XXXIV.

This psalm consists of a string of pious sayings of a proverbial kind, all beautiful in themselves, but combined with no art beyond the alphabetical arrangement, and even this, as in Psalms 25, not strictly carried out. A common authorship with that psalm is marked by the same omission of the Vau stanza, and by the completion of the number 22 by an extra Pe stanza at the end. Certainly the composition is of a time far later than David, and the inscription (see Note) is of no historic value. A late, even an Aramaic origin, is indicated by the meaning of nahar in Psalm 34:5, and possibly by the fact that the Pe stanza must have originally preceded that beginning with Ayin—an error due to the common Aramaic tendency to interchange Ayin and Tsadde. But beyond this there is nothing by which to appropriate the psalm to any particular period, still less to any particular event or individual, and it reads more like a gnomic composition expressive of the faith of the pious community than as the outpouring of individual feeling.

Title.—There seems little doubt that this title was suggested by the form of the word rendered “taste” in Psalm 34:8, taamû, reminding the compiler of taamô (“his behaviour,” 1Samuel 21:13), combined with that of tithhalêl (“shall boast,” Psalm 34:2), with uithholêl (“he is mad,” 1Samuel 21:14). At least no other conjecture can account for an inscription so entirely foreign to the contents of the psalm, and containing besides an historical blunder in the king’s name (the margin corrects it).

(2) Humble.—See Note on Psalm 9:12. The LXX.

and Vulg., “the meek.” It means here those who have learnt patience in the school of suffering.

(5) Were lightened.—The Hebrew verb means properly “to flow,” but by a natural process, as in the common phrases “streams of light,” “floods of light,” acquired in Aramaic the sense of “shining.” Such must be its meaning in Isaiah 60:5, almost the echo of the thought in the psalm, the thought of a reflex of the Divine glory lighting up the face of those who in trouble seek God. (Theodoret has “He who approaches God, receives the rays of intellectual light.”) We naturally think of the dying Stephen.

As to the construction, the subject must either be supplied from Psalm 34:2, or it must be general. The LXX. and Vulg. avoid the difficulty by changing to the second person.

(6) This poor man.—Better, this sufferer—i.e., either the writer, or Israel personified.

(7) The angel of the Lord is an expression which has given rise to much discussion. From comparison with other passages it may be (1) any commissioned agent of God, as a prophet (Haggai 1:13). (2) One of the celestial court (Genesis 22:11). (3) Any manifestation of the Divine presence, as the flame in the bush (Exodus 3:2), the winds (Psalm 35:5-6; Psalm 104:4). (4) Jehovah Himself, as in the phrase “the angel of his presence” (Isaiah 63:9). It may very well be, therefore, that the psalmist uses it here in a general sense for the Divine manifestation of protection. We thus avoid the difficulty in the image of one angel encamping round the sufferer, which other commentators try to avoid by supposing angel to mean either a troop of angels, or captain or chief of an angelic army. But for this difficulty, we should connect the psalmist's words immediately with the well-known incident in Jacob's life at Mahanaim, or with the story of Elisha and “the horses and chariots of fire” round about him. We certainly must not let go the beautiful thought that round God's elect—

“The spangled hosts keep watch in squadrons bright.”

(8) Taste.—Comp. Hebrews 6:4 ; 1Peter 2:3.

(10) Young lions.—See Note, Psalm 17:12. The young lion is the emblem of power and self-resource. Yet these sometimes lack, but the earnest seekers after Divine truth and righteousness never. Instead of “lions,” the LXX. and Vulgate have “the rich.”

(11) Come, ye children . . .—A common proverbial style. See Proverbs 1:8, and passim. (Comp. also 1John 2:1, &c)

(12) Desireth life.—Better, the man delighting in life. These gnomic sayings are echoes from the book of Proverbs. (See especially Proverbs 4:23.)

(14) And do good.—Negative goodness is not sufficient. Practical good must be added.

(15) The eyes.—A verse quoted in 1Peter 3:12. (See New Testament Commentary). This psalm had a deep hold on the national mind. With the expression, “his ears to their cry,” we may compare the phrase, “to have a person's ear.”

(16) To cut off.—Notice the fear, so intense and recurring to the Semitic mind, of the extinction of race. (Comp. Psalm 21:10; Job 18:17, &c)

This verse, according to the sense, should certainly change places with Psalm 34:15. This would disarrange the acrostic, bringing pe before ayin; but, as in Lamentations 2, 3, 4 the same sequence of letters occurs, we are led to the conclusion that the order of the alphabet was not definitely or invariably fixed in respect of these two letters, a license intelligible enough when we remember that tsadde, which follows pe, was often interchanged with ayin, which precedes it.

(20) Broken.—See John 19:36, N. Test. Commentary.

(21) Desolate.—Better (as in margin), shall be found guilty, or condemned.

(22) Redeemeth.—Comp. Psalm 25:22, which begins with the same letter, out of its place, and the same word.