Woe to those who go down to Egypt for help
The opening word, "Woe," is a prophetic declaration of impending judgment or distress. In Hebrew, the word is "הוֹי" (hoy), often used by prophets to signal a warning. This sets a somber tone, indicating that the actions of the people are grievous in the eyes of God. The phrase "go down to Egypt for help" reflects a historical context where Israel, facing threats from Assyria, sought military alliances with Egypt. This reliance on Egypt, a nation synonymous with past oppression and idolatry, symbolizes a lack of faith in God's protection and provision. Theologically, it underscores the danger of seeking worldly solutions to spiritual problems.

and rely on horses
The phrase "rely on horses" highlights the dependence on military might and human strength. In ancient times, horses and chariots were symbols of military power and security. The Hebrew word for "rely" is "שָׁעַן" (sha'an), meaning to lean on or trust. This reliance on horses instead of God reflects a misplaced trust in human resources rather than divine intervention. It serves as a caution against prioritizing material strength over spiritual faithfulness.

who trust in chariots because they are many
"Trust in chariots" further emphasizes the misplaced confidence in military technology and numbers. Chariots were formidable in battle, representing advanced warfare capabilities. The Hebrew root for "trust" is "בָּטַח" (batach), meaning to feel secure or confident. The phrase "because they are many" suggests a false sense of security based on numerical superiority. This reflects a broader biblical theme that true security comes from God, not from human calculations or strength.

and in horsemen because they are very strong
The phrase "in horsemen because they are very strong" continues the theme of reliance on military prowess. Horsemen, or cavalry, were elite troops known for their speed and strength. The Hebrew word for "strong" is "עָצוּם" (atzum), meaning mighty or powerful. This reliance on human strength is contrasted with the biblical teaching that God's power is made perfect in weakness (2 Corinthians 12:9). It serves as a reminder that true strength lies in God's sovereignty and not in human might.

but do not look to the Holy One of Israel
The phrase "do not look to the Holy One of Israel" highlights the spiritual failure of the people. The "Holy One of Israel" is a title for God that emphasizes His uniqueness, purity, and covenant relationship with Israel. The Hebrew word for "look" is "נָבַט" (nabat), meaning to regard or consider. This lack of regard for God signifies a spiritual blindness and a turning away from the source of true help and guidance. It underscores the importance of seeking God first in times of trouble.

or seek the LORD
The final phrase, "or seek the LORD," contrasts the previous actions with the proper response of faith. The Hebrew word for "seek" is "דָּרַשׁ" (darash), meaning to inquire or pursue. This implies an active, intentional effort to find guidance and support from God. The failure to seek the LORD reflects a deeper issue of the heart, where trust in God has been replaced by reliance on human solutions. It serves as a call to return to a posture of dependence on God, who is the ultimate source of wisdom and strength.

But He also is wise
This phrase emphasizes the wisdom of God, contrasting human wisdom with divine wisdom. The Hebrew word for "wise" here is "חָכָם" (chakam), which denotes not just intelligence but skillful and practical wisdom. In the context of Isaiah, this wisdom is a reminder that God's plans and purposes are far beyond human understanding. Historically, Israel often relied on alliances with other nations, like Egypt, for protection, but this phrase underscores that true wisdom and guidance come from God alone.

and will bring disaster
The Hebrew word for "disaster" is "רָעָה" (ra'ah), which can mean evil, calamity, or adversity. This indicates that God, in His wisdom, will allow or bring about consequences for actions that are contrary to His will. The historical context here is crucial; Israel's reliance on Egypt instead of God would lead to disaster. This serves as a warning that turning away from God's guidance results in negative consequences.

He does not call back His words
This phrase highlights the faithfulness and unchangeable nature of God's word. The Hebrew root "שׁוּב" (shuv) means to turn back or repent. Unlike humans, God does not retract His promises or warnings. This is a powerful reminder of the reliability and steadfastness of God's declarations. Scripturally, it aligns with the idea that God's word is eternal and unchanging, as seen in passages like Isaiah 40:8.

but will rise up against the house of the evildoers
The phrase "rise up" comes from the Hebrew "קוּם" (qum), meaning to stand or arise. This indicates God's active intervention against those who do evil. The "house of the evildoers" refers to those who persist in sin and rebellion against God. Historically, this could be seen as a reference to both Israel and their enemies, who acted contrary to God's commands. It serves as a reminder of God's justice and His commitment to righteousness.

and against the help of those who do iniquity
The word "help" in Hebrew is "עֶזְרָה" (ezrah), meaning assistance or support. This phrase points to the futility of relying on human aid when it is aligned with iniquity, or "אָוֶן" (aven), which means trouble or wickedness. The historical context is Israel's reliance on Egypt, a nation characterized by idolatry and opposition to God's ways. This serves as a caution against forming alliances that compromise one's faith and integrity. It underscores the principle that true help and deliverance come from God alone, not from alliances with those who do not honor Him.

The Egyptians are men, not God
This phrase emphasizes the fundamental difference between human beings and the divine. The Hebrew word for "men" is "אֲנָשִׁים" (anashim), which underscores the mortality and limitations of humans. In contrast, "God" is "אֱלֹהִים" (Elohim), a term that denotes the supreme, all-powerful, and eternal nature of the divine. Historically, Egypt was a powerful nation, often seen as a symbol of human strength and wisdom. However, this verse reminds the Israelites that no matter how powerful a nation may seem, it cannot compare to the omnipotence of God. This serves as a caution against placing trust in human power over divine providence.

their horses are flesh, not spirit
Here, the word "flesh" (בָּשָׂר, basar) is used to describe the physical and perishable nature of the Egyptian horses, which were renowned for their strength and speed. In contrast, "spirit" (רוּחַ, ruach) refers to the divine and eternal aspect of God. This distinction highlights the futility of relying on physical might and military power, which are temporary and limited, as opposed to the enduring and limitless power of the Spirit of God. The historical context of this passage is significant, as horses and chariots were symbols of military strength in ancient times. Yet, the verse calls believers to trust in the spiritual and eternal power of God rather than in transient human resources.

When the LORD stretches out His hand
The imagery of God stretching out His hand is a powerful symbol of divine intervention and authority. In Hebrew, "hand" (יָד, yad) often signifies power and action. This phrase suggests that when God decides to act, His will is irresistible and decisive. Throughout the Bible, the stretching out of God's hand is associated with both judgment and deliverance. For instance, in the Exodus narrative, God's hand brought plagues upon Egypt and parted the Red Sea. This serves as a reminder of God's active role in the world and His ability to alter the course of history according to His divine purpose.

those who help will stumble, and those who are helped will fall
This part of the verse underscores the inevitable failure of alliances and dependencies that are not rooted in God. The Hebrew word for "stumble" (כָּשַׁל, kashal) conveys the idea of faltering or failing, while "fall" (נָפַל, naphal) suggests a complete collapse. Historically, the Israelites often sought alliances with powerful nations like Egypt for protection against their enemies. However, this verse warns that such reliance on human aid, rather than on God, will lead to downfall. It serves as a timeless lesson on the importance of placing one's trust in God alone, as human support is ultimately unreliable and insufficient.

they will all perish together
The final phrase delivers a sobering conclusion: both those who rely on human strength and those who offer it will face destruction. The Hebrew word for "perish" (אָבַד, abad) implies being lost or destroyed. This reflects the biblical theme that any endeavor or alliance that excludes God is doomed to fail. The historical context of this prophecy is a warning to the Israelites against forming alliances with Egypt, as both parties would face divine judgment. This serves as a powerful reminder of the futility of human efforts apart from God and the ultimate sovereignty of His will.

For this is what the LORD has said to me
This phrase establishes the authority and divine origin of the message. The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God, emphasizing His covenant relationship with Israel. The phrase underscores the prophetic nature of Isaiah's message, indicating that it is not merely human wisdom but a divine revelation.

As a lion or young lion growls over its prey
The imagery of a lion, a symbol of strength and majesty, is used to depict God's power and determination. The Hebrew word for "growls" can also mean "murmurs" or "roars," suggesting a sense of possession and protection over what belongs to Him. This metaphor illustrates God's unwavering commitment to His people, much like a lion's instinct to guard its catch.

and though a band of shepherds is called out against it
The "band of shepherds" represents human efforts to confront or challenge the lion. Historically, shepherds were protectors of their flocks, but even their collective strength is insufficient against a determined lion. This highlights the futility of opposing God's will, as human strength cannot thwart divine purposes.

it is not terrified by their shouts or disturbed by their clamor
The lion's indifference to the shepherds' noise symbolizes God's unshakeable resolve. The Hebrew words for "terrified" and "disturbed" convey a sense of calm and confidence in the face of opposition. This reflects God's sovereignty and the assurance that His plans will not be hindered by human resistance.

so the LORD of Hosts will come down
The title "LORD of Hosts" (YHWH Sabaoth) emphasizes God's supreme command over the heavenly armies. The phrase "will come down" suggests divine intervention and presence, indicating that God Himself will act decisively in the affairs of His people. This reassures believers of God's active involvement in their lives.

to do battle on Mount Zion and its heights
Mount Zion, a symbol of God's dwelling place and the center of His kingdom, represents the spiritual and physical realm of God's people. The phrase "to do battle" signifies God's protection and deliverance of His chosen ones. Historically, Zion was the site of Jerusalem, the city of David, and the future hope of God's eternal kingdom. This promise of divine defense inspires confidence in God's ultimate victory over all adversaries.

Like birds hovering overhead
The imagery of birds hovering overhead evokes a sense of vigilant protection and care. In the Hebrew context, the word for "hovering" (Hebrew: "עָפָה" - 'aphah) can imply a gentle yet watchful presence, much like a mother bird guarding her nest. This metaphor suggests God's constant and attentive oversight over Jerusalem, emphasizing His readiness to intervene and shield His people from harm. Historically, this reflects the divine assurance given to Israel amidst threats from surrounding nations, reminding believers of God's unwavering guardianship.

so will the LORD of Hosts
The title "LORD of Hosts" (Hebrew: "יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת" - Yahweh Tseva'ot) underscores God's supreme authority and command over the heavenly armies. This designation is a powerful reminder of His omnipotence and sovereignty. In the context of Isaiah, it reassures the Israelites that their protector is not just a local deity but the Almighty God who commands the forces of heaven. This title inspires confidence in God's ability to defend and uphold His covenant people against any adversary.

protect Jerusalem
The word "protect" (Hebrew: "גָּנַן" - ganan) conveys the idea of surrounding or covering, akin to a shield. Jerusalem, the city of David and the spiritual heart of Israel, holds significant theological and historical importance. God's promise to protect Jerusalem is not merely about physical safety but also about preserving the spiritual heritage and promises associated with the city. This assurance is a testament to God's faithfulness to His covenant and His commitment to His chosen people.

He will protect and deliver it
The repetition of "protect" alongside "deliver" (Hebrew: "נָצַל" - natsal) emphasizes a dual action of safeguarding and rescuing. "Deliver" implies an active intervention to save from danger or oppression. This phrase highlights God's proactive role in not only defending Jerusalem but also ensuring its liberation from any form of captivity or threat. It serves as a powerful reminder of God's redemptive power and His ability to bring about salvation for His people.

He will pass over and preserve it
The phrase "pass over" (Hebrew: "פָּסַח" - pasach) is reminiscent of the Passover event in Exodus, where God spared the Israelites from the plague of the firstborn. This allusion to the Passover signifies divine mercy and protection, reinforcing the idea of God sparing His people from judgment or destruction. "Preserve" (Hebrew: "מָלַט" - malat) suggests a careful maintenance and safeguarding of what is valuable. Together, these actions affirm God's commitment to maintaining the integrity and continuity of Jerusalem, ensuring its survival and prosperity in accordance with His divine plan.

Return
The Hebrew word used here is "שׁוּב" (shuv), which means to turn back or return. This is a call to repentance, a central theme in the prophetic books. The concept of returning is not just physical but spiritual, urging the Israelites to turn their hearts back to God. In the context of Isaiah, this return is a call to abandon reliance on foreign powers and idols, and to trust in the Lord alone. Historically, this reflects the period when Israel was tempted to seek alliances with Egypt for protection against Assyrian threats, rather than relying on God.

to the One
This phrase emphasizes the singularity and uniqueness of God. In a polytheistic world where many gods were worshiped, the call to return to "the One" underscores the monotheistic faith of Israel. It is a reminder of the covenant relationship between God and His people, where He is their sole protector and provider. This exclusivity is a cornerstone of the Jewish faith and later Christian theology, affirming that salvation and security are found in God alone.

against whom you have so greatly rebelled
The Hebrew word for "rebelled" is "מָרָה" (marah), which conveys a sense of bitterness and defiance. This rebellion is not just a matter of disobedience but a deep-seated turning away from God's commandments and love. Historically, Israel's rebellion included idolatry, social injustice, and reliance on political alliances rather than divine guidance. The phrase "so greatly" highlights the extent and seriousness of their rebellion, making the call to return even more urgent. It serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God, yet also of His willingness to forgive and restore those who repent.

For in that day
This phrase points to a specific time of divine intervention and fulfillment of prophecy. In the Hebrew context, "that day" often refers to a future time when God will act decisively in history. It is a day of reckoning and restoration, a theme prevalent throughout the prophetic books. This phrase sets the stage for a significant shift in the spiritual and physical realities of the people of Israel.

each of you
This emphasizes individual responsibility and personal decision. In the Hebrew culture, while the community was important, there was also a strong sense of personal accountability before God. This phrase underscores that the call to repentance and change is not just corporate but personal, inviting each person to examine their own heart and actions.

will reject
The Hebrew root for "reject" conveys a strong sense of casting away or discarding something deemed worthless or offensive. This action is not passive but a deliberate choice to turn away from sin and idolatry. It reflects a decisive break from past allegiances and a commitment to align with God's will.

the idols of silver and gold
Idols made of precious metals symbolize the allure of wealth and materialism that can lead people away from God. In ancient Israel, these idols were often associated with the surrounding pagan cultures and represented a tangible temptation to forsake the worship of Yahweh. The mention of silver and gold highlights the value and beauty of these idols, making the act of rejection even more significant.

your own hands have sinfully made
This phrase highlights the culpability and active participation of the people in creating their idols. It is a reminder of the human tendency to craft objects of worship that ultimately lead to spiritual downfall. The use of "sinfully" indicates that this is not just a cultural practice but a moral failing, a direct violation of the covenant relationship with God.

for yourselves
The phrase "for yourselves" underscores the self-centered nature of idolatry. It reflects the human inclination to create gods in our own image, serving our desires and ambitions rather than submitting to the true God. This self-serving attitude is at the heart of idolatry, making the call to reject these idols a call to return to a God-centered life.

Then Assyria will fall
The phrase "Then Assyria will fall" speaks to the divine judgment that God pronounces upon the Assyrian empire. Historically, Assyria was a dominant military power, known for its conquests and oppression of Israel and Judah. The Hebrew root for "fall" (נָפַל, naphal) implies a sudden and complete collapse, indicating that Assyria's downfall is not due to human intervention but by the sovereign act of God. This serves as a reminder of God's ultimate authority over nations and empires, reinforcing the belief that no earthly power can stand against His will.

by a sword not of man
The phrase "by a sword not of man" emphasizes the supernatural nature of Assyria's defeat. The "sword" here symbolizes divine intervention rather than a literal weapon wielded by human hands. This aligns with the biblical theme that God often uses unconventional means to accomplish His purposes, as seen in other scriptural accounts where God delivers His people through miraculous events. It underscores the futility of relying on human strength and the importance of trusting in God's power.

and a sword not of man will devour him
Reiterating the previous phrase, "and a sword not of man will devour him" further emphasizes the certainty and completeness of Assyria's destruction. The repetition serves to assure the Israelites of God's promise and His ability to protect and deliver them from their enemies. The imagery of being "devoured" suggests total consumption and obliteration, leaving no doubt about the thoroughness of God's judgment.

He will flee from the sword
The phrase "He will flee from the sword" depicts the Assyrian king or army in a state of panic and retreat. Despite their might and previous victories, they will be powerless against the divine "sword." This highlights the theme of divine retribution and the reversal of fortunes, where the oppressor becomes the one who is pursued and defeated. It serves as a powerful reminder of the consequences of pride and arrogance before God.

and his young men will be put to forced labor
The phrase "and his young men will be put to forced labor" indicates the humiliation and subjugation of Assyria's warriors. The young men, once symbols of strength and vitality, will be reduced to servitude. This outcome reflects the biblical principle that those who exalt themselves will be humbled. It also serves as a warning to all nations and individuals about the dangers of defying God's authority and the inevitable justice that follows.

Their rock will pass away in terror
The phrase "Their rock" refers to the false sense of security and strength that the people of Judah had placed in their alliances and military might, rather than in God. In Hebrew, the word for "rock" is "tsur," often used metaphorically in the Bible to denote a source of strength or refuge. Historically, the people of Judah had sought protection from Assyrian threats through alliances with Egypt, which God viewed as a misplaced trust. The "rock" they relied on would "pass away in terror," indicating that their false securities would crumble in the face of divine judgment. This serves as a reminder that only God is the true and unshakeable rock, a theme echoed throughout Scripture (e.g., Psalm 18:2).

and their princes will panic at the sight of the battle standard
The "princes" here are the leaders of Judah, who were responsible for guiding the nation. The Hebrew word for "princes" is "sarim," which can also mean rulers or officials. These leaders, who had placed their confidence in human alliances, would "panic" when confronted with the reality of God's judgment. The "battle standard" symbolizes the impending judgment and the presence of God's power in battle. Historically, battle standards were used to rally troops and signify the presence of an army. The sight of this standard would cause fear and confusion among the leaders, highlighting their vulnerability without God's protection.

declares the LORD, whose fire is in Zion, whose furnace is in Jerusalem
This declaration by "the LORD" emphasizes the authority and certainty of the prophecy. The imagery of "fire" and "furnace" in "Zion" and "Jerusalem" is rich with meaning. In Hebrew, "fire" (esh) often symbolizes God's presence, judgment, and purification. Zion, representing the spiritual heart of Israel, and Jerusalem, the political and religious center, are depicted as places where God's refining fire resides. The "furnace" suggests a process of purification and judgment, where impurities are burned away. This imagery reassures the faithful that God is actively working within His chosen city, both to purify His people and to execute judgment on those who oppose His will. It serves as a powerful reminder of God's sovereignty and His commitment to His covenant people.