Then Satan
The Hebrew word for "Satan" is "שָׂטָן" (satan), meaning "adversary" or "accuser." In this context, Satan is depicted as a personal being who opposes God's people. This is one of the few Old Testament references where Satan is explicitly named, highlighting his role as an instigator of sin. Theologically, this underscores the belief in a spiritual realm where forces of good and evil are in conflict, with Satan actively working against God's purposes.

rose up against Israel
The phrase suggests an active and hostile movement by Satan. The Hebrew verb "עָמַד" (amad) means "to stand" or "to rise," indicating a deliberate action. Historically, Israel faced numerous adversaries, both physical and spiritual. This rising up against Israel signifies a direct threat to the nation's spiritual and physical well-being, emphasizing the need for vigilance and reliance on God.

and incited David
The Hebrew verb "סוּת" (sut) means "to incite" or "to provoke." This implies that Satan influenced David's decision-making, leading him to act contrary to God's will. Theologically, this highlights the susceptibility of even the most faithful individuals to temptation and the importance of seeking God's guidance in all decisions. David, a man after God's own heart, was not immune to spiritual attack, reminding believers of the constant need for spiritual discernment.

to take a census
In ancient Israel, a census was often conducted for military or taxation purposes. However, in this context, it was seen as an act of pride and self-reliance, as it shifted trust from God to human strength. The act of counting the people suggested a reliance on numbers rather than on God's provision and protection. This serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of pride and the importance of humility before God.

of Israel
The nation of Israel was chosen by God to be His people, set apart for His purposes. The census, therefore, was not just a political or administrative act but had spiritual implications. It was a breach of trust in the covenant relationship between God and His people. This highlights the broader biblical theme of Israel's unique identity and calling, and the consequences of deviating from God's commands.

So David said
This phrase introduces the central figure, King David, a man after God's own heart (1 Samuel 13:14). The Hebrew root for "said" is אָמַר (amar), which often implies a command or authoritative statement. David's directive here is significant because it reflects a moment of human weakness and pride, as he seeks to quantify his military strength rather than relying on God's provision and protection.

to Joab and the commanders of the troops
Joab, David's nephew and the commander of his army, is a complex character known for his military prowess and sometimes ruthless actions. The "commanders of the troops" indicates the military leadership structure in Israel, highlighting the organized and hierarchical nature of David's kingdom. This phrase underscores the gravity of David's command, as it involves the highest levels of military authority.

Go, count the Israelites
The act of counting, or taking a census, in this context is significant. The Hebrew word for "count" is פָּקַד (paqad), which can mean to number, muster, or appoint. In the ancient Near East, censuses were often conducted for military or taxation purposes. However, in Israel, such actions were to be directed by God (Exodus 30:12), and David's initiative here reflects a departure from divine instruction, suggesting a reliance on human strength.

from Beersheba to Dan
This phrase describes the geographical extent of the census, from Beersheba in the south to Dan in the north, effectively covering the entire nation of Israel. It is a common biblical expression denoting the full span of the land (Judges 20:1). This comprehensive scope indicates David's desire to assess the total military capability of his kingdom, further emphasizing his focus on human resources.

and bring me a report
The request for a report, or a written account, signifies David's intention to have a tangible record of his nation's strength. The Hebrew root for "report" is דָּבָר (dabar), which can mean word, matter, or thing. This desire for documentation reflects a shift towards administrative control and a potential lack of trust in God's sovereignty.

so that I may know their number
David's motivation is revealed in his desire to "know" the number of his people. The Hebrew word for "know" is יָדַע (yada), which implies an intimate understanding or awareness. This pursuit of knowledge, in this context, is not for God's glory but for personal assurance and pride. It serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of self-reliance and the temptation to measure success by worldly standards rather than spiritual faithfulness.

But Joab replied
Joab, the commander of David's army, is a complex figure in the biblical narrative. His name in Hebrew, יוֹאָב (Yo'av), means "Yahweh is father." Joab's reply indicates his awareness of the spiritual and moral implications of David's command. Historically, Joab is known for his military prowess and political acumen, often acting as a voice of reason or caution to King David. His response here reflects his understanding of the potential consequences of the census, which was seen as an act of pride and lack of trust in God's provision.

May the LORD multiply His troops a hundred times over
This phrase reflects a common biblical blessing, invoking God's power to increase and bless abundantly. The Hebrew word for "multiply" is רָבָה (ravah), which conveys the idea of great increase and abundance. Joab's statement underscores a reliance on divine providence rather than human strength. In the historical context, counting troops could imply reliance on military might rather than faith in God's protection and provision.

My lord the king, are they not all my lord’s servants?
Joab addresses David with respect, acknowledging his authority while subtly reminding him of the unity and loyalty of the people. The phrase "my lord's servants" emphasizes the collective identity of Israel as God's chosen people, serving under the king's leadership. This highlights the covenant relationship between God, the king, and the people, where the king is expected to lead in accordance with God's will.

Why does my lord want to do this?
This rhetorical question challenges David's motives, suggesting that the census is unnecessary and potentially harmful. Joab's question implies that David's desire to count the people stems from pride or insecurity, rather than a genuine need. In the broader scriptural context, this reflects the biblical theme of trusting in God's provision rather than human resources.

Why should he bring guilt on Israel?
The concept of "guilt" here is significant, as it implies a breach of covenantal faithfulness. The Hebrew word for guilt, אָשָׁם (asham), often denotes a state of moral or ritual impurity requiring atonement. Joab's warning suggests that the census could lead to divine judgment, as it reflects a lack of trust in God. Historically, this aligns with the biblical understanding that leaders' actions can have communal consequences, affecting the entire nation.

Nevertheless
This word serves as a pivotal transition, indicating a shift in the narrative. In Hebrew, the word used is "ulam," which often introduces a contrast or an unexpected turn of events. Here, it underscores the tension between King David's authority and Joab's resistance. Despite Joab's objections, the king's command stands firm, highlighting the ultimate authority of the king, which can be seen as a reflection of God's sovereign will prevailing over human reasoning.

the king’s word
This phrase emphasizes the power and authority vested in King David. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a king's word was law, reflecting the divine right of kingship. David, as a man after God's own heart, is a type of Christ, whose word is ultimate and authoritative. This reminds believers of the importance of submitting to God's word, which holds ultimate authority in the life of a Christian.

prevailed against Joab
The Hebrew root for "prevailed" is "chazaq," meaning to be strong or firm. This indicates that despite Joab's reluctance and the moral implications of the census, David's command was enforced. Joab, a seasoned military leader, often acted with his own counsel, but here he is compelled to obey. This serves as a reminder of the struggle between human wisdom and divine command, urging believers to trust in God's plans even when they conflict with personal judgment.

So Joab departed
Joab's departure signifies obedience to the king's command, despite his personal misgivings. The act of departing is not just physical but also symbolic of submission to authority. In the broader biblical narrative, this reflects the journey of faith, where believers are called to step out in obedience, trusting in God's overarching plan.

and traveled throughout Israel
This phrase indicates the extensive nature of the task Joab undertook. The Hebrew term for "traveled" is "halak," which means to walk or go. It suggests a thorough and deliberate action, covering the entire nation. This mirrors the comprehensive nature of God's knowledge and care for His people, as He is aware of every individual within His creation.

and then he returned to Jerusalem
Joab's return to Jerusalem marks the completion of his task. Jerusalem, the city of David, holds significant theological importance as the center of worship and the future site of the Temple. This return can be seen as a foreshadowing of the ultimate return to God's presence, symbolizing the fulfillment of God's purposes. For believers, it serves as a reminder of the hope of returning to the heavenly Jerusalem, where God's presence dwells eternally.

And Joab reported to David
Joab, the commander of David's army, plays a crucial role in this narrative. His name in Hebrew, יוֹאָב (Yo'av), means "Yahweh is father." Joab's reporting to David signifies the completion of a task that was reluctantly undertaken. Historically, Joab's hesitance to conduct the census reflects his awareness of the potential spiritual consequences, as censuses were often associated with divine judgment or pride. This highlights the tension between obedience to the king and obedience to God.

the total number of the mighty men
The phrase "mighty men" refers to the seasoned warriors of Israel, known in Hebrew as גִּבּוֹרִים (gibborim). These were not just ordinary soldiers but elite fighters, renowned for their strength and valor. The chronicling of their number underscores the military strength of Israel at the time, yet it also serves as a reminder of the temptation to rely on human power rather than divine providence.

In all Israel there were 1,100,000 men who drew the sword
The enumeration of "1,100,000 men" who could wield a sword indicates a formidable military force. The act of "drawing the sword" is symbolic of readiness for battle and defense. In the historical context, this vast number reflects the united strength of the tribes of Israel. However, from a theological perspective, it also serves as a caution against placing trust in numbers and military might over faith in God.

including 470,000 in Judah
The specific mention of "470,000 in Judah" highlights the prominence and strength of the tribe of Judah, from which King David hailed. Judah's significant contribution to the military census emphasizes its leading role among the tribes. This detail not only reflects the historical and political landscape of the time but also foreshadows the future prominence of Judah in biblical prophecy, ultimately pointing to the lineage of Jesus Christ, the Lion of the tribe of Judah.

But Joab
Joab, the commander of King David's army, is a significant figure in the narrative of Israel's history. His name in Hebrew, יוֹאָב (Yo'av), means "Yahweh is father." Joab's actions often reflect a pragmatic and sometimes ruthless approach to leadership. In this context, Joab's decision not to include certain tribes in the census demonstrates his discernment and moral courage, as he recognizes the king's command as contrary to God's will.

did not include
The Hebrew root for "did not include" is לֹא (lo), meaning "no" or "not," and the verb פָּקַד (paqad), meaning "to count" or "to number." This phrase indicates a deliberate omission, suggesting Joab's conscious decision to act against the king's directive. This act of omission is significant, as it reflects Joab's internal conflict and his prioritization of divine law over royal command.

Levi and Benjamin
The tribes of Levi and Benjamin hold unique positions within the Israelite community. Levi, the priestly tribe, was traditionally exempt from military duties and censuses, as their role was primarily spiritual and religious. Benjamin, the smallest tribe, had a complex history, including its near destruction in the events of Judges 20. Joab's exclusion of these tribes may reflect both traditional exemptions and a strategic decision to avoid further conflict or divine displeasure.

in the count
The "count" refers to the census ordered by King David. In ancient Israel, censuses were often conducted for military or taxation purposes. However, this particular census was seen as an act of pride and self-reliance, contrary to the reliance on God that was expected of Israel's leaders. The Hebrew term for "count" is מִסְפָּר (mispar), which can also imply a reckoning or accounting, further emphasizing the gravity of the act.

because the king’s command
The "king's command" highlights the authority and responsibility of King David. In Hebrew, מִצְוַת הַמֶּלֶךְ (mitzvat hamelech) underscores the weight of royal decrees. However, this command is juxtaposed with divine law, illustrating the tension between human authority and God's will. David's command, driven by pride, ultimately leads to consequences for the nation, reminding readers of the importance of humility and obedience to God.

was detestable to him
The word "detestable" in Hebrew is תּוֹעֵבָה (to'evah), often used to describe actions that are abominable or repugnant in the sight of God. Joab's reaction indicates a deep moral and spiritual repulsion to the census. This phrase underscores the seriousness of the sin in God's eyes and serves as a warning against actions motivated by pride and self-sufficiency. Joab's discernment and resistance to the king's command highlight the importance of aligning one's actions with divine principles, even in the face of earthly authority.

This command
The phrase "this command" refers to the directive given by King David to conduct a census of Israel. In the Hebrew context, the word for "command" (Hebrew: דָּבָר, davar) often implies a matter or thing that is spoken or decreed. In this instance, it highlights the authoritative nature of David's decision, which was not aligned with God's will. Historically, a census was not inherently wrong, but it was to be conducted under God's guidance, as it often implied reliance on human strength rather than divine provision.

was also evil
The term "evil" (Hebrew: רַע, ra) in this context signifies something morally wrong or displeasing to God. It underscores the gravity of David's action, which was rooted in pride and self-reliance. From a conservative Christian perspective, this serves as a reminder of the importance of aligning one's actions with God's will and the dangers of acting independently of divine guidance.

in the sight of God
This phrase emphasizes God's omniscience and His moral standard. The Hebrew word for "sight" (עֵינַיִם, enayim) literally means "eyes," indicating that nothing is hidden from God. It serves as a sobering reminder that God sees and evaluates all actions according to His righteous standards. For believers, this is an encouragement to live transparently before God, knowing that He is aware of all intentions and actions.

so He struck Israel
The consequence of David's sin was that God "struck Israel," indicating divine judgment. The Hebrew verb used here (נָכָה, nakah) means to smite or strike, often used in the context of punishment or discipline. This highlights the corporate nature of sin and its repercussions, affecting not just the individual but the community. It serves as a warning of the serious consequences of disobedience and the importance of repentance and seeking God's mercy.

Then David said to God
This phrase marks a pivotal moment of confession and repentance. David, the king of Israel, acknowledges his wrongdoing directly to God, illustrating the personal relationship he maintains with the Divine. The Hebrew root for "said" (אָמַר, 'amar) implies not just speaking, but a declaration or admission, indicating the seriousness of David's acknowledgment. Historically, this reflects the theocratic nature of Israel, where the king is not above divine law and must answer to God.

I have sinned greatly
David's admission of sin is profound. The Hebrew word for "sinned" (חָטָא, chata) means to miss the mark, suggesting a deviation from God's standards. The adverb "greatly" (מְאֹד, me'od) intensifies the confession, showing David's awareness of the magnitude of his transgression. This phrase underscores the gravity of sin in the biblical narrative and the importance of recognizing one's failures before God.

by doing this
This refers to David's act of conducting a census of Israel, which was against God's will. The historical context reveals that censuses were often conducted for military or taxation purposes, implying a reliance on human strength rather than divine provision. David's action reflects a lapse in trust in God, which is why it is considered a significant sin.

Now I implore You
The word "implore" (עָתַר, 'athar) conveys a sense of earnest pleading or supplication. David's approach to God is not one of entitlement but of humility and desperation. This reflects the biblical principle that repentance involves not just acknowledgment of sin but a heartfelt plea for mercy.

to take away the iniquity
The term "iniquity" (עָוֹן, avon) refers to guilt or the consequences of sin. David is not only seeking forgiveness but also the removal of the burden and consequences of his actions. This highlights the comprehensive nature of God's forgiveness, which not only pardons but also restores.

of Your servant
By referring to himself as "Your servant," David acknowledges his position before God. The Hebrew word for servant (עֶבֶד, eved) implies submission and dedication. Despite being a king, David recognizes his ultimate role as a servant of God, emphasizing the biblical theme of humility and servitude to the Divine.

for I have acted very foolishly
The word "foolishly" (נָבַל, nabal) in Hebrew suggests a lack of wisdom or understanding, often associated with moral and spiritual failure. David's self-assessment is a recognition of his failure to act in accordance with God's wisdom. This phrase serves as a reminder of the importance of seeking divine guidance in all decisions.

And the LORD
The phrase "And the LORD" signifies the direct involvement of God in the narrative. The Hebrew term used here is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, emphasizing His eternal presence and faithfulness. This introduction sets the stage for divine intervention, reminding readers of God's sovereignty and His active role in guiding His people. Historically, this reflects the theocratic nature of Israel, where God was seen as the ultimate authority.

instructed
The Hebrew word for "instructed" is "dabar," which means to speak or command. This indicates a clear and authoritative communication from God. In the context of the Old Testament, God's instructions were often delivered through prophets or seers, serving as His mouthpiece. This highlights the importance of obedience to God's word, as His instructions are not mere suggestions but divine mandates.

Gad
Gad is identified as a prophet or seer in the service of King David. His name means "fortune" or "luck" in Hebrew, but his role is far from coincidental. Gad's presence in the narrative underscores the importance of prophetic voices in Israel's history. Prophets like Gad were crucial in conveying God's will to the leaders and people, ensuring that divine guidance was accessible and authoritative.

David’s seer
The term "seer" (Hebrew: "chozeh") refers to one who perceives or has visions. In ancient Israel, a seer was a respected figure who received revelations from God, often through visions or dreams. By identifying Gad as "David’s seer," the text emphasizes the personal and direct line of communication between God and King David through Gad. This relationship underscores the necessity of spiritual insight and guidance for leadership, reminding readers of the value of seeking divine wisdom in governance and personal life.

Go and tell David
This phrase signifies a direct command from God to the prophet Gad, emphasizing the role of prophets as messengers between God and His chosen leaders. The Hebrew root for "go" (הלך, halak) often implies a journey or mission, underscoring the importance and urgency of the message. David, as the king, is reminded of his accountability to God, highlighting the biblical principle that leaders are subject to divine authority.

that this is what the LORD says
This phrase establishes the divine origin of the message, affirming the authority and sovereignty of God. The use of "LORD" (יהוה, Yahweh) is significant, as it is the covenant name of God, reminding David of the special relationship and responsibilities he has as the leader of God's people. It underscores the seriousness of the communication and the expectation of obedience.

I am offering you three options
The phrase introduces a divine test or choice, reflecting God's justice and mercy. The Hebrew word for "offering" (נתן, natan) can also mean "to give" or "to set before," indicating that God is placing a decision in David's hands. This moment is pivotal, as it demonstrates God's willingness to involve human agency in the unfolding of His divine plan, while also serving as a lesson in the consequences of sin.

Choose one of them
Here, the emphasis is on personal responsibility and the exercise of free will. The Hebrew root for "choose" (בחר, bachar) implies a careful selection, often associated with making a decision that aligns with God's will. This choice is a test of David's wisdom and discernment, reflecting the broader biblical theme of choosing between obedience and disobedience.

for Me to carry out against you
This phrase highlights the direct involvement of God in the consequences of David's actions. The Hebrew word for "carry out" (עשה, asah) means "to do" or "to make," indicating that God Himself will execute the chosen consequence. It serves as a sobering reminder of the reality of divine judgment and the seriousness of sin, while also pointing to the hope of redemption and restoration through repentance and submission to God's will.

So Gad went
Gad, known as a seer or prophet, plays a crucial role in the narrative of David's life. The Hebrew root for "went" (הלך, halak) implies a purposeful journey or mission. Gad's obedience to God's command reflects the role of prophets as messengers who bridge the divine and human realms. Historically, prophets like Gad were integral in guiding Israel's leaders, emphasizing the importance of divine communication in governance and decision-making.

and said to David
David, the anointed king of Israel, is often depicted as a man after God's own heart, yet not without flaws. The act of Gad speaking to David signifies the direct line of communication between God and His chosen leaders. The Hebrew word for "said" (אמר, amar) is frequently used in the Old Testament to denote authoritative speech. This interaction underscores the accountability of leaders to divine authority and the necessity of humility and repentance in leadership.

This is what the LORD says
The phrase establishes the divine origin of the message. "LORD" (יהוה, Yahweh) is the covenant name of God, emphasizing His eternal and unchanging nature. This introduction is a common prophetic formula, asserting that the message is not of human origin but from the sovereign Creator. It reminds readers of the weight and authority of God's words, which demand attention and obedience.

You must choose
The directive to "choose" (בחר, bachar) places responsibility on David, highlighting the theme of free will and moral responsibility. In the context of 1 Chronicles 21, David is faced with the consequences of his actions—specifically, his decision to conduct a census against God's will. This moment of choice is pivotal, illustrating the biblical principle that while God is sovereign, humans are accountable for their decisions. Theologically, it reflects the tension between divine sovereignty and human responsibility, a recurring theme throughout Scripture.

Choose for yourself
This phrase emphasizes the personal responsibility and the gravity of decision-making. In the Hebrew context, the word "choose" (בָּחַר, bachar) implies a deliberate and discerning selection. It reflects the weight of leadership and the consequences that come with it, reminding us of the importance of seeking divine wisdom in our choices.

either three years of famine
Famine in the ancient Near East was a devastating event, often seen as a direct consequence of divine displeasure. The Hebrew word for famine (רָעָב, ra'av) signifies not just a lack of food but a period of severe hardship and testing. Historically, famines were common and could decimate populations, emphasizing the severity of this option.

three months of being swept away before your enemies
This phrase highlights the vulnerability and humiliation of defeat. The concept of being "swept away" (נִסְפֶּה, nispeh) suggests a forceful removal or destruction. In the context of Israel's history, military defeat was not just a physical loss but a spiritual and national crisis, reflecting a breach in their covenant relationship with God.

and overtaken by their swords
The sword (חֶרֶב, cherev) is a symbol of judgment and warfare. Being overtaken by the sword implies a complete and overwhelming defeat. In biblical times, the sword was a common instrument of war, and its mention here underscores the peril and bloodshed that accompany military defeat.

or three days of the sword of the LORD
The "sword of the LORD" is a metaphor for divine judgment. Unlike human warfare, this is a direct intervention by God, emphasizing His sovereignty and the seriousness of sin. The brevity of "three days" contrasts with the other options, yet its intensity is profound, reflecting the immediacy and power of divine action.

days of plague upon the land
Plagues were often seen as divine punishments in the ancient world. The Hebrew word for plague (דֶּבֶר, deber) indicates a pestilence or epidemic. Such events were terrifying and uncontrollable, serving as a stark reminder of human frailty and the need for repentance and reliance on God.

with the angel of the LORD ravaging every part of Israel
The "angel of the LORD" is a significant figure in the Old Testament, often representing God's presence and action. The term "ravaging" (שָׁחַת, shachat) implies destruction and devastation. This phrase underscores the comprehensive nature of the judgment, affecting the entire nation and highlighting the seriousness of disobedience.

Now then, decide how I should reply to Him who sent me
This statement reflects the urgency and gravity of the situation. The messenger, likely the prophet Gad, is seeking David's decision to relay back to God. It emphasizes the direct communication between God and His chosen leaders, and the responsibility they bear in guiding the people according to divine will.

David answered Gad
David, the second king of Israel, is responding to Gad, a prophet and David's seer. The role of a prophet in ancient Israel was to convey God's messages to the people, often providing guidance or correction. Gad's presence signifies divine communication, and David's response indicates his recognition of Gad's authority as God's messenger. Historically, prophets like Gad were integral in guiding Israel's leaders, ensuring they aligned with God's will.

I am deeply distressed
The Hebrew root for "distressed" is "tsarar," which conveys a sense of being in a tight spot or under pressure. David's distress is both emotional and spiritual, reflecting his awareness of the gravity of his sin in conducting a census against God's will. This phrase captures the human experience of guilt and the burden of sin, reminding believers of the importance of repentance and seeking God's forgiveness.

Please, let me fall into the hand of the LORD
David's plea to fall into God's hand rather than man's highlights his trust in God's character. The "hand of the LORD" symbolizes divine power and authority, but also His sovereignty and justice. David understands that while God is just, He is also merciful. This reflects a deep theological truth: God's discipline, though sometimes severe, is always tempered with mercy and aimed at restoration.

for His mercies are very great
The Hebrew word for "mercies" is "rachamim," which is derived from "rechem," meaning womb. This imagery suggests a deep, nurturing compassion akin to a mother's love for her child. David acknowledges God's abundant mercy, which is a recurring theme throughout Scripture. This assurance of God's mercy provides hope and comfort, encouraging believers to trust in God's unfailing love even when facing consequences for their actions.

but do not let me fall into the hand of man
David contrasts God's mercy with the potential cruelty of human judgment. The "hand of man" represents human authority, which can be harsh and unforgiving. Historically, human rulers often acted out of self-interest or vengeance, lacking the divine balance of justice and mercy. David's preference for divine judgment underscores his understanding of God's nature and his desire for a resolution that aligns with God's redemptive purposes.

So the LORD sent a plague
The phrase begins with "So the LORD," emphasizing the divine authority and sovereignty of God. In Hebrew, "Yahweh" is used, which is the personal name of God, highlighting His covenant relationship with Israel. The word "sent" indicates a direct action from God, reflecting His control over nature and history. The "plague" is a form of divine judgment, often used in the Old Testament to bring about repentance or to demonstrate God's power and holiness. Historically, plagues were seen as manifestations of divine displeasure, and in this context, it serves as a consequence of David's sin of conducting a census, which was against God's will.

on Israel
This phrase specifies the target of the divine judgment. "Israel" refers to the united kingdom under David, encompassing all twelve tribes. Theologically, it underscores the collective responsibility and the communal nature of sin and its consequences. The nation of Israel, chosen by God to be a holy people, is being disciplined to bring them back to righteousness. This reflects the biblical principle that God disciplines those He loves (Hebrews 12:6).

and seventy thousand men of Israel fell dead
The number "seventy thousand" is significant, indicating the severity of the judgment. In biblical numerology, the number seven often symbolizes completeness or perfection, suggesting the thoroughness of the divine judgment. The phrase "men of Israel" highlights the loss of life among the fighting men, which would have had a profound impact on the nation's military and social structure. The term "fell dead" is a stark reminder of the mortality and frailty of human life in the face of divine judgment. This tragic outcome serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of disobedience to God's commands and the seriousness with which God views sin.

Then God sent an angel
The phrase "Then God sent an angel" indicates divine intervention. In Hebrew, the word for angel is "mal'ak," which means messenger. Angels are often depicted as God's agents executing His will. This highlights God's sovereignty and His ability to use supernatural means to accomplish His purposes. The sending of an angel signifies the seriousness of the situation and the direct involvement of God in the affairs of men.

to destroy Jerusalem
The phrase "to destroy Jerusalem" underscores the severity of the judgment that was to befall the city. Historically, Jerusalem was the center of worship and the heart of Israel. The potential destruction of Jerusalem signifies a profound moment of divine judgment, reflecting the consequences of sin and disobedience. It serves as a reminder of the holiness of God and the seriousness with which He views sin.

But as the angel was about to destroy it
This phrase introduces a moment of divine mercy. The Hebrew word for "about" suggests an imminent action, indicating that the destruction was near completion. This moment captures the tension between justice and mercy, illustrating that while God is just, He is also compassionate and willing to relent when there is repentance or intercession.

the LORD saw it and relented from the calamity
The phrase "the LORD saw it and relented from the calamity" reveals God's compassion and willingness to show mercy. The Hebrew word for "relented" is "nacham," which can mean to be moved to pity or to have compassion. This demonstrates that God is not unfeeling or distant; He is deeply involved and responsive to the plight of His people. It also highlights the power of intercession and repentance in altering the course of divine judgment.

He said to the angel who was destroying the people
This phrase shows God's direct communication with His angelic messenger. The specificity of "the angel who was destroying the people" emphasizes the role of the angel as an executor of divine judgment. It also illustrates the order and authority within the heavenly realm, where angels act under God's command.

'Enough! Withdraw your hand now!'
The command "Enough! Withdraw your hand now!" is a powerful declaration of God's authority to halt judgment. The word "Enough" signifies a limit to the destruction, showing that God is in control and that His mercy can override His judgment. This moment is a profound testament to God's grace, illustrating that He is willing to stop the consequences of sin when there is a turning point.

At that time the angel of the LORD was standing by the threshing floor of Araunah the Jebusite
The location "the threshing floor of Araunah the Jebusite" is significant both historically and theologically. Threshing floors were places of separation and judgment, where wheat was separated from chaff. This setting symbolizes a place of decision and divine encounter. Araunah, a Jebusite, represents the inclusion of Gentiles in God's plan, foreshadowing the future temple site where all nations would come to worship. This location later becomes the site of Solomon's Temple, marking it as a place of mercy and divine presence.

David lifted up his eyes
This phrase signifies a moment of realization and awareness. In the Hebrew context, "lifting up one's eyes" often indicates a shift from ignorance to understanding or from distraction to focus. David, in this moment, is transitioning from his previous actions, which led to God's displeasure, to a recognition of the divine presence and the gravity of the situation. It is a call to spiritual awakening and repentance, a theme prevalent throughout the Scriptures.

saw the angel of the LORD
The "angel of the LORD" is a significant figure in the Old Testament, often representing God's direct intervention in human affairs. In Hebrew, "malak Yahweh" can be interpreted as a messenger of God, sometimes even a theophany, or a visible manifestation of God Himself. This sighting underscores the seriousness of David's sin and the impending judgment, while also highlighting God's mercy, as the angel's presence is both a warning and a means for potential redemption.

standing between heaven and earth
This imagery conveys the angel's role as a mediator between the divine and the human realms. The position "between heaven and earth" suggests authority and power, as well as the bridging of the gap between God's holiness and human sinfulness. It is a reminder of the spiritual realities that govern the physical world and the need for divine intervention in human affairs.

with a drawn sword in his hand
The "drawn sword" is a symbol of impending judgment and divine wrath. In biblical times, a drawn sword was a clear indication of readiness for battle or execution of justice. This imagery would have been immediately understood by the original audience as a sign of serious consequences for sin. It serves as a stark reminder of the holiness of God and the seriousness with which He views disobedience.

stretched out over Jerusalem
Jerusalem, the city of David, is central to God's covenant with Israel. The sword "stretched out over Jerusalem" signifies the threat of destruction looming over the city due to David's sin. It highlights the communal impact of individual sin, a recurring theme in Scripture, where the actions of one can affect the many. Yet, it also points to the potential for divine mercy, as the sword is not yet fallen.

Then David and the elders
David, along with the elders, represents the leadership of Israel. Their response to the angel's presence is crucial, as it sets the tone for the nation's reaction to divine judgment. The inclusion of the elders signifies a collective acknowledgment of guilt and a unified approach to seeking God's mercy.

clothed in sackcloth
Sackcloth is a traditional garment of mourning and repentance in the ancient Near East. Wearing sackcloth is a physical manifestation of inner contrition and humility before God. It is an outward sign of an inward change, demonstrating a sincere desire for forgiveness and reconciliation with God.

fell facedown
This act of prostration is a universal gesture of submission and reverence. In the Hebrew tradition, falling facedown before God or His messenger is an acknowledgment of His supreme authority and a plea for mercy. It is a posture of worship, repentance, and total surrender, reflecting the heart's cry for divine intervention and grace.

And David said to God
This phrase marks a direct communication between David and God, highlighting the personal relationship and accountability David feels. The Hebrew root for "said" (אָמַר, 'amar) often implies a declaration or confession, indicating David's earnestness in addressing God. Historically, this reflects the theocratic nature of Israel, where leaders were expected to communicate directly with God, especially in times of crisis.

Was it not I who gave the order to count the people?
David acknowledges his responsibility for the census, which was against God's will. The act of counting the people, in this context, was seen as a reliance on human strength rather than divine provision. The Hebrew word for "count" (פָּקַד, paqad) can also mean to muster or appoint, suggesting a military or administrative intent that disregarded God's sovereignty.

I am the one who has sinned and acted very wickedly
David's confession is profound, as he uses two terms for his wrongdoing: "sinned" (חָטָא, chata) and "acted very wickedly" (הֵרַע, hera). The former implies missing the mark or falling short of God's standards, while the latter suggests a deliberate evil action. This dual acknowledgment underscores the gravity of his actions and his understanding of sin's impact.

but these sheep, what have they done?
David refers to the people of Israel as "sheep," a metaphor that evokes the image of a shepherd caring for his flock. This reflects David's role as a king and shepherd of his people, echoing Psalm 23. The rhetorical question emphasizes the innocence of the people, who suffer due to their leader's sin, highlighting the communal consequences of personal sin.

O LORD my God
This invocation is deeply personal, combining the covenant name of God (YHWH) with "my God," indicating a personal relationship and trust. It reflects David's reliance on God's mercy and his understanding of God's character as both just and compassionate.

let Your hand fall upon me and my father's house
David offers himself and his family as a substitute for the punishment, demonstrating a willingness to bear the consequences of his actions. The "hand" of God often symbolizes power and judgment in the Hebrew Bible, and David's plea is for that judgment to be redirected from the people to himself.

but do not let this plague remain upon Your people
David's intercession for the people is a selfless act of leadership, prioritizing their well-being over his own. The term "plague" (דֶּבֶר, deber) refers to a devastating disease or disaster, often seen as divine retribution. David's plea is for God's mercy to be extended to the people, sparing them from further suffering.

Then the angel of the LORD
The phrase "angel of the LORD" is significant in the Old Testament, often representing a divine messenger with authority and power. In Hebrew, "mal'ak YHWH" can imply a theophany, a visible manifestation of God. This angel acts as an intermediary between God and man, emphasizing the seriousness of the message being delivered. The presence of the angel underscores the divine origin of the command and the importance of obedience to God's will.

ordered Gad
Gad was a prophet during King David's reign, serving as a seer or divine spokesperson. The Hebrew root for "ordered" (צוה, tsavah) implies a command with authority. Gad's role as a prophet is crucial, as he conveys God's instructions to David, highlighting the importance of prophetic guidance in Israel's history. This reflects the biblical principle that God communicates His will through chosen individuals.

to tell David
David, the king of Israel, is the recipient of this divine message. His role as a leader is pivotal, and his actions have significant spiritual and national implications. The instruction to "tell David" indicates the personal nature of God's communication with him, emphasizing David's responsibility to respond in faith and obedience. This interaction illustrates the intimate relationship between God and His chosen leaders.

to go up
The phrase "to go up" (עלה, alah) often signifies an ascent, both physically and spiritually. In biblical terms, going up can imply approaching God, as altars and places of worship were often situated on elevated ground. This ascent is not just a physical movement but a call to spiritual elevation and obedience, inviting David to draw nearer to God through worship and sacrifice.

and build an altar
Building an altar (מזבח, mizbeach) is a significant act of worship and atonement in the Old Testament. Altars were places of sacrifice, symbolizing reconciliation with God and dedication to Him. The command to build an altar indicates the need for repentance and restoration of fellowship with God. It underscores the importance of worship and sacrifice in maintaining a covenant relationship with the Lord.

to the LORD
The use of "the LORD" (יהוה, YHWH) refers to the covenant name of God, emphasizing His eternal and unchanging nature. This name signifies God's faithfulness and His relationship with Israel. The altar is to be built specifically for YHWH, highlighting the exclusivity of worship and the importance of directing devotion to the one true God.

on the threshing floor of Araunah the Jebusite
The threshing floor of Araunah, a Jebusite, is a significant location. Threshing floors were open spaces used for separating grain, symbolizing purification and judgment. The choice of this site for the altar is profound, as it later becomes the location for Solomon's Temple (2 Chronicles 3:1). Araunah's identity as a Jebusite, a non-Israelite, highlights God's sovereignty and the inclusion of all nations in His redemptive plan. This setting underscores the theme of transformation, where a place of judgment becomes a site of worship and divine presence.

So David went up
This phrase marks a pivotal moment of obedience and submission. The Hebrew root for "went up" is "עָלָה" (alah), which often signifies an ascent or a movement towards something higher, both physically and spiritually. David's ascent is not just a physical journey but a spiritual one, reflecting his repentance and willingness to align with God's will. In the broader biblical narrative, ascending often symbolizes drawing closer to God, as seen in the Psalms of Ascent (Psalms 120-134), which pilgrims sang on their way to Jerusalem.

at the word of Gad
Gad, the prophet, serves as God's mouthpiece, delivering divine instructions to David. The Hebrew term for "word" is "דָּבָר" (dabar), which encompasses not just spoken words but also the power and authority behind them. Gad's role highlights the importance of prophetic voices in guiding leaders and the community. In the historical context, prophets were crucial in maintaining the covenant relationship between God and Israel, often calling kings and people back to faithfulness.

which he had spoken
The act of speaking here is significant, as it underscores the transmission of divine will through human agency. The Hebrew root "דָּבַר" (dabar) again emphasizes the authoritative nature of the message. This phrase reminds us of the power of God's spoken word throughout Scripture, from creation in Genesis to the prophetic declarations in the Old Testament. It is a testament to the belief that God's word, once spoken, is active and effective.

in the name of the LORD
This phrase signifies the authority and authenticity of the message. The "name of the LORD" (YHWH) is sacred and represents God's character, presence, and covenant faithfulness. In ancient Israel, invoking God's name was not taken lightly; it was a declaration of divine backing and truth. This underscores the seriousness of David's response, as he recognizes the message as coming directly from the covenant-keeping God of Israel. Historically, the use of God's name in this context would assure the people of the message's divine origin and reliability.

Now Ornan
The name "Ornan" is significant in the context of this passage. Ornan, also known as Araunah in other parts of Scripture, was a Jebusite, a group that originally inhabited Jerusalem before King David's conquest. The Jebusites were known for their fortified city, which later became the City of David. Ornan's presence in this narrative highlights the inclusivity of God's plan, as even those outside of Israel's covenant community play pivotal roles in biblical history. His willingness to offer his threshing floor to David for the altar demonstrates a heart open to God's purposes.

was threshing wheat
Threshing wheat was a common agricultural activity in ancient Israel, involving the separation of grain from chaff. This process often took place on a threshing floor, a flat, hard surface where oxen or other animals would tread out the grain. The act of threshing wheat symbolizes provision and sustenance, as wheat was a staple food. In a spiritual sense, it can also represent the separation of good from evil, or truth from falsehood, a theme prevalent throughout Scripture.

when he turned and saw the angel
The appearance of an angel in this context is a divine intervention that signifies the seriousness of the situation. Angels in the Bible are often messengers of God, bringing important revelations or executing God's will. The Hebrew word for angel, "malak," means messenger, emphasizing their role as intermediaries between God and humans. Ornan's ability to see the angel indicates a moment of divine revelation and underscores the gravity of the events unfolding, as the angel was sent to execute judgment due to David's census.

and his four sons who were with him
The mention of Ornan's four sons provides a glimpse into the familial and communal aspects of ancient life. Families often worked together in agricultural tasks, and the presence of his sons suggests a shared responsibility and unity in their labor. This detail also highlights the potential danger they perceived, as the sight of the angel prompted a reaction of fear and awe, leading them to hide.

hid themselves
The reaction of hiding is a natural human response to fear and the unknown, especially in the presence of divine or supernatural occurrences. This echoes other biblical instances where individuals hid in fear of God's presence, such as Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. The act of hiding signifies an awareness of human frailty and the overwhelming holiness of God. It also reflects the instinctive recognition of the need for protection and the acknowledgment of God's power and authority.

When David came to Araunah
This phrase marks a significant moment in the narrative, as David approaches Araunah, a Jebusite. The name "David" in Hebrew means "beloved," reflecting his status as a man after God's own heart. Araunah, also known as Ornan, is a figure of interest because he is a Jebusite, a remnant of the original inhabitants of Jerusalem. This encounter underscores the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between David, the king of Israel, and the Jebusites, highlighting the unifying power of God's plan.

Araunah looked down and saw the king
The act of "looking down" suggests a position of humility and respect. Araunah's recognition of David as "the king" is significant, as it acknowledges David's God-given authority. In the ancient Near Eastern context, kings were seen as representatives of divine authority on earth. Araunah's recognition of David's kingship reflects the broader acceptance of David's rule, even among non-Israelites, which is a testament to God's favor upon David.

and his servants coming toward him
The presence of "his servants" with David emphasizes the king's status and the respect he commands. In the biblical context, servants often accompanied kings to signify their authority and the execution of their will. This entourage signifies the importance of the meeting and the respect due to both David and Araunah. It also reflects the communal nature of leadership in ancient Israel, where the king's actions were supported by his loyal followers.

so he went out and bowed facedown before the king
Araunah's action of bowing "facedown" is a profound gesture of respect and submission. In the Hebrew culture, bowing was a common way to show honor and deference, especially to someone of higher status. This act of humility by Araunah not only acknowledges David's authority but also sets the stage for the subsequent negotiation for the threshing floor. It is a reminder of the importance of humility and respect in relationships, especially when dealing with those whom God has placed in positions of authority.

Then David said to Ornan
This phrase introduces King David, a central figure in the history of Israel, known for his heart after God. The name "David" in Hebrew means "beloved," reflecting his special relationship with God. Ornan, also known as Araunah in 2 Samuel 24, was a Jebusite, indicating the diverse peoples within Israel's borders. This interaction highlights David's humility and respect for others, even those outside of Israel's covenant community.

Grant me the site of this threshing floor
The "threshing floor" was a place where grain was separated from chaff, symbolizing purification and judgment. In ancient Israel, threshing floors were often located on elevated ground, making them suitable for altars. The request to "grant" signifies David's desire for a willing transaction, respecting Ornan's ownership. This site would later become the location for Solomon's Temple, underscoring its spiritual significance.

that I may build an altar on it to the LORD
Building an "altar" was an act of worship and atonement, a place where sacrifices were made to God. The Hebrew word for altar, "mizbeach," comes from a root meaning "to slaughter," emphasizing the sacrificial system central to Israel's worship. David's intention to build an altar "to the LORD" reflects his desire to restore fellowship with God and seek His mercy.

Sell it to me at the full price
David's insistence on paying the "full price" demonstrates his integrity and understanding that true worship requires personal sacrifice. This principle is echoed in 2 Samuel 24:24, where David states he will not offer to God that which costs him nothing. The transaction underscores the value of sincere devotion and the costliness of atonement.

so the plague on the people may be halted
The "plague" was a divine judgment resulting from David's earlier sin of conducting a census, as recorded in 1 Chronicles 21:1-17. The Hebrew word for plague, "magephah," indicates a severe affliction or calamity. David's actions here are intercessory, seeking to "halt" the plague and spare the people. This reflects the role of a godly leader who takes responsibility and seeks God's mercy on behalf of others.

Ornan said to David
The name "Ornan" is a variant of "Araunah," which is used in 2 Samuel 24. This reflects the common practice of individuals having multiple names or variations in ancient texts. Ornan, a Jebusite, demonstrates a remarkable willingness to serve the king, which is significant given the historical context of the Jebusites as former inhabitants of Jerusalem before David's conquest. This interaction highlights the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect that can occur between different peoples under God's providence.

Take it!
Ornan's immediate offer to give his property to King David without hesitation is a profound act of generosity and submission. The Hebrew root for "take" (לָקַח, laqach) often implies a transfer of possession or acceptance. Ornan's willingness to give freely underscores the biblical principle of cheerful giving, as seen in 2 Corinthians 9:7, where God loves a cheerful giver. This act of giving is not just about the material but reflects a heart aligned with God's purposes.

My lord the king
This phrase reflects the respect and honor Ornan has for David, acknowledging his authority and God-given role as king. The use of "lord" (אֲדֹנִי, adoni) is a term of respect and submission, recognizing David's leadership and God's anointing upon him. This respect is crucial in understanding the dynamics of leadership and servanthood in the biblical narrative, where authority is both respected and exercised under God's guidance.

may do whatever seems good to him
Ornan's statement here is an expression of trust and deference to David's judgment. The phrase "seems good" (טוֹב, tov) is often used in the Old Testament to denote what is right, beneficial, or pleasing. This reflects a trust in David's integrity and decision-making, which is rooted in his relationship with God. It also highlights the importance of seeking what is good and right in the eyes of the Lord, a recurring theme in Scripture.

See, I am giving
The act of giving is emphasized here, with Ornan explicitly stating his intention. The Hebrew verb "giving" (נָתַן, natan) is a common term for offering or bestowing something of value. This act of giving is not just a transaction but a sacrificial offering, reflecting a heart of worship and dedication to God. It serves as a model for believers to give generously and sacrificially, recognizing that all we have is ultimately from God.

the oxen for the burnt offerings
Oxen were valuable assets in ancient agrarian societies, used for plowing and as a source of food. Offering them as burnt offerings signifies a significant sacrifice, as burnt offerings were entirely consumed by fire, symbolizing complete devotion to God. This act of sacrifice is a foreshadowing of the ultimate sacrifice of Christ, who gave Himself completely for the atonement of sin.

the threshing sledges for the wood
Threshing sledges were tools used in agriculture to separate grain from chaff. By offering them for wood, Ornan is providing the means for the burnt offering, showing his willingness to contribute all necessary resources for worship. This reflects the biblical principle of using our resources for God's glory and the advancement of His kingdom.

and the wheat for the grain offering
Wheat, a staple food, was used in grain offerings, which were expressions of thanksgiving and dedication to God. By offering wheat, Ornan is participating in an act of worship that acknowledges God's provision and sovereignty. This offering is a reminder of the importance of gratitude and recognition of God's blessings in our lives.

I will give it all
Ornan's declaration to give everything needed for the offering is a powerful testament to his generosity and faith. The phrase "give it all" emphasizes total commitment and surrender to God's purposes. This mirrors the call for believers to offer themselves wholly to God, as seen in Romans 12:1, where we are urged to present our bodies as living sacrifices, holy and pleasing to God.

No, replied King David
This phrase highlights David's firm and immediate response. The Hebrew word for "No" is "לֹא" (lo), which is a strong negation. David's reply is decisive, reflecting his understanding of the gravity of the situation. As king, David's words carry authority, and his decision to refuse the offer without hesitation underscores his commitment to righteousness and integrity. Historically, David is known as a man after God's own heart (1 Samuel 13:14), and this moment is a testament to his character and leadership.

I insist on paying the full price
The insistence on paying "the full price" demonstrates David's recognition of the value and cost of true worship. The Hebrew word for "insist" is "אָמַר" (amar), which can also mean to declare or affirm. David's determination to pay the full price reflects his understanding that worship should be sacrificial and not convenient. This principle is echoed throughout Scripture, where offerings to God are meant to be meaningful and costly, symbolizing the worshiper's devotion and reverence.

for I will not take for the LORD what is yours
David's refusal to take what belongs to another for the purpose of offering it to the LORD highlights his respect for both God and his fellow man. The Hebrew word for "take" is "לָקַח" (laqach), which implies acquiring or seizing. David's decision not to take what is not rightfully his aligns with the biblical principle of justice and fairness. It also reflects the understanding that offerings to God should be personal and come from one's own resources, emphasizing the sincerity and authenticity of the worship.

or offer a burnt offering that costs me nothing
The concept of a "burnt offering" in Hebrew is "עֹלָה" (olah), which signifies a sacrifice that is completely consumed by fire, symbolizing total surrender to God. David's statement that he will not offer something that "costs me nothing" reveals his deep understanding of the sacrificial system. True worship and sacrifice require personal cost and investment. This principle is foundational in the biblical narrative, where sacrifices are meant to reflect the heart and commitment of the worshiper. David's stance is a powerful reminder that genuine worship involves giving of oneself and one's resources, echoing the ultimate sacrifice of Christ, who gave Himself fully for humanity.

So David paid
This phrase marks a significant moment of accountability and responsibility. David, the king of Israel, acknowledges his need to make restitution. The Hebrew root for "paid" is "שָׁקַל" (shaqal), which means to weigh or to pay. This act of payment signifies David's recognition of the value and importance of the site, as well as his commitment to rectify his previous actions that led to God's displeasure. It is a moment of humility and obedience, reflecting a heart that seeks to honor God through tangible actions.

Araunah
Araunah, also known as Ornan in some translations, was a Jebusite, a group that originally inhabited Jerusalem. His willingness to offer his threshing floor to David for free (as seen in the surrounding verses) demonstrates a remarkable act of generosity and respect towards the king. The name "Araunah" itself is of Jebusite origin, and his interaction with David highlights the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between the Israelites and the remaining Jebusites in Jerusalem. This encounter underscores the theme of unity and reconciliation.

six hundred shekels of gold
The specific mention of "six hundred shekels of gold" emphasizes the substantial value of the transaction. In ancient times, a shekel was a unit of weight, and gold was a precious commodity. The Hebrew term "שֶׁקֶל" (shekel) indicates a standard measure, and the use of gold signifies the high worth of the site. This payment reflects David's understanding of the spiritual significance of the location, which would later become the site of Solomon's Temple. It also illustrates the principle of giving God our best, not what costs us nothing.

for the site
The "site" refers to the threshing floor of Araunah, which holds profound historical and spiritual significance. In the broader biblical narrative, this location is identified as Mount Moriah, where Abraham was tested with the sacrifice of Isaac (Genesis 22). It is also the future site of the Temple in Jerusalem, a central place of worship for the Israelites. The Hebrew word "מָקוֹם" (maqom) means place or location, and in this context, it signifies a divinely appointed place for God's presence and worship. David's purchase of the site is an act of faith and foresight, acknowledging God's sovereignty and preparing for the establishment of a permanent dwelling place for the Lord among His people.

And David built an altar
The act of building an altar is deeply rooted in the Hebrew tradition as a means of worship and communication with God. The Hebrew word for altar, "mizbeach," signifies a place of sacrifice. David's construction of an altar is a physical manifestation of repentance and dedication to God. Historically, altars were central to worship in ancient Israel, serving as a focal point for offerings and divine encounters. David's action here is a return to the foundational practices of his forefathers, such as Abraham and Jacob, who also built altars to honor God.

to the LORD
The use of "LORD" in all capital letters in the BSB indicates the translation of the Tetragrammaton, YHWH, the sacred and personal name of God in the Hebrew Bible. This name signifies God's eternal presence and covenantal faithfulness. David's altar is not just to any deity but to the covenant-keeping God of Israel, emphasizing a personal and national relationship with the divine.

there
The location is significant, as it is the threshing floor of Araunah the Jebusite, which later becomes the site of Solomon's Temple. This place, chosen by God, becomes a pivotal location for Israel's worship. The choice of this site underscores God's sovereignty in directing the places of worship and His plans for the future temple.

and offered burnt offerings
Burnt offerings, or "olah" in Hebrew, were offerings that were completely consumed by fire, symbolizing total surrender and dedication to God. This act of offering signifies David's complete submission and repentance before God. It is a gesture of atonement and reconciliation, seeking to restore the broken relationship due to his earlier sin of conducting a census.

and peace offerings
Peace offerings, or "shelamim," were offerings that symbolized fellowship and thanksgiving. Unlike burnt offerings, only a portion was burned, and the rest was shared in a communal meal. This offering represents restored fellowship with God and the community, highlighting the peace and gratitude that follows reconciliation.

And he called on the LORD
David's calling on the LORD is an act of prayer and supplication. It reflects a heart seeking divine intervention and guidance. In the Hebrew context, calling on the name of the LORD is an invocation of His presence and power, demonstrating reliance on God's mercy and grace.

who answered him with fire from heaven
The divine response of fire from heaven is a powerful affirmation of God's acceptance of David's offerings. In the Old Testament, fire often symbolizes God's presence and approval, as seen in the accounts of Elijah and the dedication of Solomon's Temple. This miraculous event confirms God's forgiveness and the restoration of His favor upon David and Israel.

on the altar of burnt offering
The altar of burnt offering is central to the sacrificial system, representing the place where atonement and worship meet. It is a sacred space where humanity encounters the divine. The fire on this altar signifies God's holiness and the purification of sin, reinforcing the importance of sacrifice in maintaining a covenant relationship with God.

Then the LORD spoke
This phrase emphasizes the direct communication between God and His heavenly messengers. The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, signifying His eternal presence and faithfulness. The act of God speaking underscores His sovereign authority and control over all events. In the context of 1 Chronicles 21, God’s communication is pivotal, as it marks the cessation of the plague upon Israel, demonstrating His mercy and responsiveness to repentance.

to the angel
The "angel" here is a divine messenger, often seen as an executor of God's will. In Hebrew, "mal'ak" means "messenger," and in this narrative, the angel is a formidable figure, wielding a sword of judgment. This highlights the seriousness of God's judgment but also His willingness to relent when His purposes are fulfilled. The angel's presence serves as a reminder of the spiritual realities that govern earthly events, and the angel's obedience to God's command reflects the order and hierarchy within the heavenly realm.

who put his sword back into its sheath
The "sword" symbolizes divine judgment and the power to execute God's will. The act of putting the sword "back into its sheath" signifies the cessation of divine wrath and the restoration of peace. In ancient Near Eastern culture, the sheathing of a sword was a powerful image of the end of conflict and the beginning of reconciliation. This action is a direct response to David's repentance and the subsequent offering made on the threshing floor of Araunah, illustrating the theme of atonement and forgiveness. The sheathing of the sword is a profound testament to God's mercy and the effectiveness of intercession and sacrifice in restoring the relationship between God and His people.

At that time
This phrase situates the event within a specific historical context. It refers to a moment of divine intervention and revelation. The Hebrew word for "time" (עֵת, 'et) often signifies a significant or appointed moment. In the narrative of David's life, this was a pivotal time when God's mercy was evident, marking a transition from judgment to grace.

when David saw
The act of seeing here is not merely physical but spiritual. The Hebrew root רָאָה (ra'ah) implies perception and understanding. David's ability to see God's response is indicative of his spiritual insight and leadership. It underscores the importance of recognizing God's hand in our lives and responding appropriately.

that the LORD had answered him
The LORD's response is central to this verse. The Hebrew word for "answered" (עָנָה, 'anah) conveys a sense of reply or response, often in a favorable manner. This highlights the personal relationship between David and God, where prayer and divine response are integral. It reassures believers of God's attentiveness to sincere prayer.

at the threshing floor of Ornan the Jebusite
The threshing floor is a significant location, both physically and spiritually. Threshing floors were places of separation and purification, where grain was separated from chaff. Ornan, a Jebusite, represents the inclusion of Gentiles in God's plan. This site later becomes the location for Solomon's Temple, symbolizing God's presence and worship.

he offered sacrifices there
David's response to God's answer is worship through sacrifice. The Hebrew word for "offered" (זָבַח, zabach) indicates a ritual act of worship, acknowledging God's sovereignty and grace. Sacrifices were central to Old Testament worship, symbolizing atonement and thanksgiving. David's actions demonstrate a heart of gratitude and obedience, setting an example for believers to respond to God's grace with worship and dedication.

Now the tabernacle of the LORD
The phrase "tabernacle of the LORD" refers to the sacred tent that served as the dwelling place of God among the Israelites during their wilderness journey. The Hebrew word for tabernacle, "מִשְׁכָּן" (mishkan), means "dwelling place" or "habitation." This emphasizes God's desire to be present with His people. The tabernacle was a precursor to the Temple, symbolizing God's holiness and the need for a mediator between God and humanity. It was a place of divine encounter, where sacrifices were made, and God's glory was manifested.

which Moses had made in the wilderness
This phrase highlights the historical context of the tabernacle's construction. Moses, under God's direct instruction, built the tabernacle during the Israelites' exodus from Egypt. The wilderness period was a time of testing and reliance on God, and the tabernacle was central to the Israelites' worship and community life. It served as a constant reminder of God's covenant and faithfulness, even in times of wandering and uncertainty.

and the altar of burnt offering
The "altar of burnt offering" was a key component of the tabernacle, where sacrifices were made to atone for sin and express devotion to God. The Hebrew word for altar, "מִזְבֵּחַ" (mizbeach), is derived from a root meaning "to slaughter" or "sacrifice." This altar was a place of consecration and purification, symbolizing the need for atonement and the seriousness of sin. It foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, who offered Himself as the perfect atonement for humanity's sins.

were at that time on the high place at Gibeon
The "high place at Gibeon" refers to a significant worship site during the time before the Temple was built in Jerusalem. Gibeon was a city allocated to the tribe of Benjamin and became an important religious center. The use of high places for worship was common in ancient Israel, though it later became associated with idolatry. At this time, however, Gibeon was a legitimate site for worship, and the presence of the tabernacle and altar there indicates God's continued presence and the centrality of worship in the life of Israel. This setting underscores the transitional period in Israel's history, moving from the tabernacle to the establishment of the Temple in Jerusalem.

But David could not go before it
This phrase indicates a limitation or hindrance in David's actions. The Hebrew root for "could not" (לא יכל, lo yakhol) suggests an inability or lack of power. David, a man after God's own heart, finds himself in a position where he cannot approach the altar. This reflects a moment of spiritual and emotional struggle, highlighting the human condition of fear and reverence before the divine. Historically, this moment follows David's sin of conducting a census, which was against God's will, leading to a plague as divine judgment. The inability to approach signifies a barrier between humanity and God due to sin, a theme prevalent throughout Scripture.

to inquire of God
The act of inquiring of God (לדרוש אלהים, lidrosh Elohim) is a significant aspect of David's relationship with the Lord. It implies seeking divine guidance and wisdom, a practice that David frequently engaged in throughout his life. This phrase underscores the importance of seeking God's will in all matters, a principle that is foundational in conservative Christian theology. The historical context here is crucial; David's inability to inquire reflects the consequences of sin, which disrupts communion with God. It serves as a reminder of the need for repentance and restoration to regain that fellowship.

because he was afraid
Fear (ירא, yare) in this context is not merely an emotional response but a profound reverence and awe for God's holiness and power. David's fear is rooted in the recognition of God's righteous judgment, as he has just witnessed the devastating effects of the angel's sword. This fear is a healthy acknowledgment of God's sovereignty and justice, reminding believers of the seriousness of sin and the need for a contrite heart. It is a call to live in the fear of the Lord, which is the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10).

of the sword of the angel of the LORD
The "sword of the angel of the LORD" (חרב מלאך יהוה, cherev mal'akh Yahweh) is a powerful symbol of divine judgment and authority. In the biblical narrative, angels often serve as messengers and executors of God's will. The sword represents the execution of divine justice, a theme that resonates throughout the Old Testament. This imagery would have been particularly poignant for the original audience, who understood the gravity of divine retribution. For contemporary believers, it serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of disobedience and the need for repentance and humility before God.