A prophecy
The Hebrew word for "prophecy" is "מַשָּׂא" (massa), which can also mean "burden." This indicates a message of significant weight and importance, often concerning future events. In the context of Zechariah, this prophecy is a divine revelation that carries the authority and solemnity of God's word, emphasizing the seriousness of the message that follows.

the word of the LORD
The phrase "word of the LORD" (דְּבַר־יְהוָה, devar-YHWH) signifies a direct communication from God. In the Hebrew tradition, the "word" is not just a spoken message but an active force that accomplishes God's will. This underscores the power and authority of the prophecy, as it is not merely human speculation but divine truth.

concerning Israel
"Israel" here refers to the nation chosen by God, encompassing both the historical people and the spiritual descendants. The prophecy is directed specifically at Israel, highlighting God's ongoing relationship and covenant with His people. Historically, Israel has been central to God's redemptive plan, and this prophecy reaffirms their significance.

The LORD
The use of "LORD" in all capitals represents the Tetragrammaton, YHWH, the personal name of God revealed to Moses. This name signifies God's eternal, self-existent nature and His covenantal faithfulness. It reminds the reader of God's unchanging character and His sovereign authority over all creation.

who stretches out the heavens
This phrase reflects God's role as the Creator, emphasizing His power and majesty. The imagery of "stretching out the heavens" suggests the vastness and order of the universe, which God has meticulously designed. It serves as a reminder of His omnipotence and the intricate care with which He governs the cosmos.

who lays the foundation of the earth
Here, God's creative work is further highlighted by His establishment of the earth's foundations. This phrase underscores the stability and permanence of God's creation, reflecting His wisdom and purpose. It also serves as a metaphor for God's reliability and the surety of His promises.

and who forms the spirit of man within him
This part of the verse speaks to God's intimate involvement in the creation of humanity. The Hebrew word for "forms" (יֹצֵר, yotser) implies a potter shaping clay, indicating God's personal and intentional design of each individual. The "spirit of man" refers to the immaterial aspect of human beings, highlighting the divine breath that gives life and consciousness, setting humanity apart as bearers of God's image.

declares
The word "declares" (נְאֻם, ne'um) is often used in prophetic literature to introduce a solemn pronouncement from God. It signifies the certainty and authority of what follows, assuring the reader that these are not mere human words but a divine decree that will surely come to pass.

Behold
The word "Behold" is a call to attention, often used in the Bible to introduce a significant announcement or prophecy. In Hebrew, it is "הִנֵּה" (hinneh), which serves as an imperative to the listener to pay close attention. This word sets the stage for a divine revelation, emphasizing the importance and certainty of what follows. It is a reminder that God is about to reveal His sovereign plan, and the audience should be prepared to witness His mighty works.

I will make
This phrase indicates God's direct intervention and sovereign will. The Hebrew root "שׂוּם" (sum) means to set, place, or appoint. It underscores that the events to follow are not random but are orchestrated by God Himself. This divine action assures believers that God is actively involved in the affairs of nations and His people, fulfilling His promises and prophecies.

Jerusalem
Jerusalem, the city of peace, holds a central place in biblical history and prophecy. It is not only the physical capital of Israel but also a spiritual symbol of God's presence and covenant with His people. Historically, Jerusalem has been the focal point of religious, political, and cultural significance. In prophecy, it represents the epicenter of God's redemptive plan and the future hope of restoration and peace.

a cup of drunkenness
The imagery of a "cup of drunkenness" is a metaphor for judgment and chaos. In Hebrew, the word "סַף" (saf) refers to a bowl or cup, often associated with God's wrath or judgment in prophetic literature. This metaphor suggests that the surrounding nations will be overwhelmed and disoriented by their actions against Jerusalem, leading to their downfall. It serves as a warning of the consequences of opposing God's chosen city and people.

to all the surrounding peoples
This phrase highlights the scope of the prophecy, indicating that the impact of God's judgment will extend beyond Israel to the nations around it. Historically, these surrounding peoples often opposed Israel, and this prophecy assures that their hostility will ultimately lead to their own confusion and defeat. It reflects the biblical theme of God's protection over His people and the futility of opposing His divine will.

When the siege is against Judah and Jerusalem
The mention of a "siege" evokes images of warfare and conflict, a common occurrence in the history of Jerusalem. The Hebrew word "מָצוֹר" (matsor) refers to a military blockade or encirclement. This phrase acknowledges the reality of external threats but also serves as a prophetic assurance that despite such challenges, God's ultimate plan for Jerusalem will prevail. It is a reminder of the trials God's people may face, yet with the promise of divine deliverance and victory.

On that day
This phrase is a prophetic marker often used in the Hebrew Bible to denote a significant future event, particularly in eschatological contexts. The Hebrew term "בַּיּ֣וֹם הַה֔וּא" (bayyom hahu) suggests a divinely appointed time when God will intervene in human history. It is a reminder of God's sovereignty and the fulfillment of His promises, encouraging believers to trust in His ultimate plan.

when all the nations of the earth gather against her
This phrase indicates a global coalition against Jerusalem, symbolizing the city as a focal point of spiritual and political conflict. Historically, Jerusalem has been a center of contention, and this prophecy suggests a future climax of opposition. The gathering of nations can be seen as a metaphor for the spiritual battle between God's kingdom and worldly powers, emphasizing the importance of Jerusalem in God's redemptive history.

I will make Jerusalem a heavy stone for all the peoples
The imagery of a "heavy stone" (אֶ֣בֶן מַעֲמָסָ֔ה, even ma'amasah) conveys the idea of an immovable burden. In ancient times, stones were used as tests of strength, and here, Jerusalem is portrayed as a divine test for the nations. This metaphor highlights God's protection over Jerusalem and His ability to confound human efforts against His chosen city. It serves as a warning that opposing God's purposes leads to self-destruction.

All who try to lift it will injure themselves
This phrase underscores the futility and danger of opposing God's will. The Hebrew word for "injure" (שָׂר֖וֹט, sarot) implies physical harm, suggesting that attempts to manipulate or control Jerusalem will result in divine retribution. It is a call for humility and recognition of God's authority, reminding believers that human strength is insufficient against divine power. This serves as an encouragement to align with God's purposes rather than resist them.

On that day
This phrase is a prophetic marker often used in the Old Testament to denote a significant future event, usually associated with divine intervention or judgment. In Hebrew, "yom" (day) can refer to a literal day or a period of time. The context here suggests a future time when God will act decisively. This phrase is a reminder of God's sovereignty over time and history, emphasizing that He has appointed times for His purposes to unfold.

declares the LORD
The phrase underscores the authority and certainty of the prophecy. "LORD" in Hebrew is "YHWH," the covenant name of God, signifying His eternal, self-existent nature. This declaration assures the reader that the message is not from a human source but from God Himself, who is faithful to His promises and powerful to fulfill them.

I will strike every horse with panic
Horses in ancient times were symbols of military power and strength. The Hebrew word for "strike" is "nakah," which can mean to smite or defeat. The imagery of horses in panic suggests a divine disruption of human military might. This act of God demonstrates His ability to undermine human confidence and reliance on earthly power, pointing to the futility of opposing His will.

and its rider with madness
The term "madness" in Hebrew is "shigga`own," indicating a state of confusion or irrationality. This suggests a divine judgment that affects not only the physical but also the mental state of those who oppose God. It highlights the totality of God's control over both the natural and human realms, rendering human plans ineffective.

I will keep a watchful eye on the house of Judah
This phrase conveys God's protective and attentive care over His people. The "house of Judah" refers to the southern kingdom, representing the faithful remnant of Israel. The imagery of a "watchful eye" suggests vigilance and concern, assuring the people of God's presence and protection amidst chaos.

but I will strike all the horses of the nations with blindness
The contrast between God's treatment of Judah and the nations is stark. "Blindness" here symbolizes a lack of direction and understanding, a divine judgment that renders the nations powerless. The Hebrew word "ivvaron" for blindness emphasizes the complete inability to perceive or respond effectively. This serves as a reminder of God's ultimate authority over all nations and His commitment to His covenant people.

Then the leaders of Judah
The phrase "leaders of Judah" refers to the political and spiritual heads of the southern kingdom of Judah. Historically, Judah was one of the twelve tribes of Israel, and its leaders were often seen as the guiding force for the nation. The Hebrew word for "leaders" here can also be translated as "governors" or "chiefs," indicating those with authority and responsibility. In the context of Zechariah, these leaders are pivotal in the unfolding of God's plan for Jerusalem and Judah, symbolizing a return to righteous leadership under God's guidance.

will say in their hearts
This phrase suggests an internal conviction or realization. In Hebrew thought, the "heart" is the center of thought, emotion, and will. The leaders' acknowledgment is not just a verbal declaration but a deep-seated belief and understanding. This internal dialogue signifies a transformation or awakening to the truth of God's presence and power among His people, reflecting a sincere and profound change in perspective.

The people of Jerusalem
Jerusalem, the city of David, holds immense historical and spiritual significance as the center of Jewish worship and the location of the Temple. The "people of Jerusalem" are not just its inhabitants but represent the faithful remnant of God's chosen people. This phrase underscores the importance of community and collective identity in God's redemptive plan, highlighting Jerusalem as a focal point of divine activity and blessing.

are my strength
The term "strength" here conveys the idea of support, refuge, and power. In Hebrew, it can also imply a source of confidence or security. The leaders recognize that their strength is derived not from their own abilities but from the collective faith and resilience of the people, who are empowered by their relationship with God. This acknowledgment points to a communal reliance on divine strength rather than human might.

for the LORD of Hosts
The title "LORD of Hosts" is a powerful designation for God, emphasizing His sovereignty and command over the heavenly armies. It reflects God's omnipotence and His role as a divine warrior who fights on behalf of His people. This title reassures the leaders and the people of God's ultimate authority and His ability to protect and deliver them from their enemies.

is their God
This declaration affirms the covenant relationship between God and His people. The possessive "their" indicates a personal and communal bond, reminding the leaders and the people of God's faithfulness and His promises to Israel. It is a statement of identity and belonging, reinforcing the idea that their strength and security are rooted in their relationship with the Almighty. This phrase encapsulates the hope and assurance that come from knowing that the LORD of Hosts is actively involved in the lives of His people.

On that day
This phrase is a prophetic marker often used in the Old Testament to denote a significant future event, usually associated with divine intervention or judgment. In Hebrew, "on that day" (בַּיּ֣וֹם הַה֔וּא) signals a time when God will act decisively. It is a reminder of God's sovereignty and the fulfillment of His promises. The phrase sets the stage for a transformative event, emphasizing the certainty and divine orchestration of what is to come.

I will make
The phrase underscores God's active role in the unfolding events. The Hebrew verb "to make" (עָשָׂה) indicates intentionality and purpose. It is God who empowers and transforms the clans of Judah, highlighting His authority and the fulfillment of His covenant promises. This divine action reassures believers of God's control over history and His ability to bring about His will.

the clans of Judah
The term "clans" (אַלְפֵי) refers to the family groups or tribes within the larger tribe of Judah. Historically, Judah was one of the most prominent tribes of Israel, from which King David and ultimately Jesus Christ descended. This reference to Judah signifies strength, leadership, and the fulfillment of messianic prophecies. It also reflects the unity and collective identity of God's people, who are empowered by Him.

like a firepot in a woodpile
This simile illustrates the destructive power and intensity that God will grant to Judah. A "firepot" (כִּיּוֹר) is a vessel used to contain fire, and when placed in a "woodpile," it can ignite a large blaze. The imagery suggests that Judah will become an instrument of God's judgment, consuming their enemies with divine fervor. It symbolizes purification and the unstoppable nature of God's purposes.

like a flaming torch among sheaves
The "flaming torch" (לַפִּ֣יד) is another powerful image of destruction and illumination. In the context of "sheaves" (עֲמִירִ֑ים), which are bundles of grain, the torch represents the ability to set ablaze and destroy. This imagery conveys the idea of God's people being a light in the darkness, overcoming opposition, and fulfilling God's redemptive plan. It also reflects the theme of harvest, where the righteous are gathered, and the wicked are judged.

They will consume all the peoples around them
The word "consume" (אָכַל) in Hebrew implies complete destruction or devouring. This phrase indicates the total victory that Judah will achieve over their enemies, as ordained by God. It reflects the theme of divine justice and the protection of God's covenant people. Historically, this can be seen as a promise of deliverance and restoration for Israel, foreshadowing the ultimate triumph of God's kingdom.

right and left
This expression signifies completeness and totality. In Hebrew culture, "right and left" (מִיָּמִ֣ין וּמִשְּׂמֹ֔אל) denotes all directions, emphasizing the thoroughness of Judah's victory. It reassures believers of God's comprehensive protection and the certainty of His promises. This phrase also highlights the idea that no enemy will escape God's judgment.

while the people of Jerusalem remain secure in Jerusalem
The security of Jerusalem (יָשַׁב יְרוּשָׁלִַם) is a central theme in biblical prophecy, symbolizing God's presence and protection over His chosen city. The phrase "remain secure" (יָשַׁב) conveys a sense of peace, stability, and divine favor. It reflects the fulfillment of God's promises to protect and preserve His people, offering hope and assurance to believers that God is their refuge and strength.

The LORD
The term "LORD" in this context is translated from the Hebrew "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God, often rendered as Yahweh. This name signifies God's eternal existence and His covenantal faithfulness to His people. In the context of Zechariah, it emphasizes God's sovereign power and His active role in the salvation and protection of His people. The use of "LORD" here assures the reader of the divine initiative and authority behind the promised deliverance.

will save
The Hebrew root for "save" is "yasha," which means to deliver or rescue. This word is often used in the Old Testament to describe God's intervention on behalf of His people, particularly in times of distress or danger. In Zechariah 12:7, it underscores God's commitment to preserving His people and His ability to bring about their salvation. This salvation is not just physical but also spiritual, pointing to the ultimate deliverance through the Messiah.

the tents of Judah
"Tents" symbolize a temporary and humble dwelling, contrasting with the more permanent structures of cities. "Judah" refers to the southern kingdom, representing the broader community of God's people. The mention of "tents" highlights the vulnerability and humility of Judah, yet it is precisely these humble beginnings that God chooses to save first. This reflects a recurring biblical theme where God exalts the humble and brings low the proud.

first
The word "first" indicates priority and order. God's decision to save Judah first demonstrates His intentional plan and purpose. It suggests a divine strategy where the salvation of the less prominent precedes that of the more established, ensuring that no group boasts over another. This order reflects God's equitable justice and His desire to unify His people under His sovereign care.

so that the glory
"Glory" in Hebrew is "kabod," which conveys weightiness, honor, and splendor. In this context, it refers to the honor and recognition that come from God's favor and salvation. The phrase suggests that God's intervention will ensure that the honor due to the house of David and Jerusalem will not overshadow that of Judah. It emphasizes God's impartiality and His intention to distribute His glory equitably among His people.

of the house of David
The "house of David" refers to the royal lineage from which the Messiah, Jesus Christ, would come. This phrase evokes the Davidic covenant, where God promised David that his throne would be established forever. In Zechariah, it points to the messianic hope and the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises through Christ. The mention of the house of David underscores the continuity of God's redemptive plan through history.

and of the residents of Jerusalem
"Residents of Jerusalem" refers to the inhabitants of the city, which was the political and spiritual center of Israel. Jerusalem holds significant historical and theological importance as the site of the temple and the focal point of Jewish worship. By including the residents of Jerusalem, the verse highlights the comprehensive nature of God's salvation, extending from the rural areas of Judah to the urban center of Jerusalem.

may not be greater than that of Judah
This phrase emphasizes equality and unity among God's people. It suggests that God's salvation will be so complete and balanced that no group will have cause to boast over another. This reflects the biblical principle that in God's kingdom, there is no favoritism, and all are equal recipients of His grace. It serves as a reminder of the unity and harmony that God desires among His people, foreshadowing the unity found in the body of Christ.

On that day
This phrase is a prophetic marker often used in the Old Testament to denote a future time of divine intervention or fulfillment of God's promises. In the context of Zechariah, "that day" refers to a time when God will act decisively in the history of Israel. It is a day of both judgment and salvation, emphasizing God's sovereign control over history and His faithfulness to His covenant people.

the LORD will defend
The Hebrew root for "defend" is "ganan," which means to cover, protect, or surround. This conveys the image of God as a divine warrior, shielding His people from harm. The defense of Jerusalem is not merely a physical protection but also a spiritual safeguarding, underscoring God's role as the ultimate protector and deliverer of His people.

the inhabitants of Jerusalem
Jerusalem holds a central place in biblical prophecy and history as the city of God, the location of the Temple, and the heart of Jewish worship. The inhabitants of Jerusalem represent the people of God, and their protection signifies God's enduring commitment to His chosen people. This phrase also points to the eschatological hope of a restored and secure Jerusalem.

so that the weakest among them
This phrase highlights the transformative power of God's intervention. The "weakest" (Hebrew: "kashal") refers to those who are feeble or stumbling. God's promise is that even the most vulnerable will be empowered and strengthened. This reflects the biblical theme of God's strength being made perfect in weakness, as seen in 2 Corinthians 12:9.

will be like David
David, the shepherd-king, is a symbol of God's anointed leadership and military prowess. To be "like David" implies possessing courage, strength, and a heart aligned with God's purposes. This transformation of the weakest into mighty warriors like David signifies a radical change brought about by divine empowerment.

and the house of David
The "house of David" refers to the Davidic dynasty, which holds a messianic promise of an eternal kingdom. This phrase points to the fulfillment of God's covenant with David, as seen in 2 Samuel 7:16. It underscores the continuity of God's promises and the expectation of a future messianic ruler from David's line.

will be like God
This phrase is not suggesting that humans will become divine but rather that they will reflect God's attributes, such as righteousness, justice, and power. It indicates a profound transformation and alignment with God's will, echoing the biblical call to holiness and godliness.

like the angel of the LORD going before them
The "angel of the LORD" is often seen in the Old Testament as a manifestation of God's presence and power. This imagery evokes the Exodus narrative, where the angel of the LORD led the Israelites. It signifies divine guidance and protection, assuring the people of God's active presence in their midst.

So on that day
The phrase "on that day" is a recurring motif in the book of Zechariah, often referring to a future time of divine intervention and fulfillment of God's promises. In Hebrew, "yom" (day) can signify a specific time period marked by God's action. This phrase indicates a prophetic moment when God will decisively act in history, emphasizing the certainty and divine timing of the events described.

I will set out
The Hebrew verb used here, "yatsa," conveys the idea of going forth with purpose and determination. It suggests God's active involvement and initiative in the unfolding of these events. This is not a passive occurrence but a deliberate action by God, underscoring His sovereignty and commitment to His covenant people.

to destroy
The word "destroy" in Hebrew is "shamad," which implies complete and utter destruction. This reflects the seriousness of God's judgment against those who oppose His plans and His people. It is a reminder of the ultimate justice of God, who will not allow evil to prevail against His purposes.

all the nations
This phrase highlights the universal scope of the prophecy. It is not limited to a few adversaries but encompasses all nations that oppose Jerusalem. Historically, Jerusalem has faced numerous threats from surrounding nations, and this prophecy assures that God will protect His chosen city from any and all future aggressors.

that come against
The phrase "come against" indicates hostility and aggression. It suggests a concerted effort by these nations to oppose and attack Jerusalem. This opposition is not merely political or military but also spiritual, as Jerusalem represents God's presence and His covenant with Israel.

Jerusalem
Jerusalem holds a central place in biblical prophecy and theology. It is the city of David, the location of the Temple, and the focal point of God's redemptive plan. In Zechariah's time, Jerusalem was a symbol of hope and restoration for the Jewish people. This prophecy reaffirms God's unwavering commitment to Jerusalem, not just as a physical city but as a representation of His eternal kingdom.

Then I will pour out
The phrase "Then I will pour out" signifies a divine action initiated by God. The Hebrew root for "pour out" is "שָׁפַךְ" (shaphak), which often denotes a generous or abundant outpouring. This imagery suggests an overwhelming and transformative act of God, reminiscent of the outpouring of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost (Acts 2). It indicates a future time of spiritual renewal and blessing, emphasizing God's sovereignty and grace.

on the house of David and on the residents of Jerusalem
This phrase identifies the recipients of God's outpouring: "the house of David" and "the residents of Jerusalem." The "house of David" refers to the royal lineage of King David, highlighting the messianic promise and the continuity of God's covenant with David (2 Samuel 7:12-16). "The residents of Jerusalem" expands the scope to include all inhabitants of the city, symbolizing the entire nation of Israel. Historically, Jerusalem is the spiritual and political center of Israel, making it a focal point for God's redemptive plans.

a spirit of grace and prayer
The "spirit of grace and prayer" indicates a divine influence that leads to repentance and supplication. The Hebrew word for "grace" is "חֵן" (chen), meaning favor or kindness. This spirit is a gift from God, enabling the people to seek Him earnestly. The mention of "prayer" underscores the importance of communication with God, reflecting a heart turned towards Him in humility and dependence. This transformation is essential for the fulfillment of God's promises and the restoration of His people.

They will look on Me, the One they have pierced
This phrase is a prophetic reference to the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, as interpreted in the New Testament (John 19:37; Revelation 1:7). The Hebrew word for "pierced" is "דָּקַר" (daqar), meaning to thrust through or wound. The piercing signifies the physical and spiritual rejection of the Messiah by His own people. However, the act of "looking" implies recognition and acknowledgment of their actions, leading to repentance and faith in the One they have wounded.

They will mourn for Him as one mourns for an only child
The mourning described here is profound and personal, akin to the grief experienced over the loss of an "only child." The Hebrew term "יָחִיד" (yachid) emphasizes uniqueness and preciousness, underscoring the depth of sorrow. This mourning reflects a deep realization of the gravity of their sin and the loss of the Messiah, leading to genuine repentance and a turning back to God.

and grieve bitterly for Him as one grieves for a firstborn son
The phrase "grieve bitterly" conveys intense emotional pain, similar to the loss of a "firstborn son." In Hebrew culture, the firstborn held a special status and significance, often associated with inheritance and family continuity. The grief for a firstborn is particularly poignant, symbolizing the nation's recognition of the Messiah's rightful place and their role in His suffering. This acknowledgment is a crucial step towards reconciliation and restoration with God.

On that day
This phrase is a prophetic marker often used in the Old Testament to denote a significant future event, usually associated with divine intervention or judgment. In the Hebrew, "on that day" (בַּיּ֣וֹם הַה֔וּא) is a common eschatological term that points to the "Day of the Lord," a time when God will act decisively in history. This phrase sets the stage for a momentous occasion, emphasizing the certainty and importance of the events that will unfold.

the weeping in Jerusalem
The mention of "weeping" (מִסְפֵּ֣ד) indicates a profound expression of grief and mourning. Jerusalem, the spiritual and political center of Israel, becomes the focal point of this lamentation. Historically, Jerusalem has been a city of both great joy and deep sorrow, often reflecting the spiritual state of the nation. The weeping here suggests a collective realization of sin, loss, or impending judgment, prompting a heartfelt response from the people.

will be as great as the weeping of Hadad-rimmon
"Hadad-rimmon" refers to a location or possibly a deity associated with mourning rites. The weeping at Hadad-rimmon is traditionally linked to the mourning for King Josiah, who was killed in battle at Megiddo. Josiah was a righteous king, and his death marked a significant turning point for Judah. The comparison implies that the mourning in Jerusalem will be as intense and widespread as that historical event, underscoring the gravity of the situation.

in the plain of Megiddo
Megiddo is an ancient city strategically located at a crossroads of military and trade routes. It is historically significant as a site of numerous battles and is often associated with conflict and judgment. The "plain of Megiddo" (בְּבִקְעַ֥ת מְגִדּֽוֹן) evokes images of warfare and loss, serving as a backdrop for the prophesied mourning. In Christian eschatology, Megiddo is also linked to Armageddon, the site of the final battle between good and evil, further emphasizing the prophetic and apocalyptic nature of this passage.

The land will mourn
The phrase "The land will mourn" signifies a profound collective grief that encompasses the entire nation of Israel. In Hebrew, the word for "land" is "eretz," which can refer to the physical land or the people inhabiting it. This mourning is not just a personal sorrow but a national lamentation, reflecting a deep spiritual awakening and recognition of sin. Historically, mourning in Israel involved wearing sackcloth, ashes, and fasting, indicating repentance and humility before God. This mourning is prophetic, pointing to a future time of realization and repentance among the people of Israel.

each clan by itself
The phrase "each clan by itself" emphasizes the personal and communal nature of this mourning. The Hebrew word for "clan" is "mishpachah," which refers to a family or extended family group. This indicates that the mourning will be widespread, affecting every family unit individually. It suggests a deep, introspective sorrow where each family acknowledges its own role in the nation's spiritual state. This individual and collective repentance is crucial for genuine spiritual renewal.

the clan of the house of David by itself
"The clan of the house of David by itself" highlights the significance of the royal lineage in this mourning process. The house of David, from which the Messiah is prophesied to come, holds a central place in Israel's history and future hope. The mention of David's house signifies a recognition of the failure of leadership and the need for divine intervention. It also points to the fulfillment of messianic prophecies, as the house of David is integral to God's redemptive plan.

and their wives by themselves
The phrase "and their wives by themselves" underscores the inclusivity of this mourning. In ancient Israel, women often had separate roles and spaces, yet their inclusion here signifies that the call to repentance and mourning transcends gender. It highlights the unity and totality of the nation's response to God's call for repentance. This separation also respects the cultural norms of the time while emphasizing that every individual, regardless of gender, is accountable before God.

the clan of the house of Nathan by itself
"The clan of the house of Nathan by itself" refers to another significant family line within Israel. Nathan, a son of David, represents a prophetic voice and a line through which some genealogies of Jesus are traced (Luke 3:31). This mention signifies the importance of prophetic insight and the acknowledgment of God's messages through His prophets. It also highlights the broader Davidic family, emphasizing that all branches of leadership and influence are called to repentance.

and their wives by themselves
Reiterating the earlier phrase, "and their wives by themselves," this repetition emphasizes the comprehensive nature of the mourning. It serves as a reminder that spiritual renewal requires the participation of the entire community, both men and women. This separation for mourning respects cultural practices while ensuring that the call to repentance is heard and acted upon by every member of society.

the clan of the house of Levi
The "house of Levi" refers to the descendants of Levi, one of the twelve sons of Jacob, whose lineage was set apart for religious duties. The Levites were responsible for the care of the tabernacle and later the temple, serving as priests and assistants in worship. The Hebrew root for Levi, "לֵוִי" (Levi), is associated with the idea of joining or being attached, reflecting their role in connecting the people to God through worship and sacrifice. Historically, the Levites held a unique position in Israelite society, emphasizing the importance of spiritual leadership and dedication to God's service.

and their wives
The inclusion of "their wives" highlights the communal and familial aspect of repentance and mourning described in this passage. In ancient Israel, family units were central to religious and social life, and the participation of wives signifies the collective nature of the spiritual awakening and repentance. This phrase underscores the idea that spiritual renewal and accountability are not limited to individuals but extend to families and communities, reflecting the holistic nature of God's covenant with His people.

the clan of Shimei
"Shimei" is a less prominent figure compared to Levi, but his mention here indicates the inclusivity of the call to repentance. Shimei, a name found in various contexts in the Old Testament, can be associated with different individuals, but in this context, it likely refers to a specific family or subgroup within the Levites. The Hebrew root "שִׁמְעִי" (Shimei) can mean "heard" or "hearing," suggesting a responsiveness to God's call. This highlights the theme of attentiveness to God's voice and the importance of every group within the community participating in the spiritual renewal.

and their wives
Reiterating the involvement of "their wives" emphasizes the comprehensive nature of the mourning and repentance. It reflects the biblical principle that spiritual matters are not isolated to a single gender or group but are a shared responsibility. This inclusion serves as a reminder of the unity and equality before God, where all members of the community, regardless of gender, are called to seek God earnestly and participate in His redemptive work.

all the remaining clans and families
This phrase emphasizes the inclusivity and totality of the mourning described in the preceding verses. The Hebrew word for "clans" is "mishpachot," which refers to extended family groups or tribes. Historically, Israel was organized into tribes and clans, each with its own identity and leadership. The use of "remaining" suggests a remnant, a theme prevalent throughout the prophetic books, indicating those who survive or are preserved by God’s grace. This remnant motif is significant in understanding God's faithfulness to His covenant people despite their unfaithfulness.

each by itself
The phrase "each by itself" underscores the personal and individual nature of the mourning. In the Hebrew context, communal activities were common, yet this mourning is deeply personal, indicating a profound internalization of grief and repentance. This individual response highlights the personal responsibility each person has before God, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture, emphasizing that while salvation is offered to all, each person must respond individually.

and their wives by themselves
The separation of "wives by themselves" indicates a cultural and religious sensitivity to gender roles within ancient Israelite society. In the Hebrew tradition, men and women often participated in religious activities separately, reflecting societal norms of the time. This separation in mourning could also signify the depth and sincerity of the repentance, as both men and women, in their respective roles, recognize their need for personal and communal reconciliation with God. It highlights the comprehensive nature of the spiritual awakening and repentance that Zechariah envisions, affecting every segment of society.