In the eighteenth year of Jehoshaphat’s reign over Judah
This phrase sets the historical context for the events that follow. Jehoshaphat was a king of Judah known for his efforts to bring the nation back to the worship of Yahweh. His reign is often seen as a time of religious reform and relative peace. The "eighteenth year" marks a specific point in his reign, providing a chronological anchor. The Hebrew word for "eighteenth" (שְׁמֹנֶה עֶשְׂרֵה, shemoneh esreh) is used here to denote a precise time, emphasizing the importance of historical accuracy in the biblical narrative. This period was significant as it was a time when the divided kingdoms of Israel and Judah had complex political and religious interactions.

Jehoram son of Ahab
Jehoram, also known as Joram, was the son of Ahab, one of the most infamous kings of Israel, and Jezebel, his equally notorious queen. The mention of "son of Ahab" immediately brings to mind the legacy of idolatry and conflict with the prophets of Yahweh, particularly Elijah. The Hebrew name "Jehoram" (יְהוֹרָם, Yehoram) means "Yahweh is exalted," which is ironic given his family's history of idol worship. This highlights the tension between his name's meaning and his actions as king, serving as a reminder of the spiritual battles within Israel.

became king of Israel
This phrase marks the beginning of Jehoram's reign over the northern kingdom of Israel. The transition of power is significant in the biblical narrative, as it often brings changes in religious and political policies. The Hebrew verb "became" (מָלַךְ, malak) indicates the assumption of royal authority, a role that carried the responsibility of leading the people in accordance with God's laws. However, Jehoram's reign is characterized by a continuation of his father's policies, which were contrary to the worship of Yahweh.

and he reigned in Samaria
Samaria was the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel, established by King Omri, Jehoram's grandfather. The city was a center of political power and also a place of significant religious apostasy, as it housed temples to Baal and other foreign gods. The mention of "Samaria" (שֹׁמְרוֹן, Shomron) evokes the ongoing struggle between the worship of Yahweh and the prevalent idolatry. It serves as a backdrop for the prophetic confrontations that occur throughout the narrative of the kings.

twelve years
The duration of Jehoram's reign is noted as twelve years, a period that reflects both stability and the persistence of idolatrous practices. The number twelve often symbolizes completeness or governmental perfection in the Bible, yet here it underscores the complete failure of Jehoram to lead Israel back to the worship of Yahweh. His reign is marked by military conflicts and alliances that further entrench the nation in its spiritual decline.

He did evil in the sight of the LORD
This phrase sets the moral and spiritual tone for the reign of Jehoram, the king of Israel. The Hebrew word for "evil" is "ra," which often denotes actions that are morally wrong or harmful. In the context of the Old Testament, doing evil "in the sight of the LORD" implies a direct violation of God's commandments and a failure to uphold the covenant relationship with Him. This phrase serves as a reminder of the importance of aligning one's actions with God's will, as perceived through the lens of the Law and the Prophets.

but not like his father and mother
This comparison to his parents, Ahab and Jezebel, is significant. Ahab and Jezebel are infamous for their promotion of Baal worship and their opposition to the prophets of Yahweh. The phrase suggests a relative improvement in Jehoram's reign, indicating that while he did not fully turn to God, he did not perpetuate the same level of idolatry and wickedness as his parents. This highlights the potential for incremental reform and the importance of each generation making choices that can lead to a closer relationship with God.

he removed the pillar of Baal
The "pillar of Baal" refers to a physical representation or symbol of the Canaanite god Baal, often associated with fertility and storms. The removal of such a pillar indicates a step towards eradicating idolatry from Israel. This action, though not a complete return to the worship of Yahweh, signifies a partial acknowledgment of the need to distance the nation from foreign gods. It reflects the ongoing struggle within Israel to maintain religious purity and fidelity to the covenant with Yahweh.

that his father had made
This phrase underscores the generational impact of idolatry and the responsibility of leaders to correct the sins of their predecessors. Ahab's construction of the pillar of Baal was a direct affront to the worship of Yahweh and contributed to the spiritual decline of Israel. Jehoram's decision to remove it, albeit not fully turning to God, represents an attempt to break away from the sinful legacy of his father. It serves as a reminder of the power of repentance and the possibility of change, even when complete reform is not achieved.

Nevertheless
This word serves as a pivot in the narrative, indicating a contrast or exception to what has been previously stated. In the context of 2 Kings 3, it suggests that despite any positive actions or reforms that might have been undertaken by the king, there remains a significant flaw. The Hebrew root for "nevertheless" often conveys a sense of continuation or persistence, underscoring the stubbornness of the king's adherence to sin despite opportunities for repentance.

he clung
The phrase "he clung" is derived from the Hebrew word "dabaq," which means to cleave or adhere firmly. This word choice implies a deliberate and tenacious attachment to certain behaviors or beliefs. In a spiritual context, it highlights the king's unwillingness to let go of sinful practices, suggesting a deep-seated loyalty to the ways of Jeroboam. This clinging is not passive but an active choice, reflecting the king's heart condition and priorities.

to the sins of Jeroboam son of Nebat
Jeroboam, the first king of the northern kingdom of Israel, is infamous for establishing idol worship, specifically the golden calves at Bethel and Dan (1 Kings 12:28-30). The "sins of Jeroboam" became a recurring phrase in the narrative of the kings of Israel, symbolizing idolatry and rebellion against God. Historically, Jeroboam's actions were politically motivated to prevent the Israelites from returning to Jerusalem for worship, but they had devastating spiritual consequences. The mention of "son of Nebat" serves to remind readers of Jeroboam's lineage and the origin of these sins, emphasizing the generational impact of his actions.

which he had caused Israel to commit
This phrase indicates the far-reaching influence of Jeroboam's sins, not only affecting his own reign but leading the entire nation of Israel into idolatry. The Hebrew verb here suggests causation, implying that Jeroboam's leadership directly resulted in the people's sin. This highlights the responsibility of leaders to guide their people in righteousness and the severe consequences when they lead them astray. It serves as a sobering reminder of the power of influence and the importance of godly leadership.

he did not turn away from them
The phrase "did not turn away" is significant in the Hebrew context, where repentance is often described as turning or returning to God. The king's failure to turn away from these sins indicates a lack of repentance and a continued path of disobedience. This phrase underscores the theme of stubbornness and spiritual blindness, as the king persists in the same destructive patterns. It serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of unrepentant sin and the importance of seeking God's forgiveness and guidance.

Now Mesha king of Moab
Mesha, the king of Moab, is a significant historical figure, also mentioned in the Mesha Stele, an archaeological artifact that corroborates biblical accounts. The Moabites were descendants of Lot, Abraham's nephew, and often found themselves in conflict with Israel. Mesha's reign is marked by his rebellion against Israelite control, which is a central theme in this chapter. His leadership and defiance are emblematic of the Moabite spirit of independence and resistance against foreign domination.

was a sheep breeder
The phrase "sheep breeder" indicates Mesha's wealth and the economic foundation of Moab. In ancient Near Eastern societies, livestock was a primary measure of wealth and power. The Hebrew term used here can also imply a ruler or leader, suggesting that Mesha's role as a breeder was not just economic but also political, as he managed and controlled significant resources.

and he used to pay the king of Israel a tribute
Tribute payments were common in the ancient world, serving as a sign of subjugation and allegiance. The tribute from Moab to Israel indicates a period of Israelite dominance over Moab. This relationship was likely established during the reign of King David or Solomon, who expanded Israel's influence. The tribute was a means of maintaining peace and ensuring Moab's protection under Israel's power.

of a hundred thousand lambs
The specific number of lambs highlights the substantial wealth and resources of Moab. Lambs were valuable for their meat, milk, and wool, and such a large tribute underscores the economic burden placed on Moab. This also reflects the agricultural prosperity of the region, which was necessary to sustain such a large flock.

and the wool of a hundred thousand rams
Wool was a critical commodity in the ancient world, used for clothing and trade. The mention of "a hundred thousand rams" emphasizes the scale of the tribute and the wealth of Moab. It also suggests the importance of textile production in Moab's economy. The tribute of wool, alongside lambs, indicates a comprehensive demand on Moab's resources, which would have been a significant factor in Mesha's eventual rebellion.

But after the death of Ahab
This phrase marks a significant transition in the political landscape of Israel and its neighboring territories. Ahab, the seventh king of Israel, was known for his strong rule and his infamous marriage to Jezebel, which led Israel into idolatry. His death signifies a moment of vulnerability for Israel. The Hebrew word for "death" here is "mavet," which not only denotes physical death but also symbolizes the end of an era. Ahab's death left a power vacuum, creating an opportunity for Moab to assert its independence. Historically, this period was marked by instability, as the death of a powerful ruler often led to shifts in alliances and power struggles.

the king of Moab rebelled
The rebellion of the king of Moab is a pivotal event. The Hebrew word for "rebelled" is "pasha," which implies a deliberate act of defiance and breaking away from subjugation. Moab had been a vassal state under Israel, paying tribute as a sign of submission. The rebellion indicates Moab's desire to regain autonomy and resist foreign domination. Archaeological findings, such as the Mesha Stele, provide additional context, as they record the Moabite perspective of this rebellion, highlighting their struggle for independence and the restoration of their national pride.

against the king of Israel
This phrase underscores the direct confrontation between Moab and Israel. The "king of Israel" at this time was Jehoram, Ahab's son, who inherited the throne amidst political turmoil. The Hebrew term for "against" is "el," which conveys opposition and hostility. This rebellion was not just a political maneuver but a challenge to the authority and influence of Israel in the region. Scripturally, this conflict is part of a larger narrative of Israel's fluctuating faithfulness to God and the consequences of their alliances and enmities with surrounding nations. The rebellion serves as a reminder of the fragile nature of human power and the ultimate sovereignty of God over the nations.

So at that time
This phrase sets the historical context, indicating a specific period in the narrative of Israel's monarchy. The Hebrew word for "time" here is "עֵת" (et), which often signifies a significant or appointed time. This suggests that the events unfolding are part of God's sovereign timeline, reminding us that God orchestrates history according to His divine plan.

King Jehoram
Jehoram, the son of Ahab and Jezebel, was the king of Israel. His reign is marked by a departure from the extreme idolatry of his parents, yet he did not fully return to the worship of Yahweh. The name "Jehoram" means "Yahweh is exalted," which is ironic given his partial adherence to the faith of his ancestors. This highlights the tension between his royal identity and his spiritual shortcomings, serving as a reminder of the importance of aligning one's life with one's professed beliefs.

set out from Samaria
Samaria was the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, established by King Omri, Jehoram's grandfather. The city was a center of political power and, unfortunately, idolatrous worship. Jehoram's departure from Samaria symbolizes a movement from a place of spiritual compromise, suggesting a potential for change or action. It invites reflection on the need to leave behind spiritual complacency and seek God's guidance in our endeavors.

mobilized all Israel
The phrase "mobilized all Israel" indicates a call to arms, uniting the tribes for a common purpose. The Hebrew root "קָבַץ" (qavats) means to gather or assemble, often used in military contexts. This action reflects the king's authority and the urgency of the situation. Spiritually, it underscores the power of unity among God's people when faced with challenges, reminding believers of the strength found in communal faith and purpose.

He also sent a message
This phrase indicates the proactive diplomatic efforts of the king of Israel, likely Jehoram, to secure an alliance. In the ancient Near Eastern context, sending messages was a formal and significant act, often involving envoys or messengers. The Hebrew root for "sent" (שָׁלַח, shalach) implies a deliberate and purposeful action, reflecting the urgency and importance of the situation.

to Jehoshaphat king of Judah
Jehoshaphat was a king known for his piety and reforms in Judah. His name in Hebrew (יְהוֹשָׁפָט, Yehoshaphat) means "Yahweh has judged," indicating his role as a leader under divine guidance. Historically, Jehoshaphat's reign was marked by efforts to strengthen Judah spiritually and militarily, making him a valuable ally.

The king of Moab has rebelled against me
The rebellion of Moab under King Mesha is a significant historical event, also recorded in the Mesha Stele, an archaeological artifact that corroborates the biblical account. The Hebrew word for "rebelled" (פָּשַׁע, pasha) suggests a breach of loyalty or covenant, highlighting the political tensions of the time.

Will you go with me to fight against Moab?
This question underscores the need for alliances in ancient warfare. The Hebrew verb for "go" (הָלַךְ, halak) implies a journey or campaign, indicating the seriousness of the military endeavor. The request for assistance reflects the interconnectedness of the Israelite and Judean kingdoms despite their separate political entities.

I will go
Jehoshaphat's immediate affirmative response demonstrates his willingness to support Israel, reflecting the unity and shared heritage between the two kingdoms. This phrase signifies loyalty and the importance of kinship ties in the ancient world.

I am like you, my people are your people, and my horses are your horses
This declaration of solidarity emphasizes the deep bond between Judah and Israel. The repetition of "my" and "your" highlights the mutual commitment and shared resources. The mention of "horses" (סוּס, sus) is particularly significant, as horses were valuable military assets, symbolizing strength and readiness for battle.

By which route shall we go up?
This phrase reflects a strategic military decision. In the Hebrew context, the word "route" (Hebrew: דֶּרֶךְ, derek) often signifies a path or way, not just physically but also metaphorically, indicating a course of action or life. The inquiry here is not just about geography but also about seeking wisdom and guidance for the journey ahead. In a spiritual sense, it reminds believers of the importance of seeking God's direction in all endeavors, acknowledging that the path chosen can significantly impact the outcome.

he asked
The act of asking signifies humility and the recognition of the need for counsel. In the biblical narrative, asking questions is often a precursor to divine revelation or guidance. This reflects the importance of seeking wisdom from God and others, a principle echoed throughout Scripture. It underscores the value of community and counsel in decision-making, reminding believers that seeking guidance is a strength, not a weakness.

By way of the Desert of Edom
The "Desert of Edom" is a significant geographical and historical reference. Edom, located south of the Dead Sea, was a region known for its harsh, arid conditions. The choice to travel through this desert indicates a strategic military maneuver, possibly to surprise the enemy or avoid direct confrontation. Historically, Edom was inhabited by the descendants of Esau, Jacob's brother, and often had a contentious relationship with Israel. This choice of route may also symbolize the trials and challenges faced in obedience to God's plans, reminding believers that the path of faith often leads through difficult terrain, requiring trust and perseverance.

replied Joram
Joram, the king of Israel, is the one making the decision here. His role as a leader is crucial, and his response indicates a level of authority and responsibility. In the biblical narrative, leaders are often judged by their decisions and their faithfulness to God's commands. Joram's reply reflects his leadership style and decision-making process. For believers, this highlights the importance of godly leadership and the impact of decisions made by those in authority. It serves as a reminder to pray for leaders and to seek God's wisdom in positions of influence.

So the king of Israel set out
The phrase begins with the king of Israel, who at this time was Jehoram, son of Ahab. His reign was marked by a continuation of the idolatrous practices of his parents, though he did remove the sacred stone of Baal. The Hebrew root for "set out" (נָסַע, nasa) implies a deliberate departure or journey, often used in the context of the Israelites' travels in the wilderness. This sets the stage for a journey that is both physical and spiritual, as the kings embark on a path that will test their faith and leadership.

with the king of Judah
Jehoshaphat, the king of Judah, is noted for his faithfulness to God, contrasting with Jehoram. His alliance with Israel, despite their differing spiritual paths, reflects the complex political and familial ties of the time. Historically, Judah and Israel were often at odds, but external threats like Moab necessitated cooperation. This alliance underscores the theme of unity in the face of common challenges, a principle that resonates with the Christian call for unity in the body of Christ.

and the king of Edom
Edom, a nation descended from Esau, often had a contentious relationship with Israel. The inclusion of the king of Edom in this alliance is significant, as it highlights the geopolitical dynamics of the region. Edom was a vassal state under Judah at this time, which explains their participation. This cooperation among diverse leaders can be seen as a foreshadowing of the eventual inclusion of Gentiles into the covenant community, a theme that is fully realized in the New Testament.

After a roundabout march of seven days
The "roundabout march" suggests a journey that was not straightforward, possibly due to the terrain or strategic considerations. The number seven in Hebrew culture often symbolizes completeness or divine intervention. This period of wandering without water echoes the Israelites' wilderness experience, serving as a reminder of dependence on God for provision. It invites reflection on the spiritual journey, where trials and detours are part of the process of growth and reliance on divine guidance.

the army had no water for themselves
Water, a symbol of life and sustenance, is a recurring motif in Scripture. The lack of water here is a crisis that underscores human vulnerability and the need for divine intervention. In a spiritual sense, it represents the thirst for righteousness and the living water that only God can provide, as Jesus later articulates in the Gospels. This physical need becomes a catalyst for seeking God's help, illustrating the principle that our deepest needs can lead us to deeper faith.

or for the animals with them
The mention of animals highlights the comprehensive nature of the crisis. In ancient times, animals were essential for transportation, agriculture, and warfare. Their well-being was directly tied to the success of any military campaign. This detail emphasizes the severity of the situation and the interconnectedness of all creation. It serves as a reminder of stewardship and the responsibility to care for all of God's creation, reflecting the broader biblical narrative of harmony between humanity and nature.

Then the king of Israel said
This phrase introduces us to the speaker, the king of Israel, who at this time is Jehoram, son of Ahab. Jehoram's reign is marked by a departure from the ways of his father, yet he still clings to certain idolatrous practices. His words reflect a moment of crisis and fear, revealing his character and lack of faith. Historically, the kings of Israel often found themselves in precarious situations due to their disobedience to God, and Jehoram's reaction is typical of a leader who does not fully trust in the LORD.

Alas
The word "alas" is an expression of lament or distress. In Hebrew, this is often expressed as "hôy," a cry used in times of mourning or impending doom. Jehoram's use of this word indicates his despair and the gravity of the situation. It reflects a common human response to overwhelming circumstances, especially when one feels abandoned or without hope.

for the LORD has summoned
The phrase "the LORD has summoned" suggests divine intervention or orchestration. In Hebrew, the word for "summoned" can be linked to "qara," meaning to call or proclaim. Jehoram attributes the dire situation to the LORD's will, perhaps acknowledging God's sovereignty, albeit with a sense of resignation rather than trust. This reflects a theological understanding that God is in control, even when His purposes are not immediately clear to us.

these three kings
The "three kings" refer to Jehoram of Israel, Jehoshaphat of Judah, and the king of Edom. This alliance was formed to combat the rebellion of Moab. Historically, such alliances were common in the ancient Near East as a means of mutual protection and strength. However, the inclusion of Jehoshaphat, a king who sought to follow the LORD, adds a layer of complexity, as it shows the tension between political expediency and spiritual fidelity.

to deliver them into the hand of Moab
The phrase "to deliver them into the hand of Moab" indicates a perceived outcome of defeat. In Hebrew, "deliver" often comes from "nathan," meaning to give or place. Jehoram fears that God has orchestrated their downfall, delivering them to their enemies. Moab, historically a frequent adversary of Israel, represents the threat of external forces that challenge God's people. This reflects a broader biblical theme of reliance on God versus reliance on human alliances and strategies.

But Jehoshaphat asked
Jehoshaphat, the king of Judah, is portrayed as a ruler who seeks divine guidance. His inquiry reflects a heart inclined towards God, emphasizing the importance of seeking God's will in times of uncertainty. Historically, Jehoshaphat is known for his reforms and efforts to bring Judah back to the worship of Yahweh, which aligns with his desire to consult a prophet.

Is there no prophet of the LORD here
This phrase underscores the significance of prophets in Israelite society as mediators between God and the people. The Hebrew term for "prophet" is "navi," which denotes someone who is called to speak on behalf of God. Jehoshaphat's question highlights the need for divine direction and the recognition of prophets as vessels of God's revelation.

through whom we may inquire of the LORD
The act of inquiring of the LORD indicates a dependence on divine wisdom rather than human understanding. In the Hebrew context, "inquire" (darash) implies seeking with diligence and care. This reflects a deep trust in God's sovereignty and a desire to align with His purposes.

An officer of the king of Israel answered
The presence of an officer, or servant, who knows of Elisha suggests that even within the apostate kingdom of Israel, there are those who recognize the true prophets of God. This highlights the remnant of faithfulness that exists even in spiritually dark times.

Elisha son of Shaphat is here
Elisha, the successor of Elijah, is introduced as a prophet of God. His name means "God is salvation," which is fitting given his role in delivering God's messages. The mention of his father, Shaphat, roots Elisha in a historical and familial context, emphasizing the continuity of God's work through generations.

He used to pour water on the hands of Elijah
This phrase signifies Elisha's humble beginnings and his service under Elijah. In ancient Near Eastern culture, pouring water on someone's hands was a menial task, indicating servitude. However, it also symbolizes preparation and faithfulness, as Elisha was being trained and prepared for his prophetic ministry. This serves as an inspirational reminder that God often prepares His servants through humble service before entrusting them with greater responsibilities.

Jehoshaphat said
Jehoshaphat, the king of Judah, is portrayed as a godly leader who seeks divine guidance. His name in Hebrew, "Yehoshafat," means "Yahweh has judged," reflecting his commitment to seeking God's will. Historically, Jehoshaphat is known for his religious reforms and efforts to bring the people back to the worship of Yahweh, which underscores his reliance on prophetic counsel.

The word of the LORD
This phrase signifies divine revelation and guidance, which was often sought through prophets in the Old Testament. The Hebrew term for "word" is "dabar," indicating not just spoken words but the active, living communication of God's will. In the context of ancient Israel, the "word of the LORD" was authoritative and carried the power to direct kings and nations.

is with him
This indicates that the prophet Elisha, to whom Jehoshaphat refers, is recognized as a true messenger of God. The presence of God's word with Elisha suggests divine endorsement and the assurance that his counsel is trustworthy. In the broader biblical narrative, God's presence with a prophet is a sign of legitimacy and divine favor.

So the king of Israel, Jehoshaphat, and the king of Edom
This coalition of three kings—Jehoram of Israel, Jehoshaphat of Judah, and the unnamed king of Edom—highlights a rare moment of unity among these leaders. Historically, such alliances were often formed for military campaigns, as seen in this chapter where they unite against Moab. The inclusion of Edom, a vassal state, reflects the geopolitical dynamics of the time.

went down to him
The act of going down to Elisha signifies humility and the recognition of the prophet's authority. In the ancient Near Eastern context, visiting a prophet was an acknowledgment of one's need for divine insight. This journey also symbolizes a descent from human power to seek divine intervention, a theme prevalent in the biblical narrative where human leaders must often humble themselves before God's representatives.

Elisha, however, said to the king of Israel
The prophet Elisha stands as a pivotal figure in the narrative, representing God's voice and authority. The Hebrew root for "Elisha" means "God is salvation," which is significant as Elisha often acts as a conduit for God's saving power. His address to the "king of Israel" is notable, as it reflects the tension between the prophet and the northern kingdom's leadership, which often strayed from God's commandments. Historically, the kings of Israel were frequently at odds with the prophets, who called them back to covenant faithfulness.

What have we to do with each other?
This phrase is a rhetorical question that underscores the disconnect between Elisha and the king. The Hebrew idiom here suggests a separation or a lack of common purpose. Elisha's question highlights the spiritual divide between the prophet, who serves Yahweh, and the king, who has been influenced by idolatrous practices. This reflects a broader biblical theme of the tension between God's holiness and human sinfulness.

Go to the prophets of your father and the prophets of your mother
Elisha's directive to seek the "prophets of your father and the prophets of your mother" is a pointed reference to the idolatrous prophets of Baal and Asherah, whom the king's parents, Ahab and Jezebel, had promoted. This historical context is crucial, as it reminds the reader of the spiritual corruption that had permeated Israel due to the influence of these false prophets. Elisha's words serve as a rebuke, calling the king to recognize the futility of seeking guidance from those who do not serve the true God.

No, replied the king of Israel
The king's response, "No," indicates a moment of desperation and acknowledgment of the true source of power. Despite his previous reliance on false prophets, the king recognizes that only Yahweh, through His prophet Elisha, can provide the deliverance they seek. This moment reflects a recurring biblical theme where human leaders, in times of crisis, are brought to the realization of their need for divine intervention.

for it is the LORD who has summoned these three kings
The king's acknowledgment that "it is the LORD" who has orchestrated the events underscores the sovereignty of God over the affairs of nations. The Hebrew name for God used here, "Yahweh," emphasizes His covenantal relationship with Israel. This statement reflects a theological truth that God is actively involved in history, guiding and directing the outcomes according to His divine purposes.

to deliver them into the hand of Moab
The phrase "to deliver them into the hand of Moab" speaks to the immediate threat facing the coalition of Israel, Judah, and Edom. Historically, Moab was a frequent adversary of Israel, and this conflict is part of the larger narrative of Israel's struggles with surrounding nations. Theologically, this situation serves as a reminder of the consequences of disobedience and the need for reliance on God for deliverance. The king's fear of being delivered into Moab's hand highlights the urgency of seeking God's intervention through His prophet.

Then Elisha said
Elisha, the prophet and successor of Elijah, speaks with authority and confidence. His role as a prophet is to convey God's messages to the people and their leaders. The Hebrew root for "said" (אָמַר, 'amar) implies a declaration or proclamation, emphasizing the weight and seriousness of his words. Elisha's speech is not merely his own but is inspired by divine authority.

As surely as the LORD of Hosts lives
This phrase is an oath, invoking the living God, the "LORD of Hosts" (יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת, Yahweh Tseva'ot), a title that emphasizes God's sovereignty and command over the heavenly armies. It underscores the reality and power of God, who is actively involved in the affairs of the world. The use of this title reflects the belief in God's omnipotence and His role as a divine warrior who fights for His people.

before whom I stand
Elisha acknowledges his position as a servant of God, standing in His presence. The phrase "before whom I stand" indicates a posture of readiness and obedience, reminiscent of a court official standing before a king. It highlights Elisha's role as a mediator between God and the people, emphasizing his accountability to God above all.

if I did not have regard for the presence of Jehoshaphat king of Judah
Jehoshaphat, the king of Judah, is noted for his faithfulness to God, contrasting with the idolatrous practices of the northern kingdom of Israel. Elisha's regard for Jehoshaphat signifies the importance of righteous leadership and the blessings that accompany it. The Hebrew word for "regard" (נָשָׂא, nasa) can mean to lift up or to show favor, indicating Elisha's respect for Jehoshaphat's godliness.

I would not look at you or acknowledge you
Elisha's words to the king of Israel, likely Jehoram, are a rebuke. The phrase "look at you or acknowledge you" suggests a deliberate choice to ignore or dismiss someone. In the Hebrew context, to "look" (רָאָה, ra'ah) and "acknowledge" (נָכַר, nakar) implies recognition and acceptance. Elisha's refusal to do so underscores the king's unworthiness due to his departure from God's ways, highlighting the consequences of disobedience and the importance of aligning with God's will.

But now
This phrase indicates a transition or a shift in the narrative. Elisha, the prophet, is about to engage in a prophetic act. The urgency and immediacy of the situation are underscored by these words, suggesting that divine intervention is imminent. In the Hebrew context, such transitions often signal a moment of divine revelation or action.

bring me a harpist
The request for a harpist is significant. In ancient Israel, music was often associated with prophecy and worship. The harp, a stringed instrument, was commonly used in temple worship and prophetic settings. The Hebrew word for harpist, "נגן" (nagan), implies a skilled musician. This request highlights the role of music in creating an atmosphere conducive to receiving divine revelation. It suggests that Elisha sought to prepare his spirit and the environment for the movement of the Holy Spirit.

While the harpist played
The act of playing music serves as a prelude to the prophetic experience. In the biblical tradition, music is not merely entertainment but a means of spiritual preparation and connection with God. The playing of the harp likely helped Elisha focus and attune himself to the voice of God. This reflects the broader biblical theme of worship and music as integral to spiritual life and prophetic ministry.

the hand of the LORD
This phrase is a powerful biblical metaphor for God's presence and power. The "hand of the LORD" signifies divine intervention and empowerment. In Hebrew, "יד יהוה" (yad Yahweh) conveys the idea of God's active involvement in human affairs. This expression is used throughout the Old Testament to describe moments when God exerts His will or imparts His power to individuals, especially prophets.

came upon Elisha
The coming of the LORD's hand upon Elisha indicates a moment of divine inspiration and authority. Elisha, as a prophet, is now under the direct influence of God's Spirit. This phrase underscores the belief that true prophecy is not a human endeavor but a divine act. The Hebrew concept of God's Spirit coming upon someone is often associated with empowerment for a specific task or message.

and he said
This phrase introduces the words of the prophet Elisha, who is speaking on behalf of God. In the Hebrew text, the word for "said" is "אָמַר" (amar), which is a common verb used throughout the Old Testament to denote the act of speaking or declaring. Elisha, as a prophet, serves as a mouthpiece for God, emphasizing the divine authority behind the message. This highlights the importance of prophetic voices in Israel's history, serving as conduits for God's will and guidance.

This is what the LORD says
The phrase underscores the divine origin of the message. "LORD" in the Hebrew text is "יְהוָה" (YHWH), the sacred and personal name of God, often rendered as "Yahweh." This name signifies God's eternal presence and covenantal faithfulness to His people. The use of "says" (אָמַר, amar) again emphasizes the direct communication from God, reinforcing the authority and reliability of the message. It is a reminder of God's active involvement in the affairs of His people and His willingness to guide them through His chosen prophets.

Make this valley
The word "valley" in Hebrew is "נַחַל" (nachal), which can refer to a wadi or a dry riverbed that occasionally fills with water. Valleys in the biblical context often symbolize places of trial or testing, but also of potential blessing and provision. The command to "make" (עָשָׂה, asah) implies human participation in God's plan, requiring obedience and action from the people. This reflects a recurring biblical theme where divine intervention often requires human cooperation and faith.

full of ditches
The Hebrew word for "ditches" is "גֵּבִים" (gebim), which refers to trenches or pits dug to collect water. The command to fill the valley with ditches is both practical and symbolic. Practically, it prepares for the miraculous provision of water, demonstrating God's power to provide in seemingly impossible situations. Symbolically, it represents faith and obedience, as the people must act on God's promise before seeing the fulfillment. This act of preparation is a testament to trusting God's word, even when the outcome is not immediately visible.

For the LORD says
This phrase emphasizes the divine authority and certainty of the message. The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, which underscores His faithfulness and power. In the context of ancient Israel, a word from Yahweh was absolute and unchangeable, providing assurance to the people that what follows is not merely a human prediction but a divine promise.

You will see neither wind nor rain
This phrase highlights the miraculous nature of the forthcoming event. In the arid regions of the ancient Near East, water was a precious commodity, and rain was the usual means of replenishing water supplies. The absence of "wind" and "rain" signifies that the provision of water will defy natural expectations and processes. This serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over creation, capable of providing for His people in ways that transcend human understanding and natural laws.

Yet this valley will be filled with water
The "valley" here refers to the dry riverbeds or wadis common in the region, which would typically only fill with water during seasonal rains. The promise that it "will be filled with water" without the usual meteorological signs is a testament to God's ability to provide abundantly and supernaturally. This reflects the biblical theme of God making a way where there seems to be no way, echoing other scriptural instances where God provides miraculously, such as the parting of the Red Sea or the provision of manna in the wilderness.

And you and your cattle and your animals will drink
This phrase underscores the completeness and sufficiency of God's provision. Not only will the people benefit, but also their "cattle and animals," which were vital to their livelihood and survival. In the agrarian society of ancient Israel, livestock represented wealth and sustenance, and their well-being was directly tied to the community's prosperity. This assurance of provision for both humans and animals highlights God's comprehensive care and the interconnectedness of His creation. It serves as a reminder that God's blessings are holistic, addressing all aspects of life and need.

This is an easy thing
The phrase "This is an easy thing" underscores the omnipotence of God. In Hebrew, the word for "easy" is "קָל" (qal), which conveys the idea of something light or insignificant. This highlights the effortless nature of God's power and ability to intervene in human affairs. The context here is a miraculous provision of water for the armies of Israel, Judah, and Edom, which seemed impossible from a human perspective. Yet, for God, it is a simple task, reminding believers of His sovereignty and the ease with which He can accomplish His will.

in the eyes of the LORD
The phrase "in the eyes of the LORD" reflects the divine perspective, which is vastly different from human understanding. The Hebrew word for "eyes" is "עֵינַיִם" (einaim), often used metaphorically to denote perception or judgment. This suggests that what may seem daunting or impossible to humans is straightforward for God. It encourages believers to trust in God's vision and understanding, which surpasses human limitations and to rely on His wisdom and power.

He will also deliver Moab
"Deliver" in Hebrew is "נָתַן" (natan), meaning to give or hand over. This indicates God's active role in the outcome of the battle against Moab. The historical context involves the coalition of Israel, Judah, and Edom against Moab, a nation that had rebelled against Israelite control. God's promise to deliver Moab into their hands is a testament to His faithfulness in fulfilling His promises and His ability to control the destinies of nations. It reassures believers of God's involvement in the affairs of the world and His commitment to His people.

into your hands
The phrase "into your hands" signifies the transfer of power and victory. In Hebrew, "hands" is "יָדַיִם" (yadayim), often symbolizing strength, power, and possession. This expression indicates that God is granting the coalition victory over Moab, placing the outcome firmly within their grasp. It serves as a reminder of God's provision and the empowerment He gives to His people to achieve His purposes. For believers, it is an encouragement to trust in God's promises and to act in faith, knowing that He equips and enables them to succeed in the tasks He sets before them.

You will attack every fortified city
This phrase indicates a comprehensive military strategy. The Hebrew root for "attack" is "נָכָה" (nakah), which often implies a decisive strike or blow. In the context of ancient warfare, fortified cities were centers of power and security. The command to attack these cities suggests a divine mandate for total victory, emphasizing God's sovereignty over human defenses. Historically, fortified cities were crucial for protection and control, and their conquest would symbolize the dismantling of enemy power structures.

and every major town
The phrase "major town" refers to significant urban centers that were not necessarily fortified but were important for trade, governance, and culture. The Hebrew word for "town" is "עִיר" (ir), which can denote any populated area. This indicates that the campaign was not only against military targets but also aimed at disrupting the societal and economic fabric of the enemy. It reflects a strategy of comprehensive domination, ensuring that no aspect of the enemy's life remains untouched by the judgment of God.

You will cut down every good tree
Trees in the ancient Near East were valuable for their fruit, shade, and wood. The Hebrew word for "good" is "טוֹב" (tov), which implies something beneficial or desirable. Cutting down these trees would have a devastating impact on the land's productivity and the people's sustenance. This act symbolizes the removal of blessings and prosperity from those who oppose God's will. It serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from divine guidance and the totality of God's judgment.

stop up all the springs
Water sources were vital for survival, agriculture, and daily life in the arid regions of the ancient Near East. The Hebrew word for "springs" is "מַעְיָן" (ma'yan), which refers to natural sources of water. Stopping up springs would render the land uninhabitable, demonstrating the thoroughness of the campaign. This action signifies the cutting off of life-sustaining resources, a metaphor for spiritual barrenness when one is separated from the living water that is God.

and ruin every good field with stones
Fields were essential for growing crops and sustaining the population. The Hebrew word for "ruin" is "חָבַל" (chaval), which means to destroy or spoil. By covering fields with stones, the land becomes unproductive, symbolizing the futility of resisting God's plans. This act of destruction serves as a physical manifestation of divine judgment, illustrating the consequences of disobedience. It also reflects the biblical theme of sowing and reaping, where the rejection of God's ways leads to desolation and loss.

The next morning
This phrase sets the scene for a divine intervention that occurs at a specific time, emphasizing God's perfect timing. In the Hebrew context, mornings often symbolize new beginnings and hope. The Israelites, having been in a dire situation, are about to witness God's provision at the break of a new day, reminding us of Lamentations 3:22-23, where God's mercies are described as new every morning.

at the time of the offering of the sacrifice
This phrase indicates a significant moment in the Jewish religious calendar, the time of the morning sacrifice. The Hebrew word for "sacrifice" (זֶבַח, zevach) often refers to offerings made to God, symbolizing atonement and worship. This timing underscores the connection between worship and divine intervention, suggesting that God responds to the faithfulness and devotion of His people.

suddenly
The suddenness of the event highlights the miraculous nature of God's intervention. In the Hebrew narrative style, such abrupt changes often signify divine action. This word reminds us that God's solutions can come unexpectedly and powerfully, beyond human planning or anticipation.

water flowed from the direction of Edom
The geographical reference to Edom is significant. Edom, located southeast of Israel, was often an adversary of Israel. The Hebrew root for Edom (אֱדוֹם, Edom) is related to the word for "red," possibly referring to the red sandstone of the region. The fact that water, a symbol of life and blessing, flows from an unexpected and potentially hostile direction underscores God's sovereignty and ability to provide from unlikely sources.

and the land was filled with water
This phrase completes the miracle, showing the abundance of God's provision. The Hebrew word for "filled" (מָלֵא, male) conveys a sense of completeness and sufficiency. The land, previously dry and barren, is now saturated with life-giving water, symbolizing spiritual renewal and God's faithfulness to His promises. This transformation serves as a powerful reminder of God's ability to bring life and hope to seemingly hopeless situations.

Now all Moab had heard
The phrase indicates a widespread dissemination of information among the Moabites. In the ancient Near East, news often traveled through messengers or traders. The Hebrew root for "heard" is "שָׁמַע" (shama), which implies not just hearing but understanding and responding. This suggests that the Moabites were not only aware of the impending threat but were also preparing to act upon this intelligence. Historically, Moab was a nation east of the Dead Sea, often in conflict with Israel. The Moabites' awareness of the approaching coalition of kings underscores the tension and fear that must have gripped the region.

that the kings had come up to fight against them
This phrase highlights the coalition of Israel, Judah, and Edom against Moab. The term "kings" refers to the leaders of these three nations. The Hebrew word for "come up" is "עָלָה" (alah), often used in military contexts to describe an ascent or approach for battle. This coalition was a significant threat, as it combined the military might of three nations. The historical context reveals that such alliances were common in the ancient world, often formed to counter a mutual threat. The Moabites, aware of this formidable alliance, would have been understandably alarmed.

So they gathered together, all who could bear arms
The gathering of "all who could bear arms" indicates a full mobilization of Moab's military resources. The Hebrew root for "gathered" is "קָבַץ" (qavats), meaning to assemble or collect. This suggests an urgent and comprehensive call to arms, involving every able-bodied man. In ancient warfare, such mobilization was crucial for defense, especially when facing a coalition of enemy forces. The phrase reflects the Moabites' determination to defend their land, despite the overwhelming odds.

and stood at the border
The phrase "stood at the border" signifies a defensive posture. The Hebrew word for "stood" is "עָמַד" (amad), which can imply taking a stand or holding one's ground. The border represents the frontline of defense, the point at which the Moabites intended to confront the invading forces. This strategic positioning indicates their readiness to protect their territory. In the broader biblical narrative, borders often symbolize the limits of a nation's influence and the point of contact with potential threats. The Moabites' stance at the border reflects their resolve to defend their sovereignty against the encroaching coalition.

When they got up early in the morning
This phrase sets the scene for a pivotal moment in the narrative. The act of rising early often signifies readiness and anticipation in biblical texts. In Hebrew culture, early morning is a time of new beginnings and divine encounters. The Hebrew root for "early" (שָׁכַם, shakham) implies diligence and eagerness, suggesting that the Moabites were prepared for battle, unaware of the divine intervention that awaited them.

the sun was shining on the water
The sun, often a symbol of God's glory and presence, plays a crucial role in this verse. The Hebrew word for "sun" (שֶׁמֶשׁ, shemesh) is frequently associated with light and revelation. The shining sun reflects God's ability to use natural elements to fulfill His purposes. The water, a symbol of life and sustenance, becomes a tool in God's hand to deceive the Moabites, demonstrating His sovereignty over creation.

and to the Moabites across the way
The Moabites, descendants of Lot, were often in conflict with Israel. Their position "across the way" indicates a separation not just geographically but spiritually and morally. The Moabites' perspective is limited, unable to see the divine orchestration at play. This phrase highlights the theme of spiritual blindness and the consequences of opposing God's people.

the water looked red—like blood
The transformation of the water's appearance is a divine illusion. The Hebrew word for "red" (אָדֹם, adom) is the same root used for "Edom," a nation often at odds with Israel, symbolizing enmity and conflict. Blood, in biblical terms, signifies life, covenant, and sacrifice. This imagery foreshadows the impending defeat of the Moabites, as they misinterpret the sign, leading to their downfall. The miraculous nature of this event underscores God's power to confound the wisdom of His enemies and protect His chosen people.

This is blood!
The phrase "This is blood!" is a declaration made by the Moabites upon seeing the water that appeared red like blood. The Hebrew word for blood is "דָּם" (dam), which often symbolizes life, death, and covenant in the Old Testament. In this context, the Moabites misinterpret the sight, thinking it signifies the death of their enemies. This reflects a common ancient belief that omens and signs in nature could predict or explain human events. Theologically, this misinterpretation can be seen as God's providence, using natural phenomena to fulfill His purposes.

The kings have clashed swords
The phrase "The kings have clashed swords" suggests a battle or conflict among the allied kings of Israel, Judah, and Edom. The Hebrew root for "clashed" is "נָגַע" (naga), meaning to touch or strike. Historically, alliances between kingdoms were often fragile, and internal strife was not uncommon. This assumption by the Moabites reveals their expectation of discord among their enemies, which they hoped would lead to their advantage. Spiritually, it serves as a reminder of the destructive potential of disunity and the importance of seeking God's guidance in alliances.

and slaughtered one another
The phrase "and slaughtered one another" indicates a complete and mutual destruction, which the Moabites believed had occurred. The Hebrew word for "slaughtered" is "הִכָּה" (hikah), meaning to strike down or kill. This reflects the Moabites' hope that their enemies had been weakened by internal conflict. In a broader biblical context, it underscores the theme of divine intervention, where God can turn the expectations of the wicked into their downfall, as seen in other biblical narratives where God confuses or defeats enemies through unexpected means.

Now to the plunder, Moab!
The phrase "Now to the plunder, Moab!" is a call to action, urging the Moabites to seize the opportunity to loot and take advantage of what they believed was a victory. The Hebrew word for "plunder" is "שָׁלָל" (shalal), which denotes spoils of war. This reflects the ancient practice of taking goods and wealth from defeated foes, a common motivation for warfare in the ancient Near East. From a spiritual perspective, this moment of anticipated triumph for the Moabites becomes their undoing, illustrating the biblical principle that pride and greed often precede a fall, as God turns their expectations into a trap.

But when the Moabites came to the camp of Israel
The Moabites, descendants of Lot, were often in conflict with Israel. Historically, Moab was located east of the Dead Sea, and its people were known for their idolatry and opposition to Israel. The phrase indicates a moment of confrontation, where the Moabites, perhaps emboldened by their numbers or strategy, approached the Israelite camp. This reflects the ongoing tension and warfare between the two nations, rooted in both territorial disputes and spiritual opposition.

the Israelites rose up and attacked the Moabites
The Israelites, God's chosen people, were often called to rise up against their enemies. The Hebrew root for "rose up" (קוּם, qum) implies a decisive action, a divine empowerment to stand against adversaries. This phrase signifies a turning point where the Israelites, under divine guidance, take the initiative in battle. It reflects the biblical theme of God empowering His people to overcome seemingly insurmountable odds.

who fled before them
The Moabites' flight indicates a sudden reversal of fortune. In ancient warfare, morale was crucial, and the Moabites' retreat suggests a loss of confidence and divine favor. This phrase underscores the biblical principle that those who oppose God's people ultimately face defeat. It also highlights the power of God working through Israel, causing their enemies to scatter.

So Israel invaded the land
The term "invaded" suggests a forceful entry and occupation. In the context of ancient Near Eastern warfare, this would involve not only military conquest but also the assertion of dominance over the land. This action by Israel is seen as a fulfillment of God's promise to give them victory over their enemies, reinforcing the covenant relationship between God and Israel.

and slaughtered the Moabites
The word "slaughtered" conveys the totality of the victory. In the Hebrew context, such a term (הִכָּה, hikah) often implies a divinely sanctioned judgment. This reflects the severity of God's justice against those who oppose His will and His people. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of enmity with God and His chosen nation.

They destroyed the cities
This phrase indicates a comprehensive campaign of destruction. The Hebrew root for "destroyed" is "שָׁחַת" (shachat), which conveys a sense of corruption or ruin. Historically, this reflects the common practice of total warfare in the ancient Near East, where conquering armies would obliterate cities to prevent future resistance. This act of destruction serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God, as the cities represent the strength and pride of a nation that has opposed the will of the Lord.

each man threw a stone into every good field
The act of throwing stones into fields was a deliberate tactic to render the land unusable for agriculture. The Hebrew word for "stone" is "אֶבֶן" (even), symbolizing a burden or obstacle. This action signifies the thoroughness of the destruction, ensuring that the land could not sustain life or prosperity. Spiritually, it can be seen as a metaphor for the spiritual barrenness that results from sin and rebellion against God.

until it was covered
The complete covering of the fields with stones indicates the totality of the devastation. The Hebrew concept here implies a sense of overwhelming completeness. This serves as a powerful image of how sin can completely cover and ruin the fertile ground of our lives if left unchecked. It is a call to vigilance in maintaining spiritual purity and faithfulness to God.

They stopped up all the springs
Springs were vital sources of water, essential for life and prosperity. The Hebrew root "סָתַם" (satam) means to stop up or block, indicating a strategic move to cut off the life-sustaining resources of the land. This act symbolizes the spiritual dryness that occurs when one is cut off from the living water of God's presence and blessing.

and cut down every good tree
Trees in the Bible often symbolize life, prosperity, and blessing. The Hebrew word for "cut down" is "כָּרַת" (karat), which can also mean to cut off or make a covenant. The destruction of trees represents the severing of life and blessing, a stark reminder of the consequences of breaking covenant with God. It underscores the importance of remaining rooted in God's word and His promises.

Only the stones of Kir-hareseth were left
Kir-hareseth, a fortified city, represents a stronghold that remained despite the widespread destruction. The Hebrew name "Kir-hareseth" suggests a place of pottery or craftsmanship, indicating resilience and strength. This remnant serves as a symbol of hope and the possibility of redemption, even amidst judgment. It reminds us that God always preserves a remnant for His purposes.

but the men with slings surrounded the city and attacked it
The use of slings, a common weapon in ancient warfare, highlights the persistence and determination of the attackers. The Hebrew word for "sling" is "קֶלַע" (qela), which can also mean to hurl or cast. This imagery of surrounding and attacking signifies the relentless pursuit of God's justice against sin. It serves as a call to spiritual vigilance, reminding believers to be prepared and equipped to stand firm in the face of spiritual battles.

When the king of Moab saw
The phrase begins with the king of Moab, Mesha, who is a historical figure known from both the Bible and the Mesha Stele, an archaeological artifact that provides insight into Moabite culture and their conflicts with Israel. The Hebrew word for "saw" (רָאָה, ra'ah) implies not just physical sight but also understanding or realization. Mesha's perception of the battle's intensity marks a turning point in his strategy, highlighting the desperation and urgency of the situation.

that the battle was too fierce for him
The word "fierce" (חָזָק, chazaq) in Hebrew conveys strength and intensity. This phrase indicates the overwhelming power of the allied forces of Israel, Judah, and Edom against Moab. Historically, this reflects the common practice of forming alliances to strengthen military campaigns. The king's realization of the battle's fierceness underscores the dire circumstances and the formidable opposition he faced.

he took with him seven hundred swordsmen
The number "seven hundred" is significant, often symbolizing completeness or perfection in the Bible. However, in this context, it may simply denote a substantial force. The "swordsmen" (שֹׁלֵף חֶרֶב, sholef cherev) were likely elite troops, emphasizing the king's attempt to use his best warriors to change the tide of battle. This reflects the ancient Near Eastern military practices where kings would lead their most capable soldiers in critical maneuvers.

to break through to the king of Edom
The phrase "break through" (בָּקַע, baqa) suggests a forceful attempt to penetrate enemy lines. The king of Moab's target, the king of Edom, indicates a strategic move, possibly aiming to exploit perceived weaknesses or to negotiate terms. Historically, Edom was often a vassal state, and its involvement in this alliance highlights the complex political dynamics of the region.

but they failed
The word "failed" (לֹא יָכֹלוּ, lo yakolu) signifies the inability to achieve the intended goal. This failure underscores the futility of human efforts against divine will, a recurring theme in the Bible. Theologically, it serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over nations and battles, encouraging believers to trust in divine providence rather than solely in human strength or numbers.

So he took his firstborn son
The phrase "firstborn son" is significant in the ancient Near Eastern context, where the firstborn held a place of prominence and was often seen as the heir to the throne. The Hebrew term for "firstborn" is "bekor," which denotes the eldest child who inherits the father's position and blessings. This act of taking the firstborn son underscores the desperation and extreme measures taken by the king of Moab. In a conservative Christian perspective, this highlights the tragic consequences of idolatry and pagan practices, contrasting with the Biblical view of the sanctity of life and the abhorrence of child sacrifice.

who was to succeed him as king
The succession of kingship was a critical aspect of ancient monarchies, ensuring the continuity of a dynasty. The Hebrew word "malak" refers to reigning or ruling as king. This phrase emphasizes the gravity of the king's decision, as he sacrificed not only his son but also the future of his lineage. From a Biblical standpoint, this act is a stark reminder of the futility of human plans when they are not aligned with God's will, as well as the destructive nature of sin.

and offered him as a burnt offering on the wall
The act of offering a human as a "burnt offering" is a direct violation of God's commandments, as seen in the Hebrew word "olah," which typically refers to a sacrificial offering that is completely consumed by fire. This horrific act was performed "on the wall," likely as a public display meant to invoke the favor of the Moabite god Chemosh. Archaeological findings and historical records indicate that such practices were not uncommon among Israel's neighbors, yet they were strictly forbidden in Israelite law. This serves as a powerful illustration of the moral and spiritual decline that occurs when societies turn away from the one true God.

And there was great wrath against Israel
The "great wrath" mentioned here can be understood as a divine or supernatural response to the events that transpired. The Hebrew word "qetseph" denotes a fierce anger or indignation. In the context of the narrative, this wrath could be interpreted as the Moabite god's response, or more fittingly, as a reflection of the spiritual consequences of Israel's own disobedience and failure to fully trust in God. From a conservative Christian perspective, this serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of compromising with pagan practices and the importance of remaining faithful to God's commands.

so they withdrew and returned to their own land
The withdrawal of the Israelite forces signifies a retreat and an acknowledgment of defeat. The Hebrew verb "shub" means to turn back or return, indicating a reversal of their military campaign. This outcome highlights the limitations of human strength and strategy when not accompanied by divine favor. For believers, it is a reminder of the necessity of seeking God's guidance and relying on His power rather than solely on human efforts. The return to their own land symbolizes a retreat to safety but also a missed opportunity for victory due to a lack of faithfulness and reliance on God.