Then Moses went up
The phrase "Then Moses went up" signifies a pivotal moment in the narrative of Moses' life. The Hebrew root for "went up" is "עָלָה" (alah), which often implies an ascent not just physically but spiritually. This ascent marks the culmination of Moses' leadership journey, symbolizing his obedience and faithfulness to God's command. It is a moment of transition, as Moses prepares to see the Promised Land, a land he has led the Israelites towards for forty years.

from the plains of Moab
The "plains of Moab" were located east of the Jordan River, a region that served as a final encampment for the Israelites before entering Canaan. Historically, Moab was a land with a complex relationship with Israel, often marked by conflict and interaction. The plains represent a place of preparation and reflection for Moses and the Israelites, a threshold between the wilderness wanderings and the promise of a new beginning.

to Mount Nebo
Mount Nebo is a significant geographical and spiritual landmark. In Hebrew, "נְבוֹ" (Nebo) is associated with prophecy and divine revelation. This mountain is traditionally identified with a peak in the Abarim range, offering a panoramic view of the Promised Land. For Moses, ascending Mount Nebo is both a literal and metaphorical journey, as he reaches the height of his prophetic mission.

to the top of Pisgah
The "top of Pisgah" refers to a specific summit or ridge. The term "Pisgah" (פִּסְגָּה) in Hebrew can mean "summit" or "cleft," indicating a place of vantage. This location is where Moses receives a divine vision of the land promised to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. It is a place of revelation and fulfillment, where God's promises are visually affirmed to Moses.

which faces Jericho
Jericho, one of the oldest inhabited cities, is situated in the Jordan Valley. The phrase "which faces Jericho" highlights the strategic and symbolic importance of this city as the first major conquest in the Promised Land. Jericho represents the beginning of Israel's inheritance, a tangible sign of God's faithfulness and the fulfillment of His covenant.

And there the LORD showed him
The act of the LORD showing Moses the land is a divine revelation. The Hebrew verb "רָאָה" (ra'ah) implies not just seeing but perceiving with understanding. This moment is a testament to God's grace, allowing Moses to witness the fruition of his life's work, even though he would not enter the land himself. It underscores the intimate relationship between Moses and God, characterized by direct communication and revelation.

all the land—from Gilead as far as Dan
The description "all the land—from Gilead as far as Dan" encompasses the breadth of the Promised Land. Gilead, known for its balm, represents healing and provision, while Dan, located in the northernmost part of Israel, signifies the extent of the land's promise. This comprehensive view symbolizes the vastness of God's promise and the richness of the inheritance awaiting the Israelites. It is a vision of hope and fulfillment, a reminder of God's unwavering faithfulness to His people.

all Naphtali
The mention of Naphtali refers to one of the tribes of Israel, descended from Naphtali, the son of Jacob and Bilhah. In the Hebrew context, "Naphtali" (נַפְתָּלִי) signifies "my struggle" or "wrestling," reflecting the struggles and triumphs of this tribe throughout Israel's history. The land of Naphtali was located in the northern part of Israel, known for its fertile land and strategic location. This phrase highlights God's promise to the descendants of Jacob, showcasing the fulfillment of His covenant with the patriarchs.

the land of Ephraim and Manasseh
Ephraim and Manasseh were the sons of Joseph, and their inheritance was significant in the Promised Land. The Hebrew names "Ephraim" (אֶפְרָיִם) and "Manasseh" (מְנַשֶּׁה) mean "fruitful" and "causing to forget," respectively. These names reflect the blessings and challenges faced by these tribes. Ephraim became a dominant tribe in the northern kingdom, while Manasseh's territory was vast, spanning both sides of the Jordan River. This phrase underscores the continuity of God's blessings from Joseph to his sons, emphasizing the faithfulness of God in fulfilling His promises to the tribes of Israel.

all the land of Judah
Judah, meaning "praise" in Hebrew (יְהוּדָה), was the tribe from which King David and ultimately Jesus Christ descended. The land of Judah was central to Israel's history, encompassing Jerusalem, the spiritual and political heart of the nation. This phrase signifies the importance of Judah in God's redemptive plan, highlighting the tribe's role in the lineage of the Messiah and the establishment of God's kingdom on earth.

as far as the Western Sea
The "Western Sea" refers to the Mediterranean Sea, which marked the western boundary of the Promised Land. In Hebrew, the term "yam" (יָם) is used for "sea," symbolizing vastness and boundary. This phrase indicates the extent of the land God promised to the Israelites, from the eastern desert to the western sea, showcasing the breadth of God's provision and the fulfillment of His promise to Abraham regarding the land his descendants would inherit.

the Negev
The term "Negev" comes from the Hebrew root "נֶגֶב" (negev), meaning "dry" or "south." This region is a vast desert area in southern Israel, characterized by its arid climate and sparse vegetation. Historically, the Negev was a significant area for the Israelites, representing both a physical and spiritual journey. It was a place of testing and reliance on God, as the Israelites wandered through the wilderness. The Negev's harsh environment serves as a metaphor for the trials and purification that believers may experience in their spiritual walk, reminding us of the need for faith and perseverance.

and the whole region from the Valley of Jericho
The "Valley of Jericho" refers to the fertile area surrounding the ancient city of Jericho, one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world. Jericho, known as the "City of Palms," was a significant location in Israel's history, marking the first major conquest in the Promised Land under Joshua's leadership. The valley's lushness contrasts with the surrounding desert, symbolizing God's provision and the abundance that comes from obedience to His commands. This phrase highlights the transition from wilderness wandering to the fulfillment of God's promises, encouraging believers to trust in God's timing and faithfulness.

the City of Palms
Jericho is referred to as the "City of Palms" due to its abundant palm trees, which thrived in the oasis-like environment. Palms are often associated with victory and triumph in biblical symbolism, as seen in the use of palm branches during Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem. This imagery reinforces the idea of Jericho as a place of victory for the Israelites, where God's power was demonstrated in the miraculous fall of the city's walls. For Christians, the "City of Palms" serves as a reminder of the ultimate victory we have in Christ, who leads us in triumph over sin and death.

as far as Zoar
Zoar, meaning "small" or "insignificant" in Hebrew, was a city located near the Dead Sea. It is historically significant as the place where Lot fled during the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. Zoar's mention in this verse marks the southern boundary of the land God showed Moses, encompassing the full extent of the Promised Land. This reference to Zoar underscores God's comprehensive promise to His people, from the smallest to the greatest, and His attention to detail in fulfilling His covenant. It serves as an encouragement to believers that no promise of God is too small or insignificant, and His plans encompass every aspect of our lives.

And the LORD said to him
This phrase introduces a direct communication from God to Moses, emphasizing the personal relationship and direct revelation that Moses experienced. The Hebrew word for "LORD" is "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God, highlighting His covenantal faithfulness. This divine communication underscores the unique role of Moses as a prophet and leader who spoke with God "face to face" (Exodus 33:11).

This is the land
The "land" refers to Canaan, the Promised Land, a central theme in the Pentateuch. It symbolizes God's promise and faithfulness to His people. The Hebrew word for "land" is "eretz," which can mean earth, land, or territory, indicating a specific, tangible inheritance promised to the Israelites.

I swore to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob
This phrase recalls the Abrahamic Covenant, a foundational promise in the Hebrew Scriptures. The verb "swore" (Hebrew "shaba") signifies a solemn oath, reflecting God's unchanging commitment. Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are the patriarchs, and this reference roots the promise in historical continuity and divine faithfulness across generations.

when I said, ‘I will give it to your descendants.’
God's promise to give the land to the descendants of the patriarchs is a recurring theme in Genesis. The Hebrew word for "descendants" is "zera," meaning seed or offspring, indicating both physical and spiritual lineage. This promise is a testament to God's providence and the unfolding of His redemptive plan through Israel.

I have let you see it with your own eyes
Moses is granted a vision of the Promised Land, a profound moment of both fulfillment and limitation. The phrase "with your own eyes" emphasizes personal experience and divine revelation. It reflects God's grace in allowing Moses to witness the promise, even though he would not enter it.

but you will not cross into it
This statement is a poignant reminder of Moses' earlier disobedience (Numbers 20:12). The Hebrew word for "cross" is "abar," meaning to pass over or go through. This limitation serves as a sobering lesson on the consequences of disobedience, even for a leader as great as Moses. It underscores the holiness and justice of God, while also pointing to the need for a greater mediator, ultimately fulfilled in Christ.

So Moses
The name "Moses" is derived from the Hebrew "Mosheh," which is believed to mean "drawn out," reflecting his miraculous rescue from the Nile River as an infant. Moses is a central figure in the Old Testament, chosen by God to lead the Israelites out of Egyptian bondage. His life is a testament to faith, obedience, and leadership under divine guidance. His journey from the palace of Pharaoh to the wilderness of Sinai and finally to the edge of the Promised Land is a powerful narrative of God's providence and purpose.

the servant of the LORD
This phrase underscores Moses' role and identity as a devoted follower and instrument of God's will. The Hebrew word for "servant" is "eved," which implies not just servitude but also honor and responsibility. Moses' life exemplifies the highest calling of servanthood, marked by humility and unwavering dedication to God's commands. His relationship with God was intimate and unique, as he spoke with God "face to face" (Exodus 33:11), setting a standard for spiritual leadership and faithfulness.

died there in the land of Moab
The land of Moab, located east of the Jordan River, was the final earthly destination for Moses. This location is significant as it represents the threshold of the Promised Land, which Moses was allowed to see but not enter. The mention of Moab highlights the fulfillment of God's promise and the transition of leadership to Joshua. It also serves as a reminder of the consequences of disobedience, as Moses was barred from entering Canaan due to an earlier transgression (Numbers 20:12).

as the LORD had said
This phrase emphasizes the sovereignty and faithfulness of God in fulfilling His word. The Hebrew term for "said" is "dabar," which conveys not only speech but also the power and authority behind God's declarations. God's pronouncements are certain and unchangeable, and Moses' death in Moab was in accordance with divine decree. This serves as a reminder of the importance of trusting in God's plan and timing, even when it diverges from human expectations.

And He buried him
This phrase refers to God Himself burying Moses, which is a unique and profound act. The Hebrew verb used here is "קָבַר" (qābar), meaning to bury. This act signifies the intimate relationship between God and Moses, highlighting Moses' unique role as a servant of God. In the ancient Near Eastern context, burial was a significant act, often performed by family members. Here, God takes on this role, underscoring Moses' importance and the divine approval of his life and leadership.

in a valley
The Hebrew word for "valley" is "בְּגַיְא" (bəgay’), which can also mean a ravine or gorge. This location is significant because it is hidden and secluded, emphasizing the mystery surrounding Moses' burial. Valleys in biblical times were often places of refuge and seclusion, symbolizing a final resting place away from the eyes of men, which aligns with the divine intention to keep Moses' burial site unknown.

in the land of Moab
Moab was a region east of the Jordan River, often associated with Israel's journey to the Promised Land. The Moabites were descendants of Lot, and their land was a place of both conflict and refuge for the Israelites. Moses' burial in Moab signifies the end of his journey and leadership just outside the Promised Land, symbolizing the transition of leadership to Joshua and the continuation of God's promises to Israel.

opposite Beth-peor
Beth-peor was a location associated with the worship of the Moabite god Peor. The mention of this place serves as a geographical marker, but it also contrasts the faithfulness of Moses with the idolatry that Israel was to avoid. It serves as a reminder of the spiritual battles Israel faced and the need for faithfulness to God.

but to this day
This phrase indicates the time of the writing of Deuteronomy, suggesting that the location of Moses' grave remained unknown for generations. It emphasizes the enduring mystery and the respect for God's decision to keep the site hidden, preventing it from becoming a place of idolatry or pilgrimage.

no one knows
The Hebrew phrase "לֹא־יָדַע אִישׁ" (lo-yada ish) underscores the complete secrecy surrounding the burial site. This secrecy serves to focus the Israelites' attention on God's ongoing presence and leadership rather than on a physical location or relic.

his burial place
The term "קְבוּרָתוֹ" (qəburato) refers to the grave or burial site. In the ancient world, burial places were often significant, marking family heritage and legacy. The absence of a known burial site for Moses shifts the focus from earthly legacy to spiritual legacy, highlighting the importance of Moses' teachings and leadership rather than a physical monument.

Moses was a hundred and twenty years old
The age of Moses at his death is significant in the biblical narrative. In the Hebrew tradition, the number 120 symbolizes a full and complete life. Moses' lifespan is a testament to God's sustaining power and faithfulness. In Genesis 6:3, God declares that man's days shall be 120 years, which some interpret as a divine limit on human life. Moses reaching this age underscores his unique role as a servant of God, who lived a life of obedience and leadership. His age also reflects the fulfillment of a divinely ordained mission, having led the Israelites from Egypt to the brink of the Promised Land.

when he died
The death of Moses marks the end of an era for the Israelites. It is a pivotal moment in their history, as they transition from the wilderness wanderings to entering the Promised Land under Joshua's leadership. Moses' death is not just a physical end but a spiritual and leadership transition. The Hebrew word for "died" (מוּת, "muth") often implies a peaceful passing, suggesting that Moses' death was in accordance with God's will and timing. This moment is a reminder of the mortality of even the greatest leaders and the continuity of God's plan beyond any single individual.

yet his eyes were not weak
This phrase highlights the remarkable condition of Moses at the time of his death. In Hebrew, the word for "eyes" (עֵינַיִם, "einaim") often symbolizes insight and understanding. The fact that Moses' eyes were not weak suggests that he retained his spiritual vision and clarity of purpose until the end. It signifies that Moses remained a prophet and leader with undiminished perception, able to see God's promises and the future of Israel clearly. This serves as an inspiration for believers to maintain spiritual vision and clarity throughout their lives.

nor had his vitality diminished
The vitality of Moses, described in Hebrew as "לֵחָה" (leach), meaning moisture or freshness, indicates that he retained his physical and spiritual vigor. This phrase emphasizes that Moses was not only physically robust but also spiritually vibrant. His undiminished vitality is a testament to God's sustaining grace and the strength that comes from a life dedicated to God's service. It serves as an encouragement to believers that a life lived in obedience to God can be full and vigorous, regardless of age. Moses' enduring strength is a symbol of the eternal life and vigor promised to those who walk faithfully with God.

The Israelites grieved
The Hebrew root for "grieved" is "בָּכָה" (bakah), which means to weep or lament. This expression of sorrow is deeply rooted in the ancient Near Eastern tradition of mourning, which often involved public displays of grief. The Israelites' mourning for Moses reflects their deep respect and love for him as their leader and prophet. It also signifies the end of an era, as Moses was the one who led them out of Egypt and through the wilderness.

for Moses
Moses, whose name in Hebrew is "מֹשֶׁה" (Moshe), is one of the most significant figures in the Bible. He is revered as the lawgiver and the one who spoke with God face to face. His leadership and faithfulness to God's commands were instrumental in shaping the identity of the Israelites as God's chosen people. The mourning for Moses underscores his pivotal role and the void his passing would create.

in the plains of Moab
The "plains of Moab" refers to the region east of the Jordan River, opposite Jericho. This area was significant as it was the final encampment of the Israelites before entering the Promised Land. Historically, Moab was a land with a complex relationship with Israel, often marked by both conflict and kinship, as the Moabites were descendants of Lot, Abraham's nephew. The location highlights the transitional moment for the Israelites, poised to enter a new chapter in their history.

thirty days
The period of "thirty days" for mourning is significant in Jewish tradition, known as "shloshim." This time frame allowed the community to express their grief fully and begin the process of healing. It reflects a structured approach to mourning, acknowledging the depth of loss while also providing a boundary to ensure that life continues. This practice is rooted in the understanding that while grief is profound, it is also a part of the human experience that must be navigated with hope and faith.

until the time of weeping and mourning for Moses came to an end
The phrase "came to an end" indicates a completion of the mourning period, allowing the Israelites to transition from grief to action. The Hebrew concept of "קֵץ" (qets), meaning end or conclusion, suggests a divinely appointed time for all things. This transition is crucial as it prepares the Israelites to move forward under new leadership, with Joshua taking the mantle. It serves as a reminder that while mourning is necessary, God's plans continue, and His promises remain steadfast.

Now Joshua son of Nun
The name "Joshua" is derived from the Hebrew "Yehoshua," meaning "The LORD is salvation." This name is significant as it foreshadows the role Joshua will play in leading the Israelites into the Promised Land, a type of salvation and fulfillment of God's promises. Joshua, the son of Nun, is introduced here as a pivotal figure, emphasizing the continuity of leadership from Moses to Joshua. Historically, Joshua's lineage as the son of Nun places him within the tribe of Ephraim, one of the tribes of Israel, highlighting the fulfillment of God's promises to the descendants of Joseph.

was filled with the spirit of wisdom
The phrase "spirit of wisdom" in Hebrew is "ruach chokmah." The "spirit" (ruach) often denotes a divine influence or empowerment, suggesting that Joshua's wisdom is not merely human but divinely endowed. "Chokmah" (wisdom) in the Hebrew context implies not just knowledge but the practical application of God's truth in leadership and decision-making. This divine wisdom is essential for Joshua as he assumes the mantle of leadership, guiding the Israelites with discernment and understanding.

because Moses had laid his hands on him
The act of laying on of hands is a significant biblical practice, symbolizing the transfer of authority, blessing, or spiritual empowerment. In this context, Moses laying his hands on Joshua signifies the formal and divinely sanctioned transfer of leadership. This act is not only a physical gesture but a spiritual one, indicating God's approval and the continuity of His covenantal promises through Joshua. Historically, this practice underscores the importance of orderly succession and the passing on of spiritual authority within the community of God's people.

So the Israelites listened to him
The Israelites' response to Joshua's leadership is crucial. The verb "listened" implies obedience and respect for Joshua's authority, which is rooted in the recognition of God's hand upon him. This obedience is a testament to the Israelites' acknowledgment of God's chosen leader and their willingness to follow divine guidance. The historical context here reflects the Israelites' journey and their need for a strong, God-appointed leader to guide them into the fulfillment of God's promises.

and did what the LORD had commanded Moses
This phrase emphasizes the continuity of God's commandments and the faithfulness required of the Israelites. The commands given to Moses were not just for his time but were to be upheld by future generations. Joshua's leadership is validated by his adherence to these divine instructions, ensuring that the people remain aligned with God's will. This continuity underscores the unchanging nature of God's word and the importance of obedience to His commands as a community of faith. Historically, this reflects the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, where obedience leads to blessing and fulfillment of God's promises.

Since that time
This phrase sets a temporal marker, indicating a significant point in Israel's history. The Hebrew root for "time" here is "עֵת" (et), which often denotes a specific period or season. This suggests a demarcation in the narrative of Israel, highlighting the end of an era with Moses' death. Historically, this marks the transition from the wilderness wanderings to the conquest of Canaan under Joshua's leadership. It underscores the unique role Moses played in the formative years of the Israelite nation.

no prophet has arisen
The Hebrew word for "prophet" is "נָבִיא" (navi), which means one who is called or appointed to speak for God. This phrase emphasizes the unparalleled nature of Moses' prophetic ministry. In the context of Israel's history, prophets were God's mouthpieces, but Moses held a unique position as both leader and lawgiver. The phrase suggests a longing or expectation for a prophet of similar stature, which Christians believe is ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, as referenced in the New Testament (John 1:21, Acts 3:22).

in Israel
This locative phrase specifies the nation chosen by God to be His people. "Israel" (יִשְׂרָאֵל, Yisra'el) means "God prevails" or "he struggles with God," reflecting the nation's identity and relationship with God. The mention of Israel here underscores the covenant relationship established at Sinai, where Moses served as the mediator. It also highlights the national identity and unity under Moses' leadership, which was foundational for their understanding of themselves as God's chosen people.

like Moses
Moses is a central figure in the Hebrew Bible, and this comparison sets a high standard for prophetic ministry. The Hebrew name "מֹשֶׁה" (Moshe) is traditionally understood to mean "drawn out," referencing his rescue from the Nile. Moses' life, from his miraculous preservation as an infant to his leadership during the Exodus, exemplifies God's providence and power. His role as lawgiver, leader, and intercessor is unparalleled, making him a type of Christ in Christian theology, who is seen as the ultimate prophet, priest, and king.

whom the LORD knew
The Hebrew word for "knew" is "יָדַע" (yada), which implies an intimate, personal relationship. This phrase indicates a unique level of communication and fellowship between Moses and God. Unlike other prophets who received visions or dreams, Moses spoke with God directly. This intimacy is a testament to Moses' faithfulness and God's favor, setting a precedent for the kind of relationship believers can aspire to through Christ, who reconciles humanity to God.

face to face
This expression, "פָּנִים אֶל־פָּנִים" (panim el-panim), conveys direct, unmediated communication. In the ancient Near Eastern context, seeing a deity "face to face" was considered impossible or deadly, yet Moses experienced this divine encounter. It signifies the depth of Moses' relationship with God and his unique role as mediator of the covenant. For Christians, this foreshadows the New Covenant, where believers are invited into a personal relationship with God through Jesus, who is the ultimate revelation of God (John 1:18, 2 Corinthians 3:18).

in all the signs and wonders
This phrase refers to the miraculous acts performed by Moses, which were divine interventions demonstrating God's power and authority. The Hebrew words for "signs" (אוֹת, 'oth) and "wonders" (מוֹפֵת, mopheth) are often used together in the Old Testament to describe events that are beyond human capability, serving as evidence of God's presence and purpose. These acts were not just displays of power but were meant to communicate God's will and to authenticate Moses as His chosen leader. Historically, these signs and wonders were pivotal in the narrative of the Exodus, showcasing God's supremacy over the Egyptian gods and affirming His covenant with Israel.

the LORD sent him
This phrase emphasizes the divine commissioning of Moses. The Hebrew word for "sent" (שָׁלַח, shalach) indicates a purposeful mission. Moses was not acting on his own accord but was an emissary of Yahweh, the covenant-keeping God of Israel. This underscores the theme of divine authority and obedience, as Moses faithfully executed the tasks assigned to him by God. Theologically, it highlights the concept of divine calling and the importance of responding to God's direction in one's life.

to do against the land of Egypt
The phrase "against the land of Egypt" indicates the target of God's judgments. Egypt, in the biblical narrative, represents a place of oppression and idolatry. The plagues and miracles were direct challenges to the Egyptian pantheon and Pharaoh's perceived divinity. Historically, Egypt was a powerful empire, and these acts demonstrated that the God of Israel was superior to the gods of Egypt. This confrontation was not just a liberation of the Israelites but a declaration of God's sovereignty over all nations.

to Pharaoh and all his officials
Pharaoh, the ruler of Egypt, is a central figure in the Exodus story. The Hebrew term for "officials" (עֲבָדָיו, avadav) refers to Pharaoh's servants or ministers who were complicit in the oppression of the Israelites. The narrative portrays Pharaoh as a symbol of human pride and resistance to God's will. The repeated hardening of Pharaoh's heart serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of defying God. This phrase reminds readers of the personal and political dimensions of sin and the consequences of opposing God's plans.

and all his land
This phrase extends the scope of God's actions to the entire nation of Egypt. The plagues affected not just the people but the land itself, symbolizing a comprehensive judgment. Theologically, this reflects the biblical principle that sin has widespread repercussions, affecting not only individuals but also communities and creation. The devastation of Egypt serves as a backdrop for the deliverance of Israel, illustrating the transformative power of God's redemption. Historically, the impact on the land underscores the totality of God's intervention in human affairs.

and in all the mighty power
The phrase "mighty power" in Hebrew is "kol ha-yad ha-chazakah," which literally translates to "all the strong hand." This expression is often used in the Old Testament to describe the miraculous acts of God, particularly those that demonstrate His sovereignty and strength. In the context of Moses, it refers to the divine power that was evident in the miracles and signs performed during the Exodus, such as the parting of the Red Sea and the plagues in Egypt. These acts were not just displays of physical might but were manifestations of God's authority and covenantal faithfulness to Israel. The "mighty power" underscores the idea that Moses was a conduit of God's will, emphasizing the divine origin of his leadership and the supernatural nature of his mission.

and great terror
The Hebrew term for "great terror" is "u-mora ha-gadol," which can be understood as "great awe" or "fear." This phrase captures the reverence and fear that the miraculous acts inspired among the Israelites and their enemies. The "great terror" was not merely about fear of physical harm but a profound recognition of God's holiness and power. It reflects the biblical theme that the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10). In the narrative of Moses, this "great terror" served to affirm his role as God's chosen leader and to instill a sense of divine reverence among the people of Israel. It also acted as a deterrent to those who would oppose God's plans, demonstrating that His purposes would prevail.

Moses performed
The Hebrew verb "asah" is used here, meaning "to do" or "to make." This word emphasizes the active role of Moses in executing God's commands. While the power and terror were divine, Moses was the human agent through whom these acts were realized. This highlights the partnership between God and His chosen leaders, where human obedience and divine power work in tandem to accomplish God's purposes. Moses' performance of these acts was a testament to his faithfulness and his unique relationship with God, as he was entrusted with the responsibility of leading the Israelites and demonstrating God's power to them.

in the sight of all Israel
The phrase "in the sight of all Israel" underscores the public nature of Moses' actions. The miracles and signs were not done in secret but were witnessed by the entire nation. This public demonstration served multiple purposes: it validated Moses' leadership, reinforced the covenant between God and Israel, and provided a collective experience that would be remembered and recounted through generations. The visibility of these acts ensured that the people of Israel could not deny the reality of God's intervention and the authenticity of Moses' prophetic role. It also established a shared history and identity for the Israelites, rooted in the mighty acts of God witnessed by the entire community.