Then all the tribes of Israel
This phrase signifies a pivotal moment in the history of Israel. The term "tribes" refers to the twelve tribes descended from the sons of Jacob, each representing a distinct group within the nation. Historically, these tribes often acted independently, but here they unite under a common purpose. The Hebrew word for "tribes" is "שֵׁבֶט" (shevet), which can also mean "staff" or "scepter," symbolizing authority and governance. This unity marks the fulfillment of God's promise to David, as seen in 1 Samuel 16:1-13, where he was anointed as king. The gathering of all tribes indicates a divine orchestration, bringing together a fragmented nation under a God-chosen leader.

came to David at Hebron
Hebron holds significant historical and spiritual importance. It is one of the oldest cities, associated with the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, who were buried there. The Hebrew name "חֶבְרוֹן" (Chevron) means "association" or "alliance," fitting for this moment of unification. David's presence in Hebron, a city of refuge and a Levitical city, underscores his role as a shepherd and protector of Israel. This location also highlights the legitimacy of David's kingship, as Hebron was within the territory of Judah, his own tribe, and served as his initial capital for seven and a half years (2 Samuel 2:11).

and said, 'Here we are, your own flesh and blood.'
The phrase "your own flesh and blood" emphasizes kinship and covenant. The Hebrew expression "עַצְמְךָ וּבְשָׂרְךָ" (atzmecha u-besarecha) literally translates to "your bone and your flesh," indicating a deep familial bond. This declaration is not merely a statement of biological relation but a recognition of shared identity and destiny. It echoes the covenantal language found in Genesis 2:23, where Adam recognizes Eve as "bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh," symbolizing unity and partnership. By acknowledging David as their kin, the tribes affirm their loyalty and commitment to him as their divinely appointed leader, fulfilling God's covenantal promises to establish David's throne (2 Samuel 7:16). This moment foreshadows the unity and peace that David's reign would bring, prefiguring the ultimate unity found in Christ, the Son of David, who reconciles all believers as one body in Him.

Even while Saul was king over us
This phrase acknowledges the historical context of David's rise to power. Saul, the first king of Israel, was anointed by the prophet Samuel but eventually fell out of favor with God due to his disobedience. The Hebrew root for "king" (מֶלֶךְ, melek) signifies a ruler or sovereign, emphasizing the authority Saul held. Despite Saul's reign, David was recognized as a leader, indicating his God-given destiny and the people's awareness of his potential. This reflects the divine orchestration in leadership transitions, where God's plans prevail despite human authority.

you were the one who led Israel out and brought them back
This phrase highlights David's role as a military leader and shepherd of the people. The Hebrew verbs for "led out" (יָצָא, yatsa) and "brought back" (בּוֹא, bo) convey movement and guidance, akin to a shepherd with his flock. David's leadership was not just in battle but in ensuring the safety and return of his people, symbolizing Jesus Christ as the Good Shepherd. Historically, David's military prowess and strategic acumen were well-documented, earning him respect and loyalty from the tribes of Israel.

And the LORD said to you
This phrase underscores the divine calling and anointing of David. The use of "LORD" (יְהוָה, Yahweh) signifies the covenantal name of God, emphasizing His sovereign will and purpose. God's direct communication with David through prophets like Samuel highlights the theocratic nature of Israel's monarchy, where the king was subject to divine authority. This serves as a reminder of God's active role in guiding His people and establishing leaders according to His will.

You will shepherd My people Israel
The metaphor of a shepherd (רָעָה, ra'ah) is rich with meaning, portraying leadership as nurturing, guiding, and protecting. David, once a literal shepherd, was called to shepherd God's people, reflecting a leadership style based on care and responsibility. This imagery foreshadows Christ, the ultimate Shepherd, who leads His flock with love and sacrifice. The historical context of shepherding in ancient Israel, a common occupation, would resonate deeply with the people, illustrating the relational and pastoral nature of David's kingship.

and you will be ruler over Israel
The term "ruler" (נָגִיד, nagid) implies a leader or prince, one who stands at the forefront. This designation confirms David's God-ordained position as king, distinct from Saul's failed kingship. The historical transition from Saul to David marks a pivotal moment in Israel's history, where God's choice of a ruler aligns with His covenantal promises. David's rule, characterized by a heart after God, sets a standard for leadership that prioritizes obedience and faithfulness to God's commands.

So all the elders of Israel
The term "elders" refers to the leaders or representatives of the tribes of Israel. In ancient Israel, elders were respected figures who held authority and were often involved in decision-making processes. The Hebrew word for "elders" is "זְקֵנִים" (zeqenim), which implies wisdom and experience. This gathering of elders signifies a unified recognition of David's leadership, highlighting the importance of collective agreement and the role of wise counsel in governance.

came to the king at Hebron
Hebron is a significant city in biblical history, located in the southern part of Judah. It was a city of refuge and the place where Abraham settled. The act of coming to Hebron indicates a formal and respectful approach to David, acknowledging his established rule in Judah. Hebron served as David's capital for seven and a half years before he moved to Jerusalem, symbolizing a period of consolidation and preparation for his reign over all Israel.

and King David made a covenant with them
The making of a covenant is a solemn and binding agreement, often involving promises and commitments before God. The Hebrew word for "covenant" is "בְּרִית" (berit), which denotes a deep, relational bond. This covenant signifies David's commitment to lead according to God's laws and the elders' acceptance of his kingship. It reflects the biblical principle that leadership is a partnership between the ruler and the people, under God's authority.

at Hebron before the LORD
The phrase "before the LORD" indicates that this covenant was made in the presence of God, emphasizing its sacred nature. It underscores the belief that God is the ultimate witness and guarantor of human agreements. This setting in Hebron, a city with deep patriarchal roots, further reinforces the divine approval and historical continuity of David's kingship.

and they anointed David king over Israel
Anointing is a ritual act of consecration, using oil to symbolize the Holy Spirit's empowerment and God's selection. The Hebrew word for "anointed" is "מָשַׁח" (mashach), from which the term "Messiah" is derived. This anointing marks the official recognition of David as king over all Israel, fulfilling God's promise to him. It signifies a new era of unity and divine favor, as David becomes the shepherd of God's people, foreshadowing the ultimate anointed one, Jesus Christ.

David was thirty years old
The age of thirty holds significant meaning in biblical history and tradition. In Hebrew culture, thirty was often seen as the age of maturity and readiness for leadership. Joseph was thirty when he entered Pharaoh's service (Genesis 41:46), and Jesus began His public ministry at about thirty (Luke 3:23). This age signifies a time when David was fully prepared by God, having been anointed by Samuel years earlier (1 Samuel 16:13), and having undergone numerous trials and experiences that shaped his character and leadership abilities. It underscores the divine timing in David's life, illustrating that God prepares His chosen ones through life experiences before entrusting them with greater responsibilities.

when he became king
David's ascension to the throne marks the fulfillment of God's promise to him. The Hebrew word for "king" is "melek," which signifies not just a ruler, but one who is divinely appointed. David's kingship was not merely a political position but a spiritual calling. His reign was to be a reflection of God's sovereignty and justice. This phrase highlights the transition from a period of waiting and preparation to the realization of God's plan. It serves as a reminder that God's promises are sure, though they may take time to come to fruition.

and he reigned forty years
The number forty in the Bible often symbolizes a period of testing, trial, or probation, as seen in the forty years the Israelites wandered in the desert (Numbers 14:33-34) and the forty days Jesus fasted in the wilderness (Matthew 4:2). David's forty-year reign can be seen as a time of establishing and solidifying the kingdom of Israel, uniting the tribes, and setting the stage for the future temple under Solomon. It was a period marked by both triumphs and challenges, reflecting the complexities of leadership under God's guidance. This duration emphasizes the completeness and significance of David's reign in the history of Israel, showcasing God's faithfulness in establishing a kingdom that would ultimately lead to the lineage of Christ.

In Hebron
The city of Hebron holds significant historical and spiritual importance in the biblical narrative. It was one of the oldest cities in the region and a place where the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob had sojourned. Hebron was also a Levitical city and a city of refuge. David's reign in Hebron symbolizes a period of consolidation and preparation. The Hebrew root for Hebron, "חֶבְרוֹן" (Chevron), can mean "association" or "alliance," reflecting the initial unification of the tribe of Judah under David's leadership.

he reigned over Judah
David's reign over Judah marks the beginning of his kingship, which was initially limited to his own tribe. This period was crucial for establishing his rule and gaining the loyalty of his people. The tribe of Judah, from which David descended, was prophesied to hold the scepter (Genesis 49:10), and David's kingship fulfilled this prophecy. His leadership in Judah set the stage for the eventual unification of all Israel under his rule.

seven years and six months
The specific duration of David's reign in Hebron underscores the period of transition and growth. The number seven often symbolizes completeness or perfection in the Bible, suggesting that this time was divinely appointed for David to prepare for his future role as king over all Israel. The additional six months indicate a period of waiting and testing, emphasizing the importance of God's timing in the unfolding of His plans.

and in Jerusalem
Jerusalem, known as the City of David, became the political and spiritual center of Israel under David's reign. The city's selection as the capital was strategic, as it was centrally located and not previously dominated by any single tribe, promoting unity among the tribes. Jerusalem's significance would grow as the site of the future temple, symbolizing God's presence among His people. The Hebrew name "יְרוּשָׁלַיִם" (Yerushalayim) can mean "foundation of peace," reflecting the city's role in God's plan for His people.

he reigned over all Israel and Judah
This phrase marks the fulfillment of God's promise to David, uniting the northern and southern tribes under a single monarchy. David's reign over all Israel and Judah signifies the establishment of a united kingdom, a foreshadowing of the Messianic kingdom where Christ, the Son of David, will reign over all. This unity under David's leadership prefigures the spiritual unity found in Christ, who breaks down dividing walls and brings together all believers.

thirty-three years
The length of David's reign in Jerusalem is significant, as thirty-three is often associated with promise and fulfillment in biblical numerology. David's reign in Jerusalem was marked by military victories, the establishment of a centralized government, and the preparation for the building of the temple. This period reflects the maturity and stability of David's kingship, as well as God's faithfulness in fulfilling His covenant promises to David and Israel.

Now the king and his men marched to Jerusalem
This phrase marks a significant moment in Israel's history. "The king" refers to David, who had recently been anointed as king over all Israel. The Hebrew word for "marched" (יֵלֵךְ, yelek) implies a purposeful and determined movement, indicating David's resolve to establish Jerusalem as his capital. Jerusalem, known as Jebus at the time, was a strategically located city, and its capture was crucial for unifying the tribes of Israel. Historically, Jerusalem was a fortified city, and its conquest would symbolize the establishment of a central place of worship and governance.

against the Jebusites, who inhabited the land
The Jebusites were a Canaanite tribe that inhabited Jerusalem. The Hebrew root for "Jebusites" (יְבוּסִי, Yebusi) is linked to the ancient name of the city, Jebus. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Jebusites were well-established in the region, with a stronghold that was considered nearly impregnable. The phrase "inhabited the land" underscores the Jebusites' long-standing presence and control over Jerusalem, making David's campaign a formidable challenge. This confrontation is not just a physical battle but also a spiritual one, as it represents the struggle between the people of God and the pagan inhabitants of the land.

And the Jebusites said to David, 'You will never get in here; even the blind and lame can repel you,'
The Jebusites' taunt reflects their confidence in the city's defenses. The phrase "You will never get in here" is a direct challenge to David's authority and God's promise to Israel. The mention of "the blind and lame" is a hyperbolic expression, suggesting that even the weakest defenders could thwart David's efforts. This statement reveals the Jebusites' underestimation of David's military prowess and, more importantly, the power of God working through him. In a broader scriptural context, this moment foreshadows the spiritual battles believers face, where reliance on God's strength is paramount.

thinking, 'David cannot get in here.'
This phrase captures the Jebusites' mindset, rooted in pride and a false sense of security. Their confidence in their fortifications blinds them to the reality of God's plan for David and Israel. The Hebrew word for "thinking" (אָמַר, amar) can also mean "saying" or "declaring," indicating a firm belief in their invincibility. This serves as a reminder of the dangers of relying on human strength and wisdom instead of seeking God's guidance and protection. Historically, this moment sets the stage for David's eventual triumph, demonstrating that no earthly power can thwart God's purposes.

Nevertheless
This word serves as a pivotal transition, indicating a shift from the previous narrative. In the context of 2 Samuel 5, it marks a turning point where David overcomes the Jebusites' taunts and their perceived invincibility. The use of "nevertheless" underscores God's providence and the fulfillment of His promises despite human obstacles. It reminds us that divine plans are not thwarted by earthly challenges.

David
David, the anointed king of Israel, is central to this narrative. His name in Hebrew, "דָּוִד" (Dawid), means "beloved." David's life is a testament to God's favor and the fulfillment of His covenant. As a man after God's own heart, David's actions in capturing Jerusalem signify the establishment of a unified kingdom under God's chosen leader. His leadership foreshadows the coming of the Messiah, who would also be called the Son of David.

Captured
The act of capturing, in Hebrew "לָכַד" (lakad), implies a strategic and decisive victory. This word highlights David's military prowess and God's guidance in granting him success. The capture of Jerusalem was not just a military conquest but a spiritual victory, symbolizing the establishment of God's chosen city. It serves as a reminder that with God's help, believers can overcome seemingly insurmountable challenges.

The fortress of Zion
"Zion" in Hebrew is "צִיּוֹן" (Tziyon), often associated with a place of refuge and God's holy mountain. The fortress represents strength and security, and its capture signifies the establishment of a divine stronghold. Zion becomes synonymous with Jerusalem, the spiritual center of Israel. This phrase invites believers to reflect on the spiritual significance of Zion as a symbol of God's presence and His eternal kingdom.

That is, the City of David
This phrase establishes Jerusalem as the political and spiritual capital of Israel under David's rule. The designation "City of David" signifies the fulfillment of God's promise to David and his descendants. It marks the beginning of a new era in Israel's history, where Jerusalem becomes the focal point of worship and governance. For Christians, it also points to the future reign of Christ, the ultimate fulfillment of the Davidic covenant.

On that day he said
This phrase marks a specific moment in time, a pivotal day in the history of Israel. The context is the capture of Jerusalem, a significant event as it becomes the City of David. The phrase indicates a decisive action and proclamation by David, reflecting his leadership and strategic mind. Historically, this day signifies the unification of the tribes under David's rule and the establishment of Jerusalem as the political and spiritual center of Israel.

Whoever conquers the Jebusites
The Jebusites were the original inhabitants of Jerusalem, a Canaanite tribe. Their stronghold in Jerusalem was considered impregnable, yet David's challenge to conquer them demonstrates his faith and determination. Theologically, this conquest symbolizes the triumph of God's chosen people over pagan nations, fulfilling God's promises to Israel. The Jebusites' defeat marks the transition of Jerusalem into a holy city, central to God's covenant with David.

must use the water shaft
The "water shaft" refers to a strategic entry point into the city, likely a tunnel or conduit used to access the city's water supply. This detail highlights David's military ingenuity and the importance of resourcefulness in overcoming seemingly insurmountable obstacles. Archaeologically, this may refer to Warren's Shaft, a vertical shaft discovered in Jerusalem, which supports the historical accuracy of the biblical account. Spiritually, it underscores the idea that God provides a way where there seems to be none.

to reach the lame and blind
This phrase is often interpreted metaphorically, referring to the Jebusites' taunt that even the "lame and blind" could defend the city against David. It reflects the arrogance and false security of those who oppose God's plans. In a broader spiritual sense, it serves as a reminder that human strength and defenses are futile against God's purposes. Theologically, it can also be seen as a foreshadowing of Jesus' ministry, where the physically and spiritually "lame and blind" are healed and restored.

who are despised by David
This phrase indicates David's disdain for the Jebusites' mockery and their spiritual blindness to God's sovereignty. It reflects a righteous indignation against those who oppose God's anointed king. From a conservative Christian perspective, it emphasizes the importance of aligning with God's will and the futility of resisting His chosen leaders. It also serves as a reminder of the spiritual battle against forces that oppose God's kingdom.

That is why it is said
This phrase introduces a proverbial saying, indicating that the events of that day left a lasting impact on the cultural memory of Israel. It suggests that the capture of Jerusalem and the defeat of the Jebusites became a significant and instructive account for future generations. It highlights the importance of remembering God's victories and the lessons learned from them.

The blind and the lame will never enter the palace
This saying reflects the outcome of the Jebusites' taunt and serves as a lasting reminder of their defeat. It symbolizes the exclusion of those who oppose God's kingdom from His presence and blessings. In a spiritual sense, it underscores the necessity of spiritual sight and strength to enter into God's promises. For Christians, it serves as a call to spiritual vigilance and alignment with God's purposes, ensuring that nothing hinders our access to His presence and blessings.

So David took up residence
The Hebrew word for "took up residence" is "yashab," which means to dwell or inhabit. This signifies not just a temporary stay but a permanent establishment. David's decision to reside in the fortress marks a pivotal moment in his kingship, symbolizing stability and divine favor. It reflects God's promise to establish David's throne, as seen in 2 Samuel 7:16, where God assures David of an enduring dynasty.

in the fortress
The term "fortress" is translated from the Hebrew "metsudah," indicating a stronghold or fortified place. This fortress is identified as Zion, a place of significant strategic and spiritual importance. Historically, Zion was a Jebusite stronghold before David conquered it. Its elevation and natural defenses made it an ideal capital for uniting the tribes of Israel. Spiritually, Zion becomes synonymous with God's presence and the future hope of the Messiah's reign, as seen in prophetic literature like Isaiah 2:3.

and called it the City of David
Naming the fortress "the City of David" is a profound act of claiming and sanctifying the space. It signifies David's authority and God's covenantal relationship with him. This name endures throughout biblical history, symbolizing the Davidic line and God's promises to David. The City of David becomes a central location in biblical narratives, representing God's chosen place for His people and the future site of the temple.

He built up the area around it
The phrase "built up" comes from the Hebrew "banah," meaning to construct or establish. David's building efforts reflect his role as a king who not only conquers but also cultivates and develops. This construction is both literal and symbolic, as David lays the groundwork for a united Israel and a centralized place of worship. It foreshadows Solomon's later building of the temple, further establishing Jerusalem as the spiritual heart of Israel.

from the supporting terraces inward
The "supporting terraces" or "Millo" in Hebrew, refers to a specific architectural feature used to strengthen and expand the city's fortifications. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Millo was a series of terraces or earthworks that provided stability and defense. This construction highlights David's wisdom and foresight in securing the city, ensuring its safety and prosperity. Spiritually, it represents the foundational work necessary for God's kingdom, emphasizing the importance of preparation and fortification in the believer's life.

And David became greater and greater
The phrase "David became greater and greater" signifies not only a physical or material increase but also a spiritual and moral elevation. The Hebrew root for "greater" is "gadal," which implies growth, magnification, and becoming more significant. This growth is not merely in terms of power or wealth but also in influence and stature as a leader chosen by God. Historically, David's rise to power was marked by strategic victories and wise governance, which were seen as a direct result of his faithfulness to God. His greatness was a fulfillment of God's promise and a testament to his anointing as king over Israel.

for the LORD God of Hosts
The title "LORD God of Hosts" is a profound declaration of God's supreme authority and power. In Hebrew, "Yahweh Sabaoth" refers to the Lord of the armies, both heavenly and earthly. This title emphasizes God's sovereignty over all creation and His ability to marshal forces for His divine purposes. In the context of David's life, it underscores that his success and greatness were not due to his own abilities alone but were orchestrated by the divine will of God. The "Hosts" can be seen as the angelic armies that God commands, highlighting His omnipotence and the spiritual backing behind David's reign.

was with him
The phrase "was with him" is a recurring theme in the narrative of David's life, indicating God's continual presence and favor. The Hebrew word "im" denotes companionship and support, suggesting that God's presence was not passive but actively involved in David's endeavors. This divine companionship was the source of David's strength and success. Scripturally, God's presence with His chosen leaders is a sign of His covenant faithfulness and a promise of guidance and protection. For David, this meant that his actions and decisions were under divine guidance, leading to the establishment of a united and prosperous kingdom.

Now Hiram king of Tyre
Hiram, the king of Tyre, represents a significant figure in the ancient Near East. Tyre was a prominent Phoenician city known for its wealth and skilled artisans. The mention of Hiram highlights the international recognition and respect that David commanded as the newly established king of Israel. Historically, Tyre was a hub of trade and craftsmanship, and Hiram's alliance with David signifies a diplomatic relationship that would have been beneficial for both kingdoms. This alliance also foreshadows the later collaboration between Hiram and Solomon, David's son, in building the Temple in Jerusalem.

sent envoys to David
The sending of envoys indicates a formal diplomatic gesture, suggesting that Hiram recognized David's authority and sought to establish a peaceful and mutually beneficial relationship. In the ancient world, such envoys were often used to negotiate treaties, trade agreements, or alliances. This act of sending envoys underscores the political acumen of both Hiram and David, as they sought to strengthen their respective kingdoms through cooperation.

along with cedar logs
Cedar wood was highly prized in the ancient Near East for its durability, pleasant aroma, and resistance to decay. The cedars of Lebanon, in particular, were renowned and often used in significant construction projects, including temples and palaces. The gift of cedar logs from Hiram to David symbolizes not only a gesture of goodwill but also the provision of high-quality materials for building a lasting and impressive structure. This reflects the importance of the palace as a symbol of David's established reign and God's blessing upon him.

carpenters, and stonemasons
The inclusion of skilled laborers such as carpenters and stonemasons emphasizes the quality and craftsmanship involved in constructing David's palace. These artisans from Tyre were likely among the best in the region, known for their expertise in working with wood and stone. This collaboration highlights the blending of Israelite and Phoenician skills and resources, resulting in a structure that would stand as a testament to David's reign and God's provision.

and they built a palace for David
The construction of a palace for David marks a significant moment in his kingship, symbolizing stability, permanence, and the establishment of Jerusalem as the political and spiritual center of Israel. The palace serves as a physical representation of God's promise to David, affirming his role as the chosen king. In a broader theological context, the building of the palace can be seen as a precursor to the construction of the Temple by Solomon, further solidifying Jerusalem's central role in God's plan for His people. This verse, therefore, not only recounts a historical event but also points to the unfolding of God's covenantal promises to David and his descendants.

And David realized
The Hebrew word for "realized" is "יָדַע" (yada), which means to know or perceive. This word indicates a deep, experiential understanding. David's realization is not merely intellectual but a profound acknowledgment of God's hand in his life. This moment of realization is pivotal, as it reflects David's awareness of God's sovereign plan and his role within it. It is a reminder for believers to seek discernment and understanding of God's purposes in their own lives.

that the LORD
The term "LORD" is translated from the Hebrew "יְהוָה" (YHWH), the sacred and personal name of God, often rendered as Yahweh. This name signifies God's eternal presence and covenant faithfulness. David's recognition of the LORD's involvement underscores the personal relationship between God and His chosen leader. It is a testament to God's faithfulness in fulfilling His promises, as He had anointed David through the prophet Samuel.

had established him as king
The Hebrew root for "established" is "כּוּן" (kun), meaning to set up, make firm, or secure. This conveys the idea that David's kingship is not a result of human effort or ambition but is divinely ordained and supported. God's establishment of David as king is a fulfillment of His promise and a demonstration of His sovereign will. It reassures believers that God is the one who appoints and sustains leaders according to His purpose.

over Israel
"Israel" refers to the united tribes of God's chosen people. David's kingship over Israel signifies the unification of the nation under a divinely appointed leader. Historically, this marks a significant moment in Israel's history, as David consolidates the tribes and establishes Jerusalem as the political and spiritual center. It highlights the importance of unity and leadership in fulfilling God's plan for His people.

and had exalted his kingdom
The word "exalted" comes from the Hebrew "נָשָׂא" (nasa), meaning to lift up or elevate. This indicates that David's kingdom is not only established but also elevated in status and influence. The exaltation of David's kingdom is a reflection of God's blessing and favor. It serves as a reminder that true exaltation comes from God and is given for His purposes, not for personal glory.

for the sake of His people Israel
This phrase emphasizes the purpose behind God's actions. The Hebrew word for "sake" is "עֲבוּר" (abur), meaning on account of or for the benefit of. God's establishment and exaltation of David's kingdom are ultimately for the benefit of His people, Israel. This underscores the principle that leadership and authority are given for service and the welfare of others. It is a call for leaders to prioritize the needs and well-being of those they serve, aligning with God's heart for His people.

And David took
The phrase "And David took" indicates an action initiated by King David. The Hebrew root for "took" is "laqach," which often implies taking possession or acquiring. This action reflects David's growing power and influence as king. In the context of ancient Near Eastern monarchies, it was common for kings to expand their households as a demonstration of their status and alliances.

more concubines and wives
The term "concubines" refers to women who were part of a king's household but held a lower status than wives. The Hebrew word for concubine is "pilegesh." Concubines were often taken for political alliances or to increase the king's progeny. The mention of "wives" alongside concubines highlights the practice of polygamy, which was culturally accepted in ancient Israel, though it often led to familial strife, as seen in David's own life. This practice, while common, was not God's original design for marriage, as outlined in Genesis 2:24.

from Jerusalem
Jerusalem, known as the City of David, became the political and spiritual center of Israel under David's reign. The city's capture and establishment as the capital marked a significant moment in Israel's history. By taking concubines and wives from Jerusalem, David was solidifying his rule and integrating the city into his kingdom. Jerusalem's significance would continue to grow, eventually becoming the site of Solomon's Temple.

after he had come from Hebron
Hebron was David's initial capital and the place where he reigned over Judah for seven years and six months before becoming king over all Israel. The transition from Hebron to Jerusalem signifies a unification of the tribes and a centralization of David's power. Hebron, rich in patriarchal history, was a significant location for David's early reign, but Jerusalem offered a more strategic and neutral location for his expanded kingdom.

and more sons and daughters were born to him
The birth of more sons and daughters to David signifies the continuation and expansion of his lineage. In the ancient world, having many children, especially sons, was seen as a blessing and a sign of divine favor. However, the complexities of David's family life, with multiple wives and concubines, would later lead to significant challenges and conflicts, as recorded in subsequent chapters of 2 Samuel. This phrase underscores the importance of family and legacy in the biblical narrative, while also foreshadowing the personal and political turmoil that would arise from David's household.

These are the names
In ancient Hebrew culture, names held significant meaning and often reflected the character or destiny of a person. The listing of names here signifies the importance of lineage and heritage in the biblical narrative. Names were not just identifiers but were often prophetic or descriptive of one's role in God's plan.

of the children
The Hebrew word for children, "בָּנִים" (banim), emphasizes the continuation of a family line. In the context of David's reign, his children represent the future of his dynasty and the fulfillment of God's promises to establish his kingdom.

born to him
This phrase underscores the personal and direct lineage from David, highlighting the legitimacy and divine favor upon his offspring. It reflects the fulfillment of God's covenant with David, promising him a lasting dynasty.

in Jerusalem
Jerusalem, the city of David, holds profound theological significance as the political and spiritual center of Israel. It is the city where God chose to place His name and where the temple would eventually be built. The mention of Jerusalem here signifies the establishment of David's rule and God's presence among His people.

Shammua
The name Shammua means "heard" or "announced." It reflects the idea that God hears and responds to His people. In the context of David's family, it may signify the acknowledgment of God's promises and the public declaration of His faithfulness.

Shobab
Shobab means "rebellious" or "backsliding." This name might seem negative, but it can also reflect the human condition and the need for divine grace. It serves as a reminder of the challenges within David's family and the broader narrative of redemption.

Nathan
Nathan means "gift" or "he has given." This name is significant as it reflects God's grace and generosity. Nathan, the prophet, would later play a crucial role in David's life, but here, the name signifies the blessings bestowed upon David's house.

and Solomon
Solomon, meaning "peace" or "his peace," is perhaps the most significant name in this list. Solomon would become one of Israel's greatest kings, known for his wisdom and the building of the temple. His name foreshadows the peace and prosperity that would characterize his reign, as well as the fulfillment of God's promise to David.

Ibhar
The name "Ibhar" is of Hebrew origin, meaning "He (God) chooses" or "He (God) elects." This name reflects the belief in divine selection and purpose, a theme prevalent throughout the Bible. In the context of King David's lineage, Ibhar represents one of the sons born to David in Jerusalem, signifying the establishment and continuation of David's royal line. The mention of Ibhar underscores the importance of family and legacy in biblical narratives, highlighting how God’s choices shape history and fulfill His promises.

Elishua
The name "Elishua" can be translated as "God is salvation" or "God saves." This name encapsulates a central tenet of the Christian faith: the belief in God's power to save and deliver His people. Elishua, another son of David, symbolizes the hope and assurance of divine salvation that permeates the biblical story. The presence of such a name in David's family tree serves as a reminder of God's ongoing work of redemption and His faithfulness to His covenant people.

Nepheg
The name "Nepheg" is less common and its exact meaning is uncertain, though it may be related to the idea of "sprout" or "shoot," suggesting growth or new beginnings. In the context of David's sons, Nepheg represents the potential for new life and the continuation of David's lineage. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God bringing forth new life and hope, even in the midst of challenges and uncertainties.

Japhia
The name "Japhia" means "shining" or "splendid" in Hebrew. This name conveys a sense of brightness and glory, attributes often associated with God's presence and favor. Japhia, as a son of David, signifies the splendor and promise of David's reign, which foreshadows the ultimate fulfillment of God's kingdom through Jesus Christ, the descendant of David. The inclusion of Japhia in the list of David's sons highlights the divine blessing and the glorious future that God has in store for His people.

Elishama
The name "Elishama" means "God has heard" in Hebrew. This name reflects a deep-seated belief in the responsiveness of God to the prayers and needs of His people. In the context of King David's life, naming a son Elishama could signify David's acknowledgment of God's faithfulness and attentiveness to his cries, especially considering the tumultuous journey David had experienced from shepherd boy to king. This name serves as a reminder of the personal relationship believers can have with God, who hears and responds to their petitions.

Eliada
"Eliada" translates to "God knows" or "God has known." This name underscores the omniscience of God, a central tenet in conservative Christian theology. It suggests that God is aware of all things, past, present, and future. For David, naming his son Eliada might have been an expression of trust in God's perfect knowledge and divine plan. It is a comforting reminder to believers that nothing escapes God's notice, and He is intimately acquainted with all aspects of their lives.

Eliphelet
The name "Eliphelet" means "God is deliverance" or "God is my deliverance." This name is a powerful testament to the deliverance and salvation that God provides. In the historical context of David's reign, it reflects the numerous times God delivered David from his enemies and established him as king over Israel. For Christians, this name is a foreshadowing of the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who provides salvation from sin and eternal death. It encourages believers to trust in God's power to save and deliver them from any situation.

When the Philistines heard
The Philistines were a significant and persistent enemy of Israel throughout the Old Testament. Their presence in the land of Canaan is well-documented both in the Bible and in archaeological findings. The Philistines were known for their military prowess and advanced weaponry, often posing a formidable threat to the Israelites. The Hebrew root for "heard" (שָׁמַע, shama) implies not just the act of hearing but also understanding and responding to the information. This suggests that the Philistines were not merely passive listeners but were actively engaged in the political dynamics of the region.

that David had been anointed king over Israel
David's anointing as king was a pivotal moment in Israel's history, marking the transition from the rule of Saul to the establishment of David's dynasty. The Hebrew word for "anointed" (מָשַׁח, mashach) is the same root from which "Messiah" is derived, indicating a divinely appointed role. This anointing was not just a political act but a spiritual one, signifying God's choice and blessing upon David. The Philistines' awareness of David's anointing underscores the widespread recognition of his legitimate authority and the threat it posed to their dominance.

they all went up in search of David
The phrase "went up" (עָלָה, alah) often denotes a movement with purpose or intent, frequently used in military contexts. The Philistines' collective action in seeking David indicates a strategic and unified effort to confront him. This reflects the seriousness with which they viewed David's kingship and their determination to challenge it. Historically, this period was marked by frequent skirmishes and battles as David consolidated his rule and expanded Israel's territory.

But he heard about it
David's response to the Philistines' movements is characterized by vigilance and awareness. The repetition of the word "heard" (שָׁמַע, shama) emphasizes David's attentiveness to the threats around him. This highlights a key aspect of David's leadership: his ability to perceive and respond to danger with wisdom and decisiveness. It also reflects the divine guidance that often accompanied David, as he sought God's direction in his military and political decisions.

and went down to the stronghold
The "stronghold" (מְצוּדָה, metzudah) refers to a fortified place of refuge, often associated with safety and strategic advantage. In David's life, strongholds were not only physical locations but also symbolic of God's protection and provision. This action demonstrates David's prudence in seeking a secure position from which to engage the Philistines. It also foreshadows the many instances where David would rely on God's strength and guidance to overcome his enemies, reinforcing the theme of divine sovereignty and protection throughout his reign.

Now the Philistines
The Philistines were a significant and recurring adversary of Israel throughout the Old Testament. Their presence in the narrative of 2 Samuel highlights the ongoing struggle between the Israelites and their enemies. The Philistines were a seafaring people, likely originating from the Aegean region, and they settled along the coastal plains of Canaan. Their advanced military technology, including the use of iron weapons, made them formidable foes. In a spiritual sense, the Philistines can be seen as representing the persistent challenges and temptations that believers face in their walk with God. The mention of the Philistines here sets the stage for a divine intervention that underscores God's sovereignty and faithfulness to His people.

had come and spread out
This phrase indicates a strategic military maneuver by the Philistines. The Hebrew root for "spread out" (פָּרַשׂ, paras) suggests a deliberate and extensive deployment of forces, emphasizing the threat they posed to Israel. The Philistines' action of spreading out can be seen as an attempt to intimidate and dominate, reflecting the spiritual battles believers face when confronted by overwhelming circumstances. It serves as a reminder that the enemy often seeks to encroach upon the territory of God's people, but it is in these moments that reliance on God's guidance and strength becomes crucial.

in the Valley of Rephaim
The Valley of Rephaim was located southwest of Jerusalem and was known for its fertile land. The name "Rephaim" is often associated with ancient giants, adding a layer of historical and mythological significance to the location. This valley was a strategic area for military campaigns, as controlling it would provide a tactical advantage. In a spiritual context, the Valley of Rephaim can symbolize the battlegrounds of life where believers must confront their giants—those seemingly insurmountable challenges that test faith and resolve. The choice of this location by the Philistines underscores the importance of spiritual vigilance and the need for divine intervention in overcoming the adversities that arise in the journey of faith.

So David inquired of the LORD
This phrase highlights David's consistent practice of seeking divine guidance before making significant decisions. The Hebrew root for "inquired" is "שָׁאַל" (sha'al), which means to ask or consult. This reflects David's dependence on God, contrasting with Saul's reign, where such inquiries were often neglected. Historically, this practice underscores the theocratic nature of Israel's leadership, where kings were expected to seek God's will. David's inquiry demonstrates humility and recognition of God's sovereignty, serving as a model for believers to seek God's guidance in their own lives.

Should I go up against the Philistines?
The Philistines were a perennial enemy of Israel, known for their military prowess and advanced weaponry, including iron chariots. David's question is strategic, acknowledging the Philistines' strength and the need for divine intervention. The historical context here is crucial; the Philistines had been a thorn in Israel's side since the time of Samson and continued to pose a significant threat. David's inquiry shows his awareness of the gravity of the situation and his reliance on God's wisdom rather than his own military experience.

Will You deliver them into my hand?
This phrase reveals David's faith in God's power to grant victory. The Hebrew word for "deliver" is "נָתַן" (nathan), meaning to give or hand over. David's question is not just about military success but about God's active role in the outcome. This reflects a deep trust in God's promises and His ability to control the course of events. Scripturally, this echoes the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, where God promises to fight for His people when they are faithful to Him.

The LORD replied, 'Go, for I will surely deliver the Philistines into your hand.'
God's response is affirmative and reassuring. The phrase "I will surely deliver" uses the Hebrew construction "נָתֹן אֶתֵּן" (naton eten), which emphasizes certainty and assurance. This divine promise underscores God's faithfulness and His commitment to His chosen leader, David. Historically, this assurance would have been crucial for David, as it not only promised victory but also reinforced his legitimacy as king. For believers, this serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness and His promises to be with His people in their battles, both physical and spiritual.

So David went to Baal-perazim
The name "Baal-perazim" translates to "Lord of the Breakthroughs" in Hebrew. This location is significant as it marks a pivotal victory for David over the Philistines. The act of David going to Baal-perazim signifies his obedience and reliance on God's guidance. Historically, this site is believed to be near the Valley of Rephaim, a strategic location for military encounters. David's journey to this place underscores his role as a divinely appointed leader who seeks God's direction in battle.

and there he defeated them
The phrase highlights David's military success, which is attributed to divine intervention rather than mere human strategy. The Hebrew root for "defeated" conveys a sense of striking down or overcoming, emphasizing the completeness of the victory. This victory is not just a physical triumph but also a spiritual one, as it demonstrates God's power working through David. It serves as a reminder of the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, where God promises to fight for His people.

and said, 'As waters break out
This metaphor of waters breaking out is vivid and powerful, illustrating the unstoppable force of God's intervention. In the Hebrew context, water often symbolizes chaos and overwhelming power. Here, it signifies the sudden and decisive nature of God's action against the enemies. The imagery of water breaking through barriers reflects the idea that no obstacle can withstand God's will. It inspires believers to trust in God's ability to overcome any challenge they face.

the LORD has broken out against my enemies before me.'
The use of "LORD" (YHWH) emphasizes the covenant name of God, highlighting His faithfulness and sovereignty. The phrase "broken out" suggests a divine eruption or breakthrough, indicating that the victory was not by David's might but by God's intervention. This acknowledgment of God's hand in the victory serves as a testament to David's humility and recognition of God's supremacy. It encourages believers to attribute their successes to God's providence and to remain humble in their achievements.

So he called that place Baal-perazim
Naming the place "Baal-perazim" serves as a memorial to God's deliverance and power. In ancient times, naming a location after a significant event was a way to commemorate God's acts and ensure that future generations would remember His deeds. This act of naming also reflects the importance of testimony in the life of faith, as it bears witness to God's faithfulness and encourages others to trust in Him. It reminds believers of the importance of remembering and recounting God's interventions in their lives.

There
The word "there" indicates a specific location where a significant event took place. In the context of 2 Samuel 5, this refers to the battlefield where David and his men confronted the Philistines. Historically, this battle is part of David's early reign as king over all Israel, marking a pivotal moment in establishing his rule and God's favor upon him. The location is not just a physical place but a spiritual battleground where the power of the God of Israel is demonstrated over the false gods of the Philistines.

the Philistines
The Philistines were a formidable enemy of Israel throughout the Old Testament. They were a seafaring people, likely originating from the Aegean region, who settled along the coastal plains of Canaan. Their presence in the narrative highlights the ongoing struggle between the Israelites and their pagan neighbors. The Philistines often symbolize the worldly powers and temptations that challenge God's people, making their defeat by David a testament to divine intervention and the triumph of faith.

abandoned
The act of abandoning suggests a sudden and decisive departure. In the Hebrew context, the word used here can imply leaving something behind in haste or fear. This abandonment of idols by the Philistines signifies a moment of panic and defeat, where their reliance on false gods is shown to be futile. It serves as a powerful reminder of the impotence of idols compared to the living God of Israel, who fights for His people.

their idols
Idols in the ancient Near East were physical representations of deities, often crafted from wood, stone, or metal. The Philistines' idols were likely carried into battle as talismans of protection and power. However, their abandonment underscores the biblical theme that idols are powerless and cannot save. This moment foreshadows the ultimate victory of God's kingdom over all false religions and ideologies, as prophesied throughout Scripture.

and David
David, the anointed king of Israel, is central to this narrative. His leadership and faith in God are pivotal in securing victory over the Philistines. David's actions reflect his role as a man after God's own heart, chosen to lead Israel and establish a kingdom that foreshadows the coming of Christ. His involvement in this event highlights the importance of godly leadership and reliance on divine strength rather than human might.

and his men
David's men, often referred to as his mighty warriors, were a group of loyal and skilled fighters who supported him throughout his reign. Their participation in carrying away the idols signifies their commitment to David and, by extension, to the God of Israel. This collective action emphasizes the importance of community and unity among God's people in achieving victory over spiritual and physical adversaries.

carried them away
The act of carrying away the idols signifies a complete and utter defeat of the Philistines. In ancient warfare, taking the enemy's idols was a symbolic gesture of triumph, demonstrating the superiority of one's own deity. For David and his men, this act was not just a military victory but a spiritual one, affirming the sovereignty of the God of Israel over all other gods. It serves as an inspirational reminder that, through faith and obedience, believers can overcome the challenges and falsehoods of the world.

Once again
This phrase indicates a recurring event, suggesting persistence and resilience. The Philistines were a constant adversary to Israel, and their repeated attacks symbolize the ongoing spiritual battles believers face. The Hebrew root for "again" (שׁוּב, shuv) implies a return or repetition, reminding us of the cyclical nature of challenges in life and the need for continual reliance on God.

the Philistines
The Philistines were a significant enemy of Israel, representing opposition to God's people. Historically, they were a sea-faring people who settled in the coastal regions of Canaan. Their presence in the narrative serves as a metaphor for the worldly forces that challenge the faith and obedience of believers. Understanding their role in biblical history helps us recognize the spiritual warfare that persists today.

came up
This phrase suggests an aggressive movement, indicating an offensive strategy by the Philistines. The Hebrew verb (עָלָה, alah) often denotes ascending or rising, which can symbolize the elevation of conflict or the intensification of spiritual battles. It reminds believers to be vigilant and prepared for the enemy's advances.

spread out
The act of spreading out implies a strategic deployment, showcasing the Philistines' intent to dominate and control. This tactic reflects the enemy's desire to infiltrate and influence every aspect of life. The Hebrew word (נָטַשׁ, natash) can also mean to abandon or forsake, highlighting the potential for spiritual desolation if one is not grounded in faith.

in the Valley of Rephaim
The Valley of Rephaim was a fertile area near Jerusalem, often associated with giants and formidable foes. The name "Rephaim" itself is linked to ancient giants, symbolizing overwhelming challenges. This geographical reference serves as a reminder that even in the face of daunting obstacles, God provides strength and victory. The valley represents the battlegrounds of life where faith is tested and proven.

So David inquired of the LORD
This phrase highlights David's consistent reliance on divine guidance. The Hebrew root for "inquired" is "שָׁאַל" (sha'al), which means to ask or consult. This reflects David's humility and recognition of God's sovereignty. In a historical context, David's inquiry signifies his dependence on God rather than his own military prowess, setting a precedent for leaders to seek divine wisdom in decision-making.

and He answered
The phrase underscores the responsiveness of God to those who earnestly seek Him. The Hebrew root "עָנָה" (anah) means to respond or reply. This interaction between David and God illustrates a personal relationship, emphasizing that God is not distant but actively involved in the lives of His people. It reassures believers that God listens and provides guidance when approached with a sincere heart.

Do not march up
Here, God provides specific military strategy, indicating His intimate involvement in the affairs of His people. The directive "do not march up" suggests a deviation from conventional tactics, highlighting the importance of obedience to God's instructions over human wisdom. This phrase serves as a reminder that God's ways are higher than our ways (Isaiah 55:8-9).

but circle around behind them
This strategy reflects God's wisdom and understanding of the situation beyond human perception. The Hebrew word for "circle" is "סָבַב" (sabab), meaning to go around or surround. This maneuver not only demonstrates God's tactical brilliance but also His desire to ensure victory for His people. It teaches believers the value of trusting God's unconventional methods.

and attack them in front of the balsam trees
The mention of "balsam trees" provides a geographical and botanical context, indicating a specific location known for its strategic advantage. The Hebrew word "בָּכָא" (baca) refers to a type of tree that was common in the region. This detail underscores the precision of God's guidance, showing that He is aware of every detail in our lives. It encourages believers to trust in God's perfect timing and placement in their own battles.

As soon as you hear
This phrase emphasizes the immediacy and attentiveness required in following God's instructions. The Hebrew root for "hear" is "שָׁמַע" (shama), which implies not just hearing but also understanding and obeying. In the biblical context, hearing is often linked with obedience, suggesting that David and his men must be ready to act promptly upon receiving God's signal.

the sound of marching
The "sound of marching" is a supernatural phenomenon indicating divine intervention. The Hebrew word for "sound" is "קוֹל" (qol), which can mean voice, sound, or noise. This suggests a clear, unmistakable signal from God. The imagery of marching implies an army, reinforcing the idea that God Himself is leading a heavenly host into battle.

in the tops of the balsam trees
The "balsam trees" are significant both botanically and symbolically. The Hebrew word "בָּכָא" (baca) refers to a type of tree known for its resin, often associated with weeping or lamentation. The tops of these trees would catch the wind, creating a rustling sound that served as God's signal. This setting underscores the miraculous nature of God's guidance, using the natural world to communicate His will.

move quickly
This command highlights the urgency and readiness required in spiritual warfare. The Hebrew root "חָרַץ" (charats) implies decisiveness and speed. In the context of David's military strategy, it underscores the importance of seizing the moment when God provides an opportunity for victory.

because this is the sign
The "sign" is a divine confirmation of God's presence and promise. The Hebrew word "אוֹת" (oth) is often used for signs that confirm God's covenant or intervention. This assures David that the battle is not his alone but that God is actively working on behalf of Israel.

that the LORD has gone out before you
This phrase is a powerful reminder of God's leadership and sovereignty. The name "LORD" (יהוה, Yahweh) is the covenant name of God, emphasizing His faithfulness and power. The idea of God going "before you" is a recurring biblical theme, indicating His role as a divine warrior leading His people to victory.

to strike the camp of the Philistines
The "camp of the Philistines" represents the enemy forces opposing God's people. The Hebrew word "נָכָה" (nakah) means to strike or smite, indicating a decisive and overwhelming defeat. This phrase assures David of God's promise to deliver Israel from its enemies, reinforcing the theme of divine justice and protection.

So David did
This phrase highlights David's obedience to God's command. The Hebrew root for "did" is עָשָׂה (asah), which means to accomplish or to act with purpose. David's actions are a direct response to divine instruction, showcasing his role as a faithful servant of God. His obedience is a model for believers, emphasizing the importance of aligning one's actions with God's will.

as the LORD had commanded him
The phrase underscores the divine authority and guidance in David's military actions. The Hebrew word for "commanded" is צָוָה (tsavah), which implies a directive given with authority. This reflects the theocratic nature of Israel's leadership, where God is the ultimate ruler. David's success is attributed not to his own strength but to his adherence to God's command, reminding believers of the power and wisdom of divine guidance.

and he struck down the Philistines
The Philistines were a persistent enemy of Israel, often representing opposition to God's people. The Hebrew verb נָכָה (nakah) for "struck down" conveys a decisive victory. This victory is not just a military triumph but a spiritual one, symbolizing the defeat of forces that stand against God's purposes. It serves as an encouragement to believers that with God's help, they can overcome their adversaries.

all the way from Gibeon to Gezer
This geographical detail provides historical context to the extent of David's victory. Gibeon and Gezer were significant locations in ancient Israel. Gibeon, known for its strategic importance, and Gezer, a key city on the route to Egypt, mark the boundaries of the campaign. This indicates a comprehensive victory, securing Israel's borders and ensuring peace. Archaeological findings in these areas corroborate the biblical narrative, providing tangible evidence of the historical events described. This serves as a reminder of the Bible's historical reliability and God's faithfulness in fulfilling His promises to His people.