Deer

[FALLOW-DEER]

Deer

A wild quadruped, of a middle size between the stag and the roebuck; its horns turn inward, and are large and flat. The fallow deer is naturally very timorous: it was reputed clean, and good for food, De 14:5. Young deer are noticed in Proverbs, Songs, and Isaiah, as beautiful creatures, and very swift, Proverbs 5:19. See HIND.

1. (n. sing. & pl.) Any animal; especially, a wild animal.

2. (n. sing. & pl.) A ruminant of the genus Cervus, of many species, and of related genera of the family Cervidae. The males, and in some species the females, have solid antlers, often much branched, which are shed annually. Their flesh, for which they are hunted, is called venison.

DEER

der ('ayyal, feminine 'ayyalah, and 'ayyeleth (compare Arabic, 'ayyal and 'iyal, "deer" and 'ayil, "ram," and Latin caper and capra, "goat," caprea, capreolus, "wild goat," "chamois," or "roe deer")); yachmur (compare Arabic, yachmur, "deer"); ya`alah, feminine of ya`el (compare Arabic, wa`l, "Pers wild goat"); tsebhi, and feminine tsebhiyah (compare Arabic, zabi and feminine zabiyah, "gazelle"); `opher (compare Arabic, ghafr and ghufr, "young of the mountain goat"):

Of the words in the preceding list, the writer believes that only the first two, i.e. 'ayyal (with its feminine forms) and yachmur should be translated "deer," 'ayyal for the roe deer and yachmur for the fallow deer. Further, he believes that ya`el (including ya`alah) should be translated "ibex," and tsebhi, "gazelle." `Opher is the young of a roe deer or of a gazelle.

'Ayyal and its feminine forms are regularly in English Versions of the Bible rendered "hart" and "hind," terms which are more commonly applied to the male and female of the red deer, Cervus elaphus, which inhabits Great Britain, the continent of Europe, the Caucasus and Asia Minor, but which has never been reported as far south as Syria or Palestine. The roe deer, Capreolus caprea, however, which inhabits the British Isles, the greater part of Europe, the Caucasus and Persia, is certainly found in Palestine. The museum of the Syrian Protestant College at Beirut possesses the skeleton of a roe deer which was shot in the mountains near Tyre. As late as 1890 it was fairly common in southern Lebanon and Carmel, but has now (1912) become very scarce. The fallow deer, Cervus dama, is a native of Northern Africa and countries about the Mediterranean. It is found in central Europe and Great Britain, where it has been introduced from its more southern habitat. A variety of the fallow deer, sometimes counted as a separate species under the name of Cervus Mesopotamicus, inhabits northeastern Mesopotamia and Persia. It may in former times have been found in Palestine, and Tristram reports having seen the fallow deer in Galilee (Fauna and Flora of Pal), but while Tristram was a remarkably acute observer, he appears sometimes to have been too readily satisfied, and his observations, when unaccompanied, as in this case, by specimens, are to be accepted with caution. Now 'ayyal (and its feminine forms) occurs in the Bible 22 times, while yachmur occurs only twice, i.e. in the list of clean animals in Deuteronomy 14:5, and in 1 Kings 4:23, in the list of animals provided for Solomon's table. In both places the King James Version has "fallow deer" and the Revised Version (British and American) "roebuck." In view of the fact that the roe deer has within recent years been common in Palestine, while the occurrence of the fallow deer must be considered doubtful, it seems fair to render 'ayyal "roe deer" or "roebuck," leaving yachmur for fallow deer.

The Arabs call the roe deer both 'ayyal and wa`l. Wa`l is the proper name of the Persian wild goat, Capra aegagrus, and is also often used for the Arabic or Sinaitic ibex, Capra beden, though only by those who do not live within its range. Where the ibex is at home it is always called beden. This looseness of nomenclature must be taken into account, and we have no reason to suppose that the Hebrews were more exact than are the Arabs. There are many examples of this in English, e.g. panther, coney, rabbit (in America), locust, adder and many others.

Ya`el (including ya`alah) occurs 4 times. In Job 39:1 Psalm 104:18 1 Samuel 24:2, English Versions of the Bible render ya`el by "wild goat." For ya`alah in Proverbs 5:19, the King James Version has "roe," while the Revised Version (British and American) has "doe," which is non-committal, since the name, "doe," may be applied to the female of a deer or of an ibex. Since the Arabic, wa`l, which is etymologically closely akin to ya`el, means the Persian wild goat, it might be supposed that that animal was meant, were it not that it inhabits the plains of the Syrian desert, and not the mountains of Southern Palestine, where the ibex lives. At least two of the passages clearly indicate the latter locality, i.e. Psalm 104:18: "The high mountains are for the wild goats," and 1 Samuel 24:2: "Saul. went to seek David and his men upon the rocks of the wild goats." The conclusion then seems irresistible that ya`el, and consequently ya`alah, is the ibex.

Tsebhi (including tsebhiyah) is uniformly rendered "roe" or "roebuck" in the King James Version, while the Revised Version (British and American), either in the text or in the margin, has in most cases "gazelle." In two places "roe" is retained in the Revised Version (British and American) without comment, i.e. 2 Samuel 2:18: "Asahel was as light of foot as a wild roe," and 1 Chronicles 12:8: "were as swift as the roes upon the mountains." 'Ayyal and tsebhi occur together in Deuteronomy 12:15, 22; Deuteronomy 14:5; Deuteronomy 15:22 1 Kings 4:23; Songs 2:9, 17, i.e. in 7 of the 16 passages in which we find tsebhi. If therefore it be accepted that 'ayyal is the roe deer, it follows that tsebhi must be something else. Now the gazelle is common in Palestine and satisfies perfectly every passage in which we find tsebhi. Further, one of the Arabic names of the gazelle is zabi, a word which is etymologically much nearer to tsebhi than appears in this transliteration.

'Opher is akin to `aphar, "dust," and has reference to the color of the young of the deer or gazelle, to both of which it is applied. In Songs 2:9, 17 and 8:14, we have `opher ha-'ayyalim, English Versions of the Bible "young hart," literally, "fawn of the roe deer." In Songs 4:5 and 7:3, we have `opharim te'ome tsebhiyah, the King James Version "young roes that are twins," the Revised Version (British and American) "fawns that are twins of a roe," the Revised Version, margin "gazelle" (for "roe"). For further reference to these questions, see ZOOLOGY.

With the exception of mere lists of animals, as in Deuteronomy 14 and 1 Kings 4, the treatment of these animals is highly poetical, and shows much appreciation of their grace and beauty.

Alfred Ely Day

354. ayyal -- a hart, stag, deer
... 353, 354. ayyal. 355 . a hart, stag, deer. Transliteration: ayyal Phonetic
Spelling: (ah-yawl') Short Definition: deer. Word Origin ...
/hebrew/354.htm - 6k

357. Ayyalon -- "deer," the name of several cities in Palestine
... 356, 357. Ayyalon. 358 . "deer," the name of several cities in Palestine.
Transliteration: Ayyalon Phonetic Spelling: (ah-yaw-lone') Short Definition: Aijalon ...
/hebrew/357.htm - 6k

3180. yachmur -- a roebuck
... fallow deer. From chamar; a kind of deer (from the color; compare chamowr) -- fallow
deer. see HEBREW chamar. see HEBREW chamowr. 3179, 3180. yachmur. 3181 > ...
/hebrew/3180.htm - 6k

355. ayyalah -- a hind, doe
... of ayyal Definition a hind, doe NASB Word Usage deer (2), doe (2), hind (1), hinds
(2), hinds' (3). hind. Feminine of 'ayal; a doe or female deer -- hind. ...
/hebrew/355.htm - 6k

117. addir -- majestic
... 116, 117. addir. 118 . majestic. Transliteration: addir Phonetic Spelling:
(ad-deer') Short Definition: nobles. Word Origin from ...
/hebrew/117.htm - 6k

The Outlaw
... For when first I stirred in your side, mither, ye ken full well How you lay all
night up among the deer out on the open fell; And so it was that I won the ...
//christianbookshelf.org/kingsley/andromeda and other poems/the outlaw.htm

The Evolution of Language
... The deer had formed themselves into herds, and the monkeys into troops; the birds
were in flocks, and the wolves in packs; the bees in hives, and the ants in ...
/.../the lowell lectures on the ascent of man/chapter v the evolution of.htm

Pacianus
... Mountains, a man of chaste eloquence, and as distinguished by his life as by his
speech, wrote various short works, among which are The Deer, [2536] and ...
/.../various/jerome and gennadius lives of illustrious men /chapter cvi pacianus.htm

The Testament of Naphtali Concerning Natural Goodness.
... 2. And since I was swift on my feet like a deer, my father Jacob appointed me for
all errands and messages, and as a deer [153] did he give me his blessing. ...
/.../viii the testament of naphtali concerning.htm

Jacob, a Prince of God.
... places. He made bows and arrows, and was a hunter, and brought home wild
birds and deer, for his father was very fond of such food. ...
/.../lathbury/childs story of the bible/chapter v jacob a prince.htm

On the Animals
... ate them. [IV(II)Kings 2:24]. The stag is Christ, or the saints; as a deer
longs for the streams of water. [Ps.41(42):2(1)]. The wolf ...
/.../eucherius/the formulae of st eucherius of lyons/iv on the animals.htm

The Story of a Cup of Water
... His words are overheard; and three of these terrible followers of his"fierce as
lions and fleet as deer"took their swords and fought their way through the ...
/.../wells/bible stories and religious classics/the story of a cup.htm

The Evolution of a Father
... Tibet in September; the reindeer in Norway at the end of September; the badger in
October; the Capra pyrenaica in November; the chamois, the musk-deer, and the ...
/.../the lowell lectures on the ascent of man/chapter ix the evolution of.htm

The Struggle for Life
... Why was the spear invented, and the sling, and the bow? In the first instance
because Man needed the bird and the deer for food. ...
/.../the lowell lectures on the ascent of man/chapter vi the struggle for.htm

Of Removing Tithes.
... Deer are not titheable, being fer?? natur??, wild. ... a year, and the third shoulder of
every deer, hath been paid as tithe for a park.1 Roll: Rep.176. ...
/.../prideaux/directions to church-wardens/8 of removing tithes.htm

Deer (15 Occurrences)
... Their flesh, for which they are hunted, is called venison. Int. Standard Bible
Encyclopedia. DEER. der ('ayyal, feminine 'ayyalah, and ...
/d/deer.htm - 17k

Fallow-deer (2 Occurrences)
Fallow-deer. Fallowdeer, Fallow-deer. Fallowground . ... A species of deer has
been found at Mount Carmel which is called yahmur by the Arabs. ...
/f/fallow-deer.htm - 7k

Deer's (2 Occurrences)
... Multi-Version Concordance Deer's (2 Occurrences). Psalms 18:33 He makes my
feet like deer's feet, and sets me on my high places. (WEB). ...
/d/deer's.htm - 6k

Zoology
... Wild Ox or Unicorn, Sinaitic Ibex (sv GOAT), Persian Wild Goat (sv CHAMOIS), Gazelle,
Arabian Oryx (sv ANTELOPE), Chamois (2) Cervidae, Roe Deer, Fallow Deer...
/z/zoology.htm - 18k

Roebuck (5 Occurrences)
... Noah Webster's Dictionary (n.) A small European and Asiatic deer (Capreolus capraea)
having erect, cylindrical, branched antlers, forked at the summit. ...
/r/roebuck.htm - 9k

Roe (21 Occurrences)
... (See 1 Samuel 24:2; Psalm 104:18; Job 39:1.). Noah Webster's Dictionary. 1. (n.)
A roebuck. See Roebuck. 2. (n.) The female of any species of deer. ...
/r/roe.htm - 15k

Doe (5 Occurrences)
... Noah Webster's Dictionary 1. (n.) A female deer or antelope; the female of the fallow
deer, of which the male is called a buck. ... DOE. do. See DEER. ...
/d/doe.htm - 8k

Venison (10 Occurrences)
... Noah Webster's Dictionary (n.) The meat of a deer or similar animal. Int.
Standard Bible Encyclopedia. VENISON. ven'-iz'-n, ven'-z ...
/v/venison.htm - 10k

Gazelle (12 Occurrences)
... It must be acknowledged, however, that the gazelle and the roe-deer are of about
the same size, and are sometimes confused with each other. ...
/g/gazelle.htm - 13k

Fallowdeer (1 Occurrence)
... This animal, called in Hebrew yahmur, from a word meaning "to be red," is regarded
by some as the common fallow-deer, the Cervus dama, which is said to be ...
/f/fallowdeer.htm - 7k

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