1. (a.) Alt. of Demoniacal.

2. (n.) A human being possessed by a demon or evil spirit; one whose faculties are directly controlled by a demon.

3. (n.) One of a sect of Anabaptists who maintain that the demons or devils will finally be saved.

DEMON; DEMONIAC; DEMONOLOGY

dem'-mon, de-mo'-ni-ak, de-mon-ol'-o-ji (daimonion, earlier form daimon = pneuma akatharton, poneron, "demon," "unclean or evil spirit," incorrectly rendered "devil" in the King James Version):

I. Definition.

The word daimon or daimonion seems originally to have had two closely related meanings; a deity, and a spirit, superhuman but not supernatural. In the former sense the term occurs in the Septuagint translation of Deuteronomy 32:17 Psalm 106:37 Acts 17:18. The second of these meanings, which involves a general reference to vaguely conceived personal beings akin to men and yet belonging to the unseen realm, leads to the application of the term to the peculiar and restricted class of beings designated "demons" in the New Testament.

II. The Origin of Biblical Demonology.

An interesting scheme of development has been suggested (by Baudissin and others) in which Biblical demonism is brought through polytheism into connection with primitive animism.

1. The Evolutionary Theory:

A simple criticism of this theory, which is now the ascendant, will serve fittingly to introduce what should be said specifically concerning Biblical demonology.

(1) Animism, which is one branch of that general primitive view of things which is designated as spiritism, is theory that all Nature is alive (see Ladd, Phil. Rel., I, 89) and that all natural processes are due to the operation of living wills.

(2) Polytheism is supposed to be the outcome of animism. The vaguely conceived spirits of the earlier conception are advanced to the position of deities with names, fixed characters and specific functions, organized into a pantheon.

(3) Biblical demonology is supposed to be due to the solvent of monotheism upon contemporary polytheism. The Hebrews were brought into contact with surrounding nations, especially during the Persian, Babylonian and Greek periods, and monotheism made room for heathenism by reducing its deities to the dimension of demons. They are not denied all objective reality, but are denied the dignity and prerogatives of deity.

2. Objections to the Theory:

The objections to this ingenious theory are too many and too serious to be overcome.

(1) The genetic connection between animism and polytheism is not clear. In fact, the specific religious character of animism is altogether problematical. It belongs to the category of primitive philosophy rather than of religion. It is difficult to trace the process by which spirits unnamed and with characteristics of the vaguest become deities-especially is it difficult to understand how certain spirits only are advanced to the standing of deities. More serious still, polytheism and animism have coexisted without close combination or real assimilation (see Sayce, Babylonia and Assyria, 232; Rogers, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, 75) for a long course of history. It looks as if animism and polytheism had a different raison d'etre, origin and development. It is, at least, unsafe to construct a theory on the basis of so insecure a connection.

(2) The interpretation of heathen deities as demons by no means indicates that polytheism is the source of Biblical demonology. On general principles, it seems far more likely that the category of demons was already familiar, and that connection with polytheism brought about an extension of its application. A glance at the Old Testament will show how comparatively slight and unimportant has been the bearing of heathen polytheism upon Biblical thought. The demonology of the Old Testament is confined to the following passages: Leviticus 16:21, 22; Leviticus 17:7 Isaiah 13:21; Isaiah 34:13 Deuteronomy 32:17 Psalm 106:37 (elsewhere commented upon; see COMMUNION WITH DEMONS). Gesenius well says of Leviticus 16:21 that it is "vexed with the numerous conjectures of interpreters." If the prevalent modern view is accepted we find in it an actual meeting-point of popular superstition and the religion of Yahweh (see AZAZEL). According to Driver (HDB, I, 207), this item in the Levitical ritual "was intended as a symbolical declaration that the land and the people are now purged from guilt, their sins being handed over to the evil spirit to whom they are held to belong, and whose home is in the desolate wilderness remote from human habitations (verse 22, into a land cut off)." A more striking instance could scarcely be sought of the way in which the religion of Yahweh kept the popular spiritism at a safe distance. Leviticus 17:7 (see COMMUNION WITH DEMONS) refers to participation in the rites of heathen worship. The two passages- Isaiah 13:20, 21; Isaiah 34:13, 14 -are poetical and really imply nothing as to the writer's own belief. Creatures both seen and unseen supposed to inhabit places deserted of man are used, as any poet might use them, to furnish the details for a vivid word-picture of uninhabited solitude. Genesis 3:1-19) has any connection with demonology (see HDB, I, 590 note), and the suggestion of Whitehouse that the mention of satyrs and night-monsters of current mythology with such creatures as jackals, etc., implies "that demons were held to reside more or less in all these animal denizens of the ruined solitude" is clearly fanciful. It is almost startling to find that all that can possibly be affirmed of demonology in the Old Testament is confined to a small group of passages which are either legal or poetical and which all furnish examples of the inhibiting power of high religious conceptions upon the minds of a naturally superstitious and imaginative people. Even if we add all the passages in which a real existence seems to be granted to heathen deities (e.g. Numbers 21:29 Isaiah 19:1, etc.) and interpret them in the extreme sense, we are still compelled to affirm that evidence is lacking to prove the influence of polytheism in the formation of the Biblical doctrine of demons.

(3) This theory breaks down in another still more vital particular. The demonology of the Bible is not of kin either with primitive animism or popular Sere demonism. In what follows we shall address ourselves to New Testament demonology-that of the Old Testament being a negligible quantity.

III. New Testament Demonology.

The most marked and significant fact of New Testament demonology is that it provides no materials for a discussion of the nature and characteristics of demons. Whitehouse says (HDB, I, 593) that New Testament demonology "is in all its broad characteristics the demonology of the contemporary Judaism stripped of its cruder and exaggerated features." How much short of the whole truth this statement comes will appear later, but as it stands it defines the specific direction of inquiry into the New Testament treatment of demons; namely, to explain its freedom from the crude and exaggerated features of popular demonism. The presence among New Testament writers of an influence curbing curiosity and restraining the imagination is of all things the most important for us to discover and emphasize. In four of its most vital features the New Testament attitude on this subject differs from all popular conceptions:

(a) in the absence of all imaginative details concerning demons;

(b) in the emphasis placed upon the moral character of demons and their connection with the ethical disorders of the human race; (c) in the absence of confidence in magical methods of any kind in dealing with demons;

(d) in its intense restrictions of the sphere of demoniacal operations.

A brief treatment under each of these heads will serve to present an ordered statement of the most important facts.

(a) In the New Testament we are told practically nothing about the origin, nature, characteristics or habits of demons. In a highly figurative passage (Matthew 12:43) our Lord speaks of demons as passing through "waterless places," and in the story of the Gadarene demoniac (Luke 8:31) the "abyss" is mentioned as the place of their ultimate detention. The method of their control over human beings is represented in two contrasted ways (compare Mark 1:23; Luke 4:33), indicating that there was no fixed mode of regarding it. With these three scant items our direct information ceases. We are compelled to infer from the effects given in the limited number of specific instances narrated. And it is worthy of more than passing mention that no theoretical discussion of demons occurs. The center of interest in the Gospels is the person of Jesus, the sufferers and the cures. Interest in the demons as such is absent. Certain passages seem to indicate that the demons were able to speak (see Mark 1:24, 26, 34 Luke 4:41, etc.), but comparing these statements with others (compare Mark 1:23 Luke 8:28) it is seen that no distinction is drawn between the cries of the tormented in the paroxysms of their complaint and the cries attributed to the demons themselves. In other particulars the representation is consistent. The demons belong to the unseen world, they are incapable of manifestation except in in the disorders which they cause-there are no materializations, no grotesque narratives of appearances and disappearances, no morbid dealing with repulsive details, no license of speculation in the narratives. In contrast with this reticence is not merely the demonology of primitive people, but also that of the non-canonical Jewish books. In the Book of Enoch demons are said to be fallen angels, while Josephus holds that they are the spirits of the wicked dead. In the rabbinical writings speculation has run riot in discussing the origin, nature and habits of demons. They are represented as the offspring of Adam and Eve in conjunction with male and female spirits, as being themselves sexed and capable of reproduction as well as performing all other physical functions. Details are given of their numbers, haunts and habits, of times and places where they are especially dangerous, and of ways and methods of breaking their power (see EXORCISM). Full sweep is also given to the imagination in descriptive narratives, oftentimes of the most morbid and unwholesome character, of their doings among men. After reading some of these narratives one can agree with Edersheim when he says, "Greater contrast could scarcely be conceived than between what we read in the New Testament and the views and practices mentioned in Rabbinic writings" (LTJM, II, 776).

(b) It is also clearly to be noted that while in its original application the term daimonion is morally indifferent, in New Testament usage the demon is invariably an ethically evil being. This differentiates the New Testament treatment from extra-canonical Jewish writings. In the New Testament demons belong to the kingdom of Satan whose power it is the mission of Christ to destroy. It deepens and intensifies its representations of the earnestness of human life and its moral issues by extending the sphere of moral struggle to the invisible world. It clearly teaches that the power of Christ extends to the world of evil spirits and that faith in Him is adequate protection against any evils to which men may be exposed. (For significance of this point see Plummer, Luke (ICC), 132-33.)

(c) The New Testament demonology differs from all others by its negation of the power of magic rites to deliver from the affliction. Magic which is clearly separable from religion at that specific point (see Gwatkin, Knowledge of God, I, 249) rests upon and is dependent upon spiritism. The ancient Babylonian incantation texts, forming a surprisingly large proportion of the extant documents, are addressed directly to the supposed activities and powers of demons. These beings, who are not trusted and prayed to in the sense in which deities are, command confidence and call forth prayer, are dealt with by magic rites and formulas (see Rogers, op. cit., 144). Even the Jewish non-canonical writings contain numerous forms of words and ceremonies for the expulsion of demons. In the New Testament there is no magic. The deliverance from a demon is a spiritual and ethical process (see EXORCISM).

(d) In the New Testament the range of activities attributed to demons is greatly restricted. According to Babylonian ideas: "These demons were everywhere; they lurked in every corner, watching for their prey. The city streets knew their malevolent presence, the rivers, the seas, the tops of mountains; they appeared sometimes as serpents gliding noiselessly upon their victims, as birds horrid of mien flying resistlessly to destroy or afflict, as beings in human forms, grotesque, malformed, awe-inspiring through their hideousness. To these demons all sorts of misfortune were ascribed-a toothache; a headache, a broken bone, a raging fever, an outburst of anger, of jealousy, of incomprehensible disease" (Rogers, op. cit., 145). In the extra-canonical Jewish sources the same exuberance of fancy appears in attributing all kinds of ills of mind and body to innumerable, swarming hosts of demons lying in wait for men and besieging them with attacks and ills of all descriptions. Of this affluence of morbid fancy there is no hint in the New Testament. A careful analysis of the instances will show the importance of this fact. There are, taking repetitions and all, about 80 references to demons in the New Testament. In 11 instances the distinction between demon-possession and diseases ordinarily caused is clearly made (Matthew 4:24; Matthew 8:16; Matthew 10:8 Mark 1:32, 34; Mark 6:13; Mark 16:17, 18 Luke 4:40, 41; Luke 9:1; Luke 13:32 Acts 19:12). The results of demon-possession are not exclusively mental or nervous (Matthew 9:32, 33; Matthew 12:22). They are distinctly and peculiarly mental in two instances only (Gadarene maniac, Matthew 8:28 and parallels, and Acts 19:13). Epilepsy is specified in one case only (Matthew 17:15). There is distinction made between demonized and epileptic, and demonized and lunatic (Matthew 4:24). There is distinction made between diseases caused by demons and the same disease not so caused (compare Matthew 12:22; Matthew 15:30). In most of the instances no specific symptoms are mentioned. In an equally large proportion, however, there are occasional fits of mental excitement often due to the presence and teaching of Christ.

Conclusions:

A summary of the entire material leads to the conclusion that, in the New Testament cases of demon-possession, we have a specific type of disturbance, physical or mental, distinguishable not so much by its symptoms which were often of the most general character, as by its accompaniments. The aura, so to say, which surrounded the patient, served to distinguish his symptoms and to point out the special cause to which his suffering was attributed. Another unique feature of New Testament demonology should be emphasized. While this group of disorders is attributed to demons, the victims are treated as sick folk and are healed. The whole atmosphere surrounding the narrative of these incidents is calm, lofty and pervaded with the spirit of Christ. When one remembers the manifold cruelties inspired by the unreasoning fear of demons, which make the annals of savage medicine a nightmare of unimaginable horrors, we cannot but feel the worldwide difference between the Biblical narratives and all others, both of ancient and modern times, with which we are acquainted. Every feature of the New Testament narratives points to the conclusion that in them we have trustworthy reports of actual cures. This is more important for New Testament faith than any other conclusion could possibly be.

It is also evident that Jesus treated these cases of invaded personality, of bondage of depression, of helpless fear, as due to a real superhuman cause, to meet and overcome which He addressed Himself. The most distinctive and important words we have upon this obscure and difficult subject, upon which we know far too little to speak with any assurance or authority, are these: "This kind can come out by nothing, save by prayer" (Mark 9:29).

LITERATURE.

(1) The most accessible statement of Baudissin's theory is in Whitehouse's article "Demons," etc., in Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible (five volumes).

(2) For extra-canonical Jewish ideas use Lange, Apocrypha, 118, 134; Edersheim, LTJM, Appendices XIII, XVI.

(3) For spirit-lore in general see Ladd, Phil. Rel., index under the word, and standard books on Anthropology and Philosophy of Religion under Spiritism.

(4) For Babylonian demonology see summary in Rogers, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, 144.

Louis Matthews Sweet

The Demoniac
... BOOK I. ANTIOCH CHAPTER VI THE DEMONIAC. Opfer fällen hier Weder Lamm noch
Stier,. Aber Menschenopfer unerhört."Goethe. The mountain ...
/.../chapter vi the demoniac.htm

The Demoniac of Gadara
... Mark CHAPTER 5:1-20 THE DEMONIAC OF GADARA. ... And thus the unclean spirit, when he
mastered this demoniac, drove him to a foul and dreary abode among the tombs. ...
/.../chadwick/the gospel of st mark/chapter 5 1-20 the demoniac of.htm

The Demoniac
... Strong Meat for Hungry Souls: The Gospel of St. Mark CHAPTER 1:23-28 THE
DEMONIAC. "And straightway there was in their synagogue ...
/.../chadwick/the gospel of st mark/chapter 1 23-28 the demoniac.htm

The Demoniac Boy
... Strong Meat for Hungry Souls: The Gospel of St. Mark CHAPTER 9:14-29 THE
DEMONIAC BOY. "And when they came to the disciples, they ...
/.../chadwick/the gospel of st mark/chapter 9 14-29 the demoniac boy.htm

The Gadarene Demoniac. --Christ's Treatment of Him after the Cure. ...
... CHAPTER VII. CHRIST'S FIRST GENERAL MINISTRY IN GALILEE. Section 132. The Gadarene
Demoniac. "Christ's Treatment of him after the Cure."Inferences from it. ...
/.../section 132 the gadarene demoniac.htm

The Demoniac.
... The Demoniac. When this man found himself delivered he wanted to go with the Saviour.
That was gratitude; Christ had saved him, had redeemed him. ...
/.../moody/moodys anecdotes and illustrations/the demoniac.htm

Healing a Demoniac in a Synagogue.
... Part Fourth. From the First to the Second Passover. (Time: One Year.) XXXI. Healing
a Demoniac in a Synagogue. (at Capernaum.) ^B Mark 1:21-28; ^C Luke .. ...
/.../mcgarvey/the four-fold gospel/xxxi healing a demoniac in.htm

Lix. Healing Blind Men and a Dumb Demoniac.
... Part Fifth. From Second Passover Until Third.(Time: One Year.) LIX. Healing Blind
Men and a Dumb Demoniac. (Probably Capernaum.) ^A Matthew 9:27-34. ...
/.../mcgarvey/the four-fold gospel/lix healing blind men and.htm

Of the Two Blind Men and the Dumb Demoniac Whose Stories are ...
... The Prologue. Chapter XXIX."Of the Two Blind Men and the Dumb Demoniac
Whose Stories are Related Only by Matthew. 69. Matthew ...
/.../augustine/the harmony of the gospels/chapter xxix of the two blind.htm

Healing of the Deaf and Dumb Demoniac. --The Charge of a League ...
... Section 161. Healing of the Deaf and Dumb Demoniac."The Charge of a League
with Beelzebub: a Visible Sign demanded."The Charge refuted. ...
/.../section 161 healing of the.htm

Demoniac (7 Occurrences)
... Int. Standard Bible Encyclopedia. DEMON; DEMONIAC; DEMONOLOGY. ... Louis Matthews
Sweet. Multi-Version Concordance Demoniac (7 Occurrences). ...
/d/demoniac.htm - 26k

Demon-possessed (16 Occurrences)
... demoniacs. (See NIV). Matthew 9:32 And as they are coming forth, lo, they brought
to him a man dumb, a demoniac, (See NAS NIV). Matthew ...
/d/demon-possessed.htm - 10k

Demoniacal (1 Occurrence)
... 1. (a.) Pertaining to, or characteristic of, a demon or evil spirit; devilish; as,
a demoniac being; demoniacal practices. ... See DEMON, DEMONIAC, DEMONOLOGY. ...
/d/demoniacal.htm - 7k

Unclean (393 Occurrences)
... UNCLEAN SPIRIT. un-klen'. See SPIRIT, UNCLEAN; DEMON, DEMONIAC. SPIRIT, UNCLEAN
(OR EVIL). See DEMON, DEMONIAC. Multi-Version Concordance ...
/u/unclean.htm - 39k

Zoroastrianism
... and Hystaspis (GJV, edition 4, III, 592-95), in many Talmudic passages (ZDMG, XXI,
552-91), certain customs of the Essenes, various anti-demoniac charms (see ...
/z/zoroastrianism.htm - 17k

Evil (1503 Occurrences)
... EVIL SPIRIT. See DEMON; DEMONIAC; COMMUNION WITH DEMONS; SATAN. EVIL THING. ... SPIRIT,
UNCLEAN (OR EVIL). See DEMON, DEMONIAC. Multi-Version Concordance ...
/e/evil.htm - 47k

Cured (62 Occurrences)
... (WEY). Matthew 12:22 At that time a demoniac was brought to Him, blind and dumb;
and He cured him, so that the dumb man could speak and see. (WEY). ...
/c/cured.htm - 23k

Demonology
... treats of demons and their manifestations. Int. Standard Bible Encyclopedia.
DEMON; DEMONIAC; DEMONOLOGY. dem'-mon, de-mo'-ni-ak, de ...
/d/demonology.htm - 24k

Transfiguration
... There He was transfigured before them. Descending the next day, He healed a
demoniac boy, and then passed through Galilee to Capernaum. ...
/t/transfiguration.htm - 17k

Demon (26 Occurrences)
... demon of Socrates. 3. (n.) An evil spirit; a devil. Int. Standard Bible
Encyclopedia. DEMON; DEMONIAC; DEMONOLOGY. dem'-mon, de-mo ...
/d/demon.htm - 32k

Demoniac (7 Occurrences)

Matthew 9:32 And as they were leaving His presence a dumb demoniac was brought to Him.
(WEY YLT RSV)

Matthew 12:22 At that time a demoniac was brought to Him, blind and dumb; and He cured him, so that the dumb man could speak and see.
(WEY YLT RSV)

Mark 5:15 and when they came to Jesus, they beheld the demoniac quietly seated, clothed and of sane mind--the man who had had the legion; and they were awe-stricken.
(WEY YLT RSV)

Mark 5:16 And those who had seen it told them the particulars of what had happened to the demoniac, and all about the swine.
(WEY YLT RSV)

Mark 5:18 And he having gone into the boat, the demoniac was calling on him that he may be with him,
(YLT)

Luke 8:36 And those who had seen it told them how the demoniac was cured.
(WEY YLT)

John 10:21 Others argued, "That is not the language of a demoniac: and can a demon open blind men's eyes?"
(WEY YLT)

Demoniac

Demon-possessed (16 Occurrences)

Demoniacal (1 Occurrence)

Unclean (393 Occurrences)

Zoroastrianism

Evil (1503 Occurrences)

Cured (62 Occurrences)

Demonology

Transfiguration

Demon (26 Occurrences)

Mark (182 Occurrences)

According (7613 Occurrences)

Quietly (30 Occurrences)

Or (15123 Occurrences)

Leaving (80 Occurrences)

Gerasa

Gadara

Gerasenes (3 Occurrences)

Right-minded (2 Occurrences)

Exorcism

Dumb (34 Occurrences)

Demonic (2 Occurrences)

Men's (76 Occurrences)

Presence (527 Occurrences)

Particulars (1 Occurrence)

Possession (251 Occurrences)

Beheld (95 Occurrences)

Curse (211 Occurrences)

Awe-stricken (1 Occurrence)

Argued (20 Occurrences)

Asunder (37 Occurrences)

Speak (855 Occurrences)

Snare (69 Occurrences)

Sceva (1 Occurrence)

Sane (2 Occurrences)

Swine (15 Occurrences)

Saved (183 Occurrences)

Exorcist (1 Occurrence)

Calling (145 Occurrences)

Seated (252 Occurrences)

Spirit (706 Occurrences)

Pass (1172 Occurrences)

Jesus (10891 Occurrences)

Christ (573 Occurrences)

Gospel (108 Occurrences)

Malchiel (3 Occurrences)

Language (112 Occurrences)

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