The term "Apocrypha" refers to a collection of ancient writings that are often associated with the Bible but are not considered canonical by most Protestant traditions. The word "apocrypha" itself comes from the Greek word "apokryphos," meaning "hidden" or "obscure." These texts are included in the Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate but are not found in the Hebrew Bible. The Apocrypha holds varying degrees of authority across different Christian traditions.

Historical Context and Content

The Apocrypha consists of several books and additions to canonical books, written primarily between the 3rd century BCE and the 1st century CE. These texts include historical works, wisdom literature, and additions to existing biblical books. Some of the most notable books in the Apocrypha include:

· 1 and 2 Maccabees: Historical accounts of the Jewish revolt against Seleucid oppression, focusing on the leadership of Judas Maccabeus and his brothers.
· Tobit: A narrative that combines elements of folklore, wisdom, and piety, telling the account of Tobit and his son Tobias.
· Judith: A tale of a Jewish heroine who saves her people by beheading the Assyrian general Holofernes.
· Wisdom of Solomon: A work of wisdom literature that reflects on the nature of wisdom and righteousness.
· Ecclesiasticus (Sirach): A collection of ethical teachings and proverbs attributed to Jesus ben Sirach.
· Baruch: A book attributed to Baruch, the scribe of Jeremiah, containing reflections on the Babylonian exile.
· Additions to Esther and Daniel: These include the Prayer of Azariah, the Song of the Three Holy Children, Susanna, and Bel and the Dragon.

Canonical Status

The canonical status of the Apocrypha varies among Christian denominations. The Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church include many of these books in their Old Testament canon, referring to them as "deuterocanonical" books. The Council of Trent (1545-1563) affirmed the inclusion of these texts in the Catholic canon. In contrast, most Protestant traditions, following the lead of Martin Luther and other Reformers, do not consider the Apocrypha to be divinely inspired Scripture. Instead, they view these writings as valuable historical and religious documents that can provide insight into Jewish history and thought during the intertestamental period.

Theological and Doctrinal Considerations

The Apocrypha contains teachings and narratives that are not always consistent with the canonical Scriptures. For example, the concept of purgatory finds some support in 2 Maccabees 12:45-46, which discusses prayers for the dead. This has been a point of contention, particularly for Protestant theologians who emphasize the sufficiency of Scripture and the doctrine of sola scriptura.

Use in Worship and Devotion

While not considered canonical by many, the Apocrypha has been used in various liturgical and devotional contexts. The Book of Common Prayer of the Anglican tradition, for instance, includes readings from the Apocrypha in its lectionary. These texts are often appreciated for their historical and moral teachings, as well as their literary qualities.

Conclusion

The Apocrypha remains a subject of interest and debate within Christian scholarship and practice. While its canonical status is not universally accepted, its historical and religious significance is acknowledged across many Christian traditions.DECEASE, IN THE OLD TESTAMENT AND APOCYPHRA

de-ses' (rapha', plural repha'im, "ghosts," "shades," is translated by "dead," "dead body," and "deceased" in both the King James Version and the Revised Version (British and American)): The word seems to mean "soft," "inert," but its etymology is uncertain (see REPHAIM). The various writers of the Old Testament present, as is to be expected on such a subject, different conceptions of the condition of the deceased. In the beginning probably a vague idea of the continuation of existence was held, without the activities (Isaiah 59:10) and the joys of the present life (Psalm 49:17). They dwell in the "land of forgetfulness" (Job 14:21 Psalm 88:5; compare Isaiah 26:14), they "tremble" of cold (Job 26:5), they totter and "stumble at noonday as in the twilight" (Isaiah 59:10), their voice is described as low and muttering or chirping (Isaiah 8:19; Isaiah 29:4), which may refer to the peculiar pitch of the voice of the spirit medium when a spirit speaks through him. (The calling up of the dead, which was strictly forbidden to Israel (Leviticus 19:31; Leviticus 20:27) is referred to in 1 Samuel 28:13 and perhaps in Isaiah 14:9.) The deceased are separated from their friends; love and hatred have both ceased with them (Ecclesiastes 9:5, 6); "There is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor wisdom, in Sheol" (Ecclesiastes 9:10). The deceased are unable to praise Yahweh (Psalm 6:5; Psalm 88:10-12 Isaiah 38:18; Baruch 2:17; Sirach 17:27, 28). Nor does there seem to have been at first an anticipation of reward or punishment after death (Psalm 88:10; Sirach 41:4), probably because the shades were supposed to be lacking the organs by which either reward or punishment could be perceived; nevertheless they are still in the realm of God's power (1 Samuel 2:6 Psalm 86:13; Psalm 139:8 Proverbs 15:11 Isaiah 7:11 Hosea 13:14 Amos 9:2; Tobit 13:2).

Gradually the possibility of a return of the departed was conceived (Genesis 5:24 2 Kings 13:21 Psalm 49:15; Psalm 73:24; Psalm 86:13 Hosea 13:14; The Wisdom of Solomon 3:1-7; 4:13, 14; 6:18, 19; 10:14). Even here it is often more the idea of the immortality of the soul than that of the resurrection of the body, and some of these passages may be interpreted as allegorical expressions for a temporal rescue from great disaster (e.g. 1 Samuel 2:6); nevertheless this interpretation presupposes the existence of a deliverance from the shadows of Sheol to a better life in the presence of Yahweh. Some passages refer clearly to such an escape at the end of the age (Daniel 12:2 Isaiah 26:19). Only very few of the Old Testament believers reached the sublime faith of Job (19:25, 26) and none the blessed expectation taught in the New Testament, for none but Christ has "brought life and immortality to light" (2 Timothy 1:10 John 5:28, 29).

The opinion that the dead or at least the newly buried could partake of the food which was placed in graves, a custom which recent excavations have clearly shown to have been almost universal in Palestine, and which is referred to in Deuteronomy 26:14 and Tobit 4:17, was soon doubted (Sirach 30:18), and food and drink prepared for the funeral was henceforth intended as the "bread of comfort" and the "cup of consolation" for the mourners (Jeremiah 16:7 2 Samuel 3:35 Ezekiel 24:17). Similarly the offering and burning of incense, originally an homage to the deceased, became a relief for the mourner (2 Chronicles 16:14; 2 Chronicles 21:19 Jeremiah 34:5). See also The Wisdom of Solomon 3:2; 7:06; Sirach 38:23, and articles on CORPSE; DEATH; HADES; SHEOL.

H. L. E. Luering

Apocyphra
... Int. Standard Bible Encyclopedia DECEASE, IN THE OLD TESTAMENT AND APOCYPHRA.
de-ses' (rapha', plural repha'im, "ghosts," "shades ...
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Apollonia (1 Occurrence)

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Taste (46 Occurrences)
... come...." Hebrews 6:4, 5). HLE Luering. DECEASE, IN THE OLD TESTAMENT AND
APOCYPHRA. de-ses' (rapha', plural repha'im, "ghosts," "shades ...
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Decease (2 Occurrences)
... 15, the Revised Version, margin "departure"). DECEASE, IN THE OLD TESTAMENT
AND APOCYPHRA. de-ses' (rapha', plural repha'im, "ghosts ...
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Apocryphal

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Old (3966 Occurrences)

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