Then the LORD said to Joshua,
*Biblical Context:* This phrase introduces a divine command, indicating that the instructions come directly from God. Throughout the book of Joshua, God frequently communicates with Joshua, guiding him as the leader of Israel after Moses' death. This divine communication underscores Joshua's role as God's chosen leader to fulfill His promises to Israel.

*Historical and Cultural Context:* Joshua was the successor of Moses and led the Israelites into the Promised Land. The context here is the period after the conquest of Canaan, where the land is being distributed among the tribes of Israel. The establishment of cities of refuge, which is the subject of the following verses, is part of the legal and societal structure God is instituting for His people.

*Connections to Other Scripture:* This phrase echoes the frequent communication between God and His leaders throughout the Old Testament, such as with Moses (Exodus 3:4) and later with prophets like Samuel (1 Samuel 3:4). It highlights the continuity of God's guidance and the importance of obedience to His commands.

*Types of Jesus Christ:* Joshua is often seen as a type of Christ, as his name in Hebrew, Yehoshua, is the same as Jesus in Greek. Just as Joshua leads the Israelites into the Promised Land, Jesus leads believers into the spiritual rest and inheritance promised by God. This divine communication can be seen as a foreshadowing of the intimate relationship between God the Father and Jesus Christ, who often spoke of doing the will of His Father (John 5:19).

*Prophecy:* While not a direct prophecy, the establishment of cities of refuge, which follows this command, can be seen as a prophetic symbol of Christ as our refuge and sanctuary, providing safety and salvation for those who seek Him. Tell the Israelites
This phrase indicates a direct command from God to Joshua, emphasizing the importance of communication between God and His chosen leader. It reflects the continuity of leadership from Moses to Joshua and the responsibility of Joshua to guide the people according to God's instructions. The Israelites, as God's covenant people, are reminded of their unique relationship with Him and their obligation to follow His commands.

to designate the cities of refuge
The cities of refuge were a provision for justice and mercy within the Israelite legal system. These cities were strategically located throughout the land to be accessible to anyone in need. They served as a place where individuals who had accidentally committed manslaughter could seek asylum from the avenger of blood until a fair trial could be conducted. This system highlights God's concern for justice and the protection of human life. It also foreshadows the concept of sanctuary and refuge found in Christ, who offers spiritual refuge and salvation.

as I instructed you through Moses
This phrase underscores the continuity and consistency of God's law and instructions. The establishment of cities of refuge was initially commanded in the Mosaic Law, specifically in Numbers 35:9-34 and Deuteronomy 19:1-13. It demonstrates the faithfulness of God in fulfilling His promises and the importance of adhering to His commands. The reference to Moses also serves to legitimize Joshua's leadership, as he is seen as the successor carrying out the divine instructions given to Moses. This continuity is a testament to the unchanging nature of God's word and His plan for His people.

so that anyone who kills another unintentionally or accidentally
This phrase refers to the provision made for those who commit manslaughter, distinguishing between intentional murder and accidental killing. In ancient Israelite society, the distinction was crucial for maintaining justice and order. The cities of refuge were established to protect those who killed without premeditation or malice, as outlined in Numbers 35:9-15 and Deuteronomy 19:1-13. This reflects God's justice and mercy, recognizing human fallibility and the need for a fair trial. The concept underscores the value of human life and the importance of intent in moral and legal judgments.

may flee there
The act of fleeing to a city of refuge was a legal right and a necessary step for protection. It highlights the urgency and desperation of the situation for the manslayer, who needed immediate sanctuary to avoid retribution. The cities were strategically located throughout Israel to be accessible, as seen in Joshua 20:7-9. This accessibility ensured that justice was not only a matter of law but also of practical application. Theologically, this can be seen as a precursor to the refuge found in Christ, who offers protection and salvation to those who seek Him.

These will be your refuge
The cities of refuge served as a physical and legal sanctuary, providing safety from the avenger of blood until a fair trial could be conducted. This system reflects God's provision for justice and mercy, ensuring that the accused had a chance to be heard. The term "refuge" is significant throughout Scripture, often used metaphorically to describe God's protection (e.g., Psalm 46:1). In a broader sense, these cities symbolize the ultimate refuge found in God, who is a shelter for the oppressed and a stronghold in times of trouble.

from the avenger of blood
The "avenger of blood" was typically a close relative of the deceased, responsible for avenging the death according to ancient Near Eastern customs. This role was part of the kinship obligations and was intended to uphold family honor and justice. However, the cities of refuge provided a means to prevent the cycle of vengeance and bloodshed, allowing for due process. This system points to the need for a higher form of justice, one that transcends personal retribution. In the New Testament, Jesus is seen as the ultimate avenger of injustice, yet He also embodies mercy and forgiveness, fulfilling the law and offering grace.

When someone flees to one of these cities
The cities referred to are the cities of refuge, established by God through Moses and Joshua as places where individuals who committed unintentional manslaughter could seek asylum. This provision is found in Numbers 35:9-15 and Deuteronomy 19:1-13. The concept underscores God's justice and mercy, providing protection for those who accidentally caused death, distinguishing between murder and manslaughter. These cities were strategically located throughout Israel to be accessible to all, symbolizing God's provision and care for His people.

stands at the entrance of the city gate
The city gate was a place of legal transactions and public affairs in ancient Israelite society. It was here that elders and leaders would gather to make judgments and decisions. This setting emphasizes the formal and legal nature of the asylum request. The gate served as a place of justice, where the fugitive would present his case, reflecting the importance of due process and the rule of law in Israelite culture.

and states his case before its elders
The elders were respected leaders and judges within the community, responsible for maintaining justice and order. By stating his case, the fugitive had the opportunity to explain the circumstances of the accidental death, ensuring that his actions were not premeditated. This process highlights the biblical principle of fair hearing and the presumption of innocence until proven guilty, aligning with the broader scriptural theme of justice and righteousness.

they are to bring him into the city
Once the elders determined the validity of the fugitive's claim, they were to offer him protection by bringing him into the city. This act of acceptance into the city of refuge symbolizes God's provision of safety and sanctuary. It reflects the biblical theme of God as a refuge and strength, a very present help in trouble (Psalm 46:1).

and give him a place to live among them
The provision of a place to live indicates not only protection but also integration into the community. The fugitive was to be treated with dignity and respect, living among the people of the city. This reflects the biblical call to love and care for the stranger and the sojourner, as seen in Leviticus 19:34. It also prefigures the New Testament teaching of the church as a community of believers, offering refuge and acceptance to all who seek it in Christ.

Now if the avenger of blood pursues him
In ancient Israel, the "avenger of blood" was typically a close relative of a person who had been killed, tasked with avenging the death. This practice is rooted in the cultural and legal traditions of the time, where family honor and justice were paramount. The concept of the avenger of blood is also seen in Numbers 35:19, which outlines the role and responsibilities of this individual. The pursuit indicates a legal and familial obligation to seek justice, reflecting the societal norms of retribution.

they must not surrender the manslayer into his hand
The cities of refuge were established to provide protection for those who had killed someone unintentionally. This command underscores the importance of due process and the protection of the innocent, even in a society where blood vengeance was common. The refusal to surrender the manslayer emphasizes the sanctity of life and the need for a fair trial, as outlined in Deuteronomy 19:4-6. It reflects God's justice and mercy, ensuring that rash vengeance does not prevail over truth.

because that man killed his neighbor accidentally
This phrase highlights the distinction between accidental and premeditated killing. The Hebrew law made a clear differentiation between murder and manslaughter, as seen in Exodus 21:12-14. The accidental nature of the act is crucial in determining the manslayer's eligibility for refuge. This provision reflects the biblical principle that intent matters in the administration of justice, aligning with God's character as just and fair.

without prior malice
The absence of "prior malice" indicates that the act was not premeditated or driven by hatred. This aligns with the biblical principle that God judges the heart and intentions, as seen in 1 Samuel 16:7. The requirement for no prior malice ensures that only those truly deserving of protection receive it, maintaining the integrity of the justice system. This concept is echoed in the teachings of Jesus, who emphasized the importance of the heart's intentions in Matthew 5:21-22.

He is to stay in that city
This phrase refers to the city of refuge, a designated place where someone who has accidentally killed another person can seek asylum. The cities of refuge were established by God through Moses (Numbers 35:9-15) and were strategically located throughout Israel to be accessible to all. This provision underscores the value of human life and the importance of justice tempered with mercy.

until he stands trial before the assembly
The assembly refers to the local congregation or elders who would hear the case of the manslayer. This trial was necessary to determine whether the killing was accidental or premeditated. The process reflects the judicial system established in Israel, which emphasized fairness and the rule of law (Deuteronomy 19:12). It also foreshadows the ultimate judgment before God, where every deed is weighed.

and until the death of the high priest serving at that time
The high priest held a significant role in Israel as the spiritual leader and mediator between God and the people. His death marked a transition and provided a form of atonement, allowing the manslayer to return home. This provision highlights the concept of substitutionary atonement, a theme that is fulfilled in Jesus Christ, our High Priest, whose death provides ultimate redemption and freedom from sin (Hebrews 9:11-14).

Then the manslayer may return to his own home
The return to one's home signifies restoration and reconciliation. It indicates that the period of refuge was temporary and served its purpose in protecting the manslayer from the avenger of blood. This return is symbolic of the believer's reconciliation with God through Christ, who provides a permanent refuge and restores us to our intended place in His family (2 Corinthians 5:18-19).

in the city from which he fled.
The city from which the manslayer fled represents his original community and life. The ability to return signifies the restoration of relationships and the reintegration into society. This mirrors the biblical theme of exile and return, seen throughout Scripture, where God’s people are often exiled due to sin but are promised restoration and return through repentance and God’s grace (Jeremiah 29:10-14).

So they set apart Kedesh in Galilee in the hill country of Naphtali
Kedesh was designated as one of the cities of refuge, a place where individuals who committed unintentional manslaughter could seek asylum. Located in the region of Galilee, Kedesh was in the tribal territory of Naphtali. This area was known for its fertile land and strategic location. The setting apart of Kedesh highlights the importance of justice and mercy in Israelite society, providing a safe haven for those seeking protection from avengers of blood. The concept of cities of refuge is a precursor to the grace offered through Christ, who provides refuge for sinners.

Shechem in the hill country of Ephraim
Shechem holds significant historical and spiritual importance in the Bible. It was a central city in the tribal territory of Ephraim and a place of covenant renewal for the Israelites. Shechem was where God first promised the land to Abraham (Genesis 12:6-7) and where Joshua later renewed the covenant with the Israelites (Joshua 24:1-25). Its selection as a city of refuge underscores its role as a place of decision and commitment to God's laws. The hill country of Ephraim was a prominent region, often associated with leadership and centrality in Israel.

and Kiriath-arba (that is, Hebron) in the hill country of Judah
Kiriath-arba, later known as Hebron, is one of the oldest cities in the region and was associated with the patriarchs, particularly Abraham, who settled there (Genesis 13:18). It was also the burial place of the patriarchs and matriarchs, adding to its spiritual significance. Located in the hill country of Judah, Hebron was a major city and a center of Hebraic culture and religion. As a city of refuge, Hebron symbolizes the provision of safety and justice within the heartland of Israel. The mention of Hebron connects to the broader biblical narrative of God's promises to Abraham and his descendants.

And beyond the Jordan, east of Jericho
This phrase situates the location of the cities of refuge on the eastern side of the Jordan River, opposite Jericho. The Jordan River served as a significant geographical boundary for the Israelites, separating the tribes that settled in the Transjordan from those in Canaan. Jericho, known for its walls that fell in the conquest led by Joshua, was a key city in the Israelites' entry into the Promised Land. The mention of "beyond the Jordan" indicates the inclusion of the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh, who chose to settle in this fertile region before the Israelites crossed into Canaan proper.

They designated Bezer on the wilderness plateau from the tribe of Reuben
Bezer was one of the cities of refuge, designated as a safe haven for those who accidentally committed manslaughter. Located on a wilderness plateau, Bezer was part of the territory allotted to the tribe of Reuben. The wilderness plateau suggests a region that was elevated and perhaps less fertile, which aligns with the historical understanding of Reuben's territory. The designation of Bezer as a city of refuge underscores the importance of justice and mercy in Israelite society, providing protection while awaiting trial. This reflects God's provision for justice and mercy, themes that are echoed throughout Scripture.

Ramoth in Gilead from the tribe of Gad
Ramoth in Gilead was another city of refuge, situated in the territory of Gad. Gilead was a region known for its balm, a healing ointment, which metaphorically ties to the city's role as a place of refuge and healing for those seeking asylum. Ramoth was strategically important, often mentioned in the context of battles and conflicts in the Old Testament. Its selection as a city of refuge highlights the balance between its military significance and its role in providing sanctuary. The concept of refuge here can be seen as a type of Christ, who offers refuge and healing to those who seek Him.

And Golan in Bashan from the tribe of Manasseh
Golan, located in the region of Bashan, was the third city of refuge on the eastern side of the Jordan. Bashan was known for its fertile land and strong cattle, often symbolizing strength and prosperity. The tribe of Manasseh, which settled in this area, was one of the larger tribes, and Golan's designation as a city of refuge provided a necessary place of safety for the region. The cities of refuge, including Golan, are a foreshadowing of the ultimate refuge found in Jesus Christ, who provides safety and salvation for all who come to Him. The concept of refuge is a recurring theme in the Bible, pointing to God's provision and protection for His people.

These are the cities appointed for all the Israelites and foreigners among them
The cities of refuge were designated by God through Moses and later established by Joshua. They served as a sanctuary for those who committed manslaughter unintentionally. This provision was not only for the Israelites but also extended to foreigners residing among them, reflecting God's justice and mercy. The inclusion of foreigners highlights the universality of God's law and His concern for justice for all people, not just His chosen nation. This inclusivity foreshadows the New Testament message of salvation being available to all nations through Christ.

so that anyone who kills a person unintentionally may flee there
The concept of unintentional killing, or manslaughter, is distinguished from premeditated murder in the Mosaic Law. The cities of refuge provided a safe haven for those who accidentally caused a death, protecting them from immediate retribution. This reflects the biblical principle of justice tempered with mercy. The provision for refuge underscores the importance of intent in God's law, a theme that is echoed in the teachings of Jesus, who emphasized the heart's intentions over mere actions.

and not die by the hand of the avenger of blood
The "avenger of blood" was typically a close relative of the deceased, responsible for ensuring justice by avenging the death. This practice was common in ancient Near Eastern cultures and was a way to maintain family honor and societal order. However, the cities of refuge provided a legal and humane alternative to the cycle of vengeance, allowing for due process. This system points to the need for a mediator, a role ultimately fulfilled by Christ, who intercedes on behalf of sinners.

prior to standing trial before the assembly
The requirement for a trial before the assembly ensured that justice was served fairly and that the accused had the opportunity to present their case. This reflects the biblical principle of justice and the importance of community involvement in legal matters. The assembly, likely composed of elders and leaders, acted as judges to determine the intent and circumstances of the killing. This process prefigures the final judgment, where Christ will judge all humanity with perfect justice and mercy.