The turtle dove holds a significant place within the sacrificial system outlined in the Old Testament, particularly in the context of purification rituals. This small bird, known for its gentle nature and mournful cooing, is mentioned in several passages as an acceptable offering to the Lord, especially for those who could not afford larger animals.

Biblical Prescription for Purification

The primary reference to the turtle dove in the context of purification is found in the Book of Leviticus. According to Levitical law, a woman who has given birth is required to undergo a period of purification. Upon the completion of this period, she is to present a burnt offering and a sin offering to the Lord. Leviticus 12:6-8 states:

"When the days of her purification are complete, whether for a son or for a daughter, she is to bring to the priest at the entrance to the Tent of Meeting a year-old lamb for a burnt offering and a young pigeon or a turtledove for a sin offering. And if she cannot afford a lamb, she is to bring two turtledoves or two young pigeons, one for a burnt offering and the other for a sin offering. Then the priest will make atonement for her, and she will be clean."

This passage highlights the provision made for those of lesser means, allowing them to substitute a lamb with two turtledoves or two young pigeons. The inclusion of the turtle dove in this law underscores its accessibility and the merciful nature of God's commandments, ensuring that all could participate in the sacrificial system regardless of economic status.

Symbolism and Significance

The turtle dove is often associated with themes of purity, innocence, and devotion, which align with its role in the purification process. Its gentle demeanor and monogamous nature have made it a symbol of love and fidelity throughout biblical literature. The use of the turtle dove in purification rites can be seen as a reflection of the spiritual cleansing and renewal that the offerings were intended to represent.

New Testament Reference

The New Testament also references the turtle dove in the context of purification. In Luke 2:22-24 , Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to the temple to present Him to the Lord and to offer a sacrifice according to the Law of Moses:

"And when the days of their purification were complete, according to the law of Moses, they brought Him to Jerusalem to present Him to the Lord (as it is written in the Law of the Lord: 'Every firstborn male shall be consecrated to the Lord'), and to offer the sacrifice specified in the Law of the Lord: 'A pair of turtledoves or two young pigeons.'"

This passage not only confirms the adherence of Mary and Joseph to the Mosaic Law but also highlights the humble circumstances of Jesus' earthly family, as they offered the sacrifice of the poor.

Conclusion

The turtle dove, as prescribed for the purification of women, serves as a testament to God's provision and inclusivity within the sacrificial system. Its presence in both the Old and New Testaments underscores its enduring significance in the religious and cultural practices of ancient Israel.Leviticus 12:6,8
And when the days of her purifying are fulfilled, for a son, or for a daughter, she shall bring a lamb of the first year for a burnt offering, and a young pigeon, or a turtledove, for a sin offering, to the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, to the priest:
Nave's Topical Index

Luke 2:24
And to offer a sacrifice according to that which is said in the law of the Lord, A pair of turtledoves, or two young pigeons.
Nave's Topical Index

The Purification of the virgin and the Presentation in the Temple
... went up to the Temple, when the prescribed days were ... as already stated, the sacrifice
for purification might be ... offering was, in all cases, a turtle-dove or a ...
/.../the life and times of jesus the messiah/chapter vii the purification of.htm

Against Jovinianus.
... madness and ought to be put into the strait jacket which Hippocrates prescribed? ...
He says that "virgins, widows, and married women, who have been once passed ...
/.../jerome/the principal works of st jerome/against jovinianus.htm

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