Then the LORD said to Moses
This phrase signifies a direct communication from God to Moses, emphasizing the intimate relationship between the divine and His chosen leader. The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "YHWH," the sacred tetragrammaton, which underscores God's eternal and unchanging nature. This divine name is a reminder of God's covenantal faithfulness to Israel. The phrase also highlights Moses as a prophet and mediator, chosen to lead the Israelites out of bondage, reflecting the trust and authority bestowed upon him by God.

I will bring one more plague
The term "plague" in Hebrew is "nega," which can mean a blow or a strike, indicating a divine intervention that is both punitive and revelatory. This final plague is the culmination of God's judgments against Egypt, each designed to demonstrate His supremacy over the Egyptian gods and Pharaoh's impotence. The phrase "one more" suggests a climactic event, a decisive act of liberation that will break the chains of oppression. It is a testament to God's patience and justice, as He has given Pharaoh multiple opportunities to repent and release the Israelites.

on Pharaoh and on Egypt
This phrase indicates that the plague is directed not only at Pharaoh, the stubborn ruler, but also at the entire nation of Egypt, which has been complicit in the enslavement of the Israelites. Historically, Egypt was a powerful empire, and its downfall through the plagues serves as a powerful narrative of divine justice. Theologically, it underscores the idea that sin and rebellion against God have communal consequences, affecting not just individuals but entire societies.

After that, he will let you go from here
The assurance "he will let you go" is a prophetic promise of deliverance. The Hebrew verb "shalach" (to send away) implies a release from bondage, a theme central to the Exodus narrative. This promise is a source of hope and encouragement for the Israelites, who have endured centuries of slavery. It also highlights God's sovereignty and foreknowledge, as He declares the outcome of events before they unfold.

and when he does, he will drive you out completely
The phrase "drive you out completely" uses the Hebrew verb "garash," which means to expel or cast out. This indicates not just a reluctant release but an urgent expulsion, as Pharaoh will be eager to rid Egypt of the Israelites after the final plague. This complete liberation is symbolic of the totality of God's salvation, freeing His people not only from physical bondage but also from spiritual oppression. It foreshadows the ultimate deliverance found in Christ, who frees believers from the bondage of sin. The phrase also reflects the fulfillment of God's promises, as the Israelites will leave Egypt with haste, marking the beginning of their journey to the Promised Land.

Tell the people
This phrase indicates a direct command from God to Moses, emphasizing the importance of communication between God and His chosen leader, and then from the leader to the people. The Hebrew root for "tell" is "דָּבַר" (dabar), which means to speak or declare. This highlights the authoritative nature of God's instructions and the responsibility of Moses to convey God's will accurately. Historically, this reflects the theocratic leadership structure where God directly guides His people through appointed leaders.

that men and women alike
This phrase underscores the inclusivity of God's instructions, involving both genders equally in the forthcoming action. In the cultural context of ancient Egypt and Israel, this is significant as it demonstrates the communal aspect of the Israelites' society and God's concern for all His people, regardless of gender. The Hebrew words used here, "אִישׁ" (ish) for man and "אִשָּׁה" (ishah) for woman, emphasize the collective participation in God's plan.

are to ask their neighbors
The act of asking neighbors suggests a peaceful and respectful approach to acquiring goods. The Hebrew word "שָׁאַל" (sha'al) means to inquire or request, indicating a non-coercive action. This reflects the ethical standards God sets for His people, even in the context of their liberation from oppression. Historically, this also shows the relationship between the Israelites and Egyptians, where despite the plagues, there remained a level of interaction and communication.

for articles of silver and gold
Silver and gold were valuable commodities in ancient times, often used as currency or for crafting items of significance. The Hebrew words "כֶּסֶף" (kesef) for silver and "זָהָב" (zahav) for gold highlight the wealth and resources that God intended for the Israelites to take with them. This request is not merely for material gain but serves a greater purpose in God's plan, as these materials would later be used in the construction of the Tabernacle. Archaeologically, findings of silver and gold artifacts from this period corroborate the historical wealth of Egypt, making this request plausible and significant.

And the LORD gave
The phrase highlights the sovereignty and active involvement of God in the affairs of His people. The Hebrew root for "gave" is "natan," which means to bestow or grant. This indicates that the favor the Israelites received was not due to their own merit but was a divine gift. It underscores the theme of God's providence and His ability to influence hearts and circumstances according to His will.

the people favor
The term "favor" comes from the Hebrew word "chen," which implies grace, kindness, or goodwill. This favor was a supernatural disposition that God placed in the hearts of the Egyptians towards the Israelites. It is reminiscent of the favor Joseph found in Egypt, suggesting a recurring theme of God’s people finding grace in foreign lands, which serves as a testament to God's faithfulness and the fulfillment of His promises.

in the sight of the Egyptians
This phrase indicates a visible and public acknowledgment of the Israelites by the Egyptians. The Hebrew word for "sight" is "ayin," meaning eye or presence. It suggests that the Egyptians' perception of the Israelites was transformed, which is significant given the previous oppression. This change in perception is a powerful demonstration of God’s ability to alter human attitudes and societal dynamics.

Moreover, the man Moses
Moses is referred to as "the man," emphasizing his humanity and the extraordinary role he played as God’s chosen leader. The Hebrew name "Moshe" is derived from "mashah," meaning to draw out, reflecting his miraculous rescue from the Nile and his destiny to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. Moses' leadership is a central theme in Exodus, showcasing God’s preparation and empowerment of individuals for His purposes.

was highly regarded
The phrase "highly regarded" translates from the Hebrew "gadol me'od," meaning exceedingly great or esteemed. This respect was not only due to Moses' leadership but also because of the signs and wonders God performed through him. It highlights the biblical principle that true honor and respect are derived from obedience to God and alignment with His will.

in the land of Egypt
This phrase situates the narrative within a specific geographical and cultural context. Egypt, a powerful and advanced civilization, was the backdrop for God’s mighty acts. The Israelites' experience in Egypt serves as a microcosm of the broader biblical narrative of redemption and deliverance, illustrating God’s power over nations and His commitment to His covenant people.

by Pharaoh’s officials and by the people
The respect Moses garnered extended beyond the common people to include Pharaoh’s officials, indicating a widespread acknowledgment of his authority and the power of God working through him. This broad recognition underscores the impact of God’s intervention and the fulfillment of His promises, as even those in positions of power could not deny the divine hand at work. It serves as a reminder of the ultimate authority of God over earthly rulers and systems.

So Moses declared
This phrase indicates the role of Moses as a prophet and leader, chosen by God to communicate His will to the people. The Hebrew root for "declared" is "אָמַר" (amar), which means to say or speak. This highlights the authority and responsibility Moses carries as God's spokesperson. Historically, Moses' declarations were pivotal in guiding the Israelites and confronting Pharaoh, emphasizing the power of divine communication through chosen individuals.

This is what the LORD says
The phrase underscores the divine origin of the message. "LORD" in Hebrew is "יהוה" (YHWH), the sacred name of God, often rendered as Yahweh. This name signifies God's eternal presence and covenantal faithfulness. The use of "says" (Hebrew "אָמַר" - amar) again emphasizes the direct communication from God, reinforcing the authority and certainty of the message. In the biblical narrative, this phrase is a common prophetic formula, ensuring that the audience understands the message is not of human origin but divine.

About midnight
The specific timing, "about midnight," is significant. In ancient cultures, midnight was often seen as a time of deep darkness and vulnerability, symbolizing a moment of divine intervention. The Hebrew word for "midnight" is "חֲצוֹת הַלַּיְלָה" (chatzot halaylah), which literally means the division of the night. This timing underscores the sudden and unexpected nature of God's actions, serving as a reminder of His sovereignty over time and events.

I will go throughout Egypt
This phrase indicates God's direct involvement in the forthcoming judgment. The Hebrew verb "אָבוֹא" (avo) means "I will go" or "I will come," suggesting a personal and active presence. The mention of "Egypt" (Hebrew "מִצְרַיִם" - Mitzrayim) is significant as it represents the land of oppression for the Israelites. God's movement throughout Egypt signifies His power to execute judgment and deliver His people, fulfilling His promises. This action is a pivotal moment in the Exodus narrative, demonstrating God's supremacy over earthly powers and His commitment to His covenant people.

And every firstborn son
This phrase refers to the first male offspring in every Egyptian family, a position of great significance in ancient cultures. The Hebrew word for "firstborn" is "bekor," which denotes primacy and special status. In the context of ancient Egypt, the firstborn son was often seen as the heir and the one who would carry on the family lineage. This judgment against the firstborn was a direct challenge to the Egyptian belief system, which held the firstborn in high regard, and it demonstrated the sovereignty of the God of Israel over the gods of Egypt.

in the land of Egypt
This phrase situates the event geographically, emphasizing that the judgment was specific to Egypt, the land of the Israelites' oppression. Egypt, known as "Mitzrayim" in Hebrew, was a powerful and influential civilization. The plagues, culminating in this final one, were a direct confrontation with the Egyptian pantheon and Pharaoh's perceived divinity. The land of Egypt, with its rich history and culture, was being shown the power of the one true God, Yahweh, who was not limited by geography or political power.

will die
The Hebrew word used here is "muwth," which means to die or perish. This was not merely a natural death but a divine act of judgment. The certainty of this pronouncement underscores the seriousness of God's warning and the inevitability of His will. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of hardening one's heart against God, as Pharaoh had repeatedly done.

from the firstborn of Pharaoh
Pharaoh, considered a god-king, was the highest authority in Egypt. The mention of his firstborn highlights the extent of the plague's reach, affecting even the most powerful. This was a direct affront to Pharaoh's supposed divinity and a demonstration that no one, not even the ruler of the most powerful nation, was beyond the reach of God's judgment.

who sits on his throne
This phrase emphasizes the position of power and authority held by Pharaoh. The throne symbolizes sovereignty and control, yet even this seat of power could not protect Pharaoh's household from God's decree. It serves as a powerful reminder that earthly power is ultimately subject to divine authority.

to the firstborn of the maidservant
The inclusion of the maidservant's firstborn illustrates the universality of the judgment. It affected all social strata, from the highest to the lowest. This demonstrates that God's justice is impartial and that all are accountable to Him, regardless of their social or economic status.

behind the millstones
This phrase refers to the lowest level of servitude, where women would grind grain. It highlights the comprehensive nature of the plague, reaching even those who were often overlooked or marginalized in society. The millstone, a symbol of daily toil and sustenance, becomes a backdrop for divine intervention, showing that God's reach extends to every corner of life.

every firstborn of the livestock
The inclusion of livestock underscores the totality of the plague's impact. Livestock were vital to the Egyptian economy and daily life, providing food, labor, and wealth. The loss of the firstborn among the animals further crippled Egypt, demonstrating that God's power extended over all creation, not just humanity. This act served as a stark reminder of the Creator's dominion over all living things.

Then a great cry
The phrase "a great cry" in Hebrew is "צְעָקָה גְּדוֹלָה" (tzeakah gedolah). This expression conveys an intense outpouring of grief and despair. Historically, cries of lamentation were common in ancient Near Eastern cultures during times of profound loss or disaster. The "great cry" here signifies the magnitude of the impending judgment on Egypt, highlighting the severity of the final plague. It is a cry that echoes the earlier cries of the Israelites under oppression, now mirrored in the anguish of their oppressors.

will go out
The Hebrew verb "יֵצֵא" (yetze) means "to go out" or "to come forth." This suggests that the cry will not be contained but will spread throughout the land, affecting every household. The use of this verb emphasizes the pervasive nature of the judgment and the inescapable reality of God's power and justice being manifested across Egypt.

over all the land of Egypt
The phrase "over all the land of Egypt" underscores the comprehensive scope of the plague's impact. Egypt, a powerful and vast empire, is depicted as being entirely under the influence of this divine act. This serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over nations and His ability to execute His will across the entire earth, regardless of human power or resistance.

such as never has been
This phrase indicates the unprecedented nature of the event. The Hebrew "אֲשֶׁר לֹא נִהְיָה כָּמֹהוּ" (asher lo nihyah kamohu) suggests a unique occurrence in history. It highlights the extraordinary nature of God's intervention, setting this event apart from any other calamity or judgment that had previously befallen Egypt. This serves to magnify the seriousness of the situation and the divine authority behind it.

nor ever will be again
The concluding phrase "nor ever will be again" in Hebrew "וְכָמֹהוּ לֹא תֹסִף" (vekamoho lo tosif) emphasizes the singularity and finality of this judgment. It assures that this event is a one-time divine act of retribution that will not be repeated. This serves as a powerful testament to the ultimate justice of God, who acts decisively in history to fulfill His purposes and deliver His people.

But among the Israelites
This phrase sets the stage for a divine protection and favor that is unique to the Israelites. The Hebrew term for "Israelites" is "בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל" (B'nei Yisrael), meaning "children of Israel." This highlights the covenant relationship between God and the descendants of Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel. Historically, this distinction underscores the special status of the Israelites as God's chosen people, a theme that runs throughout the Old Testament.

not even a dog will snarl
The imagery of a dog not snarling is powerful in its simplicity. In ancient Near Eastern culture, dogs were often seen as scavengers and were not typically domesticated as they are today. The Hebrew word for "dog" is "כֶּלֶב" (kelev), and the absence of a snarl or bark signifies complete peace and divine protection. This phrase emphasizes the total safety and tranquility that God provides to His people, contrasting the chaos and judgment that befalls Egypt.

at man or beast
This phrase indicates the comprehensive nature of God's protection, extending to both humans and animals. The Hebrew words "אָדָם" (adam) for "man" and "בְּהֵמָה" (behemah) for "beast" suggest that God's care encompasses all aspects of life. This reflects the holistic nature of God's covenant, which includes the well-being of the entire community and their possessions.

so that you may know
This phrase introduces the purpose behind God's actions. The Hebrew "לְמַעַן תֵּדְעוּ" (lema'an ted'u) implies a divine intention for revelation and understanding. God's actions are not arbitrary; they are meant to reveal His power, sovereignty, and faithfulness to His promises. This knowledge is intended to strengthen the faith of the Israelites and demonstrate God's supremacy to the Egyptians.

that the LORD makes a distinction
The Hebrew word for "distinction" is "פְּלֵאָה" (peleh), which can also mean "wonder" or "miracle." This highlights the miraculous nature of God's intervention. The LORD, or "יְהוָה" (YHWH), is the covenant name of God, emphasizing His eternal and unchanging nature. The distinction made by God is a testament to His justice and mercy, setting apart His people for His purposes.

between Egypt and Israel
This final phrase underscores the central theme of separation and divine election. Egypt, representing the world and its systems, is contrasted with Israel, God's chosen nation. The historical context of the Exodus narrative is crucial here, as it marks the liberation of the Israelites from slavery and the establishment of their identity as a nation under God. This distinction is a recurring theme in Scripture, symbolizing the call for God's people to be set apart in holiness and devotion to Him.

And all these officials of yours
This phrase refers to the Egyptian officials serving under Pharaoh. In Hebrew, the word for "officials" is "עֲבָדֶיךָ" (avadekha), which can also mean servants or ministers. Historically, these officials were powerful figures in Egyptian society, often seen as intermediaries between Pharaoh and the people. Their eventual submission to Moses signifies a dramatic reversal of power, highlighting God's sovereignty over earthly authorities.

will come and bow before me
The act of bowing is a sign of submission and respect. In Hebrew, "bow" is "וְהִשְׁתַּחֲווּ" (vehishtachavu), which implies a deep, reverential prostration. This gesture from the Egyptian officials towards Moses, a Hebrew, underscores the fulfillment of God's promise to elevate His people and humble their oppressors. It is a powerful image of divine justice and the ultimate triumph of God's will.

saying, ‘Go, you and all the people who follow you!’
This command for Moses and the Israelites to leave Egypt is a pivotal moment in the Exodus narrative. The Hebrew word for "go" is "צֵא" (tze), a direct and urgent imperative. It signifies not just a physical departure but a spiritual liberation from bondage. The phrase "all the people who follow you" emphasizes the collective deliverance of the Israelites, fulfilling God's covenant promise to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

After that, I will depart.”
Moses' declaration of his departure signifies the end of his negotiations with Pharaoh. The Hebrew word for "depart" is "יֵצֵא" (yetze), which can also mean to go out or exit. This marks the conclusion of Moses' role as an intermediary in Pharaoh's court and the beginning of the Israelites' journey to freedom. It is a moment of transition from oppression to the promise of a new life.

And hot with anger, he left Pharaoh’s presence
Moses' anger is described with the Hebrew word "בְּחָרִי־אָף" (bechari-af), literally "burning of the nose," a vivid expression of intense wrath. This righteous anger reflects Moses' frustration with Pharaoh's hardened heart and the suffering of his people. It is a reminder of the emotional and spiritual toll of leadership and the deep passion required to confront injustice. Moses' departure from Pharaoh's presence signifies a final break with the oppressive regime, setting the stage for God's ultimate deliverance of His people.

The LORD said to Moses
This phrase underscores the direct communication between God and Moses, a central theme in the narrative of Exodus. The Hebrew root for "said" is "אָמַר" (amar), which conveys not just speaking but also the authority and intention behind the words. This divine communication highlights Moses' role as a prophet and leader chosen by God to deliver His people. Historically, this reflects the unique relationship between God and His chosen leaders, emphasizing the importance of obedience and faithfulness in carrying out divine instructions.

Pharaoh will not listen to you
The phrase indicates Pharaoh's hardened heart, a recurring theme in the Exodus narrative. The Hebrew word for "listen" is "שָׁמַע" (shama), which implies not just hearing but also understanding and obeying. Pharaoh's refusal to listen is both a fulfillment of God's earlier warnings and a demonstration of human obstinacy against divine will. This serves as a reminder of the spiritual blindness that can result from pride and resistance to God's authority.

so that My wonders may be multiplied
Here, the purpose of Pharaoh's obstinacy is revealed: to multiply God's wonders. The Hebrew word for "wonders" is "מֹפְתִים" (mofetim), which refers to miraculous signs that demonstrate God's power and authority. This multiplication of wonders serves a dual purpose: to convince the Israelites of God's sovereignty and to demonstrate His power to the Egyptians. It underscores the theme of God's glory being revealed through acts of judgment and deliverance.

in the land of Egypt
The phrase situates the narrative within a specific geographical and historical context. Egypt, a powerful and influential civilization, becomes the stage for God's dramatic display of power. This setting highlights the contrast between the might of human empires and the ultimate authority of God. Archaeologically, Egypt's wealth and power are well-documented, making the plagues and the eventual Exodus a profound testament to God's supremacy over even the greatest earthly powers.

Moses and Aaron
These two figures are central to the narrative of the Exodus. Moses, whose name in Hebrew (מֹשֶׁה, Moshe) means "drawn out," is a prophet and leader chosen by God to deliver the Israelites from Egyptian bondage. Aaron, his brother, serves as his spokesperson. Their partnership is a testament to God's provision and the importance of community in fulfilling divine missions. Historically, Moses and Aaron represent the leadership that God raises to guide His people, emphasizing the need for obedience and faithfulness.

did all these wonders
The "wonders" refer to the miraculous signs and plagues that God performed through Moses and Aaron to demonstrate His power and compel Pharaoh to release the Israelites. The Hebrew word for wonders (מוֹפְתִים, mofetim) signifies acts that are extraordinary and serve as divine signs. These wonders were not just displays of power but were meant to reveal God's sovereignty over creation and His commitment to His covenant people. They remind believers of God's ability to intervene supernaturally in human history.

before Pharaoh
Pharaoh, the ruler of Egypt, is a central antagonist in the Exodus narrative. His hardened heart and refusal to release the Israelites set the stage for God's mighty acts. The historical context of Pharaoh's role as a god-king in Egyptian society highlights the confrontation between the God of Israel and the gods of Egypt. This phrase underscores the direct challenge to Pharaoh's authority and the demonstration of God's supremacy over earthly powers.

but the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart
This phrase is pivotal in understanding the theological theme of divine sovereignty and human responsibility. The Hebrew word for "hardened" (חָזַק, chazaq) can mean to strengthen, make firm, or harden. In the context of Exodus, it indicates God's active role in confirming Pharaoh's own stubbornness. This hardening serves God's purpose of displaying His power and glory through the plagues and the eventual deliverance of Israel. It challenges believers to trust in God's ultimate plan, even when human hearts resist His will.

so that he would not let the Israelites go
The Israelites, God's chosen people, were enslaved in Egypt, and their liberation is central to the Exodus story. This phrase highlights the tension between God's promise of deliverance and Pharaoh's resistance. It serves as a reminder of the spiritual battle between God's purposes and human opposition. The eventual release of the Israelites foreshadows the greater deliverance found in Christ, who frees believers from the bondage of sin.

out of his land
The land of Egypt, a place of both refuge and oppression for the Israelites, symbolizes the world and its systems that often stand in opposition to God's kingdom. The phrase "out of his land" signifies the transition from slavery to freedom, from oppression to promise. It is a call to believers to leave behind the bondage of sin and enter into the freedom and promises of God. This deliverance is a precursor to the ultimate redemption found in Jesus Christ, who leads His people into eternal life.