Then Elihu
The introduction of Elihu in this verse marks a significant moment in the Book of Job. Elihu, whose name means "He is my God" in Hebrew, is a younger figure who enters the dialogue after Job's three friends have failed to provide satisfactory answers to Job's suffering. His presence suggests a fresh perspective, and his youth implies a sense of vigor and new insight. Historically, Elihu's speeches are seen as a bridge between the human reasoning of Job's friends and the divine response that follows. His role is to prepare the way for God's voice, emphasizing the importance of humility and the limitations of human wisdom.

continued
The word "continued" indicates that Elihu is in the midst of a discourse, suggesting that his speech is part of a larger argument or narrative. This continuity implies that Elihu's thoughts are not isolated but are part of a comprehensive attempt to address Job's situation. In the context of the Book of Job, this continuation is crucial as it reflects the ongoing struggle to understand divine justice and human suffering. Theologically, it underscores the perseverance needed in seeking truth and understanding, especially in times of trial.

saying
The act of "saying" here is not just about speaking words but delivering a message with authority and purpose. In the Hebrew context, speech is powerful and often seen as an extension of one's character and wisdom. Elihu's speech is intended to convey not only his own understanding but also to challenge Job and his friends to reconsider their perspectives. This act of speaking is a reminder of the power of words in shaping beliefs and attitudes, and it calls readers to listen carefully to the wisdom being imparted. In a broader biblical sense, it reflects the importance of prophetic voices that call people back to a right understanding of God and His ways.

Do you think
This phrase challenges the listener to introspection and self-examination. In the Hebrew context, the word for "think" often implies a deep consideration or reckoning. It is not merely about surface-level thoughts but about a profound understanding of one's position before God. The rhetorical nature of the question suggests that the speaker, Elihu, is prompting Job to reflect on his assumptions about justice and righteousness.

it is just
The concept of justice in the Hebrew Bible is deeply rooted in the character of God. The Hebrew word for "just" often relates to fairness, righteousness, and divine order. Elihu is questioning Job's understanding of divine justice, suggesting that human perceptions of justice may not align with God's perfect justice. This invites readers to consider the limitations of human judgment and the supremacy of God's wisdom.

when you say
This phrase emphasizes the importance of speech and confession in the biblical narrative. Words are powerful and reveal the heart's condition. In the context of Job, what one says about God and oneself is significant. Elihu is pointing out that Job's declarations about his own righteousness need to be carefully examined in light of divine truth.

I am righteous
The claim of personal righteousness is central to the discourse. In Hebrew, "righteous" (tsaddiq) conveys a sense of being in right standing, often associated with adherence to God's laws and moral integrity. Elihu challenges Job's assertion of righteousness, suggesting that true righteousness is measured by God's standards, not human ones. This reflects a broader biblical theme that human righteousness is insufficient without divine grace.

before God
This phrase underscores the ultimate accountability to God. In the ancient Near Eastern context, being "before God" implies living in the presence of the divine, where one's actions and heart are fully known. Elihu is reminding Job that God's perspective is the ultimate measure of righteousness. This serves as a humbling reminder that human beings, despite their best efforts, are always under the scrutiny of an all-knowing and holy God.

For you ask, 'What does it profit me, and what benefit do I gain apart from sinning?'
For you ask
This phrase introduces a rhetorical question posed by Elihu, one of Job's friends. The Hebrew root for "ask" is "שָׁאַל" (sha'al), which implies a seeking or inquiring with earnestness. In the context of Job, this reflects a deep existential inquiry, a quest for understanding the purpose of righteousness and suffering. Elihu is addressing Job's questioning of God's justice and the value of living a righteous life. This sets the stage for a profound theological discussion about the nature of divine justice and human morality.

What does it profit me
The word "profit" comes from the Hebrew "סָכַן" (sakan), which means to be of use or benefit. This phrase captures the human tendency to evaluate actions based on personal gain. In the historical context of Job, prosperity was often seen as a sign of divine favor. Elihu challenges this notion by suggesting that righteousness should not be pursued merely for material or personal gain, but as an intrinsic good aligned with God's will.

and what benefit do I gain
The term "benefit" is derived from the Hebrew "בֶּצַע" (betza), which can also mean gain or advantage. This reflects a transactional view of morality, where actions are weighed against their outcomes. Elihu is critiquing this perspective, urging Job to consider a higher purpose for righteousness beyond immediate, tangible rewards. This challenges believers to reflect on their motivations for following God, emphasizing faithfulness over materialism.

apart from sinning?
The phrase "apart from sinning" highlights the contrast between righteousness and sin. The Hebrew word for "sinning" is "חָטָא" (chata), which means to miss the mark or to err. Elihu is pointing out the flawed logic in thinking that avoiding sin is only valuable if it brings personal gain. This underscores a central theme in the Book of Job: the righteousness of God and the call for humans to trust in His wisdom and justice, even when it transcends human understanding. Elihu's argument invites believers to pursue holiness for its own sake, as a reflection of God's character, rather than for selfish reasons.

I will answer you
This phrase is spoken by Elihu, a young man who has been listening to the discourse between Job and his three friends. The Hebrew root for "answer" is "עָנָה" (anah), which implies a response or a reply, often with a sense of authority or correction. Elihu positions himself as a mediator who believes he has a divinely inspired perspective to offer. In the context of the Book of Job, this signifies a shift from human reasoning to a more divinely oriented discourse. Elihu's confidence in providing an answer suggests his belief that he is speaking with wisdom that comes from God, not merely human understanding.

and your friends
The term "friends" here refers to Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar, who have been engaging with Job in a series of dialogues. The Hebrew word for "friends" is "רֵעִים" (re'im), which can mean companions or associates. Historically, these friends represent the traditional wisdom of the time, which often equated suffering with divine punishment for sin. Elihu's addressing of both Job and his friends indicates his intention to correct not just Job's perspective but also the flawed theology of his friends. This highlights the communal aspect of wisdom and correction in ancient Near Eastern culture, where dialogue and debate were central to understanding divine will.

with you
The phrase "with you" underscores the inclusivity of Elihu's forthcoming argument. It suggests that the message is not solely for Job but also for his friends, who have been part of the discourse. The Hebrew preposition "עִמָּכֶם" (immakhem) implies a shared experience or collective engagement. This reflects the communal nature of the search for truth and understanding in the face of suffering. Elihu's approach is not to isolate Job but to address the collective misunderstanding of God's justice and righteousness. In a broader scriptural context, this can be seen as a call for communal reflection and repentance, emphasizing that understanding God's ways is a shared journey.

Look to the heavens
The phrase "Look to the heavens" invites us to lift our eyes from our immediate circumstances and consider the vastness and majesty of God's creation. In Hebrew, the word for "heavens" is "shamayim," which often denotes the sky or the abode of God. This call to look upwards is a reminder of God's transcendence and sovereignty. The heavens declare the glory of God (Psalm 19:1), and by looking to them, we are reminded of His power and majesty, which far exceed human understanding. This perspective encourages humility and trust in God's greater plan.

and see
The word "see" in this context is more than a physical act; it is an invitation to perceive and understand. In Hebrew, "ra'ah" can mean to see with the eyes or to perceive with the mind. This dual meaning suggests that Elihu, the speaker, is urging Job to not only observe the physical heavens but also to comprehend the spiritual truths they represent. It is a call to recognize God's omnipotence and wisdom, which are evident in the order and beauty of creation.

gaze at the clouds
"Gaze" implies a sustained, thoughtful look, suggesting contemplation and reflection. The clouds, often seen as symbols of mystery and divine presence in the Bible, remind us of God's nearness and His ability to provide and protect. In the ancient Near Eastern context, clouds were associated with the divine, as they were seen as carriers of rain, essential for life. This imagery encourages believers to reflect on God's provision and faithfulness, even when His ways are not immediately clear.

high above you
The phrase "high above you" emphasizes the distance and difference between God and humanity. The Hebrew word "marom" can mean high or exalted, underscoring God's elevated status. This serves as a reminder of God's supremacy and the limitations of human perspective. By acknowledging that God's ways and thoughts are higher than ours (Isaiah 55:9), we are encouraged to trust in His wisdom and timing, even when we do not understand our circumstances.

If you sin
The Hebrew word for "sin" here is "חָטָא" (chata), which means to miss the mark or to err. In the context of Job, this word emphasizes the human tendency to fall short of God's standards. Sin, in its essence, is a deviation from God's will and purpose. From a conservative Christian perspective, sin is not just a personal failing but a spiritual condition that separates humanity from God. The rhetorical question posed here suggests that human sin does not diminish God's sovereignty or His divine nature. It serves as a reminder that while sin affects our relationship with God, it does not alter His eternal character.

how does it affect Him?
This phrase challenges the reader to consider the transcendence of God. The Hebrew root "פָּעַל" (pa'al) implies action or effect. Elihu, the speaker, is emphasizing that God's essence and being are not altered by human actions. From a theological standpoint, this highlights God's immutability—His unchanging nature. While sin grieves God, as seen in other scriptural contexts, it does not change who He is. This serves as a humbling reminder of God's greatness and the vast difference between the Creator and His creation.

If your transgressions are many
The term "transgressions" comes from the Hebrew "פֶּשַׁע" (pesha), which refers to rebellion or willful disobedience. The plural form indicates a multitude of offenses, suggesting a pattern of behavior rather than isolated incidents. In the historical context of Job, this reflects the human condition of persistent rebellion against God's laws. The conservative Christian view sees this as a call to recognize the seriousness of sin and the need for repentance. It underscores the importance of acknowledging our sins before a holy God.

what does it do to Him?
This phrase reiterates the earlier point about God's unchanging nature. The Hebrew root "עָשָׂה" (asah) means to do or make, indicating an effect or consequence. Elihu's rhetorical question serves to remind Job and the readers that God's essence is not impacted by human sin. This is not to say that God is indifferent to sin; rather, it emphasizes His sovereignty and the fact that His divine plan is not thwarted by human actions. From a conservative Christian perspective, this is a call to trust in God's ultimate justice and mercy, knowing that He remains steadfast and true despite human failings.

If you are righteous
The Hebrew word for "righteous" is "צַדִּיק" (tsaddiq), which conveys the idea of being just, lawful, or morally upright. In the context of Job, this phrase challenges the notion of human righteousness in relation to God. Historically, righteousness was seen as adherence to God's laws and commands. However, Elihu, the speaker in this passage, is emphasizing that even if one is righteous, it does not add to God's essence or being. This reflects the conservative Christian understanding that human righteousness, while important, is ultimately insufficient to affect God's nature or His sovereign plans.

what do you give Him
The phrase "what do you give Him" suggests the futility of trying to offer something to God that He does not already possess. The Hebrew verb "נָתַן" (natan) means "to give" or "to present." In the ancient Near Eastern context, offerings and sacrifices were common ways to appease or please deities. However, Elihu is pointing out that God, being self-sufficient and omnipotent, lacks nothing. This aligns with the conservative Christian belief that God is the Creator of all things and is not dependent on human actions or gifts.

or what does He receive from your hand?
The word "receive" in Hebrew is "לָקַח" (laqach), meaning "to take" or "to accept." The imagery of "your hand" implies human effort or contribution. Elihu's rhetorical question underscores the idea that God is not in need of anything from humans. This reflects the biblical teaching that God is the ultimate provider and sustainer, and human beings cannot add to His glory or resources. In a conservative Christian perspective, this highlights the grace of God, who gives freely to humanity without requiring anything in return, emphasizing the unmerited favor bestowed upon believers.

Your wickedness
The Hebrew word for "wickedness" here is "רֶשַׁע" (resha), which conveys a sense of guilt or wrongdoing. In the context of Job, this term is used to emphasize the moral failings that separate humanity from the divine. Theologically, it underscores the idea that sin is primarily a human problem, affecting our relationships with each other and with God. Historically, the concept of wickedness in the ancient Near East was often tied to social justice, suggesting that one's actions have communal implications.

affects only a man like yourself
The phrase "a man like yourself" uses the Hebrew word "אָדָם" (adam), which is a generic term for humanity. This highlights the idea that human actions, whether wicked or righteous, primarily impact other humans. Theologically, this suggests a limitation on the scope of human influence, contrasting with God's omnipotence. In the historical context of Job, this reflects the belief that human actions are significant but ultimately limited in their cosmic impact.

and your righteousness
The Hebrew word for "righteousness" is "צְדָקָה" (tsedaqah), which implies justice, rightness, and ethical conduct. In the biblical context, righteousness is often associated with living in accordance with God's will. This term is central to the covenant relationship between God and His people, emphasizing that righteousness is not just personal but has communal and divine dimensions. Theologically, it points to the idea that true righteousness aligns with God's character and purposes.

only a son of man
The phrase "son of man" is "בֶּן־אָדָם" (ben-adam) in Hebrew, which is a poetic way of referring to human beings. This term is used throughout the Bible to emphasize human frailty and mortality. In the context of Job, it serves to remind the reader of the limitations of human righteousness and wickedness. Theologically, it underscores the distinction between the Creator and the created, highlighting human dependence on God. Historically, this phrase would resonate with an audience familiar with the wisdom literature's focus on human limitations and the need for divine wisdom.

Men cry out
The phrase "Men cry out" reflects a universal human experience of suffering and distress. In Hebrew, the word for "cry out" is "za'aq," which conveys a deep, desperate plea for help. This cry is not just a simple call but an intense, heartfelt outpouring of anguish. Throughout the Bible, crying out is often associated with seeking divine intervention, as seen in the Israelites' cries in Egypt (Exodus 2:23). It underscores the innate human recognition of a higher power in times of trouble.

under great oppression
The term "oppression" in Hebrew is "ashuq," which refers to being crushed or burdened by unjust treatment or hardship. Historically, oppression was a common experience in ancient societies, often at the hands of powerful rulers or invading armies. The Bible frequently addresses the plight of the oppressed, emphasizing God's concern for justice and righteousness. This phrase highlights the reality of suffering in a fallen world and the need for divine justice.

they plead for relief
The act of pleading for relief suggests a sense of hope and expectation. The Hebrew root "shava" implies a fervent appeal for deliverance or respite. This plea is directed towards a source believed to have the power to alleviate suffering. In the biblical context, such pleas are often directed towards God, who is seen as the ultimate deliverer and source of comfort. This reflects a faith that, despite present circumstances, there is a possibility of redemption and peace.

from the arm of the mighty
The "arm of the mighty" symbolizes power and authority. In Hebrew, "zeroa" (arm) often represents strength or force, while "gibbor" (mighty) refers to those who are powerful or influential. Historically, this could refer to kings, warriors, or oppressors who wielded significant control over others. The Bible frequently contrasts human might with divine power, reminding believers that God's strength surpasses all earthly authority. This phrase serves as a reminder of the limitations of human power and the ultimate sovereignty of God.

But no one asks
This phrase highlights a common human tendency to overlook or forget to seek God during times of distress. In the Hebrew context, the word for "asks" (שָׁאַל, sha'al) implies a deep inquiry or seeking. It suggests that people often fail to turn to God with genuine questions or a desire for understanding, especially when faced with suffering. This reflects a broader biblical theme where God desires His people to seek Him earnestly, as seen in passages like Jeremiah 29:13.

‘Where is God my Maker
The term "Maker" (עֹשֶׂה, oseh) emphasizes God's role as the Creator, not just of the universe, but of each individual. This personal aspect of God as "my Maker" underscores a relationship that is intimate and purposeful. Historically, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern understanding of deities as creators, but uniquely in the Hebrew tradition, it is a personal and covenantal relationship. The rhetorical question "Where is God?" suggests a perceived absence of God, a common theme in Job, where the sufferer feels abandoned yet is encouraged to remember God's omnipresence and sovereignty.

who gives us songs in the night
The phrase "songs in the night" (שִׁיר בַּלַּיְלָה, shir balayla) is a poetic expression of hope and comfort. In the ancient world, night often symbolized danger, fear, and uncertainty. Yet, God provides "songs," which symbolize joy, peace, and divine presence even in the darkest times. This reflects the biblical theme of God bringing light into darkness, as seen in Psalm 42:8, where God’s song is with the psalmist in the night. Theologically, it suggests that God equips His people with inner strength and hope, even when external circumstances are bleak. This assurance is a profound reminder of God's sustaining grace and the peace that surpasses understanding, as promised in Philippians 4:7.

who teaches us
This phrase emphasizes the divine role of God as the ultimate teacher. In the Hebrew context, the word "teaches" (למד - lamad) implies a process of learning through instruction and experience. It suggests that God imparts wisdom and understanding to humanity, a theme prevalent throughout the wisdom literature of the Bible. This divine instruction is not merely academic but is meant to transform the heart and mind, guiding individuals in righteous living.

more than the beasts of the earth
Here, the comparison with "the beasts of the earth" highlights the unique capacity of humans to receive and comprehend divine wisdom. In the ancient Near Eastern context, animals were often seen as creatures of instinct, lacking the higher reasoning abilities attributed to humans. This phrase underscores the special status of humanity in creation, as beings made in the image of God (Genesis 1:27), capable of moral and spiritual discernment beyond that of animals.

and makes us wiser
The phrase "makes us wiser" speaks to the transformative power of divine wisdom. The Hebrew root for "wiser" (חכם - chakam) conveys not just knowledge but the skillful application of knowledge in life. This wisdom is a gift from God, enabling humans to navigate the complexities of life with discernment and integrity. It is a recurring theme in the book of Job, where the quest for understanding amidst suffering is central.

than the birds of the air
The mention of "the birds of the air" serves as a poetic parallel to the earlier reference to beasts, reinforcing the idea of human superiority in wisdom. Birds, often seen as symbols of freedom and perspective, are nonetheless limited in their understanding compared to humans. This comparison invites reflection on the responsibility that comes with such wisdom, as humans are called to steward creation with insight and care.

Then they cry out
The phrase "cry out" in Hebrew is "זָעַק" (za'aq), which conveys a sense of a loud call for help or a desperate plea. In the context of Job, this cry is not just a simple request but a deep, anguished outpouring of the heart. Historically, this reflects the human condition of reaching out to the divine in times of distress. Theologically, it underscores the innate human recognition of a higher power and the need for divine intervention in moments of suffering.

but He does not answer
The Hebrew root for "answer" is "עָנָה" (anah), which means to respond or reply. This phrase highlights a profound theological tension: the silence of God in the face of human suffering. In the conservative Christian perspective, this silence is not indicative of God's absence or indifference but rather a test of faith or a call to deeper trust. It challenges believers to seek understanding beyond immediate circumstances and to trust in God's ultimate wisdom and timing.

because of the pride
"Pride" in Hebrew is "גַּאֲוָה" (ga'avah), often associated with arrogance or self-exaltation. Biblically, pride is frequently depicted as a barrier to a right relationship with God. It suggests a self-reliance that negates the need for divine assistance. In the context of Job, pride is seen as a spiritual hindrance that prevents individuals from truly seeking God with humility and sincerity.

of evil men
The term "evil" in Hebrew is "רָע" (ra), which encompasses wickedness, harm, and moral corruption. "Men" here refers to humanity in general, emphasizing the universal nature of sin. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this phrase serves as a reminder of the fallen state of humanity and the pervasive influence of sin. It calls believers to self-examination and repentance, recognizing that evil and pride can obstruct one's relationship with God and hinder prayers from being answered.

Surely God
The phrase "Surely God" emphasizes the certainty and sovereignty of God. In Hebrew, the word for God here is "El," which signifies strength and might. This reflects the understanding that God is not only the Creator but also the ultimate authority over all creation. The use of "surely" underscores the confidence in God's character and His consistent nature. In the context of Job, this serves as a reminder of God's omnipotence and His ability to discern the truth in human petitions.

does not listen
The phrase "does not listen" suggests a deliberate choice by God to ignore certain prayers. The Hebrew root "shama" means to hear or listen, but in this context, it implies a deeper understanding that God is not merely passive but actively discerning. This highlights the idea that God, in His wisdom, chooses not to respond to insincere or superficial requests. It serves as a call for believers to approach God with genuine faith and integrity.

to empty pleas
"Empty pleas" refers to prayers or requests that lack sincerity or substance. The Hebrew word "shav" can be translated as vanity or emptiness, indicating that these pleas are devoid of true faith or righteousness. In the historical context of Job, this reflects the understanding that God values the heart's intention over mere words. It challenges believers to examine their motives and ensure that their prayers are aligned with God's will and purpose.

and the Almighty
The term "the Almighty" is translated from the Hebrew "Shaddai," which conveys God's all-sufficient power and authority. This name for God emphasizes His ability to provide and sustain, reinforcing His role as the ultimate judge and ruler. In the narrative of Job, it serves as a reminder of God's overarching control and His capacity to execute justice according to His perfect wisdom.

does not take note of it
The phrase "does not take note of it" indicates that God chooses not to acknowledge or act upon certain requests. The Hebrew root "biyn" means to understand or consider, suggesting that God, in His omniscience, discerns the true nature of each plea. This underscores the importance of approaching God with a sincere heart and genuine faith, as He is not swayed by empty words but by the authenticity of one's devotion.

How much less
This phrase is a rhetorical device used by Elihu to emphasize the futility of Job's complaints. In Hebrew, the expression underscores a comparison, suggesting that if God does not respond to the cries of the arrogant, how much less will He respond to those who claim they cannot see Him. This highlights the importance of humility and faith in the unseen, a recurring theme in the wisdom literature of the Bible.

when you say
Elihu is directly addressing Job's statements, pointing out the inconsistency in Job's reasoning. The Hebrew root for "say" (אָמַר, 'amar) often implies not just speaking but declaring or asserting something with conviction. Elihu challenges Job's assertions, urging him to reconsider his stance and recognize the limitations of human understanding in the face of divine wisdom.

that you do not see Him
This phrase reflects Job's struggle with the hiddenness of God. The Hebrew concept of "seeing" (רָאָה, ra'ah) often implies understanding or perceiving. Job's inability to "see" God is not just physical but also spiritual and intellectual. This echoes the broader biblical theme that God's ways and presence are often beyond human comprehension, requiring faith and trust.

that your case is before Him
Elihu reminds Job that his situation is already known to God. The term "case" (מִשְׁפָּט, mishpat) in Hebrew refers to justice or judgment, suggesting that Job's grievances are under divine consideration. This assurance is meant to comfort Job, reinforcing the belief that God is just and aware of human affairs, even when He seems silent.

and you must wait for Him
The call to "wait" (יָחַל, yachal) is a central theme in the wisdom literature, emphasizing patience and trust in God's timing. Waiting on God is an act of faith, acknowledging His sovereignty and perfect timing. This exhortation to wait is a reminder that God's plans and purposes unfold according to His divine schedule, not human impatience.

and further
This phrase suggests a continuation or an addition to a previous argument. In the context of Elihu's discourse, it indicates that he is building upon his previous points about God's justice and human behavior. The Hebrew word used here can imply a deepening of thought, urging the listener to consider the broader implications of God's actions and character.

that His anger
The concept of God's anger in the Hebrew Bible is often tied to His righteousness and justice. The Hebrew word for anger, "aph," can also mean "nostrils" or "face," symbolizing the intensity and personal nature of God's response to sin. In a conservative Christian perspective, God's anger is not capricious but is a righteous response to human sinfulness, reflecting His holiness and justice.

never punishes
This phrase can be perplexing, as it seems to contradict the understanding of God as a just judge. However, Elihu is likely emphasizing that God's patience and mercy often delay immediate punishment. The Hebrew root here can imply a withholding or restraint, suggesting that God's forbearance is an opportunity for repentance rather than an absence of justice.

and He does not take much note
The idea that God does not take much note of transgression can be understood as a reflection of His patience and long-suffering nature. The Hebrew word for "take note" can mean to observe or to pay attention. In this context, it suggests that God, in His mercy, may choose to overlook certain transgressions temporarily, allowing time for repentance and correction.

of transgression
Transgression refers to a breach of God's law, a willful deviation from His commands. The Hebrew word "pesha" conveys a sense of rebellion or defiance against divine authority. In the broader biblical narrative, transgression is what separates humanity from God, necessitating divine intervention and redemption through Christ. Elihu's statement underscores the gravity of sin but also hints at the hope of divine patience and grace.

So Job opens his mouth
The phrase "opens his mouth" is a common biblical expression indicating the act of speaking or expressing one's thoughts. In the Hebrew context, the mouth is often seen as the gateway to the heart's intentions. Job, in his suffering, is portrayed as vocalizing his distress and confusion. Historically, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice of lamentation, where individuals would openly express their grievances. The act of opening one's mouth in this context suggests a deep, personal outpouring of emotion and thought.

in vain
The Hebrew word for "vain" often conveys a sense of emptiness or futility. In the biblical context, it implies actions or words that lack substance or purpose. Elihu, the speaker in this passage, criticizes Job for speaking without achieving any meaningful resolution or understanding. This reflects a broader biblical theme where human wisdom is often contrasted with divine wisdom, emphasizing the limitations of human understanding without God's guidance.

and multiplies words
The phrase "multiplies words" suggests an abundance or overflow of speech. In the ancient world, verbosity was sometimes seen as a sign of wisdom, but here it is critiqued. The implication is that Job's extensive dialogue, rather than bringing clarity, only adds to the confusion. This critique aligns with the biblical caution against excessive speech, as seen in Proverbs, where wisdom is often associated with measured and thoughtful words.

without knowledge
The term "knowledge" in Hebrew often denotes not just intellectual understanding but also experiential insight and wisdom. Elihu accuses Job of speaking without true comprehension of God's ways. This highlights a central theme in the Book of Job: the contrast between human and divine knowledge. The historical context of this critique is rooted in the wisdom literature of the Bible, which frequently emphasizes the fear of the Lord as the beginning of true knowledge and understanding. Elihu's statement serves as a reminder of the limitations of human perspective and the need for humility before God's infinite wisdom.