Josiah was eight years old when he became king
Josiah's ascension to the throne at such a young age highlights the vulnerability and potential for divine intervention in leadership. His father, Amon, was assassinated, leading to Josiah's early coronation. This reflects the instability in Judah's monarchy during this period. The young age of Josiah emphasizes the importance of guidance and mentorship, likely from figures like Hilkiah the priest. This situation parallels other young leaders in the Bible, such as Joash, who also became king at a young age (2 Kings 11:21). Josiah's reign is a testament to God's ability to use anyone, regardless of age, to fulfill His purposes.

and he reigned in Jerusalem
Jerusalem, the political and spiritual center of Judah, was the focal point of Josiah's reforms. His reign in this city underscores the significance of Jerusalem as the heart of Jewish worship and governance. The city housed the Temple, which Josiah would later purify and restore, aligning with the centralization of worship that Deuteronomy prescribes. Jerusalem's role as the capital is crucial, as it connects Josiah's reforms to the broader narrative of Israel's covenant relationship with God.

thirty-one years
Josiah's thirty-one-year reign was marked by significant religious reform and a return to the worship of Yahweh. This period allowed for substantial changes, including the repair of the Temple and the rediscovery of the Book of the Law. His reign is often seen as a final attempt to restore Judah before the Babylonian exile. The length of his reign provided stability and continuity, enabling the implementation of long-term religious and social reforms. Josiah's efforts are reminiscent of the reforms of Hezekiah, another king who sought to bring Judah back to the worship of the true God.

And he did what was right in the eyes of the LORD
This phrase highlights the moral and spiritual integrity of King Josiah, who reigned over Judah. Doing what is "right in the eyes of the LORD" implies adherence to God's commandments and a heart aligned with divine will. This is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, where the kings of Israel and Judah are often evaluated based on their faithfulness to God. Josiah's actions are contrasted with those of many of his predecessors who led the nation into idolatry and sin. His reign is marked by significant religious reforms, including the restoration of the temple and the re-establishment of the covenant, as seen in 2 Kings 22-23.

and walked in the ways of his father David
David is often considered the ideal king in the biblical narrative, a man after God's own heart (1 Samuel 13:14). By walking in David's ways, Josiah is associated with a legacy of faithfulness and devotion to God. This connection underscores the importance of Davidic lineage and covenant, which is central to the messianic hope in the Old Testament. Josiah's reforms and his commitment to the Law of Moses reflect David's own dedication to God, as seen in the Psalms and his efforts to establish Jerusalem as the spiritual center of Israel.

he did not turn aside to the right or to the left
This phrase signifies unwavering commitment and steadfastness in following God's commandments. It echoes the instructions given to Joshua in Joshua 1:7, where God commands him to be strong and courageous, not deviating from the law. This imagery of a straight path is used throughout scripture to describe a life of righteousness and obedience (Proverbs 4:27). Josiah's consistent adherence to God's ways, without deviation, sets a standard for leadership and personal conduct, emphasizing the importance of faithfulness and integrity in one's spiritual journey.

In the eighth year of his reign
Josiah became king of Judah at the age of eight after the assassination of his father, Amon. By the eighth year of his reign, he would have been sixteen years old. This period marks a significant turning point in his life, as he begins to take personal responsibility for his spiritual journey and leadership. The number eight in biblical numerology often symbolizes new beginnings, which aligns with Josiah's spiritual awakening and reformative actions.

while he was still young
Josiah's youth is emphasized to highlight his early commitment to God, which is notable given the idolatrous environment he inherited. His young age suggests a purity of heart and openness to divine influence, reminiscent of other young biblical figures like Samuel and David, who also sought God earnestly from a young age.

Josiah began to seek the God of his father David
This phrase indicates a deliberate and personal pursuit of a relationship with God, modeled after King David, who is often seen as the ideal king due to his heart for God. Josiah's seeking is a return to the covenantal faithfulness that David exemplified, contrasting with the idolatry of his immediate predecessors. This pursuit aligns with the Deuteronomic ideal of seeking God with all one's heart and soul (Deuteronomy 4:29).

and in the twelfth year
By the twelfth year of his reign, Josiah would have been twenty years old. This marks a period of maturity and readiness to implement significant religious reforms. The twelfth year is significant as it represents a time of governmental stability and personal conviction, allowing Josiah to act decisively.

he began to cleanse Judah and Jerusalem
Josiah's reforms began with a cleansing, indicating a removal of impurities and a return to holiness. Judah and Jerusalem, as the heart of the nation, were the focal points of this purification process. This cleansing was both physical and spiritual, aiming to restore the worship of Yahweh as prescribed in the Law of Moses.

of the high places, the Asherah poles, the carved idols, and the cast images
The high places were local worship sites often associated with idolatry and syncretism. Asherah poles were wooden symbols of the Canaanite goddess Asherah, representing fertility and often linked to Baal worship. Carved idols and cast images were physical representations of false gods, directly violating the commandments against idolatry (Exodus 20:4-5). Josiah's actions were a fulfillment of the prophetic call to destroy idolatry (Deuteronomy 12:2-3) and a type of Christ's cleansing of the temple, emphasizing the need for pure worship.

Then in his presence the altars of the Baals were torn down
This phrase highlights King Josiah's direct involvement in the religious reforms of Judah. Baal worship was prevalent in the region, often associated with fertility rites and idolatry. The tearing down of these altars signifies a return to monotheistic worship and a rejection of Canaanite religious practices. This act fulfills the Deuteronomic law, which commands the destruction of pagan altars (Deuteronomy 12:3).

and he cut to pieces the incense altars that were above them
Incense altars were used in pagan rituals to offer fragrant smoke to deities. By cutting them to pieces, Josiah was not only physically dismantling these objects but also symbolically severing the spiritual ties they represented. This action echoes the reforms of previous kings like Hezekiah, who also sought to purify worship practices (2 Kings 18:4).

He shattered the Asherah poles
Asherah poles were wooden symbols associated with the goddess Asherah, often placed near altars. Their destruction was a direct attack on the syncretism that had infiltrated Israelite worship. This act aligns with the commandment against idolatry found in Exodus 34:13, where God instructs the Israelites to break down their altars and cut down their Asherah poles.

the carved idols, and the cast images
Carved and cast idols were common in ancient Near Eastern religions, representing various deities. The destruction of these idols was a clear statement against idolatry, reinforcing the first commandment (Exodus 20:3-4). This act also prefigures the ultimate triumph of Christ over false gods and spiritual powers (Colossians 2:15).

crushed them to dust
Crushing the idols to dust signifies total obliteration, ensuring that they could not be reconstructed or revered again. This thorough destruction is reminiscent of Moses grinding the golden calf to powder (Exodus 32:20), symbolizing the complete eradication of idolatry.

and scattered them over the graves of those who had sacrificed to them
Scattering the dust over the graves of idol worshipers was a symbolic act of defilement, indicating that those who participated in idolatry were spiritually dead. This action underscores the seriousness of idolatry and its consequences, as seen in the prophetic warnings throughout the Old Testament (Jeremiah 16:18).

Then he burned the bones of the priests on their altars.
This phrase refers to King Josiah's reform efforts to purify the land of Judah from idolatry. The priests mentioned here were those who served at the high places, which were unauthorized worship sites often associated with idol worship. By burning their bones on the altars, Josiah was fulfilling the prophecy given by a man of God during the reign of Jeroboam I (1 Kings 13:2). This act symbolized the complete desecration and defilement of these altars, rendering them unusable for future idolatrous practices. It was a radical step to ensure that the worship of Yahweh was not mixed with pagan practices. This action also highlights the seriousness with which Josiah approached the covenantal laws, emphasizing the need for exclusive worship of the God of Israel.

So he cleansed Judah and Jerusalem.
The cleansing of Judah and Jerusalem signifies a comprehensive religious reform that Josiah undertook to restore proper worship. This involved not only the destruction of idolatrous altars and high places but also the removal of all elements associated with pagan worship, including idols, Asherah poles, and other cultic objects. Josiah's reforms were in line with the Deuteronomic law, which called for the centralization of worship in Jerusalem and the eradication of idolatry (Deuteronomy 12:2-5). This cleansing was both physical and spiritual, aiming to renew the covenant relationship between God and His people. It also prefigures the ultimate cleansing from sin that would be accomplished through Jesus Christ, who is seen as the fulfillment of the law and the prophets. Josiah's actions serve as a type of Christ, pointing to the future Messiah who would purify His people and establish true worship.

Josiah did the same in the cities of Manasseh, Ephraim, and Simeon
Josiah's reforms extended beyond Judah into the northern territories, indicating a desire to unify the worship of Yahweh across all Israel. Manasseh and Ephraim were part of the Northern Kingdom, which had been conquered by Assyria in 722 BC. This action by Josiah suggests a reclaiming of spiritual authority over these lands, reflecting the Davidic ideal of a united Israel. Simeon, although geographically within Judah, had been somewhat isolated, and its inclusion here emphasizes the comprehensive nature of Josiah's reforms. This effort to purify worship aligns with the Deuteronomic law, which Josiah was committed to following after the discovery of the Book of the Law in the temple (2 Kings 22:8-13).

as far as Naphtali
Naphtali was one of the northernmost tribes, indicating the extensive reach of Josiah's reforms. This area had been heavily influenced by Assyrian culture and pagan practices due to its proximity to foreign nations. Josiah's actions here demonstrate a commitment to eradicating idolatry and restoring the worship of Yahweh even in regions that had been under foreign control for a significant time. This can be seen as a fulfillment of the prophetic vision of a restored Israel, as mentioned in passages like Isaiah 9:1-2, which speaks of a great light shining in Galilee, the region of Naphtali.

and in the ruins around them
The mention of "ruins" suggests the desolation left by Assyrian conquest and the subsequent neglect of these areas. Josiah's reforms included not only the destruction of idolatrous altars but also the restoration of proper worship practices. This phrase highlights the physical and spiritual renewal Josiah sought to bring about. The ruins symbolize the broken state of Israel, both physically and spiritually, and Josiah's efforts can be seen as a type of Christ, who comes to restore and rebuild what is broken (Isaiah 61:1-4).

He tore down the altars and Asherah poles
This phrase refers to King Josiah's reforms during his reign in Judah. The altars and Asherah poles were associated with Canaanite religious practices, which were contrary to the worship of Yahweh. Josiah's actions were in obedience to the commands found in Deuteronomy 12:3, which instructed the Israelites to destroy places of pagan worship. This reflects a commitment to the covenant and a desire to purify the land from idolatry.

crushed the idols to powder
The act of crushing idols to powder signifies a complete and irreversible destruction of false gods, ensuring that they could not be reused or revered. This mirrors the actions of Moses in Exodus 32:20 when he ground the golden calf to powder. It symbolizes the total eradication of idolatry and a return to monotheistic worship. This also prefigures the ultimate triumph of Christ over sin and falsehood.

and cut to pieces all the incense altars throughout the land of Israel
Incense altars were used in pagan rituals, and their destruction was part of Josiah's comprehensive reform. By cutting them to pieces, Josiah was removing the means of idolatrous worship. This action is reminiscent of the reforms of Hezekiah, Josiah's great-grandfather, who also sought to centralize worship in Jerusalem (2 Kings 18:4). It underscores the importance of worshiping God in the manner He prescribed.

Then he returned to Jerusalem
After completing his reforms throughout the land, Josiah returned to Jerusalem, the political and spiritual center of Judah. This return signifies the restoration of proper worship and governance in the capital. Jerusalem holds a central place in biblical prophecy and is often seen as a type of the heavenly city, the New Jerusalem, as described in Revelation 21. Josiah's return can be seen as a foreshadowing of Christ's ultimate reign from the New Jerusalem.

Now in the eighteenth year of his reign
This phrase refers to King Josiah of Judah, who began his reign at the age of eight. The eighteenth year of his reign would make him 26 years old. This period marks a significant turning point in his leadership, as he initiates religious reforms and temple restoration. Josiah's reign is noted for its return to the worship of Yahweh and the eradication of idolatry, aligning with the Deuteronomic reforms.

in order to cleanse the land and the temple
Josiah's reforms were aimed at purifying both the land of Judah and the temple in Jerusalem from idolatrous practices. This cleansing was necessary due to the previous reigns of kings like Manasseh and Amon, who had introduced and supported idol worship. The cleansing of the temple is reminiscent of the actions of Hezekiah, another reforming king, and foreshadows the cleansing of the temple by Jesus in the New Testament (Matthew 21:12-13).

Josiah sent Shaphan son of Azaliah
Shaphan was a scribe, a position of significant influence and responsibility. His role in the reforms highlights the importance of the written word and the rediscovery of the Book of the Law during this period. Shaphan's family continued to play a crucial role in the spiritual and political life of Judah, as seen in the involvement of his descendants in later events (Jeremiah 26:24).

Maaseiah the governor of the city
Maaseiah held a high-ranking position as the governor of Jerusalem, indicating the political support Josiah had for his reforms. The involvement of civic leaders in religious reforms underscores the integration of faith and governance in ancient Israelite society.

and Joah son of Joahaz, the recorder
Joah, as the recorder, was responsible for maintaining official records and documents. His inclusion in this mission suggests the importance of documenting the reforms and the restoration process. This role is crucial for ensuring that the reforms were not only implemented but also preserved for future generations.

to repair the house of the LORD his God
The temple, referred to as the house of the LORD, was central to Israelite worship and identity. Its repair signified a return to proper worship and covenant faithfulness. This restoration project is a type of Christ, who is seen as the ultimate restorer of the temple, both in a physical sense (John 2:19-21) and in the spiritual sense as the cornerstone of the Church (Ephesians 2:19-22).

So they went to Hilkiah the high priest
Hilkiah was the high priest during the reign of King Josiah, a time of significant religious reform in Judah. The high priest held a crucial role in maintaining the spiritual integrity of the nation, overseeing temple worship, and ensuring adherence to the Law. Hilkiah's discovery of the Book of the Law later in this chapter is pivotal, leading to a national revival. His position underscores the importance of spiritual leadership in guiding the people back to covenant faithfulness.

and gave him the money that had been brought into the house of God
The money mentioned here was collected for the purpose of repairing the temple, which had fallen into disrepair during the reigns of previous kings who had led the nation into idolatry. This act of giving reflects a communal effort to restore proper worship and reverence for God. The temple, as the central place of worship, symbolized God's presence among His people, and its restoration was a physical manifestation of spiritual renewal.

which the Levites who guarded the doors had collected
The Levites were members of the tribe of Levi, set apart for religious duties. Those who guarded the doors were responsible for the security and sanctity of the temple, ensuring that only those who were ceremonially clean could enter. Their role in collecting money highlights their trusted position and the organized effort to gather resources for the temple's restoration. This also reflects the broader Levitical responsibility for the care and maintenance of the temple.

from the people of Manasseh and Ephraim, from all the remnant of Israel
Manasseh and Ephraim were tribes of the northern kingdom of Israel, which had been conquered by Assyria. The mention of a remnant indicates that some Israelites remained in the land or had returned. This collection from the remnant signifies a unifying effort among the tribes, despite the political division between Israel and Judah. It points to a hope for reunification and collective worship of Yahweh.

from all Judah and Benjamin
Judah and Benjamin were the two tribes that made up the southern kingdom of Judah. Their inclusion in the collection effort shows the commitment of the southern kingdom to the temple's restoration. This reflects the centrality of the temple in Jerusalem as the heart of religious life for the people of Judah and their dedication to returning to the worship of the one true God.

and from the people of Jerusalem
Jerusalem, as the capital city and the location of the temple, was the spiritual and political center of Judah. The involvement of its inhabitants in the collection effort underscores the city's significance in the religious reforms initiated by King Josiah. The people of Jerusalem played a crucial role in supporting the king's efforts to restore the temple and renew the covenant with God, setting an example for the rest of the nation.

They put it into the hands of those supervising the work in the house of the LORD
This phrase refers to the funds collected during King Josiah's reign, which were entrusted to the overseers of the temple restoration project. The temple, originally built by Solomon, had fallen into disrepair due to neglect and idolatrous practices by previous kings. The "house of the LORD" signifies the central place of worship for the Israelites, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a sacred space for God's presence. The act of placing the funds into the hands of supervisors highlights the organized and accountable approach to the restoration, reflecting the biblical principle of stewardship. This mirrors the New Testament teaching on the responsible use of resources for God's work (1 Corinthians 4:2).

who in turn gave it to the workmen
The supervisors, acting as intermediaries, distributed the funds to the skilled laborers. This delegation of responsibility underscores the collaborative effort required in the restoration process. The workmen, likely skilled artisans and laborers, were essential for the physical restoration of the temple. This reflects the biblical theme of the body of Christ, where different members have unique roles and gifts (1 Corinthians 12:12-27). The emphasis on skilled workmen also connects to the construction of the tabernacle, where God endowed specific individuals with the skills needed for the task (Exodus 31:1-6).

restoring and repairing the house of the LORD
The dual focus on "restoring" and "repairing" indicates both a return to the original state and the fixing of what was broken. This restoration was not merely physical but also spiritual, as it symbolized a return to proper worship and covenant faithfulness. The temple's restoration under Josiah is a type of Christ's work in restoring humanity to God, as Jesus is seen as the ultimate restorer and repairer of the breach between God and man (Isaiah 58:12). The emphasis on the "house of the LORD" being restored also points to the future hope of a new temple, as prophesied in Ezekiel 40-48, and ultimately fulfilled in the New Jerusalem (Revelation 21:22).

They also gave money to the carpenters and builders
This phrase highlights the practical steps taken to restore the temple, emphasizing the importance of skilled labor in the work of God. Carpenters and builders were essential for the physical restoration, reflecting the broader biblical principle of using one's talents for God's purposes (Exodus 31:1-6). The involvement of skilled workers underscores the value of craftsmanship and diligence in service to God.

to buy dressed stone
Dressed stone refers to stones that have been cut and shaped for construction, indicating a commitment to quality and durability in the temple restoration. This mirrors the care taken in Solomon's original temple construction (1 Kings 6:7). The use of dressed stone signifies the importance of building with excellence, a principle that can be applied to spiritual building as well (1 Corinthians 3:10-15).

as well as timbers for couplings and beams
Timbers were crucial for structural support, and their mention here indicates the comprehensive nature of the restoration project. The use of couplings and beams suggests a well-planned and sturdy construction, reflecting the need for a strong foundation in both physical and spiritual endeavors (Matthew 7:24-27). The reference to timber also connects to the cedars of Lebanon used in Solomon's temple, symbolizing strength and beauty (1 Kings 5:6).

for the buildings that the kings of Judah had allowed to deteriorate
This phrase points to the neglect of previous generations, highlighting the consequences of spiritual and physical decay. The kings of Judah, through idolatry and neglect, had allowed the temple to fall into disrepair, symbolizing the nation's spiritual decline (2 Chronicles 28:24). The restoration under King Josiah represents a return to covenant faithfulness and a renewal of worship, paralleling the call to personal and communal revival (2 Chronicles 34:3-7).

And the men did the work faithfully.
This phrase highlights the integrity and dedication of the workers involved in the temple restoration under King Josiah. Faithfulness in work is a recurring biblical theme, emphasizing the importance of diligence and honesty (Proverbs 28:20). The restoration of the temple was a significant task, symbolizing a return to proper worship and covenant faithfulness. This mirrors the call for believers to be faithful stewards of God's work (1 Corinthians 4:2).

The Levites overseeing them were Jahath and Obadiah, descendants of Merari,
The Levites were a tribe set apart for religious duties, and the mention of Jahath and Obadiah as descendants of Merari connects them to one of the three main Levitical families. The Merarites were responsible for the care of the tabernacle's structure (Numbers 3:36-37). Their oversight in this context underscores the continuity of their role in maintaining the sacred spaces of worship.

and Zechariah and Meshullam, descendants of Kohath.
The Kohathites, another Levitical family, were tasked with the care of the sanctuary's most sacred objects (Numbers 4:4-15). Zechariah and Meshullam's involvement signifies the importance of their heritage in ensuring the temple's sanctity. This reflects the broader biblical theme of generational faithfulness and the passing down of spiritual responsibilities (Deuteronomy 6:6-7).

Other Levites, all skilled with musical instruments,
Music played a vital role in Israelite worship, and the Levites were often musicians (1 Chronicles 15:16). Their skill with instruments highlights the integration of worship and work, as music was a means of glorifying God and enhancing the spiritual atmosphere. This connection between music and worship is seen throughout the Psalms and in the New Testament (Ephesians 5:19), illustrating the enduring role of music in expressing faith and devotion.

were over the laborers
This phrase indicates a hierarchical structure in the workforce, reflecting the organized approach to temple restoration under King Josiah. The Levites, traditionally responsible for religious duties, were entrusted with leadership roles, highlighting their integrity and dedication. This mirrors the biblical principle of stewardship, where those faithful in small things are given greater responsibilities (Luke 16:10).

and supervised all who did the work, task by task
The detailed supervision suggests a commitment to excellence and accountability in the temple's restoration. This mirrors the biblical theme of diligence in work (Proverbs 22:29). The Levites' involvement in overseeing the work underscores their multifaceted role in Israelite society, extending beyond religious rituals to include administrative and managerial duties.

Some of the Levites were secretaries, officers, and gatekeepers
This phrase highlights the diverse roles of the Levites, reflecting their adaptability and importance in maintaining the temple's function and security. Secretaries were responsible for record-keeping, officers for administration, and gatekeepers for security and order. This division of labor is reminiscent of the body of Christ, where different members have unique roles but work together for the common good (1 Corinthians 12:12-27). The Levites' roles also prefigure Christ as the ultimate High Priest, who fulfills all functions perfectly.

While they were bringing out the money
This phrase refers to the collection of funds for the repair and restoration of the temple, a project initiated by King Josiah. The temple had fallen into disrepair during the reigns of previous kings who had turned away from the worship of Yahweh. The collection of money for temple repairs is reminiscent of similar efforts in the time of Joash (2 Kings 12:4-16), highlighting the cyclical nature of Israel's faithfulness and neglect.

that had been taken into the house of the LORD
The "house of the LORD" refers to Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem, the central place of worship for the Israelites. The temple was not only a religious center but also a symbol of God's presence among His people. The funds were gathered from the people, demonstrating a communal effort to restore the temple, which had been desecrated by idolatrous practices.

Hilkiah the priest
Hilkiah was the high priest during the reign of King Josiah. His role was crucial in the religious reforms that Josiah implemented. As a high priest, Hilkiah was responsible for the spiritual leadership of the nation and the proper conduct of temple worship. His discovery of the Book of the Law was pivotal in the revival of true worship in Judah.

found the Book of the Law of the LORD
The "Book of the Law" is generally understood to be a reference to the Torah, particularly the book of Deuteronomy. Its discovery was significant because it had been neglected or lost during the reigns of previous kings who had led the nation into idolatry. The finding of the book led to a national religious reform and a renewed covenant with God, as described in the subsequent verses.

given by Moses
This phrase emphasizes the divine origin and authority of the Law, as it was delivered through Moses, the great prophet and leader of Israel. The Law was central to the covenant relationship between God and His people, outlining the moral, ceremonial, and civil guidelines for living in accordance with God's will. The rediscovery of the Law underlines the importance of returning to the foundational truths given by God through Moses.

And Hilkiah said to Shaphan the scribe
Hilkiah was the high priest during the reign of King Josiah, a time marked by religious reform and a return to the worship of Yahweh. Shaphan, the scribe, was a royal secretary or official, responsible for recording and managing the king's affairs. This interaction highlights the collaboration between religious and governmental authorities in Judah. The role of the scribe was crucial in maintaining records and ensuring the king's decrees were followed, reflecting the importance of literacy and documentation in ancient Israelite society.

“I have found the Book of the Law in the house of the LORD!”
The "Book of the Law" likely refers to a portion of the Torah, possibly Deuteronomy, which had been neglected or lost during previous reigns. Its discovery in the temple signifies a pivotal moment in Judah's history, as it catalyzed significant religious reforms under Josiah. The temple, the central place of worship in Jerusalem, had suffered from neglect and idolatrous practices, making this find both surprising and providential. This event underscores the theme of rediscovery and renewal of God's covenant with His people, emphasizing the importance of Scripture in guiding the nation.

And he gave it to Shaphan.
Hilkiah's decision to give the Book of the Law to Shaphan indicates the trust and responsibility placed on the scribe to convey this significant discovery to King Josiah. This act of passing the book symbolizes the transmission of divine revelation from the religious leaders to the political leaders, ensuring that the king would be informed and could act upon this newfound knowledge. It also highlights the role of intermediaries in the communication of God's word, a theme that resonates throughout the Bible, pointing to the ultimate mediator, Jesus Christ, who bridges the gap between God and humanity.

Then Shaphan brought the book to the king
Shaphan, the scribe, plays a crucial role in the rediscovery of the Book of the Law during King Josiah's reign. This event occurs in the context of a significant religious reform in Judah. The "book" refers to the Torah, likely Deuteronomy, which had been neglected. The rediscovery signifies a turning point, emphasizing the importance of God's Word in guiding the nation. The act of bringing the book to the king highlights the role of intermediaries in communicating divine revelation, a theme seen throughout Scripture, such as Moses receiving the Law on Mount Sinai.

and reported,
Shaphan's report to King Josiah underscores the importance of accountability and communication in leadership. In the ancient Near Eastern context, scribes were trusted officials responsible for maintaining records and conveying messages. This moment reflects the biblical principle of stewardship, where leaders are accountable for the spiritual and physical well-being of their people, as seen in the parables of Jesus about faithful servants (e.g., Matthew 25:14-30).

“Your servants are doing all that has been placed in their hands.
This phrase indicates the diligence and faithfulness of Josiah's servants in carrying out the king's commands. It reflects the biblical theme of faithful service, akin to the parable of the talents, where servants are rewarded for their faithfulness (Matthew 25:21). The phrase also suggests a well-organized administration under Josiah, who was committed to reforming Judah according to God's laws. This commitment to duty and responsibility is a recurring theme in Scripture, emphasizing the importance of obedience and stewardship in fulfilling God's purposes.

They have paid out the money
This phrase indicates a financial transaction, reflecting the practice of collecting and distributing funds for temple maintenance. In the context of ancient Israel, the temple was central to religious life, and its upkeep was a priority. The money likely came from offerings and tithes, which were collected for the purpose of maintaining the temple and supporting its services.

that was found in the house of the LORD
The discovery of money in the temple suggests a previous neglect or mismanagement of temple resources. This event occurs during King Josiah's reign, a time of religious reform and renewal. The "house of the LORD" refers to Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem, a sacred place for worship and the dwelling of God's presence among His people. The finding of money may symbolize a rediscovery of spiritual priorities and a return to proper worship practices.

and have put it into the hands of the supervisors and workers.
This phrase highlights the organized and responsible management of temple resources. The supervisors and workers were likely skilled laborers and overseers tasked with the temple's repair and restoration. This delegation of funds underscores the importance of accountability and stewardship in God's work. It reflects a broader biblical principle of using resources wisely and ensuring that those entrusted with responsibilities are equipped to fulfill their duties. This action aligns with the reforms initiated by King Josiah, who sought to restore true worship and adherence to God's laws.

Moreover, Shaphan the scribe told the king
Shaphan was a scribe, a position of significant responsibility in the royal court, often involved in recording and communicating important information. His role here highlights the importance of the message he is delivering. The king referred to is Josiah, who became king of Judah at a young age and was known for his reforms and dedication to God. This moment is pivotal in Josiah's reign, as it sets the stage for a national religious revival.

Hilkiah the priest has given me a book
Hilkiah was the high priest, a position of spiritual leadership in Israel. The "book" mentioned is the Book of the Law, likely a portion of Deuteronomy or the entire Pentateuch, which had been lost or neglected during previous reigns. The discovery of this book in the temple is significant, as it suggests a period of neglect in the worship and adherence to God's laws. This event is a turning point, leading to religious reform and a return to covenant faithfulness.

And Shaphan read it in the presence of the king
The act of reading the book to the king signifies the importance of the content and the urgency of the message. In ancient times, reading aloud was a common practice, especially for important documents. This public reading indicates that the king was not previously aware of the book's contents, underscoring the neglect of God's law in Judah. The reading of the law would have reminded Josiah of the covenant obligations and the blessings and curses associated with obedience and disobedience, as outlined in Deuteronomy. This moment is reminiscent of other biblical instances where the reading of the law led to national repentance and renewal, such as in the time of Ezra and Nehemiah.

When the king heard the words of the Law
This phrase refers to King Josiah of Judah, who reigned from approximately 640 to 609 BC. The "words of the Law" likely refer to the Book of the Law, which was discovered in the temple during renovations. This book is generally considered to be a form of Deuteronomy or a collection of Mosaic laws. The discovery signifies a pivotal moment in Judah's history, as it highlights the neglect of God's commandments and the need for reform. The hearing of the Law underscores the importance of Scripture in guiding the moral and spiritual direction of the nation. This moment is reminiscent of the rediscovery of God's Word in other biblical narratives, such as the reading of the Law by Ezra in Nehemiah 8.

he tore his clothes
Tearing one's clothes is a traditional expression of grief, repentance, or distress in ancient Near Eastern cultures, including Israel. This act by King Josiah signifies his deep sorrow and alarm upon realizing how far the nation had strayed from God's commandments. It is a physical manifestation of his inner turmoil and repentance. This response is consistent with other biblical figures who tore their garments in times of crisis or mourning, such as Job (Job 1:20) and King Hezekiah (2 Kings 19:1). Josiah's reaction also prefigures the call to repentance found in the New Testament, where true repentance involves a heartfelt turning back to God, as seen in the ministry of John the Baptist and Jesus Christ.

and commanded Hilkiah
Hilkiah was the high priest during the reign of King Josiah. His role was crucial in the religious reforms that Josiah implemented. The discovery of the Book of the Law in the temple by Hilkiah was a pivotal moment in Judah's history, leading to a national revival. This highlights the importance of spiritual leadership and the rediscovery of God's Word in bringing about reform and renewal.

Ahikam son of Shaphan
Ahikam was a prominent official and the son of Shaphan, who was a scribe and a key figure in Josiah's court. Ahikam later played a significant role in protecting the prophet Jeremiah (Jeremiah 26:24), showing his commitment to God's messengers. His inclusion here indicates the involvement of trusted and faithful officials in the king's reforms.

Abdon son of Micah
Abdon, also known as Achbor in some translations, was another official in Josiah's administration. His presence in this group underscores the collaborative effort among the king's advisors to implement the religious reforms. The mention of his lineage, "son of Micah," connects him to a family possibly known for their faithfulness or service.

Shaphan the scribe
Shaphan was a scribe, a position of significant responsibility, involving the recording and preservation of important documents. His role in reading the Book of the Law to King Josiah (2 Kings 22:10) was instrumental in sparking the king's reform efforts. Shaphan's family continued to have a lasting impact, with his descendants also serving in important roles during the time of Jeremiah.

and Asaiah the servant of the king
Asaiah, described as the king's servant, likely held a position of trust and influence in Josiah's court. His inclusion in this group suggests that Josiah surrounded himself with loyal and capable individuals to carry out his directives. Asaiah's role emphasizes the importance of faithful service to leadership in fulfilling God's purposes.

the king:
King Josiah was one of the most righteous kings of Judah, known for his dedication to God and his efforts to restore true worship. His reforms were comprehensive, affecting religious practices, the temple, and the people's adherence to the covenant. Josiah's actions fulfilled prophecies and demonstrated a type of Christ in his zeal for God's house and his desire to lead the people back to covenant faithfulness.

Go and inquire of the LORD for me and for those remaining in Israel and Judah
This phrase reflects King Josiah's immediate response upon hearing the words of the Law. It demonstrates his humility and recognition of the need for divine guidance. The act of inquiring of the LORD was a common practice in ancient Israel, often involving prophets or priests. Josiah's concern for both Israel and Judah indicates his awareness of the divided kingdom's history and his desire for unity and spiritual renewal. This inquiry is reminiscent of other biblical figures seeking God's will, such as David (1 Samuel 23:2) and Jehoshaphat (2 Chronicles 18:6).

concerning the words in the book that has been found
The "book" refers to the Book of the Law, likely Deuteronomy, discovered during temple repairs. This discovery is significant, as it suggests that the Law had been neglected or lost during previous reigns, particularly under Manasseh and Amon. The rediscovery highlights the importance of Scripture in guiding the nation and underscores the need for reform. The finding of the book parallels the rediscovery of God's Word in personal and communal revivals throughout history.

For great is the wrath of the LORD that has been poured out on us
Josiah acknowledges the severity of God's anger due to the nation's disobedience. The phrase "poured out" suggests an overwhelming and consuming judgment, similar to imagery used in the prophets (e.g., Jeremiah 7:20). This wrath is a consequence of covenant unfaithfulness, as outlined in Deuteronomy 28, where blessings and curses are contingent on Israel's obedience. The historical context includes the Assyrian threat and the earlier fall of the northern kingdom, serving as tangible reminders of divine judgment.

because our fathers have not kept the word of the LORD
This admission of ancestral failure highlights the generational impact of sin and disobedience. It reflects the biblical principle of corporate responsibility, where the actions of one generation affect subsequent ones (Exodus 20:5). Josiah's recognition of past failures is a step towards repentance and reform. This acknowledgment is crucial for understanding the need for national repentance and aligns with the prophetic calls for returning to the LORD (e.g., Hosea 14:1).

by doing all that is written in this book
The emphasis on "doing" underscores the biblical theme that true faith is demonstrated through obedience (James 1:22). The Law was not merely to be read or heard but acted upon. This call to action is central to the covenant relationship between God and Israel. Josiah's reform efforts, including the removal of idolatry and the reinstitution of Passover, are practical applications of this principle. The phrase also foreshadows the New Testament emphasis on living out the teachings of Christ (Matthew 7:24-27).

So Hilkiah and those the king had designated went and spoke to Huldah the prophetess
Hilkiah was the high priest during the reign of King Josiah, a time of significant religious reform in Judah. The king's designation of Hilkiah and others to consult Huldah underscores the importance of seeking divine guidance. Huldah, a prophetess, is one of the few women in the Old Testament recognized for her prophetic role, highlighting the inclusivity of God's calling. Her presence in Jerusalem during Josiah's reign indicates a period when prophetic voices were crucial for interpreting the Law and guiding the nation.

the wife of Shallum son of Tokhath, the son of Hasrah, the keeper of the wardrobe
Shallum's role as the keeper of the wardrobe suggests a position of responsibility within the royal court, possibly overseeing the garments of the king and priests. This detail provides insight into the social structure and the interconnectedness of religious and royal duties. The mention of her lineage and marital connection emphasizes the respect and credibility Huldah held, as her family was likely well-regarded in Jerusalem.

She lived in Jerusalem, in the Second District
The Second District, or the Mishneh, was a part of Jerusalem that may have been a newer or expanded area of the city. This location indicates Huldah's accessibility to the king's envoys and her integration into the urban and religious life of Jerusalem. The mention of her residence in this specific district suggests a strategic placement for her prophetic ministry, allowing her to influence the religious reforms initiated by King Josiah.

And Huldah said to them
Huldah was a prophetess in Jerusalem during the reign of King Josiah. Her role as a female prophet is significant, as it highlights the presence and influence of women in spiritual leadership in ancient Israel. Huldah's authority was recognized by the king's officials, indicating her respected status. This moment occurs during a time of religious reform, as King Josiah sought to restore true worship in Judah. The officials sought Huldah's counsel after discovering the Book of the Law in the temple, underscoring the importance of prophetic guidance in interpreting God's will.

This is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says
The phrase emphasizes the divine authority behind Huldah's message. It is a common prophetic formula that asserts the message is not of human origin but from Yahweh, the covenant God of Israel. This underscores the continuity of God's communication with His people through prophets. The use of "the God of Israel" reaffirms the special relationship between God and the nation, reminding the people of their identity and covenant obligations. This phrase connects to other prophetic declarations throughout the Old Testament, where prophets often begin their messages with similar affirmations of divine authority.

Tell the man who sent you
The "man" referred to here is King Josiah, who had sent his officials to inquire of the Lord. This phrase indicates the direct and personal nature of God's communication through the prophetess. It reflects the biblical principle that God speaks to leaders and holds them accountable for their actions. Josiah's initiative to seek God's guidance demonstrates his humility and desire to lead according to divine will. This inquiry is part of a broader narrative of Josiah's reforms, which included the removal of idolatry and the restoration of temple worship, aligning with the covenantal expectations outlined in the rediscovered Book of the Law.

that this is what the LORD says:
This phrase emphasizes the authority and divine origin of the message. In the biblical context, when a prophet declares "this is what the LORD says," it signifies that the message is not of human origin but is a direct communication from God. This is a common prophetic formula found throughout the Old Testament, underscoring the role of prophets as God's messengers. It also highlights the seriousness and certainty of the message that follows.

I am about to bring calamity on this place and on its people:
The "calamity" refers to impending judgment and disaster. In the historical context, this prophecy is delivered during the reign of King Josiah, a time when Judah was under threat from surrounding nations. The "place" refers to Jerusalem and the broader region of Judah. This warning of calamity is consistent with the covenantal curses outlined in Deuteronomy, where disobedience to God's laws would result in national disaster. The phrase underscores the theme of divine retribution for sin and the breaking of the covenant.

according to all the curses written in the book:
This refers to the Book of the Law, likely Deuteronomy, which was rediscovered during Josiah's reign. The curses mentioned are those found in Deuteronomy 28, which detail the consequences of Israel's disobedience to God's commandments. This rediscovery and reading of the Law led to a national religious reform under Josiah, highlighting the importance of Scripture in guiding the moral and spiritual life of the nation.

that has been read in the presence of the king of Judah:
The public reading of the Law in the presence of the king signifies the importance of the king's role in leading the nation in covenant faithfulness. King Josiah's response to the reading was one of repentance and reform, as he sought to align the nation with God's commands. This event underscores the biblical principle that leaders are accountable to God's Word and have a responsibility to lead their people in accordance with it. The reading also serves as a reminder of the power of Scripture to convict and inspire change.

because they have forsaken Me
This phrase highlights the recurring theme of Israel's unfaithfulness to God. Throughout the Old Testament, forsaking God often led to dire consequences for the Israelites. This abandonment of God is a violation of the covenant established at Sinai, where the Israelites pledged exclusive worship to Yahweh. The forsaking of God is a central issue in the prophetic literature, where prophets like Jeremiah and Hosea lament Israel's spiritual adultery.

and burned incense to other gods
Burning incense was a common practice in ancient Near Eastern religious rituals, symbolizing prayers or offerings to deities. The Israelites' adoption of this practice for other gods indicates syncretism, where they mixed the worship of Yahweh with pagan practices. This act directly contravenes the first commandment, which prohibits the worship of other gods. The worship of Baal and Asherah, among others, was prevalent during this period, as evidenced by archaeological findings of altars and idols.

that they might provoke Me to anger
Provoking God to anger is a frequent motif in the Old Testament, illustrating the personal nature of God's relationship with His people. God's anger is not arbitrary but a response to covenant unfaithfulness and idolatry. This anthropomorphic expression helps convey the seriousness of Israel's sin and the inevitable divine response. The prophets often warned that such provocation would lead to judgment and exile.

with all the works of their hands
This phrase underscores the futility and idolatry of human-made objects of worship. The "works of their hands" refers to idols crafted by the Israelites, which are powerless and contrast with the living God who created the universe. Isaiah and Jeremiah both mock the absurdity of worshiping man-made idols, emphasizing that these objects cannot see, hear, or save.

My wrath will be poured out upon this place
The "place" refers to Jerusalem and the temple, the center of Jewish worship and identity. God's wrath being poured out signifies impending judgment, often depicted as a cup of wrath in prophetic literature. This judgment was historically realized in the Babylonian conquest and destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BC. The imagery of pouring out suggests a complete and overwhelming judgment.

and will not be quenched.’
The unquenchable nature of God's wrath indicates the certainty and severity of the coming judgment. This phrase echoes the warnings of other prophets, such as Isaiah and Ezekiel, who spoke of a judgment that could not be averted once decreed. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of persistent disobedience and the seriousness of divine justice.

But as for the king of Judah, who sent you to inquire of the LORD
This phrase refers to King Josiah, who reigned over Judah from approximately 640 to 609 BC. Josiah is noted for his religious reforms and his efforts to restore the worship of Yahweh, the God of Israel, after a period of idolatry under previous kings. His reign is significant in the biblical narrative as a time of spiritual renewal. The act of inquiring of the LORD indicates Josiah's desire to seek divine guidance, a practice common among the kings of Israel and Judah, as seen in 1 Samuel 23:2 and 1 Kings 22:5. This reflects a king's responsibility to lead the nation in accordance with God's will.

tell him that this is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says
This phrase underscores the role of prophets as messengers of God, delivering His words to the people and their leaders. The title "the God of Israel" emphasizes the covenant relationship between God and the nation of Israel, a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament. This covenant is foundational, as seen in Genesis 17:7, where God establishes His promise with Abraham and his descendants. The phrase also highlights the authority and authenticity of the message being delivered, as it comes directly from God.

‘As for the words that you heard’
This refers to the words of the Book of the Law, which was found in the temple during Josiah's reign (2 Chronicles 34:14-15). The discovery of the book led to a renewed awareness of the nation's covenant obligations and the realization of their failure to uphold them. The words likely included the blessings and curses outlined in Deuteronomy 28, which would have been a sobering reminder of the consequences of disobedience. This moment is pivotal, as it sparks a national revival and reform led by Josiah, aligning with the prophetic tradition of calling the people back to faithfulness to God's commands.

because your heart was tender
A tender heart in biblical terms often signifies a receptiveness to God's word and a willingness to repent. This phrase highlights the importance of a responsive and humble spirit, as seen in other scriptures like Psalm 51:17, which speaks of a broken and contrite heart. The tender heart of King Josiah contrasts with the hardened hearts of many of his predecessors, emphasizing the value God places on humility and openness to His guidance.

and you humbled yourself before God
Humility before God is a recurring theme throughout the Bible, exemplified by figures such as Moses and David. In the context of Josiah, this humility is demonstrated through his actions of reform and repentance. Proverbs 22:4 links humility with the fear of the Lord, suggesting that Josiah's actions were rooted in a deep reverence for God. This humility is a key factor in God's favorable response to Josiah.

when you heard His words against this place and against its people
The words refer to the Book of the Law found during the temple repairs, likely Deuteronomy, which contained warnings of judgment for disobedience. Josiah's reaction upon hearing these words shows his awareness of the nation's sin and the impending judgment. This moment is pivotal, as it leads to significant religious reforms. The phrase underscores the power of God's word to convict and inspire change.

and because you have humbled yourself before Me
Repetition of Josiah's humility emphasizes its significance. Humbling oneself before God is a deliberate act of submission and acknowledgment of His sovereignty. This mirrors the call in James 4:10 to humble oneself before the Lord to be lifted up. Josiah's humility is not just an internal attitude but is demonstrated through his actions, aligning with the biblical principle that faith without works is dead (James 2:26).

and have torn your clothes and wept before Me
Tearing one's clothes and weeping were traditional expressions of grief and repentance in ancient Israel. This physical manifestation of sorrow indicates the depth of Josiah's repentance. Similar acts are seen in the lives of other biblical figures, such as Ezra (Ezra 9:3) and Job (Job 1:20). These actions reflect a genuine contrition and a desire for reconciliation with God.

I have heard you,’ declares the LORD
God's response to Josiah's humility and repentance is one of mercy and grace. This assurance of being heard by God is a recurring promise in scripture, as seen in 2 Chronicles 7:14, where God promises to hear and heal the land if His people humble themselves and pray. It highlights the relational aspect of God, who responds to sincere repentance and seeks to restore His people.

Now I will indeed gather you to your fathers
This phrase indicates a promise of a peaceful death and reunion with ancestors, a common biblical expression for dying. It reflects the Hebrew understanding of Sheol, where the dead reside. The phrase suggests a continuation of the covenantal relationship with God, as seen in Genesis 15:15, where God promises Abraham a peaceful death. It underscores the idea of divine favor and rest after a life of faithfulness.

and you will be gathered to your grave in peace
This assurance of dying in peace contrasts with the turmoil and judgment prophesied for Judah. It highlights God's mercy towards King Josiah, who led significant religious reforms (2 Kings 22-23). The peace mentioned here is not just the absence of conflict but a state of divine favor, as seen in Isaiah 57:1-2, where the righteous are taken away to be spared from evil.

Your eyes will not see all the calamity that I will bring on this place and on its people
This phrase refers to the impending judgment on Judah due to its persistent idolatry and disobedience. Josiah's reforms delayed but did not prevent the Babylonian exile. The calamity is detailed in 2 Chronicles 36:15-21, where the destruction of Jerusalem and the temple is described. This promise to Josiah is reminiscent of God's mercy shown to Noah, who was spared from the flood (Genesis 6-9).

So they brought her answer back to the king
The "her" refers to Huldah the prophetess, who delivered God's message to Josiah's messengers. This highlights the role of women in biblical prophecy, as seen with Deborah (Judges 4-5). Huldah's prophecy confirmed the authenticity of the Book of the Law found in the temple, emphasizing the importance of God's word in guiding the king's reforms. This event underscores the theme of seeking divine guidance through prophets, a practice seen throughout Israel's history.

Then the king summoned
This phrase indicates a decisive action taken by the king, demonstrating his authority and leadership. In the context of 2 Chronicles 34, the king is Josiah, who became king of Judah at a young age and was known for his reforms and dedication to the worship of Yahweh. His summoning of the elders signifies a call to action and a desire to involve the nation's leaders in the spiritual renewal he is initiating. This reflects the biblical principle of leaders taking responsibility for guiding their people in righteousness, as seen in other instances such as Moses summoning the elders of Israel (Exodus 19:7).

all the elders of Judah and Jerusalem.
The elders were the respected leaders and decision-makers within the community, often representing the tribes and families of Israel. By summoning all the elders, Josiah is ensuring that the entire nation is represented and involved in the covenant renewal process. This act underscores the importance of collective responsibility and unity in spiritual matters. Judah and Jerusalem are specifically mentioned, highlighting the centrality of Jerusalem as the political and religious heart of the kingdom. This gathering of elders can be compared to other significant assemblies in Israel's history, such as the gathering at Shechem under Joshua (Joshua 24:1) and the assembly during King Hezekiah's reforms (2 Chronicles 29:20).

And he went up to the house of the LORD
This phrase refers to King Josiah, who ascended to the temple in Jerusalem, the central place of worship for the Israelites. The temple, built by Solomon, was the dwelling place of God's presence among His people. Josiah's action signifies a return to true worship and reverence for God, contrasting with the idolatrous practices of previous kings. This act of going up to the temple symbolizes a spiritual ascent and a commitment to covenant faithfulness.

with all the people of Judah and Jerusalem
Josiah's inclusion of all the people highlights the communal aspect of worship and covenant renewal. It underscores the unity and collective responsibility of the nation in returning to God. This gathering of the people mirrors the assembly at Mount Sinai when the covenant was first given (Exodus 19:8). It emphasizes the importance of national repentance and the role of leadership in guiding the people back to God.

as well as the priests and the Levites
The priests and Levites were the religious leaders responsible for temple worship and teaching the Law. Their presence signifies the restoration of proper religious order and instruction. The Levites, descendants of Levi, were set apart for service to God, and their involvement indicates a return to the divinely ordained structure of worship. This aligns with the reforms Josiah implemented to purify the temple and restore true worship practices.

all the people great and small
This phrase emphasizes the inclusivity of the gathering, indicating that the covenant renewal was for everyone, regardless of social status. It reflects the biblical principle that all are equal before God and that His covenant is for all His people. This inclusivity is a precursor to the New Testament teaching that in Christ, there is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free (Galatians 3:28).

and in their hearing he read all the words of the Book of the Covenant
Josiah's public reading of the Book of the Covenant, likely referring to Deuteronomy, signifies a return to the authority of God's Word. This act of reading aloud ensures that all the people hear and understand the covenant requirements. It echoes the command in Deuteronomy 31:10-13 for the Law to be read to the people every seven years. The public reading serves as a reminder of God's promises and the people's obligations.

that had been found in the house of the LORD
The discovery of the Book of the Covenant in the temple during renovations is a pivotal moment in Josiah's reign. It suggests that the Law had been neglected or lost during previous idolatrous reigns. This rediscovery leads to a national revival and reform, highlighting the transformative power of God's Word. It serves as a reminder of the importance of Scripture in guiding and renewing God's people.

So the king stood by the pillar
This phrase refers to King Josiah, who reigned over Judah. The "pillar" likely refers to a designated place in the temple where kings would make significant proclamations or covenants. This act symbolizes authority and a public declaration of commitment. The temple in Jerusalem was the center of worship and national identity for the Israelites, making this location significant for such a covenant.

and made a covenant before the LORD
A covenant in biblical terms is a solemn agreement or promise, often involving commitments and obligations. Josiah's covenant was made "before the LORD," indicating its sacred nature and the seriousness with which it was undertaken. This reflects the biblical tradition of leaders renewing the nation's commitment to God, similar to covenants made by Moses and Joshua.

to follow the LORD
This commitment to "follow the LORD" emphasizes obedience and loyalty to God. In the context of Israel's history, this was a call to return to the worship of Yahweh alone, rejecting idolatry and syncretism that had crept into the nation. It echoes the Shema in Deuteronomy 6:4-5, which calls for exclusive devotion to God.

and to keep His commandments, decrees, and statutes
This phrase underscores the comprehensive nature of the covenant, covering all aspects of the law given to Moses. Commandments, decrees, and statutes refer to the various types of laws found in the Torah, including moral, ceremonial, and civil laws. Josiah's commitment reflects a desire to restore the nation to covenant faithfulness as outlined in the Mosaic Law.

with all his heart and all his soul
This expression indicates total devotion and sincerity. It is reminiscent of Deuteronomy 6:5, which commands love for God with all one's heart, soul, and strength. This level of commitment is not merely external compliance but involves inner transformation and wholehearted dedication.

and to carry out the words of the covenant that were written in this book
The "book" refers to the Book of the Law, likely a portion of Deuteronomy, discovered during temple repairs. This discovery sparked a religious reform led by Josiah. The emphasis on "carrying out" the words highlights the importance of not just hearing or reading the law but actively living it out. This aligns with the biblical theme of faith being demonstrated through actions, as seen in James 1:22-25.

Then he had everyone in Jerusalem and Benjamin take a stand in agreement to it.
This phrase refers to King Josiah's efforts to renew the covenant with God, as described in 2 Chronicles 34. Josiah was a reformer king of Judah who sought to restore the worship of Yahweh after a period of idolatry under previous kings. The "it" refers to the covenant found in the Book of the Law, which was discovered during temple repairs. Jerusalem, the capital city, and Benjamin, the neighboring tribe, were central to the kingdom of Judah. The act of taking a stand signifies a public and communal commitment to follow God's laws, reflecting the ancient Near Eastern practice of covenant renewal ceremonies. This mirrors the covenant renewals led by leaders like Moses (Deuteronomy 29) and Joshua (Joshua 24), emphasizing the importance of communal faithfulness to God.

So all the people of Jerusalem carried out the covenant of God,
The phrase highlights the collective obedience of the people to the covenant. This obedience was crucial for the spiritual revival Josiah sought. The covenant of God refers to the laws and commandments given to the Israelites, which were meant to guide their relationship with God and each other. The people's response indicates a significant moment of national repentance and rededication to God's ways. This act of carrying out the covenant is reminiscent of the Israelites' initial acceptance of the covenant at Mount Sinai (Exodus 24:3-7), where they also pledged to follow God's commands.

the God of their fathers.
This phrase emphasizes the continuity of faith from the patriarchs to the present generation. The God of their fathers refers to the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, underscoring the covenantal relationship established with the patriarchs and reaffirmed throughout Israel's history. This connection to their ancestors serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness and the people's identity as His chosen nation. It also points to the importance of generational faithfulness and the transmission of religious beliefs and practices. This continuity is a theme throughout the Old Testament, as seen in passages like Deuteronomy 6:4-9, which instructs the Israelites to teach God's commandments to their children.

And Josiah removed all the abominations from all the lands belonging to the Israelites
Josiah's actions reflect a deep commitment to purifying the land from idolatry, which was rampant in Judah and Israel. The "abominations" refer to pagan idols and practices that were detestable to God, as outlined in Deuteronomy 7:25-26. Josiah's reforms were comprehensive, extending beyond Judah to the former territories of the northern kingdom of Israel, indicating a desire to restore the entire nation to covenant faithfulness. This aligns with the Deuteronomic law, which called for the destruction of pagan altars and idols (Deuteronomy 12:2-3). Archaeological evidence, such as the discovery of high places and Asherah poles, supports the historical presence of these abominations.

and he required everyone in Israel to serve the LORD their God
Josiah's reforms were not merely personal but national, enforcing a return to the worship of Yahweh. This echoes the covenant renewal ceremonies seen in the Old Testament, such as those led by Joshua (Joshua 24:14-25). Josiah's leadership is reminiscent of the kingship ideal in Deuteronomy 17:18-20, where the king is to lead the people in obedience to God's law. His actions prefigure the messianic role of Christ, who calls all to serve God (Matthew 4:10).

Throughout his reign they did not turn aside from following the LORD
This phrase highlights the effectiveness and sincerity of Josiah's reforms. It suggests a period of spiritual revival and national obedience to God, similar to the reforms under Hezekiah (2 Chronicles 29-31). The steadfastness of the people during Josiah's reign contrasts with the frequent apostasy seen in Israel's history, as recorded in the books of Kings and Chronicles. This period of faithfulness can be seen as a fulfillment of the blessings promised in Deuteronomy 28 for obedience to God's commands.

the God of their fathers
This phrase emphasizes the continuity of faith from the patriarchs to Josiah's time. It underscores the covenant relationship established with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (Exodus 3:15). Josiah's reforms are a return to the worship of the God who delivered Israel from Egypt and established them in the Promised Land. This continuity is a central theme in the Old Testament, pointing to the faithfulness of God despite Israel's frequent unfaithfulness. It also foreshadows the New Covenant established through Jesus Christ, who fulfills the promises made to the patriarchs (Luke 1:72-73).