Hear this word that the LORD has spoken against you
This phrase introduces a divine message of judgment. The use of "hear" emphasizes the importance of listening to God's word, a common prophetic call. The phrase "the LORD has spoken" underscores the authority and certainty of the message, as it comes directly from God. The context is a prophetic oracle, where God communicates through Amos, a shepherd and fig tree farmer called to prophesy to Israel. The phrase "against you" indicates a message of condemnation, highlighting the seriousness of Israel's sins.

O children of Israel
This term refers to the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel, who became the twelve tribes. It emphasizes their identity as God's chosen people, with whom He established a covenant. Historically, this period is marked by Israel's division into two kingdoms: Israel (the northern kingdom) and Judah (the southern kingdom). Amos primarily addresses the northern kingdom, which had fallen into idolatry and social injustice. The phrase serves as a reminder of their special relationship with God and the responsibilities that come with it.

against the whole family
This phrase expands the scope of the message to include all the tribes of Israel, not just a select few. It underscores the unity of the nation under God's covenant, despite the political division into two kingdoms. The term "family" suggests a collective identity and shared responsibility. It also implies that the judgment is comprehensive, affecting every part of the nation. This collective accountability is a recurring theme in the prophets, who often call the entire community to repentance.

that I brought up out of the land of Egypt
This phrase recalls the Exodus, a foundational event in Israel's history where God delivered them from slavery in Egypt. It serves as a reminder of God's past faithfulness and the basis for His covenant with Israel. The Exodus is frequently referenced in the Old Testament as a demonstration of God's power and love. By invoking this event, the message highlights Israel's ingratitude and unfaithfulness despite God's past deliverance. It also serves as a warning that the same God who delivered them can also bring judgment.

Only you have I known from all the families of the earth;
This phrase highlights the unique relationship between God and Israel. "Known" in this context implies an intimate, covenantal relationship, not merely awareness. This echoes Deuteronomy 7:6, where Israel is described as a chosen people, set apart by God. The term "families of the earth" refers to the various nations, emphasizing Israel's distinct status. This special relationship is rooted in the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 12:1-3), where God promises to make Abraham's descendants a great nation. The exclusivity of this relationship underscores Israel's responsibility to live according to God's laws, as seen in Exodus 19:5-6, where they are called to be a kingdom of priests and a holy nation.

therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities.
The consequence of Israel's unique relationship with God is accountability. The word "therefore" indicates a direct connection between being chosen and being judged. Israel's iniquities, or sins, are more grievous because they violate the covenant with God. This principle is consistent with the biblical theme that privilege comes with responsibility (Luke 12:48). The punishment is not merely punitive but corrective, intended to bring Israel back to faithfulness. This reflects the prophetic tradition where judgment is often a precursor to restoration (Jeremiah 30:11). The concept of divine discipline is also seen in Hebrews 12:6, where God disciplines those He loves. This passage foreshadows the ultimate judgment and redemption through Jesus Christ, who fulfills the law and offers salvation to all nations, extending the covenant blessings beyond Israel (Galatians 3:14).

Can two walk together
This phrase suggests a journey or a path taken by two individuals. In the biblical context, walking together implies a relationship or partnership. The imagery of walking is often used in Scripture to denote a way of life or conduct (Genesis 5:24; Micah 6:8). Walking together requires harmony and unity, which is foundational in relationships, whether between individuals or between God and His people. The idea of walking together is also seen in the relationship between God and Enoch, who "walked with God" (Genesis 5:24), indicating a close, intimate relationship.

without agreeing
Agreement is essential for unity and cooperation. In the context of Amos, this agreement can be seen as a covenant or mutual understanding. The Israelites had a covenant with God, which required them to follow His commandments and statutes. The lack of agreement or breaking of this covenant led to discord and judgment. In a broader sense, agreement is necessary for any partnership to function effectively, whether in marriage, friendship, or community. The New Testament echoes this sentiment in 2 Corinthians 6:14, where believers are advised not to be unequally yoked with unbelievers, emphasizing the need for spiritual agreement.

where to go?
This phrase implies direction and purpose. In the context of Amos, it highlights the need for Israel to align with God's direction and purpose for them. The Israelites were called to be a holy nation, set apart for God's purposes (Exodus 19:6). However, their failure to agree with God's direction led to their downfall. The question posed by Amos serves as a rhetorical device to challenge the Israelites to consider their spiritual direction and alignment with God's will. In a broader biblical context, Jesus Christ is the ultimate guide and direction for believers, as He declared Himself to be "the way, the truth, and the life" (John 14:6), emphasizing the importance of following His path.

Does a lion roar in the forest when he has no prey?
In the context of ancient Israel, the lion was a powerful symbol of strength and ferocity. Lions were known to inhabit the forests and thickets of the region, and their roar was a sign of their dominance and presence. The rhetorical question posed here implies that a lion's roar is purposeful, typically signaling the capture of prey. This imagery is used to illustrate the certainty and inevitability of God's judgment. Just as a lion does not roar without reason, God does not pronounce judgment without cause. The lion's roar can be seen as a metaphor for the prophetic warnings given by Amos, indicating that the impending judgment is both deserved and imminent. This aligns with the broader biblical theme of God's justice, as seen in passages like Isaiah 31:4, where God is likened to a lion defending its territory.

Does a young lion growl in his den if he has caught nothing?
The young lion, or cub, represents a stage of growth and learning, yet it still possesses the instinct to hunt and capture prey. The growl in the den signifies satisfaction and possession of what has been caught. In the prophetic context, this suggests that God's actions are deliberate and based on the reality of Israel's transgressions. The imagery of the young lion in its den also evokes a sense of security and inevitability; once the prey is caught, it is brought back to the den. This can be paralleled with the certainty of God's plans and the fulfillment of His word, as seen in other scriptures like Isaiah 55:11, which speaks of God's word accomplishing what He desires. The use of the lion imagery throughout the Bible often points to the power and authority of God, as well as the fulfillment of His divine purposes.

Does a bird land in a snare where no bait has been set?
This phrase uses a metaphor to illustrate the certainty of cause and effect. In the ancient Near East, bird trapping was a common practice, and hunters would set bait to lure birds into snares. The rhetorical question implies that a bird would not be caught unless there is a reason, such as bait. This reflects the principle that God’s judgment on Israel is not without cause. The Israelites' sins are the "bait" that has led to their impending judgment. This concept is echoed in Proverbs 26:2, which states that a curse without cause does not come to rest. The imagery also points to the inevitability of consequences for actions, a theme prevalent throughout the prophetic books.

Does a trap spring from the ground when it has nothing to catch?
This phrase continues the theme of cause and effect, emphasizing that a trap does not activate without a trigger. In the context of Amos, it suggests that the calamities facing Israel are not random but are a direct result of their disobedience and idolatry. The trap represents God's judgment, which is set off by the nation's sins. This imagery is consistent with the broader biblical narrative where God’s actions are purposeful and just. The idea of a trap springing is also reminiscent of the suddenness of judgment, as seen in 1 Thessalonians 5:3, where destruction comes unexpectedly. Theologically, it underscores the principle of divine retribution and the certainty of God’s justice.

If a ram’s horn sounds in a city, do the people not tremble?
The sounding of a ram's horn, or shofar, in ancient Israel was a significant event. It was used for various purposes, including calling people to worship, signaling the start of a festival, or warning of impending danger. The shofar's sound was loud and unmistakable, designed to capture attention and provoke a response. In this context, the rhetorical question implies that the sound of the horn naturally causes fear or concern among the inhabitants, as it often signaled an approaching threat or the need for urgent action. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God using signs to communicate with His people, as seen in Exodus 19:16, where the sound of a trumpet accompanied God's presence on Mount Sinai, causing the people to tremble.

If calamity comes to a city, has not the LORD caused it?
This phrase addresses the sovereignty of God over all events, including disasters. In the ancient Near Eastern context, it was commonly understood that deities controlled the fate of cities and nations. For Israel, the LORD was the ultimate authority, and His involvement in the affairs of the world was a central tenet of their faith. This statement underscores the belief that nothing happens outside of God's will or knowledge. It reflects the prophetic understanding that calamities, such as those prophesied by Amos, were not random but were often acts of divine judgment intended to bring about repentance and restoration. This is consistent with other scriptures, such as Isaiah 45:7, where God declares His control over both peace and calamity. Theologically, it points to the idea that God uses even adverse circumstances to fulfill His purposes and to draw His people back to Himself, a theme that resonates throughout the prophetic literature.

Surely the Lord GOD does nothing
This phrase emphasizes the sovereignty and intentionality of God in His actions. It reflects the biblical theme that God is in control of history and events. The use of "Lord GOD" (YHWH Elohim) underscores His authority and covenant relationship with Israel. This aligns with other scriptures such as Isaiah 46:10, where God declares the end from the beginning, highlighting His omniscience and omnipotence.

without revealing His plan
God's transparency in His dealings with humanity is highlighted here. The term "revealing" suggests that God communicates His intentions and purposes, often through divine revelation. This is consistent with the biblical narrative where God shares His plans with key figures, such as Abraham in Genesis 18:17-19, where God reveals His intentions regarding Sodom and Gomorrah. It underscores the idea that God desires a relationship with His people, where they are informed and involved in His divine purposes.

to His servants the prophets
Prophets in the Old Testament were chosen individuals who served as God's mouthpieces. They were often called to deliver messages of warning, guidance, and hope to the people of Israel. This phrase indicates the special role of prophets as intermediaries between God and His people. Prophets like Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel received divine revelations that were crucial for guiding the nation. This also points to the continuity of God's communication, as seen in the New Testament with John the Baptist and ultimately Jesus Christ, who is considered the ultimate prophet, priest, and king.

The lion has roared—who will not fear?
In the ancient Near East, the lion was a symbol of power and authority, often associated with kingship. The imagery of a roaring lion conveys an undeniable presence and an impending threat. In the context of Amos, the lion represents God's voice of judgment against Israel. The roar signifies a warning that demands attention and elicits fear. This metaphor is consistent with other biblical passages where God is depicted as a lion (Hosea 11:10, Joel 3:16). The fear mentioned here is not just terror but a reverent acknowledgment of God's sovereignty and justice. The cultural understanding of lions as fearsome predators would have resonated deeply with the original audience, emphasizing the seriousness of God's message.

The Lord GOD has spoken—who will not prophesy?
This phrase underscores the authority and inevitability of God's word. When the Lord speaks, His message compels action and response. In the prophetic tradition, to hear God's voice is to be moved to declare His message. Amos, as a prophet, is responding to the divine call to prophesy, despite the resistance he faces. This reflects the broader biblical theme that God's word is powerful and accomplishes its purpose (Isaiah 55:11). The phrase also highlights the role of prophets as God's mouthpieces, who must speak regardless of personal cost or public reception. The use of "Lord GOD" (Adonai Yahweh) emphasizes God's supreme authority and covenant relationship with Israel, reinforcing the seriousness of the prophetic message.

Proclaim to the citadels of Ashdod and to the citadels of Egypt:
This phrase calls for a declaration to be made to two significant foreign powers, Ashdod and Egypt. Ashdod was a major Philistine city, often at odds with Israel, representing the pagan nations surrounding Israel. Egypt, a powerful and ancient civilization, symbolizes worldly power and influence. The use of "citadels" suggests a message intended for the leaders or ruling classes, highlighting the gravity of the proclamation. This call to foreign nations to witness Israel's sins underscores the universal scope of God's judgment and the accountability of His people before the world.

“Assemble on the mountains of Samaria;
Samaria was the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, established by King Omri. The mountains surrounding Samaria provide a vantage point, symbolizing a place of judgment and observation. The call to "assemble" suggests a gathering of witnesses to observe the moral and spiritual state of Israel. This imagery is reminiscent of courtroom language, where witnesses are called to testify against the accused. The mountains also serve as a metaphor for strength and stability, which contrasts with the moral decay within the city.

see the great unrest in the city
The "great unrest" refers to the social and political turmoil within Samaria. This unrest is indicative of a society that has turned away from God's commandments, resulting in chaos and instability. The prophets often linked social injustice and unrest with spiritual unfaithfulness. This phrase highlights the consequences of Israel's idolatry and covenant unfaithfulness, which led to internal strife and disorder.

and the acts of oppression in her midst.”
The "acts of oppression" point to the social injustices prevalent in Samaria, such as exploitation of the poor, corruption, and abuse of power. These acts are a violation of the covenant laws given to Israel, which emphasized justice, mercy, and care for the marginalized. The prophets frequently condemned such behavior, as it was contrary to God's character and His expectations for His people. This phrase serves as an indictment of Israel's leaders and society, calling them to account for their failure to uphold God's standards of righteousness and justice.

For they know not how to do right,
This phrase highlights the moral and spiritual ignorance of the people of Israel. Despite being God's chosen people, they have become so entrenched in their sinful ways that they have lost the ability to discern right from wrong. This echoes the condition described in Isaiah 5:20, where good is called evil and evil good. The phrase suggests a willful ignorance, as they have rejected the teachings and commandments of God. This spiritual blindness is a result of persistent disobedience and idolatry, which has dulled their conscience and understanding.

declares the LORD.
The authority of this statement is underscored by the declaration coming directly from the LORD. It emphasizes that this is not merely a human observation but a divine pronouncement. The use of "declares the LORD" is a common prophetic formula that authenticates the message as coming from God Himself, similar to the declarations found throughout the prophetic books, such as in Jeremiah 1:8-9. It serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and His role as the ultimate judge of human actions.

They store up violence and destruction in their citadels.
This phrase paints a vivid picture of the societal corruption and the accumulation of injustice within Israel. The "citadels" refer to fortified places, often the centers of power and wealth, indicating that the leaders and those in authority are complicit in these acts. The imagery of storing up violence and destruction suggests a deliberate and ongoing accumulation of sin, much like treasures stored in a vault. This is reminiscent of the warnings in Proverbs 1:18-19 about the consequences of greed and violence. The phrase also foreshadows the impending judgment and destruction that will come upon Israel as a result of their actions, aligning with the prophetic warnings of destruction found in other parts of Amos, such as Amos 6:8.

Therefore this is what the Lord GOD says:
This phrase introduces a divine pronouncement, emphasizing the authority and certainty of the message. The use of "Lord GOD" underscores the sovereignty and covenantal relationship God has with Israel. This is a common prophetic formula, indicating that the message is not from the prophet's own imagination but directly from God. It reflects the seriousness of the impending judgment and the need for the people to heed the warning.

An enemy will surround the land;
This prophecy foretells a military siege, a common method of warfare in the ancient Near East. The surrounding of the land indicates a complete encirclement, leaving no escape for the inhabitants. Historically, this was fulfilled by the Assyrian invasion, which was a tool of divine judgment against Israel for their unfaithfulness. The imagery of being surrounded also symbolizes the inescapability of God's judgment when His people persist in sin.

he will pull down your strongholds
Strongholds refer to fortified places or defenses, often seen as symbols of security and power. The pulling down of these strongholds signifies the complete vulnerability and defeat of Israel. This reflects the futility of relying on human strength and fortifications instead of trusting in God. Biblically, it echoes the theme that no earthly power can stand against God's will, as seen in other scriptures like Psalm 127:1, which emphasizes the need for divine protection.

and plunder your citadels.
Citadels were central fortresses within a city, often housing treasures and serving as the last line of defense. The plundering of these citadels indicates not only military defeat but also economic and cultural devastation. This act of plundering is a common consequence of conquest in the ancient world, leading to the loss of wealth and heritage. It serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of turning away from God, as material wealth and security are stripped away. This can be seen as a type of Christ's teaching in Matthew 6:19-21, where He warns against storing up treasures on earth, which are vulnerable to theft and decay.

This is what the LORD says:
This phrase introduces a divine pronouncement, emphasizing the authority and certainty of the message. It is a common prophetic formula used to assert that the following words are not merely human opinion but a direct communication from God. This underscores the seriousness of the message and the need for the audience to heed it.

As the shepherd snatches from the mouth of the lion two legs or a piece of an ear:
This imagery draws from the shepherding culture of ancient Israel, where shepherds were responsible for protecting their flocks from predators. The reference to a lion suggests a powerful and dangerous threat. The mention of "two legs or a piece of an ear" indicates minimal recovery, symbolizing a remnant or small portion saved from destruction. This reflects the dire situation of Israel, where only a small remnant will be preserved. The imagery also connects to David's experience as a shepherd (1 Samuel 17:34-36), highlighting the protective role of a shepherd, which is ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ as the Good Shepherd (John 10:11).

so the Israelites dwelling in Samaria will be rescued:
Samaria was the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, representing the political and spiritual center of the nation. The prophecy indicates that the Israelites will face severe judgment, with only a small remnant being saved. This reflects the historical context of the Assyrian invasion and the subsequent exile of the Northern Kingdom in 722 BC. The notion of rescue, albeit minimal, points to God's mercy and the preservation of a faithful remnant, a theme echoed throughout the prophetic literature (Isaiah 10:20-22).

having just the corner of a bed or the cushion of a couch:
This phrase uses domestic imagery to convey the idea of incomplete rescue or survival. The "corner of a bed" and "cushion of a couch" suggest remnants of luxury or comfort, indicating that what remains after judgment is minimal and perhaps even trivial. This can be seen as a critique of the complacency and false security of the Israelites, who trusted in their wealth and comfort rather than in God. The imagery serves as a warning against placing trust in material possessions, a theme that resonates with Jesus' teachings on the dangers of wealth (Matthew 6:19-21).

Hear and testify against the house of Jacob
This phrase is a call to attention and action. The "house of Jacob" refers to the nation of Israel, descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel. The call to "hear" is a common prophetic summons, urging the audience to listen to God's message. The command to "testify against" suggests a legal proceeding, where witnesses are called to present evidence of wrongdoing. This reflects the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, where Israel is held accountable to the laws and commandments given at Sinai. The prophets often served as God's messengers, bringing charges against Israel for their covenant violations.

declares the Lord GOD
This phrase emphasizes the authority and sovereignty of the message. "Lord GOD" is a translation of the Hebrew "Adonai Yahweh," underscoring God's supreme authority. The use of "declares" indicates that this is not merely a suggestion or opinion but a divine proclamation. Throughout the Old Testament, God's declarations are binding and carry the weight of divine judgment or promise. This phrase assures the audience that the message is not from Amos himself but from God, lending it ultimate authority.

the God of Hosts
This title, "God of Hosts," or "Yahweh Sabaoth," highlights God's command over the heavenly armies and all creation. It underscores His power and ability to execute judgment. In the context of Amos, this title serves as a reminder of God's might and the seriousness of the impending judgment against Israel. The term "hosts" can refer to angelic beings or the stars, symbolizing God's control over both the spiritual and physical realms. This title is often used in prophetic literature to emphasize God's ability to carry out His plans and enforce His decrees.

On the day I punish Israel for their transgressions
This phrase indicates a specific time of divine judgment. The context is the Northern Kingdom of Israel, which had fallen into idolatry and social injustice. The "transgressions" refer to the covenant violations, including worshiping other gods and neglecting the poor. This judgment is consistent with the warnings given in Deuteronomy 28, where blessings and curses are outlined based on Israel's obedience or disobedience to God's law.

I will visit destruction on the altars of Bethel
Bethel was a significant religious site in the Northern Kingdom, where King Jeroboam I set up a golden calf (1 Kings 12:28-29). This act was a direct violation of the first two commandments and represented a major departure from the worship of Yahweh. The destruction of these altars signifies God's rejection of false worship and a return to true worship as prescribed in Jerusalem. Archaeological evidence suggests that Bethel was a center of idolatrous practices, making it a focal point for divine judgment.

the horns of the altar will be cut off
The horns of the altar were considered sacred and were often associated with seeking asylum or mercy (1 Kings 1:50-51). Cutting them off symbolizes the removal of any hope for mercy or protection from judgment. This act signifies the complete desecration and nullification of the altar's supposed sanctity. It also underscores the futility of relying on false religious systems for salvation.

and they will fall to the ground
This phrase emphasizes the total collapse and humiliation of the idolatrous system. The falling of the altar's horns to the ground represents the end of false worship and the failure of Israel's leaders to uphold the covenant. It serves as a prophetic warning to all who turn away from God, highlighting the inevitable downfall of those who trust in anything other than Him. This imagery can also be seen as a type of Christ, who is the true altar and sacrifice, offering a new covenant through His death and resurrection.

I will tear down the winter house along with the summer house;
This phrase indicates the wealth and luxury of the Israelites during the time of Amos. Wealthy individuals often had multiple residences, including separate houses for different seasons. The winter house would be designed to retain heat, while the summer house would be built to stay cool. This reflects the opulence and complacency of the upper class, who were living in comfort while neglecting justice and righteousness. The tearing down of these houses symbolizes God's judgment against their materialism and moral decay. This judgment is consistent with the broader theme of Amos, where God condemns the social injustices and idolatry of Israel.

the houses of ivory will also perish,
Houses of ivory refer to homes adorned with ivory decorations, a sign of extreme wealth and luxury. Archaeological findings in Samaria have uncovered ivory inlays, confirming the historical accuracy of such descriptions. This opulence was often gained at the expense of the poor, highlighting the social injustices prevalent in Israel. The destruction of these houses signifies the end of an era of indulgence and the divine retribution for the exploitation and idolatry that characterized the society. This imagery is echoed in other prophetic books, such as Isaiah and Ezekiel, where God condemns the pride and excess of the people.

and the great houses will come to an end,”
The great houses symbolize not only physical structures but also the societal structures and power of the elite. Their end signifies a complete upheaval of the social order, where the powerful and wealthy will face the consequences of their actions. This is a common theme in prophetic literature, where God promises to humble the proud and exalt the humble. The phrase also foreshadows the eventual fall of Samaria and the Northern Kingdom to the Assyrians in 722 BC, fulfilling the prophetic warnings of Amos and other prophets.

declares the LORD.
This declaration emphasizes the authority and certainty of the prophecy. It is not merely Amos speaking, but the LORD Himself, underscoring the divine origin and inevitability of the judgment. The use of "declares the LORD" is a common prophetic formula that assures the audience of the truth and seriousness of the message. It serves as a reminder that the words spoken are not human opinions but divine mandates, reinforcing the call to repentance and the warning of impending judgment.