obedience, reminding us that God equips His people to conquer the giants in their lives.

From there they marched
This phrase indicates a continuation of movement and action by the Israelites. The Hebrew root for "marched" is "עָלָה" (alah), which means to go up or ascend. This suggests not only a physical movement but also a spiritual or moral ascent as the Israelites pursue their God-given inheritance. Historically, this reflects the ongoing conquest of Canaan, a land promised to them by God, emphasizing their obedience and determination to fulfill God's commands.

against the inhabitants of Debir
The term "inhabitants" refers to the people living in Debir, a Canaanite city. The Hebrew word "יֹשֵׁב" (yoshev) implies those who dwell or sit, indicating a settled population. Debir, known for its fortified structures, represents the challenges and resistance the Israelites faced. Theologically, this can be seen as a metaphor for the spiritual battles believers face, requiring faith and reliance on God's strength to overcome.

(formerly known as Kiriath-sepher)
The parenthetical note provides historical context, indicating that Debir was previously called Kiriath-sepher, which means "City of Books" or "City of Scribes" in Hebrew. This suggests that Debir was a center of learning or record-keeping, possibly housing important Canaanite archives or religious texts. The renaming of the city signifies a transformation under Israelite control, symbolizing the triumph of God's people over pagan knowledge and practices. This can inspire believers to seek wisdom and understanding rooted in God's Word, overcoming worldly philosophies.

And Caleb said
Caleb, whose name in Hebrew means "dog" or "faithful," is a prominent figure in the Old Testament, known for his unwavering faith in God. He was one of the two spies, along with Joshua, who trusted in God's promise to deliver the land of Canaan to the Israelites. His statement here reflects his leadership and initiative in the conquest of the Promised Land. Caleb's faith and courage are exemplary, serving as a model for believers to trust in God's promises and act boldly in faith.

To the man who strikes down
The phrase indicates a challenge or a call to action. In the context of ancient warfare, striking down an enemy was a common way to demonstrate bravery and skill. Caleb's offer is not just about military conquest but also about proving one's valor and commitment to the cause of God's people. This reflects the biblical theme of God rewarding those who step out in faith and courage.

Kiriath-sepher
Kiriath-sepher, meaning "City of Books" or "City of Scribes," was a Canaanite city. Its name suggests it may have been a center of learning or record-keeping, which adds a layer of significance to its capture. The conquest of such a city would symbolize not only a military victory but also the triumph of God's wisdom over human knowledge. This aligns with the biblical narrative of God's wisdom surpassing human understanding.

and captures it
The act of capturing the city implies a complete victory and possession. In the biblical context, capturing a city was not just a physical conquest but also a spiritual one, as it involved claiming the land for God's people. This reflects the broader theme of the Israelites' journey to claim the Promised Land, a journey that requires faith, obedience, and divine intervention.

I will give my daughter Acsah in marriage
In ancient times, marriage was often used to form alliances and secure loyalty. Caleb's offer of his daughter Acsah, whose name means "anklet" or "adornment," signifies a reward of great value and honor. This reflects the biblical principle of God rewarding those who are faithful and courageous. The marriage also symbolizes the union of faith and action, as Acsah becomes part of the legacy of God's people through this alliance.

Othniel son of Kenaz
The name "Othniel" means "God is my strength" in Hebrew, which is fitting for a man who would later become Israel's first judge. Othniel's lineage as the "son of Kenaz" places him within the tribe of Judah, a tribe known for its leadership and strength. Kenaz, his father, is often associated with the Kenizzites, a clan that was integrated into the tribe of Judah. This highlights the inclusivity and unity within the tribes of Israel, as well as the importance of familial ties in the narrative of the Israelites.

Caleb’s younger brother
Caleb is a prominent figure in the Old Testament, known for his faithfulness and courage as one of the two spies who trusted in God's promise to give Israel the land of Canaan. Referring to Othniel as Caleb's "younger brother" emphasizes the close familial relationship and the continuation of Caleb's legacy of faith and bravery. This connection also underscores the importance of family heritage and the passing down of spiritual values and leadership qualities.

captured it
The "it" refers to the city of Debir, previously known as Kiriath-sepher. The act of capturing the city demonstrates Othniel's bravery and military prowess, qualities that would later define his role as a judge. This victory is not just a physical conquest but also a spiritual one, as it represents the fulfillment of God's promise to give the Israelites the land. The capture of Debir is a testament to the faith and obedience of Othniel, reflecting the broader theme of divine assistance in the Israelites' conquests.

Caleb gave his daughter Acsah
In ancient Israelite culture, marriages were often arranged to strengthen family alliances and ensure the continuation of family lines. Caleb's decision to give his daughter Acsah to Othniel as a reward for his bravery is significant. It reflects the high value placed on courage and faithfulness, as well as the importance of securing a godly lineage. Acsah's role in the narrative also highlights the influence and agency of women in biblical times, as she later demonstrates wisdom and assertiveness in securing resources for her family.

to him in marriage
Marriage in the biblical context is not only a personal union but also a covenantal relationship that reflects God's relationship with His people. The marriage between Othniel and Acsah symbolizes the unity and continuity of God's promises through the generations. It serves as a reminder of the blessings that come from faithfulness and obedience to God's commands. This union also foreshadows the role Othniel will play as a judge, leading Israel with the same strength and faith that characterized his marriage and his victory over Debir.

One day
This phrase sets the scene for a specific event, indicating a moment of significance in the narrative. In the Hebrew context, "one day" often marks a turning point or a moment of divine intervention. It suggests that what follows is not just a mundane occurrence but a pivotal moment in the unfolding account of God's people.

when she came to Othniel
The mention of Othniel, who later becomes Israel's first judge, is significant. His name means "God is my strength," reflecting his role as a deliverer. The relationship between Othniel and the woman, Achsah, is rooted in familial and covenantal ties, emphasizing the importance of family and divine purpose in the biblical narrative.

she urged him
The Hebrew root for "urged" conveys a sense of persistence and determination. Achsah's action here is proactive and assertive, highlighting her wisdom and influence. In a patriarchal society, her initiative is noteworthy, demonstrating that God often works through unexpected channels and individuals.

to ask her father for a field
Land ownership in ancient Israel was a sign of blessing and inheritance. By asking for a field, Achsah is seeking to secure her family's future and fulfill God's promise of land to His people. This request reflects the broader biblical theme of God's provision and the importance of faith in claiming His promises.

When she got off her donkey
The act of dismounting from a donkey is symbolic of respect and readiness to engage in serious conversation. In the ancient Near East, donkeys were common means of transportation, and getting off one signified a transition from travel to interaction. This gesture sets the stage for the ensuing dialogue with Caleb.

Caleb asked her
Caleb, a man of faith and one of the original spies who trusted in God's promise, is portrayed as a wise and discerning leader. His willingness to listen to Achsah reflects a culture of mutual respect and the value of seeking counsel. Caleb's question opens the door for Achsah to express her desires, illustrating the importance of communication and understanding in relationships.

'What do you want?'
This question is both direct and open-ended, inviting Achsah to articulate her needs and desires. It reflects a biblical principle of seeking and asking, as seen in Matthew 7:7, "Ask, and it will be given to you." Caleb's inquiry encourages believers to approach God with their requests, trusting in His willingness to provide according to His will.

Give me a blessing
This phrase reflects the request of Achsah, the daughter of Caleb, to her father. The Hebrew word for "blessing" is "בְּרָכָה" (berakah), which signifies a gift or favor bestowed by God or a person in authority. In the ancient Near Eastern context, blessings were considered powerful and transformative, often associated with prosperity and divine favor. Achsah's request underscores her understanding of the importance of blessings in securing a prosperous future, both materially and spiritually.

Since you have given me land in the Negev
The Negev is a desert region in southern Israel, characterized by its arid climate and sparse vegetation. The Hebrew term "נֶגֶב" (Negev) means "dry" or "south," indicating the challenging conditions of the land. Despite its harshness, the Negev was a significant area for the Israelites, representing both a physical and spiritual frontier. Achsah acknowledges the gift of land, recognizing her father's provision but also the need for additional resources to make it fruitful.

Give me also springs of water
Water is a vital resource, especially in the arid regions like the Negev. The Hebrew word for "springs" is "גֻּלֹּת" (gullot), which refers to sources of fresh, life-sustaining water. In biblical times, springs were essential for agriculture, livestock, and human survival. Achsah's request for springs highlights her practical wisdom and foresight, understanding that water is crucial for transforming the barren land into a productive inheritance.

So Caleb gave her the upper and lower springs
Caleb's response to Achsah's request demonstrates his generosity and understanding of her needs. The "upper and lower springs" suggest a comprehensive provision, ensuring that Achsah's land would be well-watered and fertile. This act of giving reflects the biblical principle of stewardship and the importance of providing for one's family. Caleb's willingness to grant her request also illustrates the value of listening to and honoring the petitions of loved ones, fostering a legacy of care and provision.

Now the descendants of the Kenite
The Kenites were a nomadic tribe, often associated with the Midianites. The Hebrew root for "Kenite" is "קֵינִי" (Qeyniy), which is derived from "קַיִן" (Qayin), meaning "smith" or "metalworker." This suggests that the Kenites may have been skilled in metallurgy, a valuable trade in ancient times. Their inclusion in the narrative highlights the interconnectedness of different tribes and peoples in the biblical story, emphasizing God's providence in using diverse groups to fulfill His purposes.

Moses’ father-in-law
This phrase refers to Jethro, also known as Reuel, who was a priest of Midian. The Hebrew term for "father-in-law" is "חֹתֵן" (choten), indicating a familial bond that transcends mere blood relations. Jethro's wisdom and counsel were instrumental in Moses' leadership, as seen in Exodus 18. This connection underscores the importance of godly counsel and the influence of righteous individuals in the unfolding of God's plan.

went up with the men of Judah
The phrase "went up" is significant in biblical geography, as it often denotes traveling to a place of higher elevation or spiritual significance. The Hebrew verb "עָלָה" (alah) means "to ascend" or "to go up." The men of Judah, representing one of the leading tribes of Israel, were known for their strength and leadership. This alliance with the Kenites illustrates the unity and cooperation among God's people as they settled in the Promised Land.

from the City of Palms
The "City of Palms" is commonly identified as Jericho, known for its lush palm trees and strategic location. The Hebrew word for "palms" is "תָּמָר" (tamar), symbolizing beauty and prosperity. Jericho's mention here serves as a reminder of God's miraculous intervention in Israel's history, as it was the first city conquered under Joshua's leadership. It represents a place of victory and divine promise.

to the Wilderness of Judah in the Negev near Arad
The "Wilderness of Judah" refers to the arid region south of Jerusalem, characterized by its rugged terrain and sparse vegetation. The Hebrew word "מִדְבָּר" (midbar) means "wilderness" or "desert," often symbolizing a place of testing and reliance on God. The "Negev" is the southern desert region of Israel, and "Arad" was a Canaanite city. This journey into the wilderness signifies a transition from conquest to settlement, where the people must continue to trust in God's provision.

They went to live among the people
The decision to "live among the people" reflects the Kenites' integration into the Israelite community. The Hebrew verb "יָשַׁב" (yashab) means "to dwell" or "to settle," indicating a permanent residence. This integration highlights the inclusivity of God's covenant community, where those who align themselves with God's purposes are welcomed and blessed. It serves as a testament to the transformative power of God's grace, bringing diverse peoples together under His sovereign rule.

Judah
The tribe of Judah, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, holds a significant place in biblical history. The name "Judah" means "praise" in Hebrew, reflecting the tribe's role in leading the Israelites in worship and battle. Historically, Judah was the fourth son of Jacob and Leah, and his descendants became one of the most prominent tribes, eventually leading to the lineage of King David and, ultimately, Jesus Christ. The tribe's leadership in this verse underscores its importance and the fulfillment of Jacob's blessing in Genesis 49:8-10, where Judah is prophesied to be a leader among his brothers.

Simeon
Simeon, another tribe of Israel, was the second son of Jacob and Leah. The name "Simeon" means "heard" in Hebrew, signifying Leah's belief that God heard her plight. Historically, the tribe of Simeon was smaller and often associated with Judah, as seen in this verse. This alliance reflects the close relationship between the two tribes, both geographically and strategically, as they often collaborated in military campaigns. The partnership here illustrates the unity and cooperation among the tribes in fulfilling God's commands to conquer the Promised Land.

went with him
This phrase indicates the cooperation and mutual support between the tribes of Judah and Simeon. In the context of ancient Israel, tribal alliances were crucial for survival and success in military endeavors. The phrase suggests a sense of brotherhood and shared purpose, as both tribes work together to achieve a common goal. This unity is a powerful reminder of the strength found in collaboration and the importance of supporting one another in fulfilling God's purposes.

attacked the Canaanites
The Canaanites were the inhabitants of the land promised to the Israelites by God. The term "Canaanites" refers to a collection of different peoples living in the region, known for their idolatrous practices and opposition to the Israelites. The command to attack the Canaanites was part of God's directive to the Israelites to take possession of the land He had given them. This action symbolizes the spiritual battle against sin and idolatry, emphasizing the need for God's people to remain faithful and obedient to His commands.

living in Zephath
Zephath, identified with the later city of Hormah, was a Canaanite city located in the southern part of the Promised Land. The name "Zephath" is believed to mean "watchtower" or "observatory," indicating its strategic importance. The city's location made it a significant target for the Israelites as they sought to secure their inheritance. The mention of Zephath highlights the ongoing struggle to claim the land and the importance of strategic victories in fulfilling God's promises.

devoted the city to destruction
This phrase refers to the practice of "herem," a Hebrew term meaning to devote something to God by completely destroying it. This act was a form of divine judgment against the Canaanites for their wickedness and idolatry. By devoting the city to destruction, the Israelites were demonstrating their obedience to God's commands and their commitment to purging the land of influences that could lead them away from Him. This concept underscores the seriousness of sin and the need for holiness among God's people.

Hormah
The name "Hormah" means "destruction" or "devotion" in Hebrew, reflecting the outcome of the Israelites' conquest of Zephath. The renaming of the city signifies the complete victory and the fulfillment of God's judgment against the Canaanites. Hormah serves as a testament to God's faithfulness in delivering His promises and the Israelites' role in executing His divine will. This transformation from Zephath to Hormah symbolizes the power of God to bring about change and redemption through His people.

Judah also captured Gaza, Ashkelon, and Ekron—each with its territory
Judah also captured
The tribe of Judah, named after one of the twelve sons of Jacob, is often seen as a leading tribe among the Israelites. The Hebrew root for "captured" is "lakad," which implies seizing or taking possession. This action signifies the fulfillment of God's promise to give the Israelites the land of Canaan. Historically, this reflects the period of conquest where the Israelites, under divine mandate, were to take possession of the land promised to their forefathers.

Gaza
Gaza is one of the five major Philistine cities located in the southwestern part of Canaan, near the Mediterranean coast. The name "Gaza" in Hebrew is "Azzah," meaning "strong" or "fortified." Archaeological evidence suggests that Gaza was a significant trade center and a stronghold due to its strategic location. The capture of Gaza by Judah indicates a significant victory over the Philistines, who were perennial adversaries of Israel.

Ashkelon
Ashkelon, another major Philistine city, was known for its fortifications and its role as a trade hub. The Hebrew name "Ashkelon" is derived from a root meaning "to weigh," possibly alluding to its commercial significance. The capture of Ashkelon by Judah demonstrates the tribe's expanding influence and control over the coastal regions, which were crucial for trade and military strategy.

and Ekron
Ekron, one of the five cities of the Philistine pentapolis, was located further inland. The Hebrew name "Ekron" is thought to mean "eradication" or "uprooting," which is fitting given the Israelites' mission to uproot the existing pagan cultures. Historically, Ekron was known for its agricultural productivity and religious significance, particularly the worship of the deity Baal-Zebub. The capture of Ekron signifies a strategic victory in diminishing Philistine power.

each with its territory
The phrase "each with its territory" underscores the comprehensive nature of Judah's conquest. The Hebrew word for "territory" is "gebul," which refers to a boundary or border. This indicates not only the capture of the cities themselves but also the surrounding lands, which were essential for sustaining the population and securing the region. This territorial acquisition reflects the fulfillment of God's covenant with Israel, granting them the land as an inheritance.

The LORD was with Judah
This phrase emphasizes the divine presence and favor that Judah experienced. In Hebrew, "LORD" is "YHWH," the covenant name of God, signifying His eternal and unchanging nature. The presence of the LORD with Judah indicates His support and blessing, a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament where God empowers His people to fulfill His purposes. Historically, this divine accompaniment was crucial for the Israelites, as it assured them of victory and guidance. Theologically, it reminds believers of the importance of God's presence in overcoming challenges.

and they took possession of the hill country
The "hill country" refers to the central mountainous region of Canaan, which was strategically significant due to its elevation and defensibility. The Hebrew word for "took possession" is "yarash," which implies not just occupying but inheriting or taking rightful ownership. This reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to give the land to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Archaeologically, this area is rich with evidence of early Israelite settlements, supporting the biblical narrative of conquest and settlement.

but they could not drive out the inhabitants of the plains
The inability to "drive out" the inhabitants highlights a limitation in Judah's conquest. The Hebrew word "yarash" is used again, but here it denotes failure to dispossess the current inhabitants. This phrase serves as a reminder of the Israelites' incomplete obedience and reliance on God. Historically, the plains were fertile and desirable, making them a contested area. Theologically, this reflects the ongoing struggle between faithfulness to God's commands and the challenges posed by the world.

because they had chariots of iron
"Chariots of iron" symbolize formidable military technology and strength. In the ancient Near East, chariots were a significant advantage in warfare, especially on flat terrain like the plains. The mention of "iron" indicates advanced metallurgy, which was intimidating to the Israelites, who were less technologically equipped. This phrase underscores the human perspective of fear and inadequacy when faced with seemingly insurmountable obstacles. However, it also serves as a call to trust in God's power over human might, as seen in other biblical narratives where God grants victory despite overwhelming odds.

Then they gave Hebron to Caleb
The phrase "Then they gave Hebron to Caleb" signifies the fulfillment of a divine promise. Hebron, a significant city in the Judean hills, was originally called Kiriath Arba. The giving of Hebron to Caleb is a testament to God's faithfulness and the reward for Caleb's unwavering faith and obedience. Caleb, one of the two faithful spies (Numbers 13-14), is a model of perseverance and trust in God's promises. The Hebrew root for "gave" (נָתַן, natan) implies a deliberate and generous act, reflecting God's grace in fulfilling His word through the Israelites' actions.

as Moses had promised
This phrase underscores the continuity of God's covenantal promises through His servant Moses. The promise to Caleb is recorded in Numbers 14:24 and Deuteronomy 1:36, where God, through Moses, assures Caleb of an inheritance for his faithfulness. The historical context here is crucial; it highlights the importance of leadership and the transmission of God's promises through generations. Moses, as a prophet and leader, serves as a conduit for God's will, and his promises carry divine authority.

and Caleb drove out the three sons of Anak from there
The act of Caleb driving out the "three sons of Anak" is both a literal and symbolic victory. The Anakim were a race of giants, and their presence in Hebron represented formidable opposition. Caleb's success in driving them out is a testament to his faith and God's power working through him. The Hebrew root for "drove out" (יָרַשׁ, yarash) conveys the idea of dispossession and conquest, emphasizing the complete removal of the Anakim. This victory is not just a physical conquest but also a spiritual triumph, illustrating the theme of overcoming seemingly insurmountable obstacles through faith. Caleb's actions serve as an inspiration for believers to trust in God's strength to overcome the giants in their own lives.

The Benjamites
The tribe of Benjamin was one of the twelve tribes of Israel, descended from Benjamin, the youngest son of Jacob and Rachel. Known for their fierce warriors, the Benjamites held a significant position among the tribes. Historically, their territory included Jerusalem, which was a strategic and spiritual center. The failure of the Benjamites to fully possess their inheritance reflects a recurring theme in the Book of Judges, where the Israelites struggle to fully claim the Promised Land due to incomplete obedience to God's commands.

Failed to drive out
The Hebrew root for "failed" (לוֹא יָכְלוּ, lo yaklu) implies an inability or lack of strength. This phrase highlights a spiritual and physical shortcoming. The Benjamites' failure was not merely a military defeat but also a spiritual one, as it demonstrated a lack of faith and obedience to God's command to fully possess the land. This failure set a precedent for future struggles and conflicts with the inhabitants of the land.

The Jebusites
The Jebusites were one of the Canaanite tribes inhabiting the land before the Israelites. They were known to be strong and resilient, with Jerusalem as their stronghold. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Jebusites had a well-fortified city, making it difficult for the Israelites to conquer. The presence of the Jebusites in Jerusalem serves as a reminder of the Israelites' incomplete conquest and the ongoing influence of pagan cultures.

Living in Jerusalem
Jerusalem, a city of immense historical and spiritual significance, was intended to be a central place of worship for the Israelites. The Jebusites' continued presence in Jerusalem symbolizes the persistent challenge of idolatry and foreign influence within Israel. This phrase underscores the tension between God's promise and the Israelites' reality, as Jerusalem would later become the political and spiritual heart of Israel under King David.

So to this day
This phrase indicates the enduring nature of the situation at the time the text was written. It serves as a historical marker, emphasizing the long-term consequences of the Benjamites' failure. The persistence of the Jebusites in Jerusalem is a testament to the Israelites' ongoing struggle with obedience and faithfulness to God's commands.

The Jebusites live there with the Benjamites
The coexistence of the Jebusites and Benjamites in Jerusalem highlights the complexities of Israel's settlement in the Promised Land. This situation reflects a compromise that led to spiritual and cultural challenges for the Israelites. The phrase serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of incomplete obedience and the importance of fully trusting in God's promises and commands.

The house of Joseph
This phrase refers to the descendants of Joseph, one of the twelve sons of Jacob, who were divided into two tribes: Ephraim and Manasseh. Historically, these tribes were known for their strength and influence among the Israelites. The "house of Joseph" signifies not just a familial lineage but a collective identity that carried the legacy of Joseph's faithfulness and leadership. In a broader spiritual sense, it represents the continuation of God's promises to the patriarchs, emphasizing the importance of faithfulness and obedience to God's covenant.

also went up
The phrase "went up" is often used in the Old Testament to describe a movement towards a place of significance, often involving a journey of faith or conquest. In Hebrew, the verb "עלה" (alah) conveys not just a physical ascent but a spiritual or moral elevation. This movement towards Bethel is not merely geographical; it symbolizes an act of obedience and trust in God's promises. It reflects the proactive faith of the Israelites as they seek to claim the inheritance God has promised them.

against Bethel
Bethel, meaning "House of God" in Hebrew, holds significant historical and spiritual importance. It was a place where Abraham and Jacob had profound encounters with God (Genesis 12:8, 28:19). The mention of Bethel here is a reminder of God's enduring presence and the sacred history associated with this location. The conquest of Bethel by the house of Joseph signifies reclaiming a place of divine promise and blessing, reinforcing the idea that God's people are called to inhabit and transform spaces with His presence.

and the LORD was with them
This phrase is a powerful affirmation of divine support and presence. In Hebrew, "Yahweh" is the covenant name of God, emphasizing His faithfulness and commitment to His people. The assurance that "the LORD was with them" underscores the central biblical theme that success and victory come not by human might but through God's presence and power. It serves as an encouragement to believers that when they align themselves with God's will and purposes, they can trust in His guidance and strength. This divine accompaniment is a source of courage and hope, reminding us that God is actively involved in the lives of those who seek to fulfill His promises.

And when the house of Joseph
The phrase "house of Joseph" refers to the descendants of Joseph, one of the twelve sons of Jacob, whose lineage was divided into two tribes: Ephraim and Manasseh. In the context of the conquest of Canaan, the house of Joseph represents a significant portion of the Israelite confederation. Historically, Joseph's tribes were known for their strength and leadership among the Israelites. This phrase highlights the unity and collective action of these tribes as they seek to fulfill God's command to possess the land.

sent spies
The act of sending spies is reminiscent of earlier biblical narratives, such as when Moses sent spies into Canaan (Numbers 13). The Hebrew root for "spies" (רָגַל, ragal) implies a careful and strategic reconnaissance mission. This action demonstrates a blend of faith and prudence, as the Israelites seek to understand the land they are to conquer. It reflects a reliance on both divine guidance and human initiative, a recurring theme in the conquest narratives.

to Bethel
Bethel, meaning "house of God" in Hebrew, holds significant historical and spiritual importance. It was a place where Abraham and Jacob had profound encounters with God (Genesis 12:8; 28:19). By targeting Bethel, the house of Joseph is not only pursuing a strategic military objective but also reclaiming a site of deep spiritual heritage. This underscores the intertwining of physical and spiritual conquest in the Israelites' journey.

(formerly known as Luz)
The mention of Luz provides a historical context, indicating a transformation of identity and purpose for the city. Luz was the original Canaanite name, and its renaming to Bethel signifies a shift from pagan associations to a place dedicated to the worship of Yahweh. This transformation is emblematic of the broader divine mandate for the Israelites to establish a land devoted to God, replacing former pagan practices with the worship of the one true God.

the spies
The term "spies" refers to individuals sent to gather intelligence. In the Hebrew context, the word used is "רָגַל" (ragal), which means to explore or scout. This reflects a strategic approach by the Israelites, reminiscent of the earlier spying mission in Numbers 13. The role of spies in biblical narratives often underscores the importance of wisdom and discernment in fulfilling God's promises.

saw a man
The act of seeing here is not merely physical but implies recognition and understanding. The Hebrew root "רָאָה" (ra'ah) suggests perceiving with insight. This encounter is divinely orchestrated, as God often uses seemingly ordinary events to fulfill His purposes. The man becomes a pivotal figure in the unfolding of God's plan for Israel's conquest.

coming out of the city
The city, likely Bethel, represents a stronghold of Canaanite culture and religion. The phrase indicates a moment of vulnerability and opportunity. Historically, cities were centers of power and influence, and their capture was crucial for establishing control over a region. This moment signifies a turning point, where God's people are poised to reclaim territory.

they said to him
Communication is a recurring theme in Scripture, emphasizing the power of words. The Hebrew verb "אָמַר" (amar) denotes speaking with intention. The spies' approach is diplomatic, reflecting Jesus' teaching in Matthew 10:16 to be "shrewd as snakes and innocent as doves." Their words are carefully chosen to achieve their mission.

Please show us
The use of "please" indicates a request rather than a demand, showing humility and respect. The Hebrew "נָא" (na) is a particle of entreaty, often used in prayers and supplications. This approach aligns with the biblical principle of seeking guidance and wisdom, acknowledging that success comes from God.

how to get into the city
This request for guidance highlights the need for strategic insight. The Hebrew "בּוֹא" (bo) means to enter or come in. Spiritually, it reflects the believer's journey into the promises of God, requiring faith and obedience. The city represents both a physical and spiritual challenge, necessitating divine intervention.

and we will treat you kindly
The promise of kindness, or "חֶסֶד" (chesed) in Hebrew, is a covenantal term denoting loyalty and faithfulness. It reflects God's character and His covenant with Israel. By offering kindness, the spies mirror God's grace, which is extended to all who align themselves with His purposes. This act of kindness foreshadows the redemptive work of Christ, who offers salvation to those who seek Him.

So he showed them
The phrase indicates an act of revealing or disclosing information. In the Hebrew context, the word for "showed" can be linked to the idea of guidance or instruction. This act of showing is significant as it demonstrates a pivotal moment of trust and betrayal. The man who showed the entrance was likely motivated by self-preservation, a common human instinct. This reflects the broader theme of Judges, where individuals often act out of personal interest rather than communal or divine loyalty.

the entrance to the city
The entrance to a city in ancient times was not just a physical gateway but a symbol of access and control. Cities were fortified, and knowing the entrance was crucial for any military conquest. Archaeologically, city gates were often complex structures with defensive features. Spiritually, this entrance can be seen as a metaphor for the choices and decisions that lead to either destruction or salvation. The entrance represents the threshold between safety and vulnerability.

and they put the city to the sword
This phrase is a vivid depiction of the complete destruction that befell the city. The Hebrew root for "put to the sword" implies a thorough and decisive action, often used in the context of divine judgment. Historically, such conquests were common in the ancient Near East, where cities were often razed as a demonstration of power and dominance. From a theological perspective, this act can be seen as a fulfillment of divine justice, where the Israelites were executing God's judgment on the Canaanite cities.

but released that man and all his family
The release of the man and his family highlights a theme of mercy amidst judgment. The Hebrew concept of "release" here suggests a deliberate sparing or saving. This act of mercy is reminiscent of the account of Rahab in Joshua 2, where a similar act of kindness is shown to those who assist God's people. It underscores the biblical principle that God honors those who align themselves with His purposes, even in the midst of widespread judgment. This release serves as a reminder of God's grace and the possibility of redemption for those who choose to support His people.

And the man went
This phrase indicates a deliberate action taken by the man who had been spared by the Israelites. The Hebrew word for "went" is "yalak," which often implies a purposeful journey or mission. In the context of Judges, this action signifies a turning point, as the man leaves his current circumstances to establish a new beginning. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God using individuals' choices to fulfill His divine purposes, even when those choices seem to diverge from His people's immediate goals.

to the land of the Hittites
The Hittites were an ancient people known for their powerful empire in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey). The mention of the Hittites here suggests a significant geographical and cultural shift. Historically, the Hittites were known for their advanced civilization and influence in the ancient Near East. This reference highlights the interconnectedness of ancient peoples and the spread of cultures and ideas. It also underscores the biblical narrative of God's sovereignty over all nations, not just Israel.

where he built a city
Building a city signifies establishing a permanent settlement and creating a legacy. The Hebrew word for "built" is "banah," which conveys the idea of constructing something lasting and significant. In biblical times, cities were centers of culture, commerce, and security. This act of building a city reflects the man's desire to create a new identity and community, which aligns with the biblical theme of restoration and new beginnings.

and called it Luz
Naming a city was an act of authority and identity. The name "Luz" is significant because it connects to the earlier biblical narrative in Genesis, where Jacob named a place Luz before renaming it Bethel after his encounter with God. The preservation of the name Luz suggests continuity and remembrance of past events. It serves as a reminder of God's ongoing presence and the fulfillment of His promises throughout history.

which is its name to this day
This phrase emphasizes the enduring nature of the city's name and existence. The use of "to this day" is a common biblical expression that underscores the historical reliability and continuity of the biblical narrative. It serves as a testament to the lasting impact of the man's actions and God's providence in preserving the memory of events and places. This enduring legacy is a reminder of the eternal nature of God's plans and the importance of faithfulness across generations.

At that time
This phrase sets the historical context, indicating a specific period during the early settlement of the Israelites in Canaan. The time referred to is after the death of Joshua, when the tribes of Israel were responsible for completing the conquest of the Promised Land. Historically, this was a period of transition and challenge for the Israelites, as they moved from a nomadic lifestyle to settling in a land with established cities and cultures.

Manasseh
Manasseh was one of the tribes of Israel, named after one of Joseph's sons. The tribe was allotted a significant portion of land on both sides of the Jordan River. The mention of Manasseh here highlights the responsibility of each tribe to conquer and settle their designated territories. The tribe's failure to fully drive out the inhabitants reflects a broader theme in Judges of incomplete obedience to God's commands.

failed to drive out
The Hebrew root for "failed" (לוֹא יָכְלוּ, lo yaklu) implies an inability or lack of strength. This failure was not just a military shortcoming but also a spiritual one, as God had commanded the Israelites to completely remove the Canaanite presence to avoid idolatry and cultural assimilation. This phrase underscores the recurring theme of partial obedience and its consequences.

the inhabitants of Beth-shean, Taanach, Dor, Ibleam, Megiddo
These cities were significant Canaanite strongholds in the region. Archaeological evidence suggests they were well-fortified and strategically located, making them difficult to conquer. Each city had its own cultural and religious practices, which posed a threat to the spiritual purity of the Israelites. The mention of these cities serves as a reminder of the tangible challenges the Israelites faced in fulfilling God's command.

and their surrounding settlements
This phrase indicates that the influence of these Canaanite cities extended beyond their immediate boundaries, affecting the surrounding areas. The presence of Canaanite culture and religion in these settlements would have been a constant temptation and challenge to the Israelites' faithfulness to God.

because the Canaanites were determined to dwell in that land
The determination of the Canaanites (Hebrew: יָשַׁב, yashav) to remain in the land highlights their resistance and the spiritual warfare involved in the conquest. This determination was not just a physical resistance but also a spiritual one, as the Canaanites were deeply entrenched in their idolatrous practices. The Israelites' failure to overcome this resistance reflects a lack of reliance on God's power and promises.

When Israel became stronger
This phrase marks a significant moment in the history of Israel, reflecting a period when the Israelites gained sufficient strength and stability in the Promised Land. The Hebrew root for "became stronger" is "chazaq," which implies not just physical strength but also courage and determination. Historically, this strength was not merely military but also spiritual, as the Israelites were called to rely on God’s promises and guidance. This moment is a reminder of the importance of spiritual fortitude and reliance on God’s strength in overcoming challenges.

they pressed the Canaanites into forced labor
The phrase "pressed... into forced labor" indicates a shift in the Israelites' approach to the Canaanites. Instead of completely driving them out as God had commanded, they chose to subjugate them. The Hebrew word "mas" refers to a levy or tribute, often implying a form of servitude or taxation. This decision reflects a compromise that would later lead to spiritual and moral challenges for Israel, as the presence of the Canaanites and their practices would become a snare. It serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of partial obedience and the temptation to prioritize economic or pragmatic benefits over complete faithfulness to God’s commands.

but they never drove them out completely
This phrase highlights a critical failure in Israel's conquest of the land. The Hebrew word "yarash" means to possess or inherit, and the failure to "drive them out completely" signifies a lack of full possession of the land as God intended. This incomplete obedience had long-term consequences, as the remaining Canaanites influenced Israel with their idolatrous practices. It underscores the importance of wholehearted obedience to God’s instructions and the dangers of allowing even a small foothold for sin or compromise in our lives. The historical context reveals that this failure set the stage for recurring cycles of sin and repentance throughout Israel's history, emphasizing the need for vigilance and commitment in our spiritual journey.

Ephraim
The tribe of Ephraim, one of the prominent tribes of Israel, descended from Joseph's son Ephraim. This tribe held a significant position in the northern kingdom of Israel. The name "Ephraim" itself means "fruitful," reflecting the tribe's expected role in the Promised Land. However, their failure here marks a contrast to their potential, reminding us of the importance of obedience and faithfulness to God's commands.

failed to drive out
The Hebrew root for "failed" here implies a lack of completion or success. This phrase highlights a recurring theme in Judges: the Israelites' incomplete obedience. The failure to fully obey God's command to drive out the inhabitants of the land led to spiritual and cultural compromise. It serves as a cautionary tale about the consequences of partial obedience and the importance of fully trusting in God's power to overcome obstacles.

the Canaanites
The Canaanites were the original inhabitants of the land promised to the Israelites. They were known for their idolatrous practices and moral corruption, which God had commanded Israel to avoid. The presence of the Canaanites among the Israelites became a source of temptation and led to the Israelites adopting pagan practices, illustrating the dangers of allowing ungodly influences to persist in one's life.

living in Gezer
Gezer was a significant Canaanite city located in the Shephelah, a region of lowlands in ancient Israel. Archaeological excavations have uncovered evidence of Canaanite and later Israelite occupation, confirming the biblical narrative. The city's strategic location made it a valuable asset, yet Ephraim's inability to secure it reflects a missed opportunity to establish a stronghold for God's people.

so the Canaanites continued to dwell among them
This phrase underscores the long-term consequences of Ephraim's failure. The continued presence of the Canaanites among the Israelites led to cultural assimilation and spiritual decline. It serves as a reminder of the importance of spiritual vigilance and the need to remove influences that can lead us away from God's path.

in Gezer
The repetition of "Gezer" emphasizes the specific location of this failure. It acts as a geographical marker of disobedience, reminding us that our spiritual battles often have tangible, real-world implications. The mention of Gezer calls believers to reflect on the "Gezers" in their own lives—areas where compromise has been allowed to persist—and to seek God's strength to overcome them.

Zebulun
The tribe of Zebulun, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, was named after the sixth son of Jacob and Leah. In the Hebrew context, Zebulun means "dwelling" or "habitation," reflecting the tribe's role in settling the land. Historically, Zebulun was allotted a region in the northern part of Canaan, which was fertile and strategically located. The failure of Zebulun to fully possess their inheritance is a recurring theme in the Book of Judges, symbolizing a lack of faith and obedience to God's command.

failed to drive out
The Hebrew root for "failed" (לוֹא יָרֵשׁ, lo yarash) implies not just a lack of success but a failure to act decisively. This phrase highlights a significant spiritual and moral shortcoming. The Israelites were commanded by God to completely drive out the inhabitants of the land (Deuteronomy 7:1-2), but Zebulun's failure reflects a compromise with sin and disobedience to divine instruction. This serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of incomplete obedience.

the residents of Kitron
Kitron is mentioned only here in the Bible, and its exact location remains uncertain. However, it is understood to be a Canaanite city within Zebulun's territory. The presence of Kitron's residents signifies the persistence of pagan influences and idolatry within the land, which posed a constant threat to the spiritual purity and covenantal faithfulness of the Israelites.

or the people of Nahalol
Similar to Kitron, Nahalol is another Canaanite settlement within Zebulun's borders. The name Nahalol may derive from a root meaning "pasture" or "valley," suggesting a fertile area. The continued presence of these people indicates a failure to fully claim God's promises and a tolerance of foreign practices that could lead Israel astray.

so the Canaanites lived among them
This phrase underscores the coexistence of the Israelites with the Canaanites, which was contrary to God's command. The Hebrew word for "lived" (יָשַׁב, yashav) implies settling down and dwelling together, which often led to cultural and religious assimilation. This coexistence resulted in the Israelites adopting Canaanite customs and worship, leading to spiritual decline.

and served as forced labor
The imposition of forced labor (מַס, mas) on the Canaanites reflects a pragmatic compromise. Instead of eliminating the threat, the Israelites chose to exploit it for economic gain. This decision reveals a short-sighted reliance on human wisdom rather than divine guidance. While it may have seemed beneficial in the short term, it ultimately led to greater spiritual and moral challenges for Israel.

Asher failed to drive out
The tribe of Asher, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, was allotted a portion of the Promised Land. The Hebrew root for "failed" (לוֹא יָרַשׁ, lo yarash) implies a lack of possession or inheritance. This phrase highlights a recurring theme in Judges: the Israelites' incomplete obedience to God's command to fully possess the land. Historically, this failure led to the coexistence with pagan cultures, which often resulted in Israel adopting idolatrous practices. The spiritual lesson here is the importance of complete obedience to God’s commands to avoid spiritual compromise.

the residents of Acco
Acco, known today as Acre, was a significant Canaanite city located on the northern coast of Israel. Archaeological evidence suggests it was a fortified city with a strong maritime culture. The inability of Asher to drive out the residents of Acco indicates the strength and resilience of the Canaanite inhabitants. Spiritually, this can be seen as a metaphor for the strongholds in our lives that require divine intervention to overcome.

or of Sidon
Sidon was a major Phoenician city, known for its wealth and trade. The Hebrew name צִידוֹן (Tzidon) reflects its historical significance as a center of commerce and idolatry. The mention of Sidon underscores the challenge Israel faced in dealing with powerful, established cities. From a spiritual perspective, it serves as a reminder of the dangers of allowing worldly influences to persist in our lives.

or Ahlab
Ahlab is less well-known, with limited archaeological evidence. Its mention signifies the smaller, yet still significant, areas that Asher failed to conquer. This can be seen as a reminder that even seemingly minor areas of disobedience can have significant spiritual consequences.

Achzib
Achzib, another coastal city, is mentioned in other biblical texts as a place of deception (Micah 1:14). The Hebrew root עַכְזִיב (Akziv) means "deceptive" or "disappointing." This city’s name serves as a symbolic warning of the deceitfulness of sin and the disappointment that comes from failing to fully trust and obey God.

Helbah
Helbah is not well-documented archaeologically, but its inclusion in this list emphasizes the comprehensive nature of Asher's failure. Spiritually, it suggests that no area of our lives should be left unconquered by God’s truth and righteousness.

Aphik
Aphik, meaning "fortress" in Hebrew, was a strategic location. The failure to drive out its inhabitants indicates a missed opportunity to secure a stronghold for God’s people. This serves as a spiritual lesson on the importance of establishing strongholds of faith in our lives.

or Rehob
Rehob, meaning "broad" or "spacious," was another significant city. The failure to conquer Rehob symbolizes the broad and spacious path that leads away from God’s will. It serves as a caution against taking the easy path of compromise rather than the narrow path of obedience.

So the Asherites
The Asherites refer to the descendants of Asher, one of the twelve tribes of Israel. Asher was the eighth son of Jacob, born to Zilpah, Leah's maidservant. The tribe of Asher was allotted a portion of land in the northern part of Canaan, which was known for its fertile soil and abundance. Historically, the tribe of Asher was known for its prosperity and agricultural wealth, as prophesied by Jacob in Genesis 49:20. However, their prosperity may have contributed to their complacency in fully obeying God's command to drive out the Canaanites.

lived among
The phrase "lived among" indicates a coexistence or mingling with the Canaanite inhabitants. This suggests a failure to fully separate from the pagan influences that God had commanded the Israelites to eradicate. The Hebrew root word here is "yashab," which means to dwell or settle. This implies a level of comfort and acceptance of the Canaanite presence, which would later lead to spiritual and cultural compromises.

the Canaanite inhabitants of the land
The Canaanites were the original inhabitants of the land of Canaan, a region that God had promised to the descendants of Abraham. They were known for their idolatrous practices and morally corrupt culture, which were in direct opposition to the laws and commandments given to the Israelites. The presence of the Canaanites posed a significant threat to the spiritual purity and distinctiveness of the Israelite community.

because they did not drive them out
This phrase highlights the disobedience of the Asherites in failing to fulfill God's command to completely drive out the Canaanites from the land. The Hebrew word for "drive out" is "yarash," which means to dispossess or expel. This failure to act in accordance with God's instructions resulted in the Israelites being influenced by the Canaanite culture and religious practices, leading to a cycle of sin and judgment throughout the book of Judges. The Asherites' inability or unwillingness to drive out the Canaanites serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of partial obedience and the consequences of allowing ungodly influences to remain in one's life.

Naphtali
The tribe of Naphtali, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, descended from Naphtali, the sixth son of Jacob and second son of Bilhah, Rachel's maidservant. This tribe was allotted a region in the northern part of Canaan, a land rich in resources and strategically significant. The failure of Naphtali to fully conquer their territory reflects a recurring theme in the Book of Judges, where the Israelites struggle to fully claim the Promised Land due to incomplete obedience to God's commands.

failed to drive out
The Hebrew root for "failed" here is "lo yarash," which implies not just a lack of success but a failure to take possession or inherit. This phrase highlights a spiritual and physical shortcoming. The Israelites were commanded by God to completely drive out the inhabitants of the land to avoid being influenced by their idolatrous practices. This failure to fully obey God's command led to significant consequences, as the remaining Canaanites would become a snare to the Israelites, leading them into idolatry and sin.

the residents of Beth-shemesh
Beth-shemesh, meaning "house of the sun," was a city associated with sun worship, a common Canaanite practice. The presence of such a city within Israel's borders posed a direct threat to the worship of Yahweh, as it represented the pagan influences that God had warned against. Archaeological findings in the region have uncovered evidence of Canaanite religious practices, underscoring the cultural and spiritual challenges faced by the Israelites.

or the residents of Beth-anath
Beth-anath, meaning "house of Anath," refers to a city named after the Canaanite goddess Anath, a deity of war and fertility. The mention of this city further emphasizes the spiritual danger posed by the Canaanites. The Israelites' failure to remove these influences would lead to syncretism, where the worship of Yahweh was mixed with pagan practices, diluting the purity of their faith.

so the Canaanites lived among them
This phrase indicates a coexistence that was contrary to God's command. The Hebrew word "yashab" suggests a settled, enduring presence. The Canaanites' continued presence among the Israelites led to cultural and religious assimilation, which would eventually result in Israel's spiritual decline. This coexistence is a cautionary tale about the dangers of compromising with the world and failing to uphold God's standards.

and were forced into labor
Instead of driving out the Canaanites, the Israelites subjected them to forced labor. This decision reflects a pragmatic approach rather than a faithful one. While it may have seemed beneficial economically, it was a direct disobedience to God's command to completely remove the Canaanite influence. This compromise illustrates the Israelites' reliance on their own understanding rather than trusting in God's provision and protection.

The Amorites
The Amorites were one of the many Canaanite tribes inhabiting the Promised Land before the arrival of the Israelites. Historically, they were known as fierce warriors and were often associated with mountainous regions. The name "Amorite" is derived from the Hebrew root "amar," meaning "to speak" or "to say," which may imply their reputation or influence in the region. In the biblical narrative, the Amorites symbolize the persistent challenges and spiritual battles that God's people face in their journey of faith. Their presence in the land serves as a reminder of the ongoing struggle between the forces of God and the forces of the world.

forced
The Hebrew word used here is "לחץ" (lachats), which conveys a sense of pressure, oppression, or squeezing. This term indicates not just a physical displacement but also an exertion of power and control. The Amorites' action of forcing the Danites into the hill country reflects the spiritual and physical pressures that believers often encounter. It serves as a metaphor for the trials and tribulations that can push us into places of discomfort, yet also into places where we might rely more fully on God's strength and provision.

the Danites
The tribe of Dan was one of the twelve tribes of Israel, descended from Dan, the son of Jacob and Bilhah. Historically, the Danites were known for their struggles in securing their allotted inheritance in the Promised Land. The mention of the Danites here highlights the challenges faced by God's people in claiming the promises given to them. It serves as a reminder of the importance of faithfulness and perseverance in the face of opposition and adversity.

into the hill country
The hill country represents a place of refuge and safety, but also of isolation and difficulty. In biblical times, hill countries were often seen as places of defense against enemies, yet they also posed challenges for agriculture and settlement. Spiritually, being forced into the hill country can symbolize times when God leads us into places of solitude and testing, where our faith is refined and strengthened. It is in these elevated places that we can gain a clearer perspective of God's purposes and promises.

and did not allow them to come down into the plain
The plains were typically fertile and desirable for settlement and agriculture. The Amorites' refusal to allow the Danites to settle in the plains signifies the ongoing struggle for God's people to fully enter into the abundance and rest that God has promised. This phrase serves as a metaphor for the spiritual battles that prevent believers from experiencing the fullness of God's blessings. It challenges us to trust in God's timing and sovereignty, knowing that He will ultimately lead us into the land of promise and peace.

And the Amorites
The Amorites were one of the prominent Canaanite tribes inhabiting the land before the Israelites. Their name is derived from the Hebrew root "Amor," meaning "to speak" or "to say," possibly indicating their reputation or influence. Historically, the Amorites were known for their fortified cities and warrior culture, often opposing Israel's settlement in the Promised Land. Their presence in the narrative underscores the ongoing struggle between the Israelites and the indigenous peoples of Canaan.

were determined to dwell
The phrase "were determined" suggests a strong resolve or stubbornness. The Hebrew root "ya'al" conveys a sense of willingness or intent, indicating that the Amorites were not merely residing but were resolute in maintaining their presence. This determination reflects the spiritual and physical resistance the Israelites faced in claiming their God-given inheritance, symbolizing the persistent challenges believers encounter in their spiritual journey.

in Mount Heres, in Aijalon, and in Shaalbim
These locations are significant in the tribal allotments of Israel. Mount Heres, meaning "mountain of the sun," may indicate a place of pagan worship or strategic importance. Aijalon, a valley region, was a site of several biblical battles, symbolizing conflict and divine intervention. Shaalbim, meaning "place of foxes," suggests a region of cunning and survival. Together, these locations represent the diverse and challenging terrain the Israelites had to navigate, both physically and spiritually.

But when the hand of the house of Joseph grew stronger
The "hand" symbolizes power and authority. The "house of Joseph" refers to the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, descendants of Joseph, who were blessed with strength and prosperity. The phrase indicates a shift in power dynamics, where the Israelites, through divine favor and perseverance, began to assert control. This reflects the biblical theme of God's faithfulness in empowering His people to overcome obstacles and fulfill His promises.

they were put to forced labor
The imposition of "forced labor" on the Amorites signifies a partial victory for the Israelites. While they did not fully drive out the Amorites, they subdued them, reflecting a compromise in obedience to God's command to completely possess the land. This outcome serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of incomplete obedience and the consequences of allowing remnants of sin or opposition to persist in one's life. It highlights the need for total reliance on God's strength to achieve true spiritual victory.

And the border of the Amorites
The term "Amorites" refers to a group of ancient people frequently mentioned in the Old Testament. The Hebrew root for "Amorites" is "אֱמֹרִי" (Emori), which is often associated with the inhabitants of the hill country. Historically, the Amorites were known as a powerful and influential group in the ancient Near East, often seen as adversaries to the Israelites. Their presence in the land represents the ongoing struggle between the Israelites and the native Canaanite tribes. The "border" signifies the territorial limits, indicating the extent of Amorite influence and control, which the Israelites were commanded to overcome as part of God's promise to give them the land.

extended from the Ascent of Akrabbim
The "Ascent of Akrabbim" is a geographical location mentioned several times in the Bible, notably as a boundary marker. The Hebrew word "Akrabbim" translates to "scorpions," suggesting a rugged, perhaps dangerous terrain. This ascent is believed to be located in the southern part of the land, near the Negev desert. The mention of this ascent as a border highlights the challenging and often hostile environment the Israelites faced in their conquest of the Promised Land. It serves as a reminder of the perseverance required to fulfill God's commands and the obstacles that must be overcome in faith.

to Sela
"Sela" is a Hebrew word meaning "rock" or "cliff," and it is often associated with a place of refuge or strength. In this context, Sela likely refers to a specific location, possibly in the region of Edom, known for its rocky terrain. The use of "Sela" as a boundary marker emphasizes the natural fortifications that defined the territories of ancient peoples. Spiritually, it can symbolize the strength and protection found in God, who is often referred to as a "rock" in the Psalms, providing a place of safety and security for His people.

and beyond
The phrase "and beyond" suggests that the Amorite territory extended even further than the specified landmarks. This indicates the vastness and influence of the Amorite presence in the region. For the Israelites, this would have represented the daunting task of conquering a well-established and expansive enemy. From a spiritual perspective, it serves as a metaphor for the boundless nature of God's promises and the limitless potential of His plans for those who trust and obey Him. The call to go "beyond" challenges believers to step out in faith, trusting in God's provision and guidance as they pursue His purposes.