Now it came to pass
This phrase is a common biblical introduction that signals the unfolding of a significant event in the narrative. In Hebrew, it is often rendered as "וַיְהִי" (vayehi), which can denote the sovereignty of God in the unfolding of history. It reminds us that the events of the world are under divine orchestration, and nothing occurs outside of God's providential plan.

in the days of Ahaz
Ahaz was the king of Judah, and his reign is marked by a departure from the faithfulness of his predecessors. The historical context here is crucial; Ahaz's reign was characterized by idolatry and political alliances that were contrary to God's commands. His lack of faith is a backdrop to the events that unfold, highlighting the need for reliance on God rather than human alliances.

son of Jotham, the son of Uzziah
This genealogical reference situates Ahaz within the Davidic line, emphasizing the continuity of God's covenant with David. Jotham and Uzziah were kings who, despite their flaws, were more faithful to God than Ahaz. This lineage serves as a reminder of the promises God made to David, which are ultimately fulfilled in Christ, the true and eternal King.

king of Judah
Judah, the southern kingdom, is the focus here, and its capital, Jerusalem, is the city under threat. The mention of Judah underscores the division of the once-united Israelite kingdom into two: Israel in the north and Judah in the south. This division is a result of disobedience and serves as a backdrop for the prophetic messages of Isaiah, calling for repentance and trust in God.

Rezin king of Aram
Rezin was the king of Aram (Syria), and his alliance with Israel against Judah is a significant historical event. Aram was a constant threat to Israel and Judah, and Rezin's actions are part of the geopolitical struggles of the time. This alliance against Judah is a test of faith for Ahaz and the people of Judah, challenging them to trust in God's protection.

Pekah son of Remaliah king of Israel
Pekah was the king of Israel, the northern kingdom, and his alliance with Rezin against Judah is indicative of the internal strife and division among God's people. The northern kingdom's apostasy and eventual downfall serve as a warning to Judah. Pekah's actions are a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God and the importance of unity under God's covenant.

marched up to wage war against Jerusalem
The military campaign against Jerusalem is a direct threat to the Davidic line and God's promises. The Hebrew verb for "marched up" suggests a determined and aggressive action. This phrase sets the stage for God's intervention, as Jerusalem is not just any city but the chosen city of God, where His temple resides and where His presence is manifest.

but they could not overpower it
This outcome is a testament to God's faithfulness and protection over His people. Despite the formidable alliance against Judah, God's promise to David and His covenant with His people ensure that Jerusalem remains secure. This phrase is a powerful reminder that no matter the odds, God's purposes will prevail, and His promises are sure. It encourages believers to trust in God's sovereignty and His ability to deliver His people from seemingly insurmountable challenges.

Now the house of David was told
The phrase "house of David" refers to the royal lineage of King David, emphasizing the covenantal promise God made to David regarding his descendants. In Hebrew, "house" (בַּיִת, bayit) can mean both a physical dwelling and a family lineage. This highlights the continuity of God's promise to David's line, despite the current crisis. Historically, this period was fraught with political instability, and the mention of the "house of David" serves as a reminder of God's enduring covenant, offering hope and assurance to the faithful.

Aram is in league with Ephraim
"Aram" refers to the ancient kingdom of Syria, and "Ephraim" is a reference to the northern kingdom of Israel, often called Ephraim after its dominant tribe. The Hebrew word for "in league" (נָחָה, nachah) suggests a guiding or leading together, indicating a military alliance. This alliance posed a significant threat to Judah, the southern kingdom, where the house of David ruled. Historically, this alliance was part of the Syro-Ephraimite War, where Aram and Israel sought to pressure Judah into joining their coalition against the Assyrian empire. This context underscores the political tension and fear that gripped Judah.

So the hearts of Ahaz and his people were shaken
The "hearts" (לֵבָב, levav) in Hebrew often symbolize the inner being, including emotions, will, and intellect. King Ahaz, a descendant of David, and his people were deeply troubled. The verb "shaken" (נָעוּ, na'u) conveys a sense of trembling or quaking, reflecting intense fear and anxiety. This reaction is understandable given the formidable threat posed by the alliance. From a spiritual perspective, this fear contrasts with the faith and trust that God desires from His people, highlighting a moment of testing for Ahaz and Judah.

as the trees of the forest are shaken by the wind
This simile vividly illustrates the extent of their fear. The imagery of trees (עֵצִים, etzim) swaying in the wind (רוּחַ, ruach) evokes a sense of vulnerability and instability. In the Bible, wind often symbolizes God's power and presence, as well as change and upheaval. This metaphor not only captures the emotional state of Ahaz and his people but also serves as a reminder of the divine forces at play. It calls the faithful to recognize God's sovereignty even amidst political and personal turmoil.

Then the LORD said
This phrase underscores the divine initiative and authority behind the prophetic message. The Hebrew root for "LORD" is "YHWH," the sacred name of God, emphasizing His covenantal relationship with Israel. This introduction sets the stage for a divine encounter, reminding us that God actively communicates with His people, guiding them through His chosen prophets.

to Isaiah
Isaiah, whose name means "Yahweh is salvation," is a major prophet in the Old Testament. His role as a prophet is to convey God's messages to the people of Judah. Historically, Isaiah's ministry occurred during a tumultuous period for the kingdom, marked by political instability and threats from surrounding nations. His calling reflects God's ongoing commitment to guide and correct His people.

Go out
This command signifies action and obedience. Isaiah is instructed to leave his current location and approach King Ahaz. The Hebrew verb "halak" implies movement with purpose. In a broader sense, it reflects the call for believers to step out in faith and obedience, trusting in God's direction even when the path is uncertain.

with your son Shear-jashub
The inclusion of Isaiah's son, whose name means "A remnant shall return," is significant. It serves as a living prophecy and a symbol of hope amidst impending judgment. The presence of Shear-jashub is a tangible reminder of God's promise to preserve a faithful remnant, even in times of national crisis.

to meet Ahaz
Ahaz, the king of Judah, is a central figure in this narrative. Historically, Ahaz was known for his lack of faith and reliance on foreign alliances rather than trusting in God. This meeting is crucial, as it represents a divine opportunity for Ahaz to receive guidance and reassurance from God through Isaiah.

at the end of the aqueduct of the Upper Pool
This location is strategically significant. The aqueduct and Upper Pool were vital for Jerusalem's water supply, especially during sieges. Archaeologically, this setting underscores the practical concerns of the time, as water security was crucial for the city's survival. Spiritually, it symbolizes the sustenance and provision that God offers to His people.

on the road to the Launderer’s Field
The Launderer’s Field, likely a place where clothes were washed and dried, represents a place of cleansing and renewal. This imagery can be seen as symbolic of the purification and renewal that God desires for His people. It serves as a reminder of the need for spiritual cleansing and the transformative power of God's word.

Calm down and be quiet
The Hebrew phrase here, "שָׁמַר וְהַשְׁקֵט" (shamar ve-hashket), conveys a sense of maintaining composure and tranquility. In the context of Isaiah's prophecy, this command is directed towards King Ahaz of Judah, who is facing the threat of invasion. The call to "calm down" is not merely a suggestion for emotional control but a divine directive to trust in God's sovereignty. Historically, this reflects the turbulent period of the Syro-Ephraimite War, where political alliances and threats were rampant. Spiritually, it serves as a reminder for believers to find peace in God's promises, even amidst chaos.

Do not be afraid or disheartened
The Hebrew words "אַל־תִּירָא וּלְבָבְךָ אַל־יֵרַךְ" (al-tira u-levavkha al-yerakh) emphasize a prohibition against fear and discouragement. Fear, in this context, is a natural human response to the impending threat from the northern kingdoms. However, God's message through Isaiah is one of reassurance. Theologically, this reflects a recurring biblical theme where God commands His people to fear not, as seen in Joshua 1:9 and Psalm 23:4. It underscores the belief that faith in God should transcend earthly fears.

By these two smoldering stubs of firewood—
The imagery of "שְׁנֵי זַנְבוֹת הָאוּדִים הָעֲשֵׁנִים" (shenei zanvot ha-udim ha-ashenim) is vivid and symbolic. The "smoldering stubs" refer to the waning power and imminent decline of Rezin, king of Aram, and Pekah, son of Remaliah, king of Israel. This metaphor suggests that their threat is temporary and diminishing, much like a fire that is about to go out. Historically, this is accurate as both leaders would soon face defeat. For believers, it serves as a metaphor for the transient nature of worldly threats compared to the eternal power of God.

By the burning anger of Rezin and Aram and of the son of Remaliah
The phrase "בַּחֲרוֹן אַף רְצִין וַאֲרָם וּבֶן־רְמַלְיָהוּ" (ba-charon af Retzin va-Aram u-ben-Remalyahu) highlights the intense hostility and aggression of these adversaries. Rezin and Aram (Syria) were significant threats to Judah, and Pekah, the son of Remaliah, had allied with them. The "burning anger" indicates their fierce intent to conquer Jerusalem. However, God's message through Isaiah is that their plans will not succeed. This reflects the biblical principle that no weapon formed against God's people will prosper (Isaiah 54:17). It reassures believers that divine protection supersedes human aggression.

Because Aram
The term "Aram" refers to the ancient region and people known as the Arameans, located in present-day Syria. Historically, Aram was a significant power in the Near East, often in conflict with Israel. The Hebrew root for Aram is "אֲרָם" (Aram), which signifies a highland or elevated region. This highlights the geopolitical tension between Israel and its neighbors, emphasizing the constant threat Israel faced from surrounding nations. The mention of Aram here sets the stage for understanding the external pressures on the Kingdom of Judah.

Ephraim
Ephraim was one of the tribes of Israel, often used to represent the Northern Kingdom of Israel as a whole. The name Ephraim comes from the Hebrew "אֶפְרָיִם" (Ephrayim), meaning "fruitful." This reflects the tribe's significant size and influence. Historically, Ephraim was a leading tribe in the Northern Kingdom, and its alliance with Aram against Judah underscores the internal divisions within the people of God. This internal strife is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, illustrating the consequences of a divided heart and nation.

and the son of Remaliah
This phrase refers to Pekah, the king of Israel, who was the son of Remaliah. The Hebrew "רְמַלְיָהוּ" (Remalyahu) means "Yahweh has adorned," yet Pekah's actions were far from godly. His alliance with Aram against Judah was a political maneuver that disregarded the covenantal relationship with God. This highlights the theme of leadership and the responsibility of rulers to lead in accordance with God's will. Pekah's rebellion against Judah is a cautionary tale of the dangers of forsaking divine guidance for political gain.

have plotted your ruin
The phrase "have plotted your ruin" indicates a deliberate and malicious intent to destroy. The Hebrew root "עָצַר" (atsar) means to bind or restrain, suggesting a conspiracy to incapacitate Judah. This reflects the spiritual warfare that God's people face, where external threats often mirror internal spiritual battles. The plotting against Judah serves as a reminder of the ever-present opposition to God's plans and the need for divine protection and wisdom.

saying
The use of "saying" introduces the direct speech of the conspirators, emphasizing the reality and immediacy of the threat. In the Hebrew text, "אָמַר" (amar) is a common verb for speaking, but it also conveys the power of words to shape reality. This highlights the importance of speech in the biblical narrative, where words can bless or curse, build up or tear down. The conspirators' words reveal their intentions and set the stage for God's response, reminding believers of the power of God's word to counteract human schemes.

Let us invade Judah
This phrase captures the intent of the coalition between Rezin, king of Aram, and Pekah, son of Remaliah, king of Israel. The Hebrew root for "invade" is "עָלָה" (alah), which means to go up or ascend, often used in a military context. Historically, this reflects the turbulent period of the Syro-Ephraimite War around 735-732 BC, where smaller nations sought to resist the Assyrian empire by forming alliances. Judah, under King Ahaz, was a target due to its strategic location and resources. This phrase sets the stage for the unfolding drama of trust and divine intervention.

let us tear it apart
The phrase "tear it apart" uses the Hebrew "בָּקַע" (baqa), meaning to split or cleave. This violent imagery underscores the destructive intentions of Judah's enemies. It reflects the common ancient Near Eastern practice of conquering and dividing lands among victors. Theologically, it highlights the vulnerability of God's people when they rely on human alliances rather than divine protection.

and divide it among ourselves
Here, the coalition's plan is to partition Judah, a common practice in ancient conquests where victors would reap the spoils of war. The Hebrew "חָלַק" (chalaq) means to divide or apportion. This reflects the greed and ambition of Judah's enemies, seeking to expand their territories and influence. Historically, this was a time of shifting alliances and territorial ambitions, with smaller states often caught between larger empires.

we will set up Tabeel’s son as king in it
The mention of "Tabeel’s son" introduces a puppet ruler intended to replace the Davidic king, Ahaz. The name "Tabeel" is of Aramaic origin, possibly meaning "God is good," but here it represents a foreign influence contrary to God's covenant with David. This phrase highlights the political maneuvering typical of the era, where foreign powers installed compliant rulers to control vassal states. Scripturally, it underscores the threat to the Davidic line, which God had promised to establish forever (2 Samuel 7:16). This sets the stage for God's assurance of protection and the ultimate fulfillment of His promises through the Messiah.

But this is what the Lord GOD says
This phrase introduces a divine declaration, emphasizing the authority and sovereignty of God. The Hebrew term for "Lord GOD" here is "Adonai Yahweh," which underscores God's supreme authority and covenantal relationship with His people. Historically, this phrase is a reminder of God's direct communication with His prophets, serving as a reassurance to the faithful that God is actively involved in the affairs of His people. In the context of Isaiah, it is a powerful reminder that despite the political turmoil and threats from surrounding nations, God's word is the ultimate truth and authority.

It will not happen
The phrase "It will not happen" is a direct negation of the plans of the enemies of Judah. The Hebrew root here is "lo," a strong negation, indicating absolute certainty. This assurance from God is meant to calm the fears of King Ahaz and the people of Judah, who were threatened by the alliance of Israel and Aram. Historically, this reflects the period of the Syro-Ephraimite War, where Judah faced significant external threats. God's declaration serves as a reminder that no matter how dire the situation appears, His plans and purposes will prevail over human schemes.

it will not occur
Similar to the previous phrase, "it will not occur" reinforces the certainty of God's promise. The Hebrew word "lo" is again used, emphasizing the impossibility of the enemy's plans coming to fruition. This repetition is a common Hebrew literary device used to stress the certainty and importance of the message. In the broader scriptural context, this assurance is a testament to God's faithfulness and His protective nature over His covenant people. It serves as an encouragement to believers that God's promises are steadfast and reliable, even when circumstances seem overwhelming.

For the head of Aram is Damascus
The term "head" in this context refers to the capital or the central authority of a region. Aram, known today as Syria, was a significant power in the ancient Near East. "Damascus" was its capital, a city with a long history, often mentioned in the Bible. The Hebrew word for Damascus, "Dammeseq," is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, symbolizing both political and cultural influence. Historically, Damascus was a center of trade and power, and its mention here underscores the political structure and influence of Aram.

and the head of Damascus is Rezin
"Rezin" was the king of Aram during the time of Isaiah. His leadership is highlighted here to emphasize the human authority over the city and, by extension, the nation. Rezin's alliance with Pekah, king of Israel, against Judah is a significant historical event. This phrase underscores the temporal nature of human leadership compared to God's eternal sovereignty. The mention of Rezin serves as a reminder of the political dynamics and the threats faced by Judah during Isaiah's prophetic ministry.

Within sixty-five years
This phrase is a prophetic time marker. The specificity of "sixty-five years" indicates a precise period within which a significant event will occur. In the context of Isaiah's prophecy, this period refers to the time it would take for the northern kingdom of Israel, also known as Ephraim, to be completely destroyed and its people dispersed. Historically, this prophecy aligns with the Assyrian conquest and the subsequent resettlement policies that led to the loss of a distinct identity for the people of Ephraim.

Ephraim will be shattered as a people
"Ephraim" is often used as a synonym for the northern kingdom of Israel, named after one of the tribes of Israel. The term "shattered" conveys a sense of complete destruction and disintegration. This prophecy foretells the downfall of the northern kingdom due to their disobedience and idolatry. The Hebrew root for "shattered" implies breaking into pieces, symbolizing the end of Ephraim's national identity. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of turning away from God, highlighting the importance of faithfulness and obedience to His covenant.

The head of Ephraim
Ephraim was one of the tribes of Israel, often representing the Northern Kingdom as a whole. The term "head" signifies leadership or authority. Historically, Ephraim was a dominant tribe, and its capital, Samaria, was a center of power. Theologically, this phrase reminds us of the importance of leadership aligned with God's will. In a spiritual sense, it calls believers to recognize Christ as the head of the Church, emphasizing the need for godly leadership in our lives.

is Samaria
Samaria was the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel. It was a city known for its idolatry and rebellion against God. The mention of Samaria here serves as a warning against turning away from God. Archaeological findings reveal a city rich in culture but spiritually bankrupt, reminding us that material wealth and cultural achievements are meaningless without faithfulness to God.

and the head of Samaria
This phrase reiterates the concept of leadership, focusing on the rulers of Samaria. Historically, the leaders of Samaria led the people into idolatry and away from God. This serves as a cautionary tale for believers today, highlighting the importance of choosing leaders who are committed to God's truth and righteousness.

is the son of Remaliah
The "son of Remaliah" refers to Pekah, the king of Israel during Isaiah's time. Pekah's reign was marked by political alliances that opposed God's plans. This phrase underscores the futility of relying on human wisdom and alliances instead of trusting in God. It challenges believers to place their trust in God's sovereignty rather than in human leaders who may lead them astray.

If you do not stand firm in your faith
This conditional statement emphasizes the necessity of faith. The Hebrew root for "stand firm" conveys a sense of being established or steadfast. Faith is not merely intellectual assent but a firm, unwavering trust in God. This phrase calls believers to cultivate a deep, resilient faith that withstands trials and uncertainties, echoing the New Testament call to live by faith and not by sight.

then you will not stand at all
The consequence of not standing firm in faith is total collapse. The Hebrew text uses a play on words, emphasizing the certainty of this outcome. Spiritually, this serves as a stark warning that without faith, we are vulnerable to the shifting sands of doubt and fear. It inspires believers to anchor their lives in the unchanging truth of God's Word, ensuring that their spiritual foundation is secure.

Again
The use of the word "again" indicates a continuation or repetition of communication from God to Ahaz. This suggests God's persistent effort to reach out to Ahaz, despite his previous reluctance or disobedience. In the Hebrew context, this reflects God's patience and enduring desire for His people to heed His guidance. It underscores the theme of divine persistence and grace, reminding us that God often gives multiple opportunities for repentance and obedience.

the LORD
The term "LORD" in all capital letters is a translation of the Hebrew name for God, YHWH, which is considered the most sacred name of God in the Hebrew Bible. It signifies God's eternal, self-existent nature and His covenant relationship with Israel. This name emphasizes God's authority and sovereignty, reminding us that the message delivered is not just from any deity, but from the one true God who is deeply involved in the affairs of His people.

spoke
The act of speaking here is significant, as it highlights the personal and direct communication from God to Ahaz. In the ancient Near Eastern context, divine communication was often sought through intermediaries or signs, but here, God Himself initiates the conversation. This underscores the importance of the message and the personal nature of God's relationship with His chosen leaders and people.

to Ahaz
Ahaz was the king of Judah during a tumultuous period in the nation's history. His reign was marked by political instability and threats from surrounding nations. Historically, Ahaz is known for his lack of faith and reliance on foreign alliances rather than trusting in God. By addressing Ahaz directly, God is offering him guidance and an opportunity to align with divine will, despite his previous failures. This highlights God's willingness to engage with flawed leaders and His desire for them to lead according to His purposes.

Ask for a sign
In the context of Isaiah 7:11, the phrase "Ask for a sign" is a divine invitation extended to King Ahaz by the prophet Isaiah. The Hebrew word for "sign" is "אוֹת" (oth), which often denotes a miraculous event or a divine confirmation. In the ancient Near Eastern context, signs were seen as tangible evidence of divine will or intervention. This invitation underscores God's willingness to provide assurance and guidance to His people, even when they are in doubt or fear. It reflects God's patience and desire for His people to trust in His sovereignty and power.

from the LORD your God
The phrase "from the LORD your God" emphasizes the personal relationship between God and His people. The use of "LORD" in all caps represents the Hebrew name "YHWH," which is the covenant name of God, signifying His eternal presence and faithfulness. The term "your God" personalizes this relationship, reminding Ahaz and the people of Judah of their unique covenant with God. This phrase serves as a reminder of God's authority and His role as the ultimate source of wisdom and guidance.

whether from the depths of Sheol
The phrase "whether from the depths of Sheol" uses the Hebrew word "Sheol" to refer to the realm of the dead or the grave. In ancient Hebrew thought, Sheol was considered a place of darkness and silence, far removed from the living. By suggesting a sign "from the depths of Sheol," God is essentially offering Ahaz a sign from the most inaccessible and mysterious realms, highlighting the extent of God's power and the limitless nature of His ability to provide assurance.

or the heights of heaven
The phrase "or the heights of heaven" contrasts with "the depths of Sheol," presenting a spectrum from the lowest to the highest realms. The "heights of heaven" symbolize the divine realm, the abode of God, and the place of ultimate authority and majesty. This phrase underscores God's omnipotence and His dominion over all creation, from the lowest depths to the highest heights. It serves as a powerful reminder that nothing is beyond God's reach or control, and His ability to provide signs and wonders is boundless.

But Ahaz replied
The phrase introduces King Ahaz, a ruler of Judah during a tumultuous period. Historically, Ahaz is known for his lack of faith and reliance on foreign alliances rather than God. His response here is pivotal, reflecting his character and spiritual state. The Hebrew root for "replied" (עָנָה, 'anah) often implies a response to a call or challenge, indicating that Ahaz is directly addressing a divine offer through the prophet Isaiah.

I will not ask
This phrase reveals Ahaz's refusal to seek a sign from God, despite being offered one. The Hebrew word for "ask" (שָׁאַל, sha'al) can mean to inquire or request, often used in the context of seeking divine guidance. Ahaz's refusal is not out of humility but rather a demonstration of his unwillingness to engage with God, highlighting a lack of faith and trust in divine intervention.

I will not test
The word "test" (נָסָה, nasah) in Hebrew can mean to try or prove. In the context of scripture, testing God is often seen as an act of disbelief or challenge to His authority. Ahaz's statement is ironic; while he claims not to test God, his actions and lack of faith are indeed a test of God's patience and mercy. This phrase underscores the tension between human skepticism and divine faithfulness.

the LORD
The use of "the LORD" (יהוה, Yahweh) is significant, as it refers to the covenant name of God, emphasizing His eternal and unchanging nature. In the context of Isaiah, Yahweh is portrayed as the sovereign ruler and protector of Israel. Ahaz's refusal to engage with Yahweh is a rejection of the covenant relationship, highlighting a broader theme of Israel's struggle with faithfulness to God.

Then Isaiah said
This phrase introduces the prophet Isaiah, a central figure in the Old Testament, known for his role as a messenger of God. The Hebrew root for "said" is "אָמַר" (amar), which conveys the act of speaking or declaring. Isaiah's role as a prophet is to communicate God's messages to the people, often calling them to repentance and faithfulness. His words are not his own but are divinely inspired, emphasizing the authority and seriousness of the message that follows.

Hear now
The Hebrew word for "hear" is "שָׁמַע" (shama), which means to listen or obey. This is not merely a call to auditory attention but an exhortation to heed and act upon the message. The urgency in "now" underscores the immediacy and importance of the message. Isaiah is calling the people to pay close attention to what God is about to reveal, highlighting the critical nature of the situation.

O house of David
The "house of David" refers to the royal lineage of King David, a significant figure in Israel's history. This phrase is a reminder of the covenant God made with David, promising that his descendants would rule Israel. The historical context here is crucial, as the house of David is facing a crisis, and Isaiah's message is directed at the leadership and the people associated with this royal line. It serves as a reminder of their heritage and responsibilities under God's covenant.

Is it not enough to try the patience of men?
The phrase "try the patience" comes from the Hebrew "לְהַלְאוֹת" (lehalot), meaning to weary or exhaust. Isaiah is addressing the people's actions that have already tested human patience, likely referring to their lack of faith and disobedience. This rhetorical question highlights the extent of their actions, suggesting that they have already pushed the limits of what is tolerable among their fellow humans.

Will you try the patience of my God as well?
Here, Isaiah shifts from human patience to divine patience. The use of "my God" personalizes the relationship between Isaiah and the Lord, emphasizing the prophet's role as God's representative. The rhetorical question serves as a warning; if trying human patience is serious, how much more severe is it to test God's patience? This phrase underscores the gravity of their actions and the potential consequences of continuing in their unfaithfulness.

Therefore the Lord Himself
This phrase emphasizes the direct involvement of God in the unfolding of His divine plan. The Hebrew word for "Lord" here is "Adonai," which signifies God's sovereign authority and power. In the context of Isaiah, this underscores that the sign to be given is not of human origin but a divine intervention. Historically, this reflects God's active role in the affairs of Israel, assuring them of His presence and control over their destiny.

will give you a sign
The word "sign" in Hebrew is "oth," which often denotes a miraculous event or a divine token. In the biblical narrative, signs are used by God to confirm His promises and to guide His people. This particular sign is meant to reassure King Ahaz and the people of Judah of God's protection and faithfulness. It is a prophetic assurance that transcends the immediate context, pointing to a future fulfillment.

Behold
This word serves as a call to attention, urging the listener or reader to focus on the significance of what follows. It is an invitation to witness something extraordinary and divine. In the prophetic literature, "behold" often precedes a revelation of God's plan or a miraculous event, highlighting its importance and urging belief and reflection.

the virgin
The Hebrew word used here is "almah," which can mean a young woman of marriageable age, but in this context, it is traditionally understood as a virgin, especially in light of its New Testament fulfillment. This term has been the subject of much theological discussion, but within a conservative Christian perspective, it is seen as a clear prophecy of the virgin birth of Jesus Christ, as affirmed in the Gospel of Matthew.

will be with child and will give birth to a son
This phrase describes a miraculous conception and birth, which is central to the Christian doctrine of the Incarnation. The imagery of a virgin conceiving and bearing a son is a powerful testament to God's ability to transcend natural laws. It signifies the coming of a new era and the fulfillment of God's promises through a miraculous event that defies human understanding.

and will call Him Immanuel
The name "Immanuel" means "God with us" in Hebrew. This name encapsulates the essence of the prophecy and its ultimate fulfillment in Jesus Christ. It signifies God's presence among His people, offering hope, salvation, and a personal relationship with the divine. In the historical context of Isaiah, it reassures the people of Judah of God's nearness and protection. In the broader biblical narrative, it points to the incarnation of Christ, where God literally dwells among humanity, fulfilling His promise of redemption and eternal presence.

By the time
This phrase indicates a specific period or age of discernment. In the Hebrew context, it suggests a developmental milestone in a child's life. The prophecy is time-bound, emphasizing the certainty and divine timing of God's plan. It reflects the precision with which God orchestrates events, assuring believers of His sovereign control over history.

he knows enough
The Hebrew word for "knows" (יָדַע, yada) implies an intimate understanding or experiential knowledge. This is not mere intellectual awareness but a deep, personal comprehension. In a spiritual sense, it signifies the moment when an individual becomes morally accountable, highlighting the importance of wisdom and discernment in the life of a believer.

to reject evil and choose good
This phrase underscores the moral and ethical development expected of the prophesied child. The ability to discern and choose between good and evil is a fundamental aspect of spiritual maturity. It reflects the biblical theme of free will and the responsibility to align one's choices with God's righteousness. This moral discernment is a gift from God, cultivated through His Word and Spirit.

He will be eating
The act of eating here is symbolic of sustenance and provision. In the biblical context, what one eats often signifies the conditions of life and the state of the nation. It suggests a period of peace and prosperity, where basic needs are met. This provision is a testament to God's faithfulness and care for His people, even in times of uncertainty.

curds and honey
Curds and honey are indicative of abundance and blessing in the land. In ancient Israel, these were considered delicacies, symbolizing a land flowing with milk and honey, as promised to the Israelites. This imagery reassures the faithful of God's promise to provide and sustain His people. It also serves as a reminder of the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where obedience leads to divine blessing and prosperity.

For before the boy knows enough to reject evil and choose good
This phrase speaks to the innocence and developmental stage of a child. In Hebrew, the word for "boy" is "na'ar," which often refers to a young child or youth. The concept of knowing to "reject evil and choose good" implies a moral awakening or the age of accountability. In the context of Isaiah, this is a prophetic sign given to King Ahaz, indicating a specific timeframe. Theologically, it underscores the belief in an inherent moral law written on the hearts of individuals, as echoed in Romans 2:15. This phrase also foreshadows the coming of the Messiah, who would perfectly embody the rejection of evil and the choice of good.

the land of the two kings you dread
This refers to the kingdoms of Aram (Syria) and Israel, whose kings were Rezin and Pekah, respectively. Historically, these two kingdoms had formed an alliance against Judah, causing fear and anxiety for King Ahaz and his people. The phrase "you dread" highlights the palpable fear and political tension of the time. Theologically, it serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over nations and His ability to bring about His purposes despite human fear and opposition. It also reassures believers that God is aware of their fears and is actively working to address them.

will be laid waste
The Hebrew root for "laid waste" is "shamem," which means to be desolate or devastated. This prophecy was fulfilled when the Assyrian Empire conquered both Aram and Israel, leading to their downfall. This phrase serves as a powerful reminder of the transient nature of earthly powers and the ultimate authority of God over history. From a spiritual perspective, it encourages believers to place their trust in God rather than in human alliances or strength. It also points to the theme of divine justice, where God intervenes to bring about His righteous judgment on nations that oppose His will.

The LORD will bring
This phrase emphasizes the sovereignty and active involvement of God in the affairs of nations and individuals. The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, which underscores His faithfulness and authority. The verb "will bring" indicates a future action that is certain to occur, reflecting God's control over history and His ability to fulfill His promises and warnings.

on you
This phrase personalizes the prophecy, indicating that the impending events will directly affect the audience. In the context of Isaiah, "you" refers to King Ahaz and the people of Judah. It serves as a reminder that God's actions are not abstract but have real implications for individuals and communities.

your people
This refers to the nation of Judah, the southern kingdom of Israel. The phrase highlights the collective identity and shared destiny of the people under their king's leadership. It also implies a sense of responsibility and accountability for the nation's spiritual and moral state.

and your father’s house
This phrase points to the Davidic dynasty, the royal lineage from which King Ahaz descended. It underscores the continuity of God's dealings with the house of David, fulfilling His covenant promises while also holding them accountable for their actions. The mention of "father's house" evokes the historical and spiritual heritage of the Davidic line.

such a time as has never been
This expression indicates an unprecedented event or period of distress. It suggests a significant and unparalleled intervention by God in the history of Judah. The phrase serves as a warning of the severity of the coming judgment, intended to provoke repentance and reliance on God.

since Ephraim broke away from Judah
This historical reference alludes to the division of the united kingdom of Israel after the reign of Solomon, when the northern tribes, led by Ephraim, seceded from Judah. It marks a period of political and spiritual decline, serving as a backdrop for the current crisis. The division symbolizes the consequences of disobedience and the need for unity under God's covenant.

He will bring the king of Assyria
The mention of the "king of Assyria" identifies the instrument of God's judgment. Assyria was a dominant empire known for its military prowess and brutality. This prophecy foretells the invasion and oppression that Judah would face as a result of their unfaithfulness. It serves as a reminder of God's use of nations to accomplish His purposes, both in judgment and redemption. The historical context of Assyria's rise to power underscores the reality of the threat and the need for trust in God's deliverance.

On that day
This phrase signifies a specific time appointed by God, often used in prophetic literature to denote a moment of divine intervention or judgment. In the context of Isaiah, it refers to a future event when God will act decisively. The Hebrew word for "day" (יוֹם, yom) can mean a literal day or a period of time, emphasizing God's sovereign control over history.

the LORD
The use of "the LORD" (יהוה, Yahweh) underscores the covenantal name of God, highlighting His authority and faithfulness. It reminds the reader of God's personal relationship with Israel and His ultimate power to orchestrate events according to His divine will.

will whistle
The imagery of God whistling (שָׁרַק, sharaq) conveys His effortless command over creation. In ancient Near Eastern culture, a whistle could summon animals or people, symbolizing authority and control. Here, it illustrates God's ability to summon nations as instruments of His purpose.

to the flies
Flies (זְבוּבִים, zevuvim) are often associated with pestilence and discomfort. In this context, they symbolize the Egyptian forces, which God will summon as a form of judgment. The use of flies evokes the plagues of Egypt, reminding the reader of God's past deliverance and His power to use even small creatures to fulfill His plans.

at the farthest streams of the Nile
This phrase locates the flies in Egypt, specifically at the extremities of the Nile River, which was the lifeblood of Egyptian civilization. The Nile's mention emphasizes the reach of God's influence, extending even to distant lands. Historically, Egypt was a significant power, and this imagery suggests that God can mobilize even the mightiest nations.

and to the bees
Bees (דְּבוֹרִים, devorim) are known for their swarming behavior and painful stings, symbolizing the Assyrian forces. The choice of bees highlights the threat and aggression of Assyria, a dominant empire known for its military prowess. This imagery conveys the impending danger and the precision of God's judgment.

in the land of Assyria
Assyria was a formidable empire during Isaiah's time, known for its expansionist policies and military strength. By referencing Assyria, the text underscores the geopolitical realities of the period and God's ability to use powerful nations to achieve His purposes. It serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over all nations, regardless of their might.

They will all come
This phrase indicates a comprehensive movement or gathering. In the Hebrew text, the word used for "come" is "בּוֹא" (bo), which often signifies arrival or entering. Historically, this reflects the Assyrian invasion, where the armies would come into the land of Judah. From a spiritual perspective, it can symbolize the inevitable fulfillment of God's word, as His plans and purposes will always come to pass.

settle
The Hebrew word "נוּחַ" (nuach) is used here, meaning to rest or dwell. This suggests not just a temporary presence but a more permanent occupation. In the context of Isaiah, it reflects the Assyrian forces establishing control over the land. Spiritually, it can remind believers of the importance of where they choose to "settle" in their lives, urging them to rest in God's promises rather than worldly assurances.

in the steep ravines
The phrase "steep ravines" refers to the deep, narrow valleys that are characteristic of the Judean landscape. The Hebrew word "נַחַל" (nachal) is often used for a wadi or a seasonal stream. This imagery conveys the idea of invaders penetrating even the most remote and protected areas. It serves as a reminder of the pervasive nature of sin and the need for vigilance in guarding one's spiritual life.

in the clefts of the rocks
"Clefts of the rocks" suggests places of refuge or hiding. The Hebrew "סֶלַע" (sela) indicates a rock or crag. Historically, these were places where people sought safety from invaders. Spiritually, it can symbolize the false security people seek outside of God. Believers are encouraged to find their true refuge in the "Rock of Ages," Jesus Christ.

in all the thorn bushes
Thorn bushes, or "נַעֲצוּץ" (na'atsuts) in Hebrew, are often associated with desolation and curse, as seen in Genesis 3:18. The presence of invaders even in these inhospitable areas underscores the totality of the invasion. Spiritually, it can represent the trials and challenges believers face, yet also the promise that God can bring beauty and purpose out of desolation.

in all the water holes
Water holes, or "מַיִם" (mayim), are vital sources of life in arid regions. The mention of invaders settling here indicates their control over essential resources. Historically, this would have been a strategic move to dominate the land. Spiritually, it serves as a reminder of the living water that Christ offers, urging believers to draw from Him as their source of life and sustenance, even when surrounded by adversities.

On that day
This phrase signifies a specific time of divine intervention or judgment. In the prophetic literature of the Bible, "that day" often refers to a moment when God acts decisively in history. Here, it indicates a future event when God's judgment will be executed. The use of "day" in Hebrew (יוֹם, yom) can denote a literal day or a period of time, emphasizing the certainty and imminence of God's action.

the Lord
The term "the Lord" (יְהוָה, Yahweh) is the covenant name of God, highlighting His sovereignty and faithfulness. In this context, it underscores that the coming judgment is not random but orchestrated by the sovereign will of God. It reminds the reader of God's ultimate authority over nations and history.

will use a razor
The imagery of a "razor" (תַּעַר, ta'ar) is symbolic of humiliation and disgrace. In ancient Near Eastern culture, shaving was often associated with shame or mourning. The razor here is a metaphor for the thorough and humiliating judgment that God will bring upon His people through foreign powers. It conveys the idea of complete exposure and vulnerability.

hired from beyond the Euphrates River
This phrase refers to the Assyrian empire, which lay beyond the Euphrates River. The term "hired" suggests that God is employing Assyria as an instrument of His judgment, even though they are a pagan nation. This highlights God's sovereignty over all nations, using them to fulfill His purposes, whether they acknowledge Him or not.

the king of Assyria
The "king of Assyria" represents the powerful and feared empire that would become an instrument of God's judgment against Israel and Judah. Historically, Assyria was known for its military might and brutality. This reference serves as a warning of the severe consequences of turning away from God and relying on foreign alliances instead of trusting in Him.

to shave your head and the hair of your legs
Shaving the "head" and "hair of your legs" symbolizes total humiliation and subjugation. In the ancient world, hair was often a symbol of strength and honor. The act of shaving it off signifies the stripping away of dignity and power. This imagery conveys the depth of the coming judgment and the complete loss of autonomy and pride for the people.

and to remove your beard as well
The removal of the "beard" further emphasizes disgrace and dishonor. In many ancient cultures, a beard was a sign of manhood and respect. To have it removed forcibly was a profound humiliation. This completes the picture of total degradation that the people would experience as a result of their disobedience and lack of faith in God.

On that day
This phrase sets a specific time frame, indicating a prophetic moment in the future. In the context of Isaiah, "that day" often refers to a time of divine intervention or judgment. The Hebrew word for "day" is "yom," which can mean a literal 24-hour period or a more extended time of significance. Here, it suggests a pivotal moment orchestrated by God, emphasizing His sovereignty over history and His ability to fulfill His promises.

a man
The reference to "a man" is significant in its singularity, suggesting an individual experience or action. In the Hebrew text, "ish" is used, which can denote a man or a person in general. This highlights the personal nature of the prophecy, indicating that God's plans and provisions often manifest in the lives of individuals, reflecting His intimate involvement in human affairs.

will raise
The action of raising implies effort and intention. The Hebrew root "qum" means to arise, stand up, or establish. This verb conveys a sense of purpose and determination, suggesting that the man is actively participating in God's plan. It reflects the idea that human actions, when aligned with divine will, contribute to the unfolding of God's purposes.

a young cow
The mention of a "young cow" or heifer is symbolic of sustenance and provision. In ancient agrarian societies, livestock was a primary source of food and economic stability. The Hebrew word "egel" refers to a calf or young bull, often associated with abundance and blessing. This imagery underscores God's provision for His people, even in times of hardship or judgment.

and two sheep
The inclusion of "two sheep" further emphasizes the theme of provision. Sheep were valuable for their wool, milk, and meat, representing wealth and security. The Hebrew word "tson" refers to small livestock, often used in sacrificial contexts. This dual provision of a cow and sheep suggests completeness and sufficiency, pointing to God's ability to meet the needs of His people fully.

And because of the abundance of milk they give
The phrase highlights a time of agricultural prosperity and natural abundance. The Hebrew word for "abundance" (רֹב, "rov") suggests a plentiful supply, indicating that despite the surrounding turmoil, God provides for His people. The "milk" symbolizes sustenance and nourishment, a staple in the diet of ancient Israel. This abundance is a sign of God's provision and blessing, even in times of distress. Historically, milk was a primary source of nutrition, and its abundance would have been seen as a divine blessing.

he will eat curds
"Curds" (חֶמְאָה, "chemah") are a product of milk, representing richness and sustenance. In ancient times, curds were a common food, symbolizing both simplicity and richness. The act of eating curds signifies enjoying the fruits of the land, a metaphor for experiencing God's provision. This phrase suggests a return to simplicity and reliance on God's natural provision, contrasting with the opulence and complexity of a life away from God.

for everyone left in the land
This phrase indicates a remnant, those who survive the coming trials. The concept of a remnant is significant in biblical theology, often representing those who remain faithful to God amidst widespread unfaithfulness. Historically, the land of Israel faced many invasions and exiles, and the idea of a remnant would have been a source of hope. It reassures the faithful that God preserves His people, even in judgment.

will eat curds and honey
"Honey" (דְּבַשׁ, "devash") is often associated with abundance and delight, a symbol of prosperity and sweetness in life. The combination of "curds and honey" suggests a diet of both sustenance and pleasure, indicating a balanced and blessed life. In the Promised Land, described as "a land flowing with milk and honey" (Exodus 3:8), these foods symbolize the fulfillment of God's promises. This phrase reassures the faithful of God's continued provision and the sweetness of life under His care, even when circumstances seem dire.

And on that day
This phrase signals a specific time of judgment and fulfillment of prophecy. In the Hebrew context, "that day" often refers to a time of divine intervention or significant change. It is a reminder of God's sovereignty over time and history, emphasizing that His plans will come to fruition at the appointed time. This phrase sets the stage for the unfolding of God's judgment and serves as a call to be mindful of His timing and purposes.

in every place
The universality of this phrase underscores the comprehensive nature of the judgment. It indicates that no area will be exempt from the consequences of the people's actions. Historically, this reflects the widespread devastation that would come upon the land due to disobedience. It serves as a sobering reminder that sin affects all aspects of life and that God's justice is thorough and all-encompassing.

where there were a thousand vines
Vines are often symbolic of prosperity and blessing in the Bible. A vineyard with a thousand vines represents abundance and wealth. In ancient Israel, vineyards were a sign of economic stability and divine favor. The mention of "a thousand vines" highlights the extent of what will be lost due to the people's unfaithfulness. It is a poignant reminder of how quickly material wealth can vanish when God’s favor is withdrawn.

worth a thousand shekels of silver
This phrase quantifies the value of the vineyards, emphasizing their worth and the magnitude of the impending loss. A shekel was a standard unit of weight and currency in ancient Israel, and the mention of "a thousand shekels" signifies substantial wealth. The economic implications are clear: what was once considered valuable and secure will be rendered worthless. This serves as a warning against placing trust in material wealth rather than in God.

only briers and thorns will be found
Briers and thorns are symbols of desolation and curse, often associated with the consequences of sin (Genesis 3:18). Their presence in place of fruitful vineyards signifies a reversal of fortune and the manifestation of divine judgment. This imagery is a stark contrast to the previous abundance, illustrating the severity of turning away from God. It serves as a call to repentance and a reminder of the blessings that come from obedience to God’s commandments.

Men will go there
This phrase suggests a future action, indicating a time when people will venture into a particular area. The Hebrew root for "go" is "halak," which often implies movement or journeying. In the context of Isaiah, this movement is not one of prosperity or peace but rather a necessity due to desolation. Historically, this reflects the period of judgment and desolation that would come upon the land due to the people's disobedience to God. It serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from divine guidance.

with bow and arrow
The use of "bow and arrow" signifies preparation for hunting or defense, indicating a return to a more primitive or survivalist lifestyle. In ancient times, these were tools of both sustenance and protection. The Hebrew words "qeshet" (bow) and "chets" (arrow) are often associated with warfare or hunting. This imagery suggests a land so desolate that people must rely on hunting for survival, highlighting the severity of the judgment upon the land. It serves as a metaphor for the spiritual barrenness that results from forsaking God.

for the land
The "land" here refers to the physical territory of Judah, which was under threat during Isaiah's time. The Hebrew word "erets" can mean earth, land, or territory, and in this context, it underscores the covenant relationship between God and His people, where the land is both a blessing and a responsibility. The condition of the land often mirrored the spiritual state of the people, serving as a tangible representation of their relationship with God.

will be covered
This phrase indicates a complete and overwhelming transformation of the land. The Hebrew root "malah" means to fill or cover, suggesting that the change is extensive and thorough. This transformation is not for the better but rather a sign of neglect and abandonment. It reflects the consequences of the people's actions and the fulfillment of prophetic warnings.

with briers and thorns
"Briers and thorns" symbolize desolation and hardship. In Hebrew, "shamir" (briers) and "shayith" (thorns) are often used to describe wastelands or areas that are uninhabitable. This imagery is reminiscent of the curse upon the ground in Genesis 3:18, where thorns and thistles are a result of the fall of man. In Isaiah's prophecy, it serves as a stark reminder of the spiritual decay and the physical manifestation of divine judgment. It calls the people to repentance and a return to God, who alone can restore and heal the land.

And as for all the hills
The phrase "all the hills" refers to the elevated lands that were once productive and fertile. In the Hebrew context, hills often symbolize places of strength and prosperity. Historically, these hills were cultivated and provided sustenance. The mention of "all" emphasizes the totality of the transformation that is to occur, indicating a widespread change affecting the entire landscape.

once cultivated with the hoe
The word "cultivated" suggests a time of productivity and care, where the land was actively worked and maintained. The "hoe" is a simple agricultural tool, symbolizing human effort and diligence in tending to the land. This phrase evokes a sense of nostalgia for a past era of abundance and human stewardship, which is now lost.

you will no longer go there
This phrase indicates a significant shift in behavior and accessibility. The people who once frequented these hills for agricultural purposes will abandon them. The change is not due to a lack of desire but rather a necessity driven by fear and danger, highlighting a loss of control and security.

for fear of the briers and thorns
"Briers and thorns" are often used in Scripture to symbolize desolation, curse, and the consequences of sin (Genesis 3:18). They represent obstacles and dangers that make the land inhospitable. The fear mentioned here is a direct result of these natural impediments, illustrating the transformation from a place of life to one of desolation.

they will become places
This phrase marks a transition in the purpose and use of the land. The hills, once cultivated and productive, will now serve a different function. The inevitability of this change is underscored by the certainty of the word "will."

for pasturing oxen
The "pasturing of oxen" suggests a return to a more primitive and less cultivated use of the land. Oxen, as beasts of burden, are associated with basic agricultural work. Their presence indicates a shift from human cultivation to a more natural, untamed state, where the land is no longer actively managed by people.

and for sheep to trample
Sheep trampling the land further emphasizes the degradation of the once-cultivated hills. Trampling implies a lack of care and a disregard for the land's previous value. Sheep, often seen as symbols of innocence and simplicity, here contribute to the image of a landscape that has reverted to a wild and unmanaged state.