And God blessed
The phrase "And God blessed" signifies a divine favor and empowerment bestowed by God. The Hebrew word for "blessed" is "בָּרַךְ" (barak), which implies a sense of endowment with strength, prosperity, and success. This blessing echoes the original blessing given to Adam and Eve in Genesis 1:28, indicating a continuity of God's purpose for humanity despite the judgment of the flood. It underscores God's grace and His desire for human flourishing and stewardship over creation.

Noah and his sons
Noah and his sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, are the recipients of God's blessing. This highlights the importance of family and generational continuity in God's plan. Historically, Noah is seen as a second Adam, a new beginning for humanity. The inclusion of his sons signifies the extension of the covenant promise to future generations, emphasizing the communal and familial nature of God's blessings and responsibilities.

and said to them
The phrase "and said to them" indicates direct communication from God, emphasizing the personal relationship between God and humanity. This divine instruction is not just a command but a relational dialogue, reflecting God's ongoing involvement and guidance in human affairs. It underscores the importance of listening to God's voice and aligning with His will.

Be fruitful and multiply
"Be fruitful and multiply" is a command and blessing that encourages procreation and the expansion of human life on earth. The Hebrew words "פָּרָה" (parah) for "be fruitful" and "רָבָה" (rabah) for "multiply" suggest growth, abundance, and increase. This mandate reflects God's desire for life to flourish and for humanity to participate in the creative process. It also implies a responsibility to nurture and care for the earth and its inhabitants.

and fill the earth
The command to "fill the earth" extends the mandate given to Adam and Eve, emphasizing the spread of human civilization across the globe. The Hebrew word "מָלֵא" (male) means to fill or replenish, suggesting a restoration and renewal of the earth after the flood. This phrase highlights humanity's role in populating and stewarding the earth, aligning with God's sovereign plan for creation. It also points to the diversity and richness of human cultures and societies as part of God's design.

The fear and dread of you
This phrase signifies a divinely instituted authority and dominion given to humanity over the animal kingdom. The Hebrew words for "fear" (מוֹרָא, mora) and "dread" (חִתָּה, chittah) suggest a profound respect and awe that animals will have towards humans. This is a continuation of the dominion mandate given in Genesis 1:28, but now it includes an element of fear, possibly due to the post-flood changes in the relationship between humans and animals. This fear ensures a balance in creation, allowing humans to fulfill their role as stewards of the earth.

will fall on every living creature on the earth
The phrase "will fall" (תִּהְיֶה, tihyeh) indicates a future certainty, a divine decree that establishes a new order in the post-flood world. "Every living creature" (כָּל־חַיַּת הָאָרֶץ, kol-chayat ha'aretz) encompasses all terrestrial animals, emphasizing the comprehensive scope of this divine mandate. This reflects the historical context of a renewed creation where God reaffirms His covenant with Noah and his descendants, ensuring the stability and continuity of life on earth.

every bird of the air
The inclusion of "every bird" (כָּל־עוֹף הַשָּׁמַיִם, kol-oph hashamayim) highlights the totality of creation under human authority. Birds, often seen as symbols of freedom and transcendence, are also subject to this divine order. This phrase underscores the interconnectedness of all life and the responsibility humans have to care for and manage God's creation wisely.

every creature that crawls on the ground
This phrase (כָּל־רֶמֶשׂ הָאֲדָמָה, kol-remes ha'adamah) refers to all creeping things, including insects and reptiles. The Hebrew word "remes" suggests movement close to the ground, indicating the breadth of human dominion. This comprehensive authority calls for a stewardship that respects even the smallest of creatures, recognizing their role in the ecological balance.

and all the fish of the sea
The phrase "all the fish" (כָּל־דְּגֵי הַיָּם, kol-degei hayam) extends human dominion to aquatic life. The sea, often seen as a symbol of chaos and mystery in ancient Near Eastern cultures, is also brought under human authority. This reflects the historical understanding of the sea as a realm needing order and management, reinforcing the human role as caretakers of all creation.

They are delivered into your hand
The phrase "delivered into your hand" (בְּיֶדְכֶם נִתָּנוּ, beyedchem nittanu) signifies a transfer of authority and responsibility. The Hebrew root "נתן" (natan) means to give or deliver, indicating a divine bestowal of power. This echoes the covenantal relationship between God and humanity, where humans are entrusted with the care and governance of the earth. It is a call to exercise this authority with wisdom, compassion, and a sense of accountability to God, the ultimate Creator and Sustainer.

Every moving thing that lives
This phrase marks a significant shift in the dietary permissions given to humanity. In the Hebrew text, "every moving thing" (כָּל־רֶמֶשׂ) refers to all creatures that move, indicating a broad inclusion of animals. Historically, this represents a post-Flood covenant where God expands the human diet to include meat, contrasting with the pre-Flood diet of only plants. This permission underscores God's provision and sovereignty over creation, allowing humanity to utilize the resources He has provided.

shall be food for you
The Hebrew word for "food" (אָכְלָה) implies sustenance and nourishment. This divine provision reflects God's care and concern for human survival and well-being. It also establishes a new relationship between humans and animals, where animals become a source of sustenance. This change is not merely practical but also theological, as it signifies God's ongoing covenant relationship with humanity, ensuring their needs are met.

As I gave you the green plants
This phrase recalls Genesis 1:29, where God initially provided plants for food. The continuity of God's provision from plants to animals highlights His unchanging nature and faithfulness. The reference to "green plants" (יֶרֶק עֵשֶׂב) serves as a reminder of the original creation order and God's initial intentions for human sustenance. It also emphasizes that God's provision is both abundant and varied, catering to the needs of His creation.

I now give you everything
The phrase "I now give you everything" (נָתַתִּי לָכֶם אֶת־כֹּל) signifies a comprehensive and generous provision from God. The Hebrew root נָתַן (natan) means "to give," indicating a gift from God to humanity. This reflects God's grace and generosity, as He entrusts humans with the stewardship of His creation. Theologically, it underscores the idea of dominion and responsibility, reminding humanity of their role as caretakers of the earth, accountable to God for how they use His gifts. This provision is not just about physical sustenance but also about spiritual trust and reliance on God's ongoing care.

But you must not
This phrase introduces a divine command, emphasizing the authority and seriousness of God's instruction. The Hebrew word for "must not" is "לֹא" (lo), a strong negative imperative. This command is not merely a suggestion but a binding directive from God, highlighting the importance of obedience to His laws. In the broader context of Genesis, this command follows the covenant God establishes with Noah, underscoring the moral and ethical boundaries set by God for humanity.

eat meat
The Hebrew word for "meat" is "בָּשָׂר" (basar), which refers to flesh or food derived from animals. This is significant as it marks a shift from the pre-flood diet, which was primarily plant-based, to a post-flood allowance for consuming animal flesh. However, this permission comes with specific restrictions, indicating that even in the consumption of meat, there is a divine order and respect for life that must be maintained.

with its lifeblood
The term "lifeblood" is translated from the Hebrew "נֶפֶשׁ" (nephesh), often rendered as "soul" or "life." This word conveys the idea that the blood represents the life force of the creature. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, blood was often associated with life and vitality, and it held a sacred status. The prohibition against consuming blood underscores the sanctity of life and the recognition that life belongs to God alone.

still in it
This phrase indicates the condition in which the meat must not be consumed. The Hebrew construction suggests that the blood must be properly drained from the animal before it is eaten. This practice not only respects the life of the animal but also foreshadows later Levitical laws concerning the handling of blood, which are detailed in the Mosaic Law. The draining of blood before consumption is a tangible reminder of the life-giving power of blood and the respect due to the Creator who gives life.

And surely I will require
The phrase "And surely I will require" underscores the certainty and seriousness of God's decree. The Hebrew word for "require" is "דָּרַשׁ" (darash), which conveys a sense of seeking or demanding accountability. This reflects God's justice and His sovereign authority to hold creation accountable for the sanctity of life. It emphasizes that life is precious and that God, as the Creator, has the ultimate authority to demand an account for it.

the life of your lifeblood
The term "lifeblood" is translated from the Hebrew word "נֶפֶשׁ" (nephesh), which often refers to the soul or life essence. This phrase highlights the intrinsic value of life, as blood is seen as the life force within a being. In the ancient Near Eastern context, blood was considered sacred and symbolic of life itself. This underscores the theological principle that life is a divine gift and must be treated with reverence and respect.

from every beast I will require it
This part of the verse indicates that God's covenant extends beyond humanity to include animals. The Hebrew word for "beast" is "חַיָּה" (chayyah), which refers to living creatures. This reflects the biblical worldview that all of creation is under God's moral order. It suggests that even animals are part of the divine accountability structure, emphasizing the interconnectedness of all life and the responsibility to protect and preserve it.

and from every man
The repetition of "from every man" reinforces the universality of this command. The Hebrew word "אָדָם" (adam) is used here, which can mean both "man" and "humanity." This indicates that every individual, regardless of status or relationship, is accountable to God for the sanctity of life. It underscores the personal responsibility each person has in upholding God's moral law.

from every man’s brother
The phrase "from every man’s brother" highlights the relational aspect of humanity. The Hebrew word "אָח" (ach) means "brother" and signifies kinship and community. This suggests that the responsibility to protect life is not just individual but communal. It calls for a collective commitment to uphold the value of life within the human family, reflecting the biblical principle of loving one's neighbor.

I will require the life of man
The closing phrase reiterates the divine mandate for justice concerning the taking of human life. The Hebrew word "חַי" (chai) for "life" emphasizes the vitality and sacredness of human existence. This serves as a reminder of the inherent dignity bestowed upon humanity by God. It calls believers to a higher standard of respect for life, aligning with the broader biblical narrative that humanity is made in the image of God and thus holds intrinsic worth.

Whoever sheds the blood of man
This phrase establishes a universal principle of justice. The Hebrew word for "sheds" is "shaphak," which implies a deliberate act of spilling or pouring out, often used in the context of bloodshed or violence. The phrase underscores the sanctity of human life, rooted in the belief that life is a divine gift. Historically, this principle has been foundational in the development of legal systems that value human life and seek to deter murder through the establishment of consequences.

by man his blood will be shed
Here, the text introduces the concept of human responsibility in administering justice. The Hebrew word "adam" for "man" is used, which can refer to humanity collectively or an individual person. This phrase suggests a divinely sanctioned human role in executing justice, reflecting the seriousness with which God views the taking of life. It implies a societal responsibility to uphold justice, which has influenced the development of legal and governmental systems throughout history.

for in His own image
The phrase "in His own image" refers back to Genesis 1:27, where God creates mankind in His image. The Hebrew word "tselem" for "image" signifies a representation or likeness. This theological concept is foundational, affirming the inherent dignity and worth of every human being. It serves as the basis for the sanctity of life, emphasizing that human life is sacred because it reflects God's own nature.

God has made mankind
The act of creation is attributed directly to God, using the Hebrew word "bara," which means to create or bring into existence. This underscores the divine origin and intentionality behind human life. The phrase highlights the unique relationship between God and humanity, as well as the responsibility humans have to honor and protect life. It serves as a reminder of the divine authority over life and death, and the moral obligations that flow from being made in God's image.

But as for you
This phrase serves as a direct address to Noah and his sons, emphasizing their unique role and responsibility in the unfolding of God's plan post-flood. The Hebrew word for "you" here is "אַתֶּם" (atem), which is a plural form, indicating that the command is directed to all of Noah's descendants. This highlights the communal and generational aspect of the mandate, underscoring the collective responsibility of humanity to adhere to God's instructions.

be fruitful and multiply
This command echoes the original blessing given to Adam and Eve in Genesis 1:28. The Hebrew word for "be fruitful" is "פְּרוּ" (peru), and "multiply" is "רְבוּ" (revu). These words convey not just a biological imperative but a divine blessing and command to expand and fill the earth. It signifies a renewal of creation, a fresh start for humanity to fulfill God's purpose on earth. The repetition of this command post-flood indicates God's continued desire for human life to flourish and for His creation to be stewarded by mankind.

spread out across the earth
The phrase "spread out" is translated from the Hebrew "וּרְבוּ" (urvu), which can also mean to increase or to fill. This directive is not merely about population growth but about the geographical expansion and dominion over the earth. It reflects God's intention for humanity to inhabit and steward the entire planet, ensuring that His creation is managed and cared for. Historically, this command sets the stage for the dispersion of nations and the diversity of cultures, as seen in the subsequent chapters of Genesis.

and multiply upon it
The reiteration of "multiply" emphasizes the importance of growth and expansion. The Hebrew root "רָבָה" (ravah) suggests not only numerical increase but also prosperity and abundance. This part of the verse reinforces the idea that human life is a blessing and that God's covenant with Noah includes the promise of life and continuity. It serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness and the enduring nature of His promises, encouraging believers to trust in His provision and plan for humanity.

Then God said
This phrase marks a divine communication, emphasizing the direct interaction between God and humanity. The Hebrew word for "God" here is "Elohim," a plural form that denotes majesty and power. It underscores God's sovereignty and authority in establishing covenants. The act of speaking signifies God's personal involvement and His desire to communicate His will and promises to mankind. This divine speech is a continuation of God's relationship with Noah, highlighting the importance of obedience and faithfulness in the covenant relationship.

to Noah
Noah, whose name means "rest" or "comfort," is a pivotal figure in the Genesis narrative. He represents a new beginning for humanity post-flood, chosen by God for his righteousness and obedience. Noah's role as the recipient of God's covenant signifies the restoration of creation and the hope for a renewed relationship between God and humanity. Historically, Noah is seen as a patriarchal figure, a type of Christ, prefiguring salvation and deliverance through obedience and faith.

and to his sons with him
This phrase extends the covenantal promise beyond Noah to his descendants, indicating the inclusivity of God's covenant. The mention of Noah's sons—Shem, Ham, and Japheth—implies the continuation of God's blessings through generations. It highlights the familial and communal aspects of God's promises, emphasizing that God's covenant is not limited to an individual but extends to the family and, by extension, to all of humanity. This reflects the biblical theme of generational blessings and responsibilities, where the faithfulness of one generation impacts the next. Theologically, it underscores the importance of family in God's plan and the transmission of faith and values across generations.

Behold
This word serves as a call to attention, urging the listener or reader to focus on the significance of what follows. In Hebrew, the word is "הִנֵּה" (hinneh), often used in Scripture to introduce a divine revelation or important declaration. It emphasizes the gravity and solemnity of God's message, inviting us to pause and reflect on the divine action about to be described.

I now establish
The phrase indicates a present and active commitment from God. The Hebrew root "קוּם" (qum) means to arise, stand, or establish. This conveys not only the initiation of a covenant but also its enduring nature. God's covenants are not fleeting; they are firm and steadfast, reflecting His unchanging character and eternal promises.

My covenant
The term "covenant" in Hebrew is "בְּרִית" (berit), signifying a solemn agreement or promise. In the biblical context, covenants are divine commitments that often include promises and obligations. This particular covenant is unilateral, initiated by God, underscoring His grace and faithfulness. It is a foundational concept in Scripture, illustrating God's desire for relationship and His commitment to His creation.

with you
Here, "you" refers specifically to Noah and his family, the survivors of the flood. This personal address highlights the relational aspect of God's covenant. It is not a distant or abstract promise but one that is intimately connected to the lives of those who receive it. It reminds us that God's promises are personal and relevant to each believer.

and your descendants after you
This phrase extends the scope of the covenant beyond Noah to include future generations. The Hebrew word for "descendants" is "זֶרַע" (zera), meaning seed or offspring. This extension signifies the perpetual nature of God's covenant, ensuring that His promises are not limited to a single generation but are intended for all who come after. It reflects God's long-term plan for humanity and His desire to bless all nations through the lineage of the faithful.

and with every living creature
The phrase "every living creature" in Hebrew is "kol-nephesh chayyah," which emphasizes the breadth of God's covenant. The term "nephesh" often refers to the soul or life force, indicating that God's promise extends beyond humanity to all life forms. This reflects the comprehensive nature of God's care and the interconnectedness of all creation, reminding us of our responsibility to steward the earth and its inhabitants.

that was with you
This phrase underscores the inclusivity of Noah's covenant. The Hebrew word "im" (with) signifies companionship and presence. It highlights the relational aspect of God's promise, not just to Noah but to all creatures that shared the ark's refuge. This companionship is a reminder of the unity and harmony intended in God's creation, a call to live in peace with all living beings.

the birds, the livestock, and every beast of the earth
Here, the specific mention of "birds, livestock, and every beast" serves to enumerate the diversity of life that God values. The Hebrew words "oph" (birds), "behemah" (livestock), and "chayyah" (beast) cover the spectrum of animal life, from the skies to the fields. This enumeration reflects the order and intentionality in God's creation, encouraging us to appreciate and protect the diversity of life.

every living thing that came out of the ark
The phrase "every living thing" reiterates the inclusivity of God's covenant. The Hebrew "kol-yotze" (every living thing) emphasizes the continuity of life post-flood. The ark, a symbol of salvation and preservation, becomes a new starting point for creation. This serves as a powerful reminder of God's mercy and the hope of renewal, encouraging us to trust in God's provision and faithfulness.

And I establish My covenant with you
The word "covenant" in Hebrew is "בְּרִית" (berit), which signifies a solemn agreement or promise. In the ancient Near Eastern context, covenants were binding agreements often sealed with a sign or sacrifice. Here, God is making a divine promise to Noah and his descendants, underscoring His faithfulness and commitment to humanity. This covenant is unilateral, initiated by God, highlighting His grace and mercy. It is a foundational moment in biblical history, setting a precedent for future covenants, including those with Abraham and Moses.

Never again will all life be cut off by the waters of a flood
The phrase "never again" is a powerful assurance from God, emphasizing the finality and certainty of His promise. The Hebrew word for "cut off" is "כָּרַת" (karat), often used in the context of making covenants, but here it signifies the cessation of life. This promise reflects God's mercy and His desire for the preservation of life. The flood was a unique event in history, a divine judgment on a world filled with violence and corruption. God's assurance here is a commitment to the stability of creation, a promise that the natural order will be maintained.

never again will there be a flood to destroy the earth
The repetition of "never again" reinforces the certainty of God's promise. The Hebrew word for "destroy" is "שָׁחַת" (shachat), which means to ruin or corrupt. This word choice highlights the severity of the flood's impact and God's resolve to prevent such destruction in the future. The promise not only assures the physical preservation of the earth but also points to God's overarching plan for redemption and restoration. This covenant is a precursor to the ultimate redemption through Jesus Christ, who offers salvation and restoration to all creation.

And God said
This phrase underscores the divine authority and initiative in the narrative. The Hebrew word for God here is "Elohim," which emphasizes His power and sovereignty. The act of speaking by God is significant throughout Genesis, as it is through His word that creation itself was brought into existence. This highlights the power and reliability of God's promises.

This is the sign
The Hebrew word for "sign" is "’owth," which often denotes a visible symbol or mark that serves as a reminder of a covenant or promise. In the context of Genesis 9, the sign refers to the rainbow, a visible and recurring reminder of God's promise. This concept of a sign is consistent with other biblical covenants, where physical symbols are used to represent spiritual truths.

of the covenant
The term "covenant" is translated from the Hebrew word "berith," which signifies a solemn agreement or promise. In the ancient Near Eastern context, covenants were binding agreements that often included stipulations and signs. Here, the covenant is unilateral, initiated by God, and it underscores His grace and mercy towards humanity and creation.

I am making
This phrase indicates the active role of God in establishing the covenant. The Hebrew verb "karath" is often used in the context of making or cutting a covenant, suggesting a formal and binding agreement. It emphasizes God's commitment and the seriousness of the promise being made.

between Me and you
This phrase highlights the personal nature of the covenant. It is not just a general promise but a specific agreement between God and Noah, representing humanity. The relational aspect of the covenant is central, as it reflects God's desire for a relationship with His creation.

and every living creature with you
The inclusion of "every living creature" signifies the comprehensive scope of the covenant. It is not limited to humanity but extends to all of creation. This reflects the biblical theme of God's care and concern for all life, emphasizing the interconnectedness of creation.

a covenant for all generations to come
This phrase underscores the perpetual nature of the covenant. The Hebrew word "dor" means generation, indicating that this promise is not limited to Noah's time but extends indefinitely into the future. It assures future generations of God's faithfulness and the enduring nature of His promises.

I have set
The phrase "I have set" indicates a deliberate and sovereign action by God. The Hebrew root for "set" is "נָתַן" (natan), which means to give, place, or appoint. This conveys God's authority and intentionality in establishing the rainbow as a symbol. It reflects His active role in creation and His ongoing relationship with the world. The act of setting the rainbow is not a passive occurrence but a purposeful declaration of His promise.

My rainbow
The term "rainbow" in Hebrew is "קֶשֶׁת" (qeshet), which can also mean a bow, as in a weapon of war. The imagery here is profound; God transforms a symbol of war into a symbol of peace and promise. By calling it "My rainbow," God personalizes this natural phenomenon, indicating ownership and a personal connection to the covenant. It is a reminder of His mercy and the beauty of His creation, serving as a bridge between heaven and earth.

in the clouds
The phrase "in the clouds" situates the rainbow in the sky, a place that is both visible and transcendent. Clouds often symbolize the presence of God in the Bible, as seen in the pillar of cloud that guided the Israelites. The rainbow appearing in the clouds signifies God's presence and His watchful eye over creation. It is a divine signature in the heavens, visible to all, reminding humanity of His promises.

and it will be
This phrase indicates a future assurance. The Hebrew word "וְהָיָה" (vehayah) is often used to denote something that will come to pass. It underscores the certainty and continuity of God's promise. The rainbow is not a one-time event but an ongoing sign that will persist through generations, reinforcing the reliability of God's word.

a sign
The word "sign" in Hebrew is "אוֹת" (oth), which means a token or a mark. In biblical terms, a sign is a visible representation of an invisible reality. The rainbow serves as a tangible reminder of God's covenant, a physical manifestation of His promise. It is a divine communication tool, bridging the gap between the spiritual and the material world.

of the covenant
The term "covenant" is "בְּרִית" (berit) in Hebrew, signifying a solemn agreement or promise. In the biblical context, covenants are foundational to God's relationship with humanity. This particular covenant is unconditional, emphasizing God's grace and commitment to never again destroy the earth with a flood. It highlights the theme of redemption and God's faithfulness to His creation.

between Me and the earth
This phrase establishes the scope of the covenant. It is not just between God and Noah, but between God and the entire earth. The Hebrew word for "earth" is "אֶרֶץ" (eretz), which can mean land or the whole world. This universal covenant underscores God's care for all creation, reflecting His desire for harmony and peace. It is a reminder of the interconnectedness of all life and God's overarching plan for the world.

Whenever I form clouds
The phrase "Whenever I form clouds" signifies God's sovereign control over nature. The Hebrew word for "form" is "natan," which means to give or to set. This indicates that God is actively involved in the natural processes of the world. In the ancient Near Eastern context, clouds were often seen as symbols of divine presence and power. The formation of clouds is a reminder of God's ongoing interaction with His creation, emphasizing His role as the sustainer of life and the orchestrator of the natural order.

over the earth
The phrase "over the earth" underscores the universality of God's covenant. The Hebrew word for "earth" is "erets," which can mean land, country, or the entire world. This highlights that God's promise is not limited to a specific region or people but extends to all of creation. Historically, this reflects the biblical worldview that God is not a local deity but the Creator and Ruler of the entire universe. It serves as a reminder of the global scope of God's care and the inclusivity of His promises.

and the rainbow appears
The "rainbow" is a significant symbol in this verse. The Hebrew word "qeshet" is used, which can mean a bow, as in a weapon, or a rainbow. The appearance of the rainbow is a visual reminder of God's covenant with Noah and all living creatures. In ancient cultures, the bow was a symbol of war and power. By placing the rainbow in the sky, God transforms a symbol of conflict into one of peace and promise. This transformation is a powerful reminder of God's mercy and faithfulness, turning potential judgment into grace.

in the clouds
The phrase "in the clouds" ties back to the earlier mention of clouds, reinforcing the idea of divine presence. In biblical literature, clouds often signify God's glory and presence, as seen in the Exodus narrative where God leads the Israelites by a pillar of cloud. The rainbow appearing in the clouds serves as a tangible sign of God's promise and presence. It is a reminder that even in times of uncertainty or impending storms, God's covenant remains steadfast. The rainbow in the clouds is a symbol of hope and assurance, reflecting God's unchanging nature and His commitment to His creation.

I will remember
The phrase "I will remember" is significant in the Hebrew context, where the word "zakar" is used. This is not merely a mental recollection but an active, covenantal remembrance. In the ancient Near Eastern context, covenants were binding agreements, and to "remember" a covenant was to act in accordance with its terms. God's remembrance is a divine assurance of His faithfulness and commitment to His promises.

My covenant
The term "covenant" (Hebrew: "berit") is central to the biblical narrative. It signifies a solemn agreement, often sealed with a sign or sacrifice. In Genesis, God's covenant with Noah is unconditional, emphasizing God's grace and mercy. This covenant is a foundational moment in Scripture, highlighting God's desire for relationship and His sovereign control over creation.

between Me and you
This phrase underscores the personal nature of God's covenant. It is not a distant or impersonal agreement but one that involves direct interaction between God and humanity. The inclusion of "you" (Noah and his descendants) signifies the relational aspect of God's dealings with mankind, reflecting His desire for a personal relationship with His creation.

and all living creatures of every kind
God's covenant extends beyond humanity to include "all living creatures," indicating the comprehensive scope of His promise. The Hebrew word "nephesh" often translated as "living creatures," encompasses all forms of life, emphasizing God's care for the entire created order. This reflects the biblical theme of stewardship and the interconnectedness of all life.

Never again
This phrase is a divine promise of restraint. The repetition of "never again" in the flood narrative serves as a reassurance of God's mercy. It highlights the finality and certainty of God's promise, providing comfort and hope to humanity that such a catastrophic judgment will not recur.

will the waters become a flood
The imagery of "waters" and "flood" recalls the chaos and destruction of the Genesis flood. In the ancient world, water was often seen as a symbol of chaos and disorder. God's promise to restrain the waters signifies His control over chaos and His commitment to order and stability in creation.

to destroy all life
The phrase "to destroy all life" underscores the severity of the flood's judgment. The Hebrew word "shachath" (to destroy) conveys a sense of complete ruin. God's promise not to destroy all life again is a testament to His mercy and the value He places on His creation. It reassures humanity of God's protective and sustaining presence in the world.

Whenever the rainbow appears in the clouds
The Hebrew word for "rainbow" is "קֶשֶׁת" (qeshet), which can also mean a bow, as in a weapon. This dual meaning suggests a transformation from an instrument of war to a symbol of peace. The rainbow, a natural phenomenon, serves as a divine sign, a reminder of God's promise. In the ancient Near Eastern context, rainbows were often seen as divine manifestations. Here, it is a tangible sign of God's mercy and faithfulness, transcending the natural world to convey a spiritual truth.

I will see it
The phrase emphasizes God's active role in the covenant. The anthropomorphic language—God "seeing"—indicates His personal involvement and attentiveness. In the Hebrew tradition, seeing is often linked with understanding and acknowledgment. This assures believers that God is not distant but is intimately aware of His creation and His promises.

and remember
The Hebrew word "זָכַר" (zakar) means to remember, to recall, or to bring to mind. In the biblical context, God's remembering is not a mere mental exercise but an active engagement with His covenant. It implies a commitment to act in accordance with His promises. This remembrance is not because God forgets, but it is a way to communicate His unwavering faithfulness to humanity.

the everlasting covenant
The term "everlasting" is derived from the Hebrew "עוֹלָם" (olam), meaning perpetual or eternal. This covenant is not temporary but is intended to last for all generations. It underscores the unchanging nature of God's promises. The concept of a covenant, "בְּרִית" (berit), is central to the biblical narrative, signifying a solemn agreement initiated by God, highlighting His grace and commitment to His creation.

between God and all living creatures
This phrase expands the scope of the covenant beyond humanity to include "all living creatures," emphasizing the comprehensive nature of God's promise. The Hebrew word for "living creatures" is "נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה" (nephesh chayyah), which refers to all forms of life. This inclusivity reflects God's care for the entire creation, not just human beings, and His desire for harmony within the created order.

of every kind on the earth
The phrase "of every kind" translates the Hebrew "מִכָּל־בָּשָׂר" (mikkol basar), meaning "of all flesh." This reiterates the universality of the covenant. The earth, "אֶרֶץ" (eretz), is the stage for this divine promise, reminding believers of the interconnectedness of all life and the earth itself. It calls for a recognition of the sanctity of creation and humanity's responsibility to steward it in accordance with God's covenantal promise.

So God said
This phrase emphasizes the direct communication from God to Noah. The Hebrew word for "said" is "אָמַר" (amar), which is often used in the Old Testament to denote a declaration or command from God. This highlights the authority and intentionality behind God's words. In the context of Genesis, God's speech acts are creative and covenantal, underscoring His sovereign role in establishing and maintaining relationships with humanity.

to Noah
Noah, whose name in Hebrew means "rest" or "comfort," is a pivotal figure in the Genesis narrative. He represents a new beginning for humanity post-flood. By addressing Noah directly, God reaffirms Noah's role as the righteous remnant through whom God will continue His purposes on earth. This personal address underscores the intimate relationship between God and His chosen servants.

This is the sign
The word "sign" in Hebrew is "אוֹת" (oth), which can mean a mark, token, or miracle. In biblical terms, a sign is often a visible representation of a divine promise or covenant. Here, it serves as a tangible reminder of God's faithfulness and His commitment to His creation. Signs in the Bible often point beyond themselves to deeper spiritual truths and divine assurances.

of the covenant
The Hebrew word for "covenant" is "בְּרִית" (berith), which signifies a solemn agreement or promise. Covenants in the Bible are foundational to God's relationship with humanity, often involving commitments and obligations. This particular covenant is unconditional, emphasizing God's grace and mercy. It is a universal covenant, extending beyond Noah to all of creation, highlighting God's care for the entire world.

I have established
The phrase "I have established" comes from the Hebrew "הֲקִמֹתִי" (haqimoti), which conveys the idea of setting up, confirming, or making firm. This indicates that the covenant is not a temporary arrangement but a lasting and secure promise. God's covenants are unbreakable, rooted in His unchanging nature and eternal purposes.

between Me and all life
This phrase underscores the inclusivity of God's covenant. It is not limited to Noah and his descendants but extends to "all life," which in Hebrew is "כָּל־בָּשָׂר" (kol-basar), meaning all flesh or living beings. This reflects God's universal sovereignty and His desire for the flourishing of all creation. It also foreshadows the New Testament revelation of God's redemptive plan for all humanity through Christ.

on the earth
The Hebrew word for "earth" is "אֶרֶץ" (eretz), which can refer to the land, the ground, or the entire world. This emphasizes the scope of God's covenant, which encompasses the whole earth. It serves as a reminder of God's original creation mandate and His ongoing commitment to the world He has made. The earth is the stage for God's redemptive history, and His covenant ensures its preservation and ultimate renewal.

The sons of Noah
This phrase introduces the three sons of Noah, who are pivotal figures in the post-flood narrative. In Hebrew, "sons" is "בָּנִים" (banim), indicating not just biological offspring but also heirs to Noah's legacy. These sons represent the continuation of humanity after the flood, tasked with repopulating and stewarding the earth. Their roles are foundational in the genealogies that follow, which trace the origins of nations and peoples.

who came out of the ark
This phrase emphasizes the deliverance and survival of Noah's family. The ark, "תֵּבָה" (tevah) in Hebrew, symbolizes God's provision and protection amidst judgment. The act of coming out signifies a new beginning, a fresh start for humanity under God's covenant. It marks a transition from divine judgment to divine blessing and the reestablishment of human society.

were Shem, Ham, and Japheth
These names are significant in the biblical narrative. Shem, "שֵׁם" (Shem), means "name" or "renown," and his descendants are traditionally associated with the Semitic peoples, including the Israelites. Ham, "חָם" (Cham), means "hot" or "warm," and his lineage is often linked to African and some Near Eastern peoples. Japheth, "יֶפֶת" (Yefet), means "expansion" or "enlargement," and his descendants are associated with the Indo-European peoples. These names and their meanings hint at the roles and destinies of their respective lineages.

Ham was the father of Canaan
This phrase introduces a significant detail about Ham, linking him directly to Canaan. In the biblical narrative, Canaan becomes a central figure, as his descendants inhabit the land that God later promises to Abraham and his descendants. The mention of Canaan here foreshadows the complex relationships and conflicts between the Israelites and the Canaanites. It also sets the stage for the later narrative of the curse of Canaan, which has been the subject of much theological discussion and interpretation. The focus on Canaan highlights the importance of lineage and the unfolding of God's plan through specific family lines.

These three
The phrase "These three" refers specifically to the sons of Noah: Shem, Ham, and Japheth. In the Hebrew text, the word for "three" is "שְׁלֹשָׁה" (sheloshah), emphasizing the completeness and sufficiency of Noah's sons in fulfilling God's command to repopulate the earth. The number three often symbolizes divine wholeness and completeness in the Bible, suggesting that through these three individuals, God's plan for humanity's continuation and diversity would be perfectly executed.

were the sons of Noah
The term "sons of Noah" highlights the direct lineage and covenantal relationship between Noah and his descendants. In Hebrew, "sons" is "בָּנִים" (banim), which not only indicates biological offspring but also implies a continuation of Noah's legacy and righteousness. Noah, a man who found favor in God's eyes, serves as a patriarchal figure whose faithfulness and obedience are to be mirrored by his sons. This phrase underscores the importance of familial lines in the biblical narrative, where blessings and responsibilities are passed down through generations.

and from them
The phrase "and from them" signifies the origin and dispersion of all post-flood humanity. The Hebrew preposition "מִן" (min) indicates source or origin, pointing to the sons of Noah as the starting point for the repopulation of the earth. This phrase sets the stage for the unfolding of the Table of Nations in Genesis 10, where the descendants of Shem, Ham, and Japheth spread across the earth, forming the various nations and peoples known to the ancient world.

the whole earth
"The whole earth" in Hebrew is "כָּל הָאָרֶץ" (kol ha'aretz), emphasizing the totality and universality of the human population that would arise from Noah's sons. This phrase reflects the biblical worldview that all humanity shares a common ancestry, reinforcing the unity and interconnectedness of all people. It also serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over the entire world, as He orchestrates the movements and settlements of nations according to His divine plan.

was populated
The phrase "was populated" comes from the Hebrew verb "נָפַץ" (nafatz), meaning to scatter or spread out. This verb conveys the idea of growth, expansion, and fulfillment of God's command to "be fruitful and multiply" (Genesis 9:1). It suggests a dynamic process of human proliferation and cultural development, as the descendants of Noah spread across the earth, establishing civilizations and fulfilling their God-given mandate to steward creation. This phrase encapsulates the hope and promise of new beginnings after the flood, as humanity embarks on a renewed journey under God's providential care.

Now Noah
The name "Noah" is derived from the Hebrew root "נח" (nach), meaning "rest" or "comfort." Noah is a pivotal figure in the Genesis narrative, representing a new beginning for humanity after the flood. His name signifies the rest and comfort he brought to the earth by obeying God's command to build the ark, thus preserving life. In this verse, Noah's actions post-flood mark the transition from survival to cultivation and stewardship of the earth.

a man of the soil
This phrase highlights Noah's role as a farmer, which is significant in the post-diluvian world. The Hebrew word for "soil" is "אֲדָמָה" (adamah), which is closely related to "אָדָם" (adam), meaning "man." This connection underscores humanity's intrinsic link to the earth, as Adam was formed from the dust of the ground. Noah's identity as a "man of the soil" emphasizes the return to agrarian life and the divine mandate to "fill the earth and subdue it" (Genesis 1:28).

proceeded to plant
The act of planting signifies a new beginning and hope for the future. In the Hebrew context, planting is often associated with establishing roots and ensuring sustenance. This action by Noah is a step towards rebuilding and nurturing the earth, reflecting God's promise of continuity and stability after the flood. It also symbolizes faith in God's covenant that the earth will never again be destroyed by floodwaters.

a vineyard
The vineyard is a symbol of abundance, blessing, and prosperity in biblical literature. Vineyards require careful cultivation and patience, as they take years to mature and bear fruit. Noah's decision to plant a vineyard indicates a long-term commitment to the land and a trust in God's provision. In the broader scriptural context, vineyards are often associated with joy and celebration, as wine is a product of the vineyard and is used in various religious and social ceremonies. This act of planting a vineyard can be seen as an expression of gratitude and hope for a fruitful future under God's covenant.

But when he drank
The act of drinking here is significant as it marks a transition from the ordinary to the extraordinary. The Hebrew root for "drank" is "shathah," which implies not just the act of drinking but also the potential for excess. This moment serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of overindulgence, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture. It reminds us of the importance of moderation and the potential consequences of losing self-control.

some of its wine
The "wine" in this context is derived from the Hebrew word "yayin," which is often associated with joy and celebration in the Bible. However, it also carries a dual nature, symbolizing both blessing and potential downfall. Wine is a gift from God, meant to be enjoyed responsibly. This duality serves as a reminder of the balance required in enjoying God's gifts without succumbing to their potential to lead us astray.

he became drunk
The phrase "became drunk" is translated from the Hebrew "shakar," indicating a loss of self-control and awareness. Drunkenness is frequently condemned in Scripture as it leads to a state where one's judgment is impaired. This serves as a moral lesson on the importance of maintaining sobriety and vigilance, as losing control can lead to actions that dishonor God and oneself.

and uncovered himself
The act of uncovering oneself, from the Hebrew "galah," suggests a state of vulnerability and shame. In the cultural and historical context of the Bible, nakedness often symbolizes exposure and disgrace. This moment highlights the consequences of Noah's actions, serving as a metaphor for the spiritual nakedness and shame that result from sin.

inside his tent
The "tent" represents a place of privacy and personal space. The Hebrew word "ohel" signifies a dwelling or habitation. The fact that this event occurs within the confines of Noah's tent underscores the idea that sin often begins in private before manifesting publicly. It serves as a reminder that our private actions have consequences and that integrity is essential, both in public and in private.

And Ham
The name "Ham" in Hebrew is "חָם" (Cham), which means "hot" or "warm." Ham is one of Noah's three sons, and his actions in this verse set the stage for significant future events. From a historical perspective, Ham is traditionally considered the progenitor of several ancient peoples, including the Egyptians, Cushites, and Canaanites. His role in this narrative is pivotal, as it leads to the curse on Canaan, his son, which has far-reaching implications in the biblical narrative.

the father of Canaan
This phrase emphasizes Ham's relationship to Canaan, who is significant in the biblical narrative as the ancestor of the Canaanites. The Canaanites are often depicted as adversaries of the Israelites. The mention of Canaan here foreshadows the curse that Noah will pronounce, which is a key element in understanding the historical and theological context of the Israelites' later conquest of Canaan. Theologically, this highlights the generational impact of sin and disobedience.

saw his father’s nakedness
The Hebrew word for "saw" is "רָאָה" (ra'ah), which can mean to see, perceive, or look at. In this context, it implies more than a mere accidental glance; it suggests a disrespectful or dishonorable act. "Nakedness" in Hebrew is "עֶרְוָה" (ervah), which can denote vulnerability or shame. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, seeing one's father's nakedness was considered a grave dishonor, reflecting a lack of respect for parental authority and family dignity. This act of seeing and not covering reflects a deeper moral and ethical failure.

and told his two brothers outside
The act of telling his brothers, Shem and Japheth, indicates a further breach of respect. Instead of covering his father's shame, Ham broadcasts it, showing a lack of filial piety and discretion. This action contrasts sharply with the respectful response of Shem and Japheth, who cover their father without looking at him. Theologically, this highlights the importance of honoring one's parents, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture, and underscores the consequences of failing to do so.

Then Shem and Japheth
The mention of Shem and Japheth highlights the two sons of Noah who acted righteously. In Hebrew, "Shem" means "name" or "renown," and "Japheth" means "expansion" or "enlargement." These names are significant as they reflect the roles these sons would play in the unfolding narrative of humanity. Shem is often associated with the Semitic peoples, including the Israelites, while Japheth is linked to the spread of peoples across the earth. Their actions here set a precedent for honoring family and maintaining dignity.

took a garment
The Hebrew word for "garment" is "simlah," which can refer to a cloak or covering. This garment symbolizes protection and respect. In the ancient Near Eastern context, clothing was not just a physical necessity but also a symbol of status and honor. By taking a garment, Shem and Japheth demonstrate their intent to restore their father's dignity, contrasting with Ham's earlier disrespect.

and placed it across their shoulders
This phrase indicates a deliberate and respectful action. The act of placing the garment across their shoulders suggests a shared responsibility and a united front in addressing the situation. It reflects the importance of family unity and cooperation in upholding moral values. The shoulders, in biblical symbolism, often represent strength and support, indicating their role in upholding their father's honor.

and walking backward
Walking backward signifies their conscious effort to avoid seeing their father's nakedness. This action is a powerful demonstration of respect and reverence for their father. In the cultural and historical context, seeing someone's nakedness, especially a parent's, was considered a grave dishonor. Their careful approach underscores the importance of modesty and the protection of family dignity.

they covered their father’s nakedness
Covering Noah's nakedness is an act of compassion and respect. The Hebrew root "kasah" means to cover or conceal, often used in the context of forgiveness and atonement. This act can be seen as a metaphor for the covering of sin and shame, pointing forward to the redemptive work of Christ, who covers our sins with His righteousness.

Their faces were turned away
Turning their faces away further emphasizes their respect and the intentionality of their actions. It highlights their desire to preserve their father's dignity and avoid any form of disrespect. This act of turning away is a physical manifestation of their inner moral compass, guiding them to honor their father despite his vulnerability.

and they did not see their father’s nakedness
The repetition of the phrase underscores the importance of their actions. In a broader biblical context, nakedness often symbolizes vulnerability and shame. By not seeing their father's nakedness, Shem and Japheth uphold a standard of righteousness and respect that is commendable. This narrative invites readers to consider the importance of honoring and protecting the dignity of others, even in their moments of weakness.

When Noah awoke
The phrase "when Noah awoke" signifies a return to consciousness and awareness. In the Hebrew text, the word for "awoke" is "וַיִּיקֶץ" (vayiketz), which implies a sudden or abrupt awakening. This moment marks a transition from a state of vulnerability to one of realization and action. Noah's awakening is not just physical but also metaphorical, as he becomes aware of the moral and familial implications of what has transpired. This awakening can be seen as a call to vigilance and responsibility, reminding believers of the need to be spiritually alert and aware of the consequences of their actions.

from his drunkenness
The term "drunkenness" in Hebrew is "מִיֵּינוֹ" (miyeno), derived from "yayin," meaning wine. This highlights the dangers of excess and the loss of self-control. Noah, a righteous man chosen by God to preserve humanity, succumbs to the vulnerabilities of human nature. His drunkenness serves as a cautionary tale about the perils of overindulgence and the importance of maintaining sobriety in both physical and spiritual matters. It underscores the biblical principle that even the most faithful can falter, emphasizing the need for humility and reliance on God's strength.

and learned
The word "learned" is translated from the Hebrew "וַיֵּדַע" (vayeda), which means to know or perceive. This knowledge is not merely intellectual but experiential, as Noah comes to understand the actions and intentions of his son. It reflects a moment of revelation and insight, where hidden truths come to light. In a broader spiritual context, this learning process is akin to the discernment that believers are called to exercise, seeking wisdom and understanding in their walk with God.

what his youngest son
The phrase "his youngest son" refers to Ham, although the Hebrew text uses "בְּנוֹ הַקָּטָן" (beno hakaton), which can mean "his younger son" or "his little son." This designation highlights the familial relationship and the expectations of honor and respect within the family unit. In biblical times, the family was the primary social structure, and the actions of a son could bring either honor or shame to the father. This phrase serves as a reminder of the responsibilities children have towards their parents and the importance of upholding family values.

had done to him
The phrase "had done to him" is crucial in understanding the nature of Ham's transgression. The Hebrew "עָשָׂה לוֹ" (asah lo) implies an action that was both intentional and disrespectful. While the text does not specify the exact nature of Ham's deed, it is clear that it was an affront to Noah's dignity. This act serves as a warning against dishonoring one's parents and the broader implications of sin within a community. It calls believers to reflect on their actions and the impact they have on others, urging them to live in a way that honors God and respects the dignity of all individuals.

he said
This phrase indicates the pronouncement of Noah, a patriarchal figure, who speaks with authority. In the Hebrew context, the act of speaking or declaring often carries weight and is seen as binding. Noah's words here are not merely a personal wish but are perceived as a prophetic declaration, reflecting the belief that words have the power to shape destinies.

Cursed
The Hebrew word for "cursed" is "arur," which implies being bound or hemmed in with obstacles. In the biblical context, a curse is a solemn utterance intended to invoke a supernatural power to inflict harm or punishment. This reflects the gravity of the situation and the seriousness of the offense that led to this pronouncement. It is important to note that curses in the Bible often have long-lasting implications, affecting generations.

be Canaan
Canaan is the son of Ham, and this curse is directed specifically at him rather than Ham himself. This has led to much theological discussion about the nature of generational consequences and the justice of God. Historically, the Canaanites were known to be a people who later opposed Israel, and this curse is seen as a foreshadowing of their future subjugation. The name "Canaan" itself is associated with the land that would become the Promised Land, adding layers of complexity to the narrative.

A servant of servants
This phrase is a Hebrew idiom indicating the lowest possible status. The repetition emphasizes the depth of servitude and subjugation. In the ancient Near Eastern context, servitude was a common social structure, and being a "servant of servants" would imply being at the bottom of the social hierarchy. This reflects the severe consequences of the curse and the future role of Canaan's descendants.

shall he be
The use of "shall" indicates a future certainty, suggesting that this is not merely a possibility but a definite outcome. This reflects the prophetic nature of Noah's words, which are seen as divinely inspired and thus certain to come to pass. It underscores the belief in the sovereignty of God over human affairs and the unfolding of history according to divine will.

to his brothers
This phrase indicates the relational aspect of the curse, highlighting the dynamics within the family of Noah. The "brothers" here refer to the descendants of Shem and Japheth, Noah's other sons. This sets the stage for the future interactions between the descendants of these brothers, with Canaan's descendants often being in opposition to or subjugated by the others. It reflects the biblical theme of family and the consequences of actions within that context.

He also said
This phrase indicates a continuation of Noah's prophetic declarations over his sons. The context is post-flood, where Noah, having emerged from the ark, is setting the stage for the future of his descendants. The Hebrew word for "said" is "אָמַר" (amar), which often implies a solemn or significant pronouncement. This is not merely a casual statement but a prophetic utterance with lasting implications.

Blessed be the LORD
The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "יְהוָה" (YHWH), the personal name of God, emphasizing His covenantal relationship with humanity. The blessing is directed towards God, acknowledging His sovereignty and faithfulness. This phrase underscores the importance of recognizing God's hand in the unfolding of human history and His role as the ultimate source of blessing.

the God of Shem
Shem is singled out among Noah's sons as having a special relationship with God. The phrase "the God of Shem" suggests a unique covenantal bond, foreshadowing the line through which the Israelites, and ultimately Jesus Christ, would come. The Hebrew root for "Shem" means "name" or "renown," indicating that Shem's lineage would carry the renown of God's name.

May Canaan be the slave of Shem
This part of the verse is a continuation of the curse pronounced on Canaan, the son of Ham, in the preceding verses. The Hebrew word for "slave" is "עֶבֶד" (eved), which can mean servant or bondservant. Historically, this prophecy is seen as being fulfilled in the subjugation of the Canaanites by the Israelites, descendants of Shem. This phrase highlights the consequences of sin and the unfolding of divine justice, while also pointing to the overarching theme of God's sovereignty in the affairs of nations.

May God expand
The phrase "May God expand" is a prayerful blessing, invoking divine favor and growth. The Hebrew root for "expand" is "פָּתָה" (pathah), which implies enlargement or broadening. This expansion is not merely physical but can also be seen as a metaphor for influence, prosperity, and blessing. In the context of the ancient Near East, territorial expansion was often associated with divine favor and success. This blessing reflects a hope for Japheth's descendants to flourish and prosper under God's providence.

the territory of Japheth
Japheth, one of Noah's sons, is traditionally associated with the peoples of Europe and parts of Asia. The "territory" here refers to both physical land and the broader scope of influence and cultural reach. Historically, Japheth's descendants are believed to have spread widely, which aligns with the blessing of expansion. This phrase underscores the belief in God's sovereignty over nations and His ability to guide their destinies.

may he dwell
The phrase "may he dwell" suggests a sense of habitation and presence. The Hebrew word "שָׁכַן" (shakan) means to settle or reside. This implies a peaceful coexistence and a sharing of space, which is significant in the context of ancient tribal and familial relationships. It suggests a harmonious relationship between Japheth and Shem, indicating a future of cooperation and mutual benefit.

in the tents of Shem
Shem is traditionally associated with the Semitic peoples, including the Israelites. "Tents" symbolize dwelling places and, by extension, cultures and communities. The imagery of dwelling in tents suggests a close relationship and possibly an alliance or integration. This phrase can be seen as prophetic, hinting at future interactions between the descendants of Japheth and Shem, which historically includes significant cultural and religious exchanges.

and may Canaan be his servant
Canaan, the son of Ham, is often associated with the Canaanite peoples who inhabited the land promised to Israel. The phrase "be his servant" reflects the ancient Near Eastern context where servitude was a common outcome of conquest or subjugation. This part of the blessing is often interpreted as a prophetic declaration of the future subjugation of Canaan's descendants, which aligns with the biblical narrative of the Israelites' conquest of Canaan. It underscores themes of divine justice and the fulfillment of God's promises to His chosen people.

After the flood
This phrase marks a significant transition in the biblical narrative. The flood was a cataclysmic event that reshaped the world and humanity's relationship with God. In Hebrew, the word for "flood" is "מַבּוּל" (mabbul), which is used almost exclusively for this event, emphasizing its uniqueness. The flood represents both judgment and renewal, as God cleansed the earth of its corruption and began anew with Noah and his family. This post-flood era is a time of new beginnings, symbolizing God's mercy and the opportunity for humanity to live righteously.

Noah
Noah, whose name in Hebrew (נֹחַ, Noach) means "rest" or "comfort," is a pivotal figure in the Bible. He is described as a righteous man, blameless among the people of his time, and he walked faithfully with God (Genesis 6:9). Noah's life exemplifies obedience and faith, as he followed God's commands to build the ark despite the ridicule and disbelief of others. His account is a testament to the rewards of faithfulness and the importance of trusting in God's plan, even when it seems beyond understanding.

lived
The Hebrew word for "lived" is "חָיָה" (chayah), which means to live, to have life, or to remain alive. This word underscores the continuation of life and God's sustaining power. After the flood, Noah's extended life signifies God's blessing and the fulfillment of His promise to preserve humanity. It also highlights the importance of life itself as a gift from God, to be cherished and lived in accordance with His will.

350 years
The mention of "350 years" is significant in the context of biblical genealogies and the longevity of early patriarchs. This extended lifespan is a reminder of the pre-flood world, where people lived for many centuries. It also serves to bridge the antediluvian and postdiluvian worlds, showing continuity in God's plan for humanity. The long life of Noah after the flood indicates God's favor and the importance of his role in repopulating and guiding the new world. It is a period during which Noah could impart wisdom and knowledge to his descendants, ensuring the preservation of God's covenant and teachings.

So Noah lived
The phrase "Noah lived" is a testament to the longevity granted by God to the antediluvian patriarchs. The Hebrew word for "lived" is "חָיָה" (chayah), which not only means to live but also to revive or sustain life. This reflects the divine sustenance and blessing upon Noah, who was righteous in his generation (Genesis 6:9). His life was marked by obedience and faithfulness, serving as a bridge between the pre-flood and post-flood worlds.

a total of 950 years
The extraordinary lifespan of Noah, "950 years," underscores the unique conditions of the early earth and the divine favor upon him. In Hebrew, the number "950" is expressed as "תשע מאות וחמשים" (t'sha me'ot v'chamishim). This longevity is significant in biblical history, as it allowed Noah to witness the repopulation of the earth and the establishment of God's covenant with humanity. It also serves as a reminder of the effects of sin on human lifespan, which gradually decreased after the flood.

and then he died
The phrase "and then he died" is a sobering reminder of the mortality that all humans face as a result of the Fall. The Hebrew word for "died" is "מוּת" (muth), which signifies the end of physical life. Despite Noah's righteousness and the blessings he received, he was not exempt from the curse of death introduced in Genesis 3:19. This phrase also marks the end of an era, as Noah's death signifies the closing of the antediluvian age and the full transition into the post-flood world. It serves as a poignant reminder of the hope of resurrection and eternal life promised through faith in God's redemptive plan.