Now Nahash the Ammonite
The name "Nahash" means "serpent" in Hebrew, which is fitting given his role as an adversary to Israel. The Ammonites were descendants of Lot, Abraham's nephew, and had a long history of enmity with Israel. This historical context sets the stage for understanding the deep-seated animosity and the threat Nahash posed. The Ammonites, often at odds with Israel, were known for their aggression and hostility, which is evident in Nahash's actions.

came up and besieged
The phrase "came up" indicates a movement from a lower to a higher elevation, as Jabesh-gilead was located in the hill country of Gilead. The act of besieging a city was a common military tactic in ancient times, involving surrounding a city to cut off supplies and force surrender. This tactic reflects the strategic and ruthless nature of Nahash's campaign against Israel, highlighting the dire situation faced by the inhabitants of Jabesh-gilead.

Jabesh-gilead
Jabesh-gilead was a city east of the Jordan River, in the territory of Gilead. It held historical significance for Israel, as it was the city that had been spared during the civil conflict with the tribe of Benjamin (Judges 21). The city's vulnerability to Nahash's siege underscores the ongoing challenges faced by the Israelites in securing their land and maintaining unity among the tribes.

And all the men of Jabesh
The phrase "all the men" suggests a collective response from the inhabitants of Jabesh-gilead, indicating the severity of the threat they faced. This unity in seeking a solution reflects the desperation and fear that gripped the city under siege. It also highlights the communal nature of decision-making in ancient Israelite society, where the welfare of the community was paramount.

said to Nahash, 'Make a treaty with us, and we will serve you.'
The request to "make a treaty" reveals the dire circumstances and the willingness of the men of Jabesh-gilead to submit to Nahash to avoid destruction. In ancient Near Eastern culture, treaties often involved terms of servitude and tribute, reflecting a loss of autonomy. This plea for a treaty underscores the desperation of the Israelites and their lack of confidence in their ability to defend themselves without external help. It also sets the stage for Saul's emergence as a leader who would rally Israel to deliver Jabesh-gilead, demonstrating God's providential care for His people even in their moments of weakness.

But Nahash the Ammonite replied
Nahash, whose name means "serpent" in Hebrew, is a fitting representation of the adversarial role he plays against Israel. The Ammonites were descendants of Lot, and their historical enmity with Israel is well-documented. This animosity is rooted in territorial disputes and religious differences, as the Ammonites worshipped gods like Milcom, contrasting with Israel's monotheistic worship of Yahweh. Nahash's response is not just a personal vendetta but a continuation of this deep-seated hostility.

I will make a treaty with you
The concept of a treaty in ancient Near Eastern culture often involved complex negotiations and was a means to establish peace or subjugation. In this context, Nahash's offer of a treaty is deceptive, as it is not a genuine offer of peace but a means to assert dominance and humiliate Israel. The Hebrew word for "treaty" (בְּרִית, berit) often implies a covenant, which in biblical terms is sacred and binding. However, Nahash's proposal perverts this sacred concept for malicious intent.

on one condition
This phrase indicates the conditional nature of Nahash's offer, highlighting the manipulative and coercive tactics often employed by oppressors. It underscores the power imbalance between Nahash and the besieged Israelites. The condition is not a mutual agreement but an ultimatum, reflecting the harsh realities of ancient warfare and diplomacy.

that I gouge out the right eye of every one of you
The act of gouging out the right eye is both a physical and symbolic gesture. In ancient military contexts, the right eye was crucial for soldiers, particularly archers, as it was used for aiming. By proposing to blind the Israelites in this manner, Nahash aims to incapacitate them militarily, ensuring their subjugation. Symbolically, this act represents a profound humiliation and a stripping away of dignity and identity. It is a tactic of psychological warfare, intended to instill fear and submission.

and bring disgrace on all Israel
Disgrace, in the Hebrew context, is a severe social and spiritual condition. The Hebrew word for disgrace (חֶרְפָּה, herpah) implies shame and reproach, affecting not just individuals but the collective identity of Israel. Nahash's intention is not merely to defeat Israel militarily but to tarnish their reputation and standing among the nations. This reflects the broader spiritual battle between the forces of Yahweh and the pagan deities, as Israel's disgrace would imply the failure of their God in the eyes of surrounding nations.

Give us seven days
The request for "seven days" is significant in the biblical context, as the number seven often symbolizes completeness or divine perfection in Scripture. This period allowed the people of Jabesh-gilead to seek help, reflecting their hope and faith in divine intervention. Historically, this request shows the customs of ancient Near Eastern warfare, where terms of surrender could be negotiated, and time was sometimes granted for strategic or diplomatic reasons.

to send messengers throughout Israel
The act of sending "messengers" highlights the communal nature of Israelite society, where tribes were interconnected and relied on each other for support. This reflects the covenantal relationship among the tribes of Israel, emphasizing unity and mutual aid. The historical context shows the decentralized nature of Israel before the monarchy was fully established, where tribal leaders and judges played crucial roles in mobilizing the people.

If no one comes to rescue us
This phrase underscores the desperation and vulnerability of the people of Jabesh-gilead. The word "rescue" is pivotal, as it echoes the recurring theme of deliverance found throughout the Old Testament, where God often raises leaders to save His people from oppression. This reflects the Israelites' reliance on divine providence and the hope that God would stir the hearts of their fellow Israelites to come to their aid.

we will surrender to you
The willingness to "surrender" indicates the dire situation faced by the inhabitants of Jabesh-gilead. In the Hebrew context, surrendering often meant subjugation and loss of freedom, which was a fate the Israelites sought to avoid. This phrase also sets the stage for Saul's emergence as a leader, as it presents a crisis that requires decisive action and leadership, ultimately leading to Saul's anointing as king and his first military victory.

When the messengers came
The term "messengers" in Hebrew is "מַלְאָכִים" (mal'akhim), which can mean both human messengers and angels, depending on the context. Here, it refers to human envoys sent from Jabesh-gilead to seek help. This highlights the urgency and desperation of the situation, as messengers were often used in times of crisis to convey important news swiftly. The act of sending messengers underscores the communal nature of ancient Israelite society, where cities and tribes were interconnected and reliant on one another for support and survival.

to Gibeah of Saul
Gibeah, meaning "hill" in Hebrew, was Saul's hometown and the de facto capital of Israel at this time. The mention of "Gibeah of Saul" is significant as it marks the beginning of Saul's leadership and kingship. Historically, Gibeah was a strategic location, and its association with Saul emphasizes his emerging role as the leader chosen by God to deliver Israel. This setting foreshadows Saul's initial success and the divine mandate that he carries, despite his later failures.

and reported these terms
The phrase "reported these terms" indicates the delivery of a message or ultimatum. In the context of 1 Samuel 11, the terms refer to the harsh conditions imposed by Nahash the Ammonite on the people of Jabesh-gilead. The act of reporting is crucial in the narrative, as it sets the stage for Saul's response and the subsequent rallying of the Israelites. It reflects the importance of communication and the role of leaders in interpreting and responding to threats.

in the hearing of the people
This phrase emphasizes the public nature of the announcement. The Hebrew word for "hearing" is "אָזְנֵי" (oznei), which literally means "ears." The public proclamation of the terms ensures that the entire community is aware of the crisis, fostering a collective response. It also highlights the transparency expected of leaders in ancient Israel, where decisions and information were often shared openly with the people.

they all wept aloud
The reaction of weeping aloud is a powerful expression of grief and despair. In Hebrew culture, weeping was a common response to distress and was often done collectively. The phrase underscores the emotional impact of the news on the people of Gibeah and reflects the gravity of the situation. It also sets the emotional tone for Saul's subsequent actions, as the collective lamentation calls for a decisive and compassionate response from their leader. This communal sorrow serves as a catalyst for unity and action, demonstrating the deep bonds within the Israelite community.

Just then Saul was returning from the field
This phrase sets the scene for Saul's introduction as a leader. The Hebrew word for "returning" (שָׁב, shav) implies a sense of coming back to a place of origin or duty. Saul, though anointed as king, is still engaged in the humble work of farming, indicating his humility and connection to the common people. This moment marks a transition from his private life to his public role as king, highlighting the divine timing in God's plan for leadership.

behind his oxen
The image of Saul behind his oxen underscores his initial reluctance to embrace kingship fully. The oxen symbolize strength and service, reflecting Saul's role as a servant-leader. In ancient Israel, oxen were vital for agriculture, representing sustenance and provision. Saul's position behind them suggests a readiness to lead with strength and a servant's heart, aligning with the biblical principle that true leadership involves serving others.

'What is the matter with the people?'
Saul's inquiry reveals his concern and empathy for his people. The Hebrew word for "matter" (דָּבָר, davar) can mean word, thing, or matter, indicating Saul's desire to understand the situation fully. His question shows a leader's heart, attentive to the needs and emotions of his people, and foreshadows his role as a protector and deliverer.

Saul asked
The act of asking signifies Saul's active engagement and willingness to listen. In the Hebrew context, asking questions is a method of teaching and understanding. Saul's inquiry demonstrates his openness to communication and his desire to be informed before taking action, a crucial trait for effective leadership.

'Why are they weeping?'
Weeping in the biblical context often signifies deep distress or mourning. Saul's question indicates his sensitivity to the emotional state of his people. The Hebrew culture places significant emphasis on communal emotions, and Saul's awareness of their weeping shows his connection to their collective experience, preparing him to respond appropriately to their needs.

And they relayed to him the words of the men from Jabesh
The act of relaying information highlights the importance of communication in leadership. The men from Jabesh were under threat from Nahash the Ammonite, and their plight required immediate attention. This phrase underscores the urgency and gravity of the situation, setting the stage for Saul's decisive action. It also reflects the interconnectedness of the tribes of Israel and the need for unity and support in times of crisis.

When Saul heard their words
This phrase sets the stage for a pivotal moment in Saul's early reign as king. The context here is crucial: the Ammonite threat against Jabesh-gilead. Saul, who was still in the early stages of his kingship, was working in the fields when he received the news. The Hebrew word for "heard" (שָׁמַע, shama) implies not just the act of hearing but also understanding and internalizing the gravity of the situation. This moment marks a transition from Saul's private life to his public role as a leader, highlighting the importance of being attentive to the needs and cries of the people.

the Spirit of God
The phrase "the Spirit of God" (רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים, ruach Elohim) is significant in the Old Testament, often indicating divine empowerment for a specific task or mission. In the context of Saul's life, this is a moment of divine intervention where God equips Saul with the necessary strength and courage to lead Israel. The Spirit's coming upon Saul is reminiscent of other judges and leaders in Israel's history, such as Gideon and Samson, who were similarly empowered to deliver Israel from its enemies. This underscores the belief that true leadership and victory come not from human strength but from divine enablement.

came powerfully upon him
The Hebrew verb used here (צָלַח, tsalach) conveys the idea of rushing or coming mightily. This is not a gentle influence but a powerful, overwhelming presence that transforms Saul from a passive observer into an active leader. The Spirit's empowerment is both immediate and effective, demonstrating God's sovereignty and ability to equip His chosen leaders for the tasks ahead. This moment is a reminder of the transformative power of God's Spirit in the lives of believers, enabling them to accomplish what they could not do on their own.

and he burned with anger
The phrase "burned with anger" (וַיִּחַר אַפּוֹ, vayichar appo) reflects a righteous indignation that arises from the Spirit's influence. This is not a sinful or uncontrolled anger but a passionate response to injustice and the threat against God's people. Saul's anger is directed towards the Ammonites' cruelty and the dishonor they seek to impose on Israel. In the biblical narrative, such anger is often a catalyst for action, driving leaders to defend and protect their people. This righteous anger is a reflection of God's own heart for justice and His desire to see His people delivered from oppression.

He took a pair of oxen
In ancient Israel, oxen were valuable assets, essential for agriculture and transportation. The Hebrew word for "oxen" is "בָּקָר" (baqar), which signifies their importance in daily life. Saul's choice to use oxen underscores the gravity of the situation, as he sacrifices something of great value to rally the Israelites. This act symbolizes the seriousness of the call to unity and action against the Ammonite threat.

cut them into pieces
The act of cutting the oxen into pieces is reminiscent of the covenant ritual described in Genesis 15, where animals were divided to signify a binding agreement. The Hebrew word "נִתַּח" (nittach) implies a deliberate and solemn act. This gruesome imagery serves as a powerful visual message, emphasizing the dire consequences of inaction and the need for collective response.

sent the pieces by messengers
The use of messengers to distribute the pieces throughout Israel highlights the urgency and widespread nature of the call. The Hebrew term "מַלְאָכִים" (mal'akhim) for "messengers" can also mean "angels," indicating the divine authority behind the message. This method ensured that the call to arms reached every corner of the nation, uniting the tribes under a common cause.

throughout the land of Israel
The phrase "throughout the land of Israel" signifies the comprehensive scope of Saul's message. It was not limited to a single tribe or region but extended to the entire nation. This reflects the unity and collective identity of Israel as God's chosen people, called to defend their land and uphold their covenant with the LORD.

proclaiming, 'This is what will be done to the oxen of anyone who does not follow Saul and Samuel.'
The proclamation serves as both a warning and a rallying cry. The mention of "Saul and Samuel" together emphasizes the divinely appointed leadership and the spiritual authority guiding the nation. The Hebrew word "יֹאמַר" (yomar) for "proclaiming" conveys a sense of authoritative declaration, underscoring the seriousness of the call to action.

Then the terror of the LORD fell upon the people
The "terror of the LORD" is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, often associated with divine intervention and awe-inspiring power. The Hebrew word "פַּחַד" (pachad) for "terror" indicates a profound fear that compels obedience. This divine fear unites the people, ensuring their collective response to the threat and demonstrating God's active presence in their midst.

and they turned out as one man
The phrase "as one man" highlights the unity and solidarity of the Israelites in response to Saul's call. The Hebrew expression "כְּאִישׁ אֶחָד" (ke'ish echad) signifies complete unanimity and shared purpose. This unity is a testament to the effectiveness of Saul's leadership and the divine influence that brought the people together to face their common enemy.

When Saul numbered them
The act of numbering or mustering troops is significant in the biblical narrative, often indicating preparation for battle or a significant event. The Hebrew root for "numbered" is "paqad," which can mean to muster, visit, or appoint. This action by Saul demonstrates his role as a leader and king, taking responsibility to organize and prepare the Israelites for the impending conflict with the Ammonites. It reflects a moment of unity and mobilization under Saul's leadership, highlighting his initial acceptance and authority as king.

at Bezek
Bezek is a location of strategic importance, situated in the territory of Israel. Historically, Bezek is mentioned earlier in Judges 1:4-5 as a place where the Israelites defeated the Canaanites and Perizzites. The choice of Bezek as a gathering point for Saul's forces may indicate its logistical advantages or its symbolic significance as a site of previous victories. This setting underscores the continuity of God's deliverance and the ongoing struggle for the Israelites to secure their land and identity.

the men of Israel numbered 300,000
The large number of Israelites gathered reflects the widespread support for Saul and the urgency of the threat posed by Nahash the Ammonite. The figure of 300,000 men signifies a formidable force, suggesting that the tribes of Israel were willing to unite under Saul's leadership. This unity is crucial in the biblical narrative, as it demonstrates the potential strength of Israel when they come together under God's chosen leader. It also foreshadows the successes and challenges Saul will face as king.

and the men of Judah 30,000
The distinction between the men of Israel and the men of Judah is noteworthy, as it hints at the later division of the kingdom into Israel and Judah. At this point in the narrative, however, it emphasizes the inclusion of all tribes in the collective defense against external threats. The specific mention of Judah, with its 30,000 men, highlights its role and contribution to the national effort. This detail underscores the importance of unity among the tribes and the shared responsibility in the face of common enemies.

So they said to the messengers who had come
This phrase sets the stage for a pivotal moment in Israel's history. The "messengers" were sent by the people of Jabesh Gilead, who were under threat from Nahash the Ammonite. The Hebrew word for "messengers" is מַלְאָכִים (mal'akhim), which can also mean "angels" or "envoys." This dual meaning underscores the urgency and divine significance of their mission. The messengers were not just bearers of news; they were instruments of God's unfolding plan for deliverance.

Tell the men of Jabesh Gilead
Jabesh Gilead was a city east of the Jordan River, historically linked to the tribe of Manasseh. The phrase "men of Jabesh Gilead" highlights the communal nature of the threat they faced. In ancient Israel, cities were often identified by their leading men, who represented the collective concerns and hopes of their people. This call to the "men" signifies a rallying of the community, emphasizing the importance of unity and leadership in times of crisis.

Tomorrow, by the time the sun is hot
This phrase is a promise of imminent deliverance. The reference to "the sun is hot" indicates the time of day when the sun reaches its zenith, typically around noon. In the Hebrew context, this was a time of clarity and revelation, when shadows are shortest and the light is brightest. The promise of deliverance "tomorrow" speaks to the certainty and immediacy of God's intervention. It reassures the people of Jabesh Gilead that their suffering will soon end, reflecting God's faithfulness and the reliability of His promises.

you will be delivered
The Hebrew root for "delivered" is יָשַׁע (yasha), which means to save or rescue. This word is foundational in the Old Testament, often used to describe God's saving acts. The promise of deliverance is not just a military victory but a divine act of salvation. It points to the broader theme of God's redemptive work throughout Scripture, culminating in the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ. This assurance of deliverance is a reminder of God's sovereignty and His commitment to His people.

When the messengers went and reported this to the men of Jabesh
The act of reporting is crucial in the narrative. The messengers, having received the promise of deliverance, faithfully convey it to the people of Jabesh Gilead. This transmission of hope is a testament to the power of God's word and the importance of faithful communication. The messengers' role is akin to that of prophets, who bear God's message to His people, encouraging them to trust in His promises.

they rejoiced
The response of the people of Jabesh Gilead is one of joy and relief. The Hebrew word for "rejoiced" is שָׂמַח (samach), which conveys a deep, exuberant joy. This joy is not merely emotional but is rooted in the assurance of God's deliverance. It reflects the biblical theme that true joy comes from trusting in God's promises and experiencing His salvation. The rejoicing of the people is a foretaste of the joy that believers experience in Christ, who delivers us from sin and death.

Then the men of Jabesh said
The men of Jabesh, referring to the inhabitants of Jabesh-gilead, were in a dire situation. Historically, Jabesh-gilead was a city east of the Jordan River, often vulnerable to attacks due to its location. The phrase indicates a moment of decision and communication. The Hebrew root for "said" (אָמַר, 'amar) often implies a declaration or proclamation, suggesting the gravity of their message. This reflects the desperation and strategic thinking of the men, as they were under siege by Nahash the Ammonite.

Tomorrow we will come out to you
The word "tomorrow" (מָחָר, machar) signifies a specific time frame, indicating urgency and immediacy. The phrase "we will come out to you" suggests a surrender or a meeting, which in the context of ancient Near Eastern warfare, often meant submission to the enemy's terms. This was a tactical move, as the men of Jabesh were buying time, hoping for deliverance. The historical context reveals that this was a common practice in warfare, where besieged cities would negotiate terms to avoid destruction.

and you can do with us
This phrase indicates a willingness to submit to the enemy's will, reflecting the dire circumstances faced by the people of Jabesh. The Hebrew root for "do" (עָשָׂה, asah) implies action or making, often used in the context of creating or executing a plan. This highlights the vulnerability and helplessness of the people, as they were at the mercy of Nahash's intentions. It underscores the severity of their plight and their hope for a miraculous intervention.

whatever seems good to you
The phrase "whatever seems good" (טוֹב, tov) is significant in Hebrew, often associated with what is pleasing or beneficial. In this context, it is a statement of submission, allowing Nahash to determine their fate. Historically, this reflects the brutal reality of ancient warfare, where the victor had the power to decide the fate of the defeated. Theologically, it sets the stage for divine intervention, as the people of Jabesh were ultimately seeking deliverance from God through Saul, the newly anointed king.

The next day
This phrase indicates a sense of urgency and immediacy in Saul's actions. The Hebrew word for "day" is "yom," which can signify a literal day or a period of time. Here, it emphasizes the promptness of Saul's response to the threat posed by the Ammonites, reflecting his decisive leadership and the divine timing in God's plan for Israel.

Saul organized the troops
Saul's ability to organize the troops demonstrates his emerging role as a leader. The Hebrew root for "organized" is "shaphat," which can also mean to judge or govern. This suggests that Saul is stepping into his God-given role as king, exercising authority and wisdom in military strategy.

into three divisions
The division of troops into three parts is a strategic military tactic. Historically, dividing forces allowed for more effective maneuvers and surprise attacks. This tactic is reminiscent of Gideon's strategy in Judges 7:16, where God used a small, divided force to achieve victory, highlighting the theme of divine intervention and wisdom in battle.

During the morning watch
The "morning watch" refers to the last third of the night, from 2 a.m. to 6 a.m. This time was often chosen for surprise attacks due to the enemy's vulnerability. The Hebrew term "ashmoret" signifies a time of vigilance and readiness, symbolizing spiritual alertness and the importance of being prepared for God's call to action.

they invaded the camp of the Ammonites
The Ammonites were a perennial enemy of Israel, often representing opposition to God's people. The Hebrew word for "invaded" is "bo," meaning to enter or come in. This invasion signifies not only a physical attack but also a spiritual breakthrough, as God's chosen leader confronts and overcomes the forces of darkness.

and slaughtered them until the heat of the day
The phrase "slaughtered them" uses the Hebrew "nakah," meaning to strike or smite. This indicates a decisive victory granted by God. The "heat of the day" suggests the battle was intense and prolonged, yet God's strength sustained Israel, echoing the theme of divine empowerment in the face of overwhelming odds.

The survivors were so scattered
The scattering of the survivors signifies total defeat and disarray among the Ammonites. The Hebrew root "puwts" means to disperse or scatter, often used in the context of divine judgment. This scattering fulfills God's promise to protect and deliver His people from their enemies.

that no two of them were left together
This final phrase underscores the completeness of the victory. The Hebrew concept of "together" is "yachad," meaning united or joined. The disunity among the Ammonites contrasts with the unity and divine favor experienced by Israel, reinforcing the biblical principle that God blesses and strengthens those who are united in His purpose.

Then the people said to Samuel
This phrase indicates a collective response from the Israelites, who are now unified under Saul's leadership. The Hebrew word for "people" is "עָם" (am), which often refers to a community or nation. This reflects a significant moment of national unity and identity, as the Israelites recognize Samuel's authority as a prophet and judge. Historically, Samuel was a pivotal figure in transitioning Israel from a period of judges to a monarchy, and the people's approach to him underscores his respected position.

Who said that Saul should not reign over us?
This rhetorical question highlights the people's indignation towards those who doubted Saul's kingship. The Hebrew verb "מָלַךְ" (malak) means "to reign" or "to be king," emphasizing the legitimacy of Saul's rule. In the context of ancient Israel, kingship was not just a political role but also a divine appointment. The people's question suggests a defense of God's choice, as Saul was anointed by Samuel under God's direction. This reflects a broader biblical theme of divine sovereignty and the importance of trusting in God's chosen leaders.

Bring them here, so that we can kill them!
This phrase reveals the intensity of the people's loyalty to Saul and their desire to eliminate dissent. The Hebrew verb "מוּת" (muth) means "to die" or "to kill," indicating a severe punishment for rebellion. In the ancient Near Eastern context, such actions were not uncommon as a means to consolidate power and ensure loyalty. However, this also raises questions about justice and mercy, themes that are explored throughout the Bible. The people's reaction contrasts with Saul's later decision to show mercy, highlighting the tension between human justice and divine grace.

But Saul declared
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in Saul's early reign as king. The Hebrew root for "declared" is "אָמַר" (amar), which means to say or speak. This is significant as it shows Saul taking a decisive leadership role. Historically, this was a time when Israel was transitioning from a loose confederation of tribes to a centralized monarchy. Saul's declaration is a public assertion of his authority and a demonstration of his ability to unify the people under his leadership.

No one shall be put to death this day
Here, Saul exercises mercy and restraint. The Hebrew word for "death" is "מוּת" (muth), which is often used in the context of capital punishment. Saul's decision to spare those who had previously doubted his kingship reflects a Christ-like forgiveness and a desire to unite the nation rather than divide it. This act of clemency is crucial in establishing his reign on a foundation of grace rather than fear.

for today the LORD has worked salvation in Israel
The phrase "the LORD has worked salvation" is central to understanding the theological significance of this verse. The Hebrew word for "salvation" is "יְשׁוּעָה" (yeshuah), which is closely related to the name Yeshua, or Jesus, in the New Testament. This connection underscores the belief that God is the ultimate source of deliverance. Saul acknowledges that the victory over the Ammonites is not by his own strength but by the divine intervention of the LORD. This reflects a key theme throughout the Bible: that God is the deliverer of His people. The historical context here is the recent victory over the Ammonites, which was a critical moment for Israel, solidifying Saul's position as king and demonstrating God's continued favor and protection over Israel.

Then Samuel said to the people
This phrase introduces the prophet Samuel as the central figure addressing the Israelites. Samuel, whose name in Hebrew (שְׁמוּאֵל, Shemu'el) means "heard of God," serves as a pivotal leader and prophet during a transitional period in Israel's history. His role as a judge and prophet underscores the divine authority and guidance he provides to the people. Historically, Samuel's leadership is crucial as he bridges the era of the judges and the establishment of the monarchy.

Come, let us go to Gilgal
The invitation to "come" signifies a call to action and unity among the Israelites. Gilgal, a significant location in Israel's history, is where the Israelites first camped after crossing the Jordan River into the Promised Land (Joshua 4:19-20). The Hebrew root for Gilgal (גִּלְגָּל) suggests a "circle" or "rolling," symbolizing a place of renewal and covenant. Archaeologically, Gilgal is identified with several sites, but its exact location remains debated. Its historical significance as a place of worship and assembly makes it an ideal setting for renewing the kingship.

and renew the kingship there
The concept of "renewing the kingship" implies a reaffirmation or reestablishment of Saul's authority as king. The Hebrew word for "renew" (חָדַשׁ, chadash) conveys the idea of making new or restoring. This renewal is not merely a political act but a spiritual reaffirmation of God's chosen leader. In the broader scriptural context, this event follows Saul's victory over the Ammonites, which solidified his position as king in the eyes of the people. The renewal at Gilgal serves as a public acknowledgment of Saul's divine appointment and a commitment to follow God's ordained leadership. This moment reflects the ongoing need for the Israelites to align themselves with God's will and the leaders He appoints.

So all the people went to Gilgal
The phrase "all the people" signifies a unified action by the Israelites, highlighting the communal nature of their society and their collective acknowledgment of Saul's leadership. "Gilgal" is a significant location in Israel's history, often associated with renewal and covenant. It was the first campsite of the Israelites after crossing the Jordan River (Joshua 4:19-20), symbolizing new beginnings and divine promises. The choice of Gilgal for Saul's confirmation as king underscores the importance of returning to foundational spiritual landmarks.

and confirmed Saul as king
The act of confirming Saul as king indicates a formal and public acknowledgment of his leadership. The Hebrew root for "confirmed" (מָלַךְ, malak) implies a coronation or enthronement, suggesting a divinely sanctioned authority. This moment is crucial as it transitions Israel from a theocracy led by judges to a monarchy, reflecting the people's desire for a king like other nations (1 Samuel 8:5). It also emphasizes God's sovereignty in choosing Saul, despite the people's initial demand.

in the presence of the LORD
This phrase highlights the theocratic nature of Israel's monarchy, where God is the ultimate authority. The presence of the LORD (YHWH) signifies divine approval and blessing over the proceedings. It serves as a reminder that Saul's kingship is not merely a political appointment but a spiritual covenant. The acknowledgment of God's presence reinforces the idea that true leadership in Israel is accountable to divine standards and guidance.

There they sacrificed peace offerings before the LORD
Peace offerings, or "shelamim" in Hebrew, were sacrifices expressing thanksgiving and fellowship with God. These offerings symbolize reconciliation and gratitude, indicating that the people sought to honor God and seek His favor as they embraced Saul's kingship. The act of sacrificing before the LORD underscores the importance of worship and devotion in Israel's national life, reminding them that their success and unity depend on their relationship with God.

and Saul and all the Israelites rejoiced greatly
The phrase "rejoiced greatly" captures the joy and celebration of the moment. The Hebrew root for "rejoiced" (שָׂמַח, samach) conveys a deep, exuberant joy, reflecting the people's relief and hope for a united future under Saul's leadership. This communal rejoicing signifies a moment of national unity and optimism, as the Israelites anticipate a new era of stability and divine favor. It also highlights the importance of joy in the life of God's people, as a response to His blessings and guidance.