O LORD
This phrase is a direct address to Yahweh, the covenant name of God in the Hebrew Bible. It signifies a personal and relational God who is actively involved in the lives of His people. The use of "LORD" in all caps in English translations indicates the original Hebrew name YHWH, which is considered sacred and ineffable. This invocation sets the tone for the psalm, acknowledging God's supreme authority and intimate involvement in the affairs of the king and the nation.

the king
In the context of ancient Israel, the king was not only a political leader but also a spiritual representative of the people. The king's relationship with God was crucial for the nation's well-being. Historically, this could refer to King David, who is traditionally credited with writing many of the psalms. David's life exemplifies a deep reliance on God, and his victories are often attributed to divine intervention.

rejoices
The Hebrew root for "rejoices" is "שָׂמַח" (samach), which conveys a sense of joy and gladness. This joy is not merely an emotional response but a profound acknowledgment of God's active role in the king's successes. It reflects a heart that is aligned with God's purposes and finds its ultimate satisfaction in His strength.

in Your strength
The phrase "in Your strength" highlights the source of the king's joy. It is not in his own power or military might, but in the strength of the LORD. This strength is both physical and spiritual, encompassing God's ability to protect, deliver, and empower His people. Biblically, God's strength is often demonstrated through miraculous victories and divine interventions, underscoring His sovereignty and omnipotence.

How greatly he exults
The word "exults" comes from the Hebrew "עָלַץ" (alatz), which means to leap for joy or to triumph. This expression of exuberant joy indicates a deep-seated confidence in God's salvation. The adverb "greatly" amplifies this joy, suggesting that it is overwhelming and all-encompassing. It is a response to the recognition of God's mighty acts and His faithfulness to His promises.

in Your salvation
"Salvation" in Hebrew is "יְשׁוּעָה" (yeshuah), which means deliverance or victory. In the Old Testament context, salvation often referred to deliverance from physical enemies or peril. However, it also carries a spiritual dimension, pointing to God's ultimate plan of redemption. For the king, this salvation is both a present reality and a future hope, rooted in God's covenant faithfulness and His ability to save His people from all forms of bondage.

You have granted
The phrase "You have granted" signifies a divine bestowal, emphasizing God's sovereignty and benevolence. The Hebrew root for "granted" is "nathan," which means to give, bestow, or permit. This word is often used in the Old Testament to describe God's generous and gracious nature. In the context of Psalm 21, it reflects God's active role in fulfilling the desires of the king, symbolizing His approval and support. Historically, this granting is seen as a divine endorsement of the king's rule, aligning with the covenantal promises made to David and his descendants.

his heart’s desire
The "heart’s desire" refers to the innermost longings and aspirations of an individual. In Hebrew, the word for "heart" is "lev," which encompasses not just emotions but also the mind and will. This phrase indicates a deep, personal yearning that aligns with God's will. In the context of a king, it suggests desires that are not only personal but also beneficial for the people he leads. Theologically, it underscores the idea that when one's desires are in harmony with God's purposes, they are more likely to be fulfilled.

and have not withheld
The phrase "and have not withheld" highlights God's willingness to provide and His open-handed generosity. The Hebrew root "mana" means to hold back or restrain. In this context, it emphasizes that God does not restrict His blessings when they align with His divine plan. This assurance of God's provision is a recurring theme in the Psalms, reinforcing the trustworthiness and faithfulness of God to His covenant people.

the request of his lips
"The request of his lips" refers to spoken prayers or petitions. The Hebrew word "she'elah" denotes a request or petition, often used in the context of prayer. This phrase suggests that the king's spoken prayers are heard and answered by God. It highlights the power of prayer and the importance of verbalizing one's needs and desires to God. In the broader biblical narrative, it serves as a reminder of the intimate relationship between God and His anointed, where communication is open and effective.

For You welcomed him
This phrase highlights the divine favor and acceptance bestowed upon the king by God. The Hebrew root for "welcomed" is "qadam," which conveys the idea of going before or meeting someone with favor. Historically, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice of kings being received with honor and gifts. In a spiritual sense, it signifies God's proactive grace and readiness to bless those who are faithful to Him.

with rich blessings
The term "rich blessings" underscores the abundance and generosity of God's gifts. The Hebrew word for "rich" is "tov," often translated as "good" or "pleasant," indicating the quality and desirability of the blessings. In the biblical context, blessings are not merely material but encompass spiritual prosperity, peace, and divine favor. This phrase reassures believers of God's ability to provide abundantly beyond human expectations.

You placed a crown
The imagery of placing a crown signifies authority, honor, and victory. In ancient Israel, a crown was a symbol of kingship and divine approval. The Hebrew word "atarah" for "crown" suggests encircling or surrounding, indicating protection and completeness. This act of crowning by God emphasizes that true authority and honor come from Him alone, reinforcing the idea that leadership is a divine appointment.

of pure gold
Gold, in biblical times, was the most precious metal, symbolizing purity, value, and incorruptibility. The use of "pure gold" in this context highlights the unparalleled worth and divine nature of the blessings and authority given by God. The Hebrew word "paz" for "pure gold" suggests refinement and excellence. This phrase serves as a reminder of the eternal and unblemished nature of God's gifts and promises.

on his head
The placement of the crown "on his head" signifies the bestowal of honor and responsibility. In the biblical and historical context, the head represents leadership, wisdom, and the seat of decision-making. This act symbolizes the king's role as God's chosen leader, entrusted with guiding the people according to divine will. It also reflects the believer's call to live under God's authority, with Christ as the head of the Church.

He asked You for life
The phrase "He asked You for life" reflects a deep, personal petition to God, emphasizing the relationship between the supplicant and the divine. In the Hebrew text, the word for "asked" is "שָׁאַל" (sha'al), which conveys a sense of earnest seeking or requesting. This highlights the humility and dependence of the king, traditionally understood as David, upon God for sustenance and vitality. The act of asking underscores the belief that life itself is a gift from God, not something to be taken for granted. In a broader theological context, this request for life can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual vitality and divine favor, which are central themes throughout the Psalms.

and You granted it
The phrase "and You granted it" signifies God's gracious response to the king's request. The Hebrew root "נָתַן" (natan) means "to give" or "to bestow," indicating that God is the source of all blessings and life. This granting is not merely a passive act but an active demonstration of God's benevolence and faithfulness. It reflects the covenant relationship between God and His anointed, where God responds to the needs and desires of His people. This assurance of divine provision is a recurring theme in the Psalms, offering comfort and hope to believers who trust in God's promises.

length of days
The term "length of days" is a poetic expression denoting longevity and enduring life. In Hebrew, "אֹרֶךְ יָמִים" (orek yamim) conveys not just a quantitative extension of life but also a qualitative aspect, suggesting a life filled with purpose and divine blessing. This phrase is often associated with wisdom literature, where a long life is seen as a reward for righteousness and obedience to God's commandments. In the context of the psalm, it underscores the idea that true life, in its fullest sense, is found in relationship with God and is marked by His favor and protection.

forever and ever
The concluding phrase "forever and ever" emphasizes the eternal nature of the life granted by God. The Hebrew "עוֹלָם וָעֶד" (olam va'ed) suggests perpetuity and unending duration. This eternal perspective is a hallmark of biblical theology, where the temporal blessings of this life are seen as a foretaste of the eternal life promised to those who are faithful. In the context of the psalm, it points to the messianic hope and the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises in the eternal reign of Christ. For believers, this assurance of eternal life is a source of profound hope and encouragement, affirming that God's gifts transcend the limitations of earthly existence.

Great is his glory
The word "glory" in Hebrew is "kavod," which signifies weightiness, honor, and splendor. In the context of this verse, it reflects the immense honor and recognition that the king receives as a result of God's intervention and deliverance. Historically, kings were often seen as representatives of divine authority on earth, and their victories were attributed to divine favor. This phrase emphasizes the magnitude of the king's honor, which is not self-derived but is a direct result of God's saving power. The glory here is not just personal but reflects the glory of God Himself, as the king's success is a testament to God's faithfulness and power.

in Your salvation
The Hebrew word for "salvation" is "yeshuah," which means deliverance, rescue, or safety. This term is deeply rooted in the history of Israel, where God's acts of salvation were central to their identity as His chosen people. The phrase "in Your salvation" underscores that the source of the king's glory is not his own might or wisdom but the deliverance provided by God. This salvation is comprehensive, encompassing both physical deliverance from enemies and spiritual redemption. It serves as a reminder that true glory and honor come from reliance on God's saving grace, not human effort.

You bestow on him
The act of bestowing implies a gift or blessing given by a superior to an inferior. In this context, it highlights God's sovereign grace and generosity. The king's splendor and majesty are not earned but are gifts from God. This reflects the biblical principle that every good and perfect gift comes from above (James 1:17). The king's role and success are seen as part of God's divine plan, and his attributes of splendor and majesty are a reflection of God's own nature.

splendor and majesty
The words "splendor" and "majesty" in Hebrew are "hod" and "hadar," respectively. "Hod" refers to beauty, grandeur, and magnificence, while "hadar" denotes majesty, honor, and glory. These terms are often used in the Old Testament to describe God's own attributes, indicating that the king, as God's anointed, shares in these divine qualities. The use of these words suggests a royal dignity and a reflection of God's own majestic nature. In a historical context, these attributes would be visible in the king's appearance, his court, and his reign, serving as a testament to God's blessing and favor. This phrase inspires believers to recognize that any honor or dignity they possess is a reflection of God's own glory and should be used to further His kingdom.

For You grant him blessings forever
The phrase "For You grant him blessings forever" speaks to the eternal nature of God's favor and benevolence. The Hebrew word for "grant" is "nathan," which means to give or bestow. This indicates a deliberate and generous act from God towards the king, who is traditionally understood to be David in this context. The word "blessings" comes from the Hebrew "berakah," which implies a divine favor that results in prosperity and happiness. The use of "forever" (Hebrew: "olam") emphasizes the perpetual and unending nature of these blessings. Historically, this reflects the covenantal promises God made to David, ensuring his lineage and kingdom would endure. This eternal perspective encourages believers to trust in God's promises, knowing that His blessings are not temporary but everlasting.

You cheer him with joy in Your presence
The phrase "You cheer him with joy in Your presence" highlights the intimate relationship between God and the king. The word "cheer" is translated from the Hebrew "samach," which means to rejoice or be glad. This suggests an active and dynamic experience of joy that God imparts to the king. The "joy" mentioned here is "simchah" in Hebrew, denoting a deep, abiding gladness that transcends circumstances. The phrase "in Your presence" is particularly significant, as it is derived from the Hebrew "paniym," meaning face or presence. This implies a close, personal encounter with God, where the king experiences the fullness of joy. Scripturally, being in God's presence is often associated with worship and divine favor, as seen in other Psalms and throughout the Old Testament. This verse inspires believers to seek God's presence, where true joy and fulfillment are found, reminding them that the ultimate source of happiness is not in worldly achievements but in a relationship with the Creator.

For the king
The term "king" here refers to King David, the author of this psalm, but it also symbolizes any God-appointed leader. In the Hebrew context, a king was not just a political figure but a spiritual leader who was expected to embody God's will on earth. The king's role was to lead with justice and righteousness, reflecting God's character. This phrase sets the stage for understanding the king's reliance on divine authority rather than human power.

trusts in the LORD
The Hebrew word for "trusts" is "batach," which conveys a sense of security and confidence. This trust is not passive but an active reliance on God's character and promises. The "LORD" here is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, emphasizing a personal and relational trust. This trust is foundational for the king's reign, suggesting that true leadership is rooted in a deep, abiding faith in God's sovereignty and goodness.

through the loving devotion
"Loving devotion" translates the Hebrew word "chesed," a rich term that encompasses God's steadfast love, mercy, and faithfulness. It is a covenantal love that is unwavering and eternal. This phrase highlights that the king's stability is not due to his own strength or wisdom but is a result of God's unchanging and loyal love. It is a reminder that divine love is the sustaining force behind all of God's promises.

of the Most High
"Most High" is a translation of the Hebrew "Elyon," a title that emphasizes God's supreme authority and power over all creation. It is a reminder of God's transcendence and majesty. By using this title, the psalmist underscores that the king's trust is in the ultimate ruler of the universe, whose plans and purposes cannot be thwarted by any earthly power.

he will not be shaken
The phrase "will not be shaken" comes from the Hebrew "mot," meaning to totter or slip. It conveys a sense of stability and security. In the context of ancient Israel, where political and military threats were constant, this assurance of stability was profound. It reflects the belief that those who trust in God and rely on His loving devotion are anchored and unmovable, regardless of external circumstances. This promise of stability is a source of hope and encouragement for believers, affirming that faith in God provides an unshakeable foundation in life.

Your hand
The phrase "Your hand" in Psalm 21:8 signifies the power and authority of God. In the Hebrew context, the hand often symbolizes strength and capability. The hand of God is a recurring theme throughout the Bible, representing His ability to act decisively in the world. In this verse, it underscores God's active role in delivering justice and executing His will. The imagery of God's hand conveys a sense of divine intervention and protection, assuring believers of His omnipotence and involvement in the affairs of humanity.

will apprehend
The term "will apprehend" suggests a future action of capturing or seizing. In the Hebrew, the word used here can imply a firm grasp or control over something. This conveys the certainty and inevitability of God's judgment against His enemies. It reflects the assurance that God will not overlook wrongdoing but will actively pursue and bring to justice those who oppose Him. This phrase reassures believers of God's commitment to righteousness and His ultimate victory over evil.

all Your enemies
"All Your enemies" refers to those who oppose God and His anointed king. In the historical context of the Psalms, this could include foreign nations or individuals who threaten the peace and security of Israel. Spiritually, it extends to all forces that stand against God's purposes. The comprehensive nature of "all" emphasizes that no adversary is beyond God's reach or power. It serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and the futility of resisting His will.

Your right hand
The "right hand" is often associated with favor, strength, and honor in biblical literature. It is a position of power and authority. In this verse, it highlights God's ability to execute judgment and deliverance with precision and might. The right hand of God is a symbol of His active engagement in the world, ensuring that justice is served. For believers, it is a source of comfort, knowing that God's righteous hand is at work on their behalf.

will seize those who hate you
The phrase "will seize those who hate you" indicates a decisive action against those who harbor animosity towards God. The Hebrew word for "seize" conveys a sense of capturing or taking hold of with intent. This reflects the certainty of divine retribution against those who oppose God's will. It serves as a warning to the wicked and a reassurance to the faithful that God will not allow hatred and rebellion to go unpunished. This phrase underscores the theme of divine justice and the ultimate triumph of God's righteousness.

You will place them
This phrase indicates a deliberate action by God, suggesting His sovereign control over the fate of the wicked. The Hebrew root for "place" is "שִׁית" (shith), which means to set or appoint. This conveys the idea that God has a predetermined plan for those who oppose Him, emphasizing His authority and justice.

in a fiery furnace
The imagery of a "fiery furnace" is reminiscent of the intense trials faced by Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego in Daniel 3. In the Hebrew context, fire often symbolizes purification or judgment. Here, it represents the severe judgment awaiting the wicked. The furnace is not just a place of destruction but also a symbol of divine retribution and purification.

at the time of Your appearing
This phrase points to a future event, often interpreted as the Day of the Lord, when God will reveal His glory and execute judgment. The Hebrew word for "appearing" is "פָּנִים" (panim), which can mean face or presence. It signifies a moment when God's presence will be unmistakably manifest, bringing both salvation and judgment.

In His wrath
The term "wrath" refers to God's righteous anger against sin. The Hebrew word "אַף" (aph) conveys a sense of intense displeasure. This is not a capricious anger but a holy response to evil. It underscores the seriousness with which God views sin and His commitment to justice.

the LORD will engulf them
The word "engulf" suggests being completely surrounded or overwhelmed. The Hebrew root "בָּלַע" (bala) means to swallow or devour. This indicates the totality of God's judgment, where the wicked are utterly consumed by His righteous anger, leaving no escape.

and the fire will consume them
Fire, in biblical terms, often symbolizes God's holiness and judgment. The Hebrew word "אָכַל" (akal) means to eat or consume. This phrase reinforces the idea of complete destruction, where the wicked are entirely devoured by the fire of God's judgment. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of rejecting God's authority.

You will destroy their descendants from the earth
You will destroy
The phrase "You will destroy" indicates a definitive action by God, emphasizing His sovereignty and power over all creation. The Hebrew root for "destroy" is "אָבַד" (abad), which conveys the idea of perishing or being lost. In the context of divine judgment, it reflects God's righteous authority to remove evil and its influence. Historically, this reflects the understanding that God actively intervenes in human affairs to uphold justice and righteousness.

their descendants
The term "descendants" comes from the Hebrew word "זֶרַע" (zera), meaning seed or offspring. This word often signifies not just physical progeny but also the continuation of one's legacy or influence. In the biblical context, the eradication of one's descendants symbolizes the total removal of their influence and memory from the earth. This reflects the biblical principle that the consequences of sin can extend beyond the individual to affect future generations, underscoring the seriousness of turning away from God.

from the earth
The phrase "from the earth" highlights the comprehensive nature of God's judgment. The Hebrew word for "earth" is "אֶרֶץ" (erets), which can mean land, country, or the entire world. This indicates that the judgment is not limited to a specific region but is universal in scope. In the scriptural context, it serves as a reminder of God's ultimate authority over the entire world and His ability to execute justice on a global scale. This phrase reassures believers of God's control over all creation and His commitment to purging evil from the world.

Though they intend You harm
This phrase highlights the malicious intent of the enemies against the anointed king, who is a representative of God’s chosen people. The Hebrew root for "intend" is "חָשַׁב" (chashab), which means to think, plan, or devise. This suggests a deliberate and calculated effort to cause harm. Historically, the people of Israel often faced adversaries who plotted against them, yet the psalmist reassures that such intentions, no matter how well-conceived, are ultimately futile against God’s sovereign will. This reflects the broader biblical theme that God protects His anointed and His people from the evil intentions of others.

the schemes they devise
The word "schemes" comes from the Hebrew "מְזִמּוֹת" (mezimot), which refers to plans or plots, often with a negative connotation of cunning or deceit. This indicates that the enemies are not only intent on harm but are actively plotting and strategizing to achieve their goals. In the biblical context, this can be seen in various narratives where the enemies of Israel or God’s anointed attempt to undermine them through deceitful means. The historical context of Israel surrounded by hostile nations underscores the reality of such threats. However, the psalmist’s confidence in God’s protection serves as a reminder that no human scheme can thwart divine purpose.

will not prevail
The assurance that these schemes "will not prevail" is rooted in the Hebrew word "יָכוֹל" (yakol), meaning to be able, to overcome, or to prevail. This is a powerful declaration of God’s sovereignty and the ultimate futility of opposing Him. Throughout scripture, there is a consistent message that God’s plans and purposes cannot be thwarted by human actions. This phrase serves as a source of comfort and encouragement to believers, affirming that despite the presence of evil and opposition, God’s will is supreme and His protection is assured. It echoes the broader biblical narrative of God’s faithfulness and the ultimate triumph of good over evil.

For You will put them to flight
This phrase highlights the divine intervention and power of God in the face of adversaries. The Hebrew root for "put to flight" is "נוס" (nus), which conveys the idea of causing to flee or driving away. Historically, this reflects the numerous instances in the Old Testament where God intervenes on behalf of His people, ensuring victory over their enemies. It underscores the belief that God is a warrior who fights for His people, a theme prevalent throughout the Psalms and the broader biblical narrative. This assurance of divine protection and victory is a source of comfort and strength for believers, emphasizing that God is actively involved in the battles they face.

when Your bow is aimed
The imagery of a bow being aimed is a powerful metaphor for God's precision and readiness to act against those who oppose Him. The Hebrew word for "bow" is "קֶשֶׁת" (qeshet), often used in the Old Testament to symbolize strength and warfare. In ancient times, the bow was a crucial weapon in battle, representing both offensive and defensive capabilities. This phrase suggests that God is not only prepared but also deliberate in His actions against the wicked. It reassures believers of God's strategic and purposeful intervention in their lives, aligning with the broader biblical theme of God's sovereignty and control over all circumstances.

at their faces
The phrase "at their faces" indicates a direct and personal confrontation. In Hebrew, the word for "face" is "פָּנִים" (panim), which can also imply presence or countenance. This suggests that God's actions are not distant or impersonal but are instead direct and unavoidable for those who oppose Him. Historically, facing an enemy directly was a sign of courage and determination in battle. This imagery reinforces the idea that God's judgment is inescapable and that His presence is both protective for the righteous and formidable for the wicked. For believers, this serves as a reminder of God's intimate involvement in their lives and His commitment to justice.

Be exalted
The phrase "Be exalted" is a call for God to be lifted high and honored. The Hebrew root word here is "rum," which means to rise or to be lofty. This reflects a deep desire for God's majesty to be recognized above all else. In the historical context of ancient Israel, exalting God was central to worship, acknowledging His supreme authority and sovereignty over all creation. This call to exaltation is not just a passive wish but an active declaration of God's rightful place above all powers and authorities.

O LORD
The term "LORD" is translated from the Hebrew "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God revealed to Moses. This name signifies God's eternal presence and unchanging nature. In the conservative Christian perspective, invoking the name of the LORD is a profound act of reverence, recognizing His covenantal faithfulness and His role as the ultimate ruler and redeemer. The use of "O LORD" in this verse emphasizes a personal relationship with God, acknowledging His intimate involvement in the lives of His people.

in Your strength
The phrase "in Your strength" highlights the source of God's exaltation—His mighty power. The Hebrew word for strength, "oz," conveys might, power, and security. This strength is not just physical but encompasses God's ability to protect, deliver, and sustain His people. Historically, the Israelites experienced God's strength in their deliverance from Egypt and victories over their enemies. For Christians, this strength is also seen in the resurrection of Jesus Christ, demonstrating God's power over sin and death.

we will sing
Singing is a natural response to experiencing God's greatness and power. The Hebrew word "shiyr" means to sing or to make music. In the biblical context, singing was an integral part of worship, expressing joy, gratitude, and reverence. The act of singing in this verse signifies a communal response, as "we" indicates a collective worship experience. It reflects the joy and unity of believers as they come together to celebrate God's mighty acts.

and praise
The word "praise" comes from the Hebrew "zamar," which means to make music or to sing praises. This is an active expression of admiration and gratitude towards God. In the conservative Christian tradition, praise is not only a response to God's actions but also an acknowledgment of His character and attributes. It is a vital part of worship, focusing the believer's heart and mind on God's goodness and faithfulness.

Your power
The phrase "Your power" reiterates the source of the believer's praise—God's divine power. The Hebrew word "geburah" refers to strength, might, and valor. This power is evident in God's creation, His governance of the world, and His redemptive work through Jesus Christ. In the historical context, God's power was a source of hope and confidence for the Israelites, assuring them of His ability to fulfill His promises. For Christians, it is a reminder of the power of the Holy Spirit at work in their lives, enabling them to live victoriously.