After Rehoboam had established his sovereignty
The phrase "established his sovereignty" indicates a period of consolidation and stability in Rehoboam's reign. The Hebrew root for "established" is "כּוּן" (kun), which conveys the idea of being firm or secure. This suggests that Rehoboam had successfully secured his position as king, following the division of the kingdom after Solomon's reign. Historically, this was a time when Rehoboam could have strengthened his kingdom by adhering to God's commandments, yet it also set the stage for his subsequent actions.

and royal power
The term "royal power" underscores the authority and dominion that Rehoboam held as king. The Hebrew word for "power" is "מַלְכוּת" (malkut), which refers to the realm or dominion of a king. This highlights the significant responsibility Rehoboam had, not only to govern but to lead the people in accordance with God's laws. The mention of "royal power" serves as a reminder of the divine mandate given to the kings of Israel to rule justly and in obedience to God.

he and all Israel with him
This phrase indicates that Rehoboam's actions were not isolated; they had a communal impact. The inclusion of "all Israel" suggests a collective turning away from God, reflecting the influence of leadership on the spiritual state of the nation. In a historical context, this highlights the importance of godly leadership and the consequences when leaders and their people stray from divine guidance.

forsook the law of the LORD
The word "forsook" comes from the Hebrew "עָזַב" (azab), meaning to abandon or leave behind. This is a strong term that conveys a deliberate turning away from God's commandments. The "law of the LORD" refers to the Torah, the divine instructions given to Israel. This forsaking was not merely a lapse in judgment but a conscious decision to reject God's covenant. Scripturally, this act of forsaking is a recurring theme that leads to divine judgment and serves as a warning to remain faithful to God's word.

In the fifth year
This phrase marks a specific point in time during the reign of Rehoboam, the son of Solomon. The fifth year of Rehoboam's reign is significant because it represents a period shortly after the division of the united monarchy of Israel into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah. Historically, this division occurred due to Rehoboam's harsh policies, which led to the secession of the ten northern tribes. The fifth year is a reminder of the rapid decline in the spiritual and political stability of Judah following Solomon's death.

of King Rehoboam
Rehoboam, the son of Solomon and grandson of David, is a central figure in this narrative. His reign is marked by a departure from the wisdom and prosperity of his predecessors. Rehoboam's failure to heed wise counsel and his reliance on youthful advisors led to the fracturing of the kingdom. His kingship is a cautionary tale about the consequences of pride and the importance of seeking God's guidance.

Shishak king of Egypt
Shishak, also known as Sheshonq I, was the first ruler of the 22nd Dynasty of Egypt. Archaeological evidence, including inscriptions at Karnak, confirms his campaign into Israel and Judah. Shishak's invasion is historically significant as it demonstrates the geopolitical dynamics of the region, where Egypt sought to reassert its influence over the Levant. This event also underscores the vulnerability of Judah when it strayed from God's protection.

came up against Jerusalem
The phrase indicates a military campaign directed at the heart of Judah, Jerusalem. Jerusalem, the city of David, held religious and political significance as the location of the Temple. Shishak's campaign against Jerusalem symbolizes a direct threat to the spiritual center of the Jewish people. This invasion serves as a divine chastisement for Judah's unfaithfulness, highlighting the theme of covenantal consequences throughout the Old Testament.

because they had been unfaithful to the LORD
This phrase provides the theological reason for Shishak's invasion. The unfaithfulness of Judah refers to their abandonment of the covenant with God, likely involving idolatry and neglect of the Law. The Hebrew root for "unfaithful" (מָעַל, ma'al) conveys a sense of treachery or betrayal. This breach of faith resulted in divine judgment, illustrating the principle that obedience to God brings blessing, while disobedience invites discipline. This serves as a timeless reminder of the importance of faithfulness to God's commands.

With twelve hundred chariots
The mention of "twelve hundred chariots" signifies a formidable military force. In ancient warfare, chariots were a symbol of power and technological advancement. The Hebrew word for chariot, "רֶכֶב" (rekeb), often denotes a vehicle of war, emphasizing the might and preparedness of Shishak's army. Historically, Egypt was known for its chariotry, which played a crucial role in its military campaigns. This detail underscores the threat posed to Judah, highlighting the gravity of the situation Rehoboam faced.

sixty thousand horsemen
The "sixty thousand horsemen" further illustrates the scale and strength of the invading force. Horses were valuable assets in ancient armies, providing speed and mobility. The Hebrew term "פָּרָשִׁים" (parashim) refers to horsemen or cavalry, indicating a well-equipped and trained military unit. This vast number suggests a significant investment in military resources by Shishak, reflecting the seriousness of his campaign against Judah.

and countless troops
The phrase "and countless troops" conveys the overwhelming size of the army. The Hebrew word "עָם" (am) can mean people or nation, but in this context, it refers to the multitude of soldiers. This hyperbolic expression emphasizes the seemingly insurmountable odds faced by Rehoboam and Judah, setting the stage for a dramatic confrontation. It also serves to highlight the reliance on divine intervention, as human strength alone appeared insufficient.

who came with him out of Egypt
This phrase indicates the origin of the invading forces, led by Shishak, the Pharaoh of Egypt. Egypt, a powerful and influential nation in the ancient Near East, often played a pivotal role in the region's geopolitics. The historical context reveals that Shishak's campaign was not merely a military endeavor but also a strategic move to assert dominance and influence over the divided kingdom of Israel and Judah.

Libyans, Sukkites, and Cushites
The inclusion of "Libyans, Sukkites, and Cushites" highlights the diverse composition of Shishak's army. The Libyans, known as "לוּבִים" (Lubim) in Hebrew, were a North African people often associated with Egypt. The Sukkites, or "סֻכִּיִּים" (Sukkiyim), are less well-documented, but they are believed to be a nomadic group allied with Egypt. The Cushites, "כּוּשִׁים" (Kushim), were from the region south of Egypt, known as Nubia or modern-day Sudan. This coalition of forces underscores the extensive reach and influence of Egypt, as well as the unity of various groups under Shishak's command, presenting a formidable challenge to Judah.

He captured
The Hebrew root for "captured" is "לָכַד" (lakad), which conveys the idea of seizing or taking control by force. This word is often used in the context of military conquests, emphasizing the power and authority exerted by the conqueror. In the historical context of Rehoboam's reign, this phrase highlights the vulnerability of Judah due to their disobedience to God. It serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from divine protection and guidance.

the fortified cities
The term "fortified cities" refers to urban centers that were strengthened with walls and defenses to protect against invasions. In ancient times, such fortifications were crucial for the survival of a city-state. Archaeological evidence from the region shows that these cities often had thick walls, gates, and towers. The fact that these cities were captured indicates a significant breach in Judah's defenses, symbolizing the spiritual and moral decay that had weakened the nation from within.

of Judah
Judah, the southern kingdom, was the remnant of the united monarchy of Israel. It held Jerusalem, the spiritual and political center of the Jewish people. The mention of Judah here is significant as it underscores the gravity of the situation; the heartland of God's chosen people was under threat. Historically, Judah's kings were expected to lead the people in faithfulness to God, but their failure led to vulnerability and defeat.

and came as far as Jerusalem
This phrase indicates the extent of the invasion, reaching the very heart of Judah. Jerusalem was not only the capital but also the location of the Temple, the dwelling place of God's presence among His people. The approach of enemy forces to Jerusalem symbolizes a direct challenge to the spiritual and political center of the nation. It serves as a wake-up call for the people of Judah to return to their covenant relationship with God, recognizing that their security and prosperity are contingent upon their faithfulness to Him.

Then Shemaiah the prophet
Shemaiah, whose name means "heard by Jehovah," is a prophet sent by God to deliver a message to Rehoboam and the leaders of Judah. In the Hebrew context, prophets were seen as God's mouthpieces, delivering divine messages to guide, warn, or correct the people. Shemaiah's role here is crucial as he acts as a mediator between God and the people, emphasizing the importance of listening to God's messengers.

came to Rehoboam and the leaders of Judah
Rehoboam, the son of Solomon, is the king of Judah. His reign is marked by a division in the kingdom and a departure from the ways of his father. The leaders of Judah, who are gathered with him, represent the ruling class and decision-makers of the nation. This gathering signifies a moment of crisis, as they face the threat of Shishak, the king of Egypt. Historically, this reflects a time when political alliances and spiritual fidelity were in tension.

who were gathered at Jerusalem because of Shishak
Jerusalem, the spiritual and political center of Judah, is under threat from Shishak, an Egyptian pharaoh. Shishak's invasion is historically documented, and it represents a significant challenge to Rehoboam's reign. The gathering at Jerusalem indicates a defensive posture, highlighting the city's importance as a fortress and a place of refuge. This situation underscores the vulnerability of Judah when it strays from God's protection.

and he said to them, 'This is what the LORD says
The phrase "This is what the LORD says" is a common prophetic formula, asserting the divine authority behind the message. It reminds the audience that the words spoken are not of human origin but are a direct communication from God. This establishes the seriousness and urgency of the message, calling for immediate attention and response.

You have abandoned Me
The accusation of abandonment is a grave charge, indicating a breach in the covenant relationship between God and His people. In the Hebrew context, to abandon God is to turn away from His commandments and to pursue other gods or rely on human strength. This phrase highlights the spiritual infidelity of Judah, which has led to their current predicament.

therefore, I have abandoned you to Shishak
The consequence of abandoning God is being abandoned by Him, a principle that runs throughout the Old Testament. This reflects the covenantal nature of the relationship, where blessings and protection are contingent upon faithfulness. Shishak's invasion is thus seen as a divine judgment, a means by which God disciplines His people to bring them back to Himself. This serves as a sobering reminder of the importance of remaining faithful to God and the dangers of spiritual complacency.

So the leaders of Israel and the king humbled themselves and said, 'The LORD is righteous.'
So the leaders of Israel and the king
This phrase highlights the collective leadership of Israel, including both the political and spiritual heads. The Hebrew word for "leaders" here is "שָׂרִים" (sarim), which often refers to princes or officials. This indicates that the decision to humble themselves was not just a personal act by the king but a unified response by the nation's leadership. Historically, this reflects a moment of national crisis where the leaders recognized their need for divine intervention. The inclusion of both "the leaders" and "the king" underscores the importance of unity in leadership, especially in times of repentance and seeking God's favor.

humbled themselves
The Hebrew root for "humbled" is "כָּנַע" (kanah), which means to be subdued or to bring oneself low. This act of humbling is significant in the biblical context as it represents a turning point from pride and self-reliance to submission and dependence on God. In the historical context of 2 Chronicles, this humbling was a response to the threat posed by Shishak, king of Egypt, and it demonstrates a recognition of their own inadequacy and the need for God's mercy. Theologically, this act of humility is a prerequisite for receiving God's grace, as echoed in James 4:6, "God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble."

and said
The act of speaking or declaring is crucial in the biblical narrative. The Hebrew word "אָמַר" (amar) implies not just speaking but making a declaration or confession. This verbal acknowledgment is an essential part of repentance, as it involves not only an internal change of heart but also an outward confession of truth. In the context of this verse, the leaders' declaration is a public acknowledgment of God's character and their own failings.

The LORD is righteous
This phrase is a profound theological statement. The Hebrew word for "righteous" is "צַדִּיק" (tsaddiq), which denotes justice, rightness, and moral integrity. By declaring "The LORD is righteous," the leaders are acknowledging God's perfect justice and their own unrighteousness. This confession is central to the biblical understanding of repentance, where recognition of God's holiness and justice leads to a realization of human sinfulness. Historically, this acknowledgment would have been a powerful reminder to the people of Israel of their covenant relationship with God, who is always just and faithful, even when they are not. This statement serves as an inspiration for believers today to trust in God's righteous character, knowing that He is always just and fair in His dealings with humanity.

When the LORD saw
This phrase emphasizes the omniscience of God, who is fully aware of the actions and intentions of His people. The Hebrew root for "saw" is "רָאָה" (ra'ah), which implies not just seeing but perceiving and understanding. This indicates that God is not distant or indifferent but actively engaged in the lives of His people, observing their repentance and readiness to change.

that they had humbled themselves
The act of humbling oneself is a recurring theme in Scripture, often associated with repentance and a turning back to God. The Hebrew word "כָּנַע" (kanah) means to be subdued or brought low. This humility is not merely an outward act but a genuine inward transformation, acknowledging God's sovereignty and one's own need for His mercy.

the word of the LORD came to Shemaiah
Shemaiah was a prophet, and this phrase underscores the role of prophets as God's messengers. The "word of the LORD" (דְּבַר־יְהוָה, devar-YHWH) is a powerful concept, signifying divine communication that is authoritative and transformative. It is through such words that God reveals His will and intentions to His people.

saying, 'They have humbled themselves
Repetition of their humility highlights its importance. It is a reminder that God values a contrite heart and is willing to respond to genuine repentance. This phrase serves as a divine acknowledgment of their change in attitude, which is crucial for their deliverance.

I will not destroy them
This is a declaration of God's mercy. Despite their previous disobedience, God chooses to withhold His judgment. The Hebrew root "שָׁחַת" (shachat) for "destroy" implies complete ruin or corruption. God's decision to refrain from destruction demonstrates His grace and willingness to forgive.

but I will grant them some deliverance
Deliverance, or "פְּלֵיטָה" (pelitah), signifies rescue or escape from danger. The use of "some" indicates that while full restoration may not be immediate, God is providing a measure of relief. This partial deliverance serves as both a consequence of their actions and a sign of hope for future restoration.

My wrath will not be poured out
The imagery of wrath being "poured out" (שָׁפַךְ, shaphak) suggests a controlled release of divine anger. God's wrath is just and righteous, yet He chooses to withhold it in response to their repentance. This highlights His patience and desire for reconciliation rather than punishment.

upon Jerusalem
Jerusalem, the city of David, holds significant spiritual and historical importance as the center of worship and the dwelling place of God's presence. The sparing of Jerusalem signifies God's continued commitment to His covenant with David and His people, despite their failings.

by the hand of Shishak
Shishak, the king of Egypt, represents a foreign threat used by God as an instrument of judgment. The phrase "by the hand of" (בְּיַד, beyad) indicates agency or means. God's intervention prevents Shishak from executing His wrath, demonstrating His control over nations and history. This serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and His ability to protect His people from external threats when they turn back to Him.

Nevertheless
This word serves as a pivotal transition, indicating a shift in the narrative. Despite the preceding judgment, there is a divine purpose at work. In Hebrew, the word often translated as "nevertheless" is "ulam," which conveys a sense of contrast and continuation. It reminds us that God's plans are redemptive, even in discipline, and that His mercy often accompanies His justice.

they will become his servants
The phrase indicates a divinely ordained subjugation. The Hebrew word for "servants" is "avadim," which can mean both servants and slaves. This reflects the reality of Israel's impending servitude under Shishak, the king of Egypt. Historically, this servitude is a consequence of Israel's disobedience, yet it is also a tool for correction and learning. It underscores the biblical principle that God uses even foreign powers to fulfill His purposes.

so that they may learn
Here, the purpose of their servitude is educational. The Hebrew root "lamad" means to learn or to be taught. This suggests that God's intention is not merely punitive but instructive. The Israelites are to gain wisdom and understanding through their experiences, highlighting God's desire for His people to grow in knowledge and discernment.

the difference between serving Me
This phrase emphasizes the contrast between serving God and serving earthly rulers. The Hebrew word for "serving" is "avodah," which implies worship and devotion. Serving God is portrayed as a relationship of covenantal love and faithfulness, distinct from the oppressive service to human kings. This distinction is central to Israel's identity as God's chosen people.

and serving the kings of other lands
The phrase points to the reality of serving foreign rulers, which is often characterized by oppression and hardship. The historical context here is significant, as Israel's subjugation under Shishak is a direct result of their turning away from God. The "kings of other lands" symbolize the worldly powers that Israel sought after, contrasting sharply with the benevolent kingship of God.

So Shishak king of Egypt
Shishak, known historically as Sheshonq I, was the founder of the 22nd Dynasty of Egypt. His reign is well-documented in Egyptian records, and his campaign against Jerusalem is corroborated by archaeological findings, such as the Bubastite Portal at Karnak, which lists the cities he conquered. This historical context underscores the reality of biblical events and the geopolitical dynamics of the ancient Near East. Shishak's invasion serves as a divine instrument of judgment against Judah for their unfaithfulness, reminding us of God's sovereignty over nations.

came up and attacked Jerusalem
The phrase "came up" is significant, as it reflects the geographical ascent to Jerusalem, which is situated on a high plateau. This ascent is not only physical but also symbolic of the spiritual confrontation between the pagan king and the city of God. The attack on Jerusalem, the heart of Judah, represents a direct challenge to the covenant community, highlighting the consequences of turning away from God. Historically, this event marks a period of vulnerability for Judah, emphasizing the need for reliance on divine protection rather than human alliances.

He seized the treasures of the house of the LORD
The treasures of the house of the LORD refer to the sacred items dedicated to God, including gold and silver vessels used in worship. The loss of these treasures signifies a profound spiritual and national humiliation for Judah. It serves as a tangible reminder of the nation's failure to uphold their covenant with God. Theologically, this act of desecration points to the seriousness of idolatry and the resultant loss of divine favor and protection.

and the treasures of the royal palace
The royal palace treasures symbolize the wealth and splendor of Solomon's reign, which had been a gift from God. Their seizure by Shishak illustrates the fleeting nature of earthly riches and the futility of relying on material wealth for security. This event calls believers to place their trust in God rather than in temporal possessions, echoing the biblical principle that true treasure is found in a relationship with the Lord.

He took everything
The phrase "He took everything" emphasizes the totality of the plunder. It reflects the complete stripping away of Judah's material and spiritual defenses, leaving the nation exposed and vulnerable. This total loss serves as a wake-up call for repentance and a return to faithfulness. It is a sobering reminder of the consequences of disobedience and the need for wholehearted devotion to God.

including the gold shields that Solomon had made
The gold shields were symbols of Solomon's wealth and the glory of his kingdom. Their loss is particularly poignant, as they represent the decline from the zenith of Israel's power and prosperity under Solomon to the weakened state of Rehoboam's reign. This decline serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of pride and the importance of maintaining a humble and obedient heart before God. Theologically, it points to the need for spiritual vigilance and the recognition that true strength and security come from the Lord alone.

Then King Rehoboam
King Rehoboam, the son of Solomon, is a central figure in this narrative. His reign marks a significant period in Israel's history, characterized by division and decline. The Hebrew root for "Rehoboam" means "he enlarges the people," which is ironic given that his actions led to the division of the kingdom. Historically, Rehoboam's reign is a cautionary tale about the consequences of forsaking divine wisdom and guidance, as he failed to heed the counsel of the elders and instead followed the advice of his peers, leading to the fracturing of the united monarchy.

made bronze shields
The act of making bronze shields is significant both symbolically and practically. Bronze, a less valuable metal than gold, represents a decline in the kingdom's glory and wealth. The original gold shields, crafted by Solomon, symbolized the prosperity and divine favor during his reign. The replacement with bronze indicates a loss of splendor and a tangible sign of the consequences of Rehoboam's and the nation's unfaithfulness to God. This substitution serves as a metaphor for the spiritual and moral decline of the kingdom.

in their place
This phrase highlights the attempt to maintain appearances despite the underlying loss. Rehoboam's decision to replace the gold shields with bronze ones suggests a superficial effort to preserve the image of strength and continuity. It reflects a broader theme in scripture where external appearances are maintained while internal realities are neglected. This serves as a reminder of the importance of genuine faith and integrity over mere outward displays.

committed them to the care
The act of committing the shields to the care of the guards indicates a sense of responsibility and the need for protection. In a spiritual sense, it underscores the importance of safeguarding one's faith and values. The Hebrew concept of "care" often involves stewardship and vigilance, reminding believers of their duty to protect and nurture their spiritual heritage.

the commanders of the guards
The commanders of the guards were responsible for the security of the royal palace, symbolizing the need for vigilance and protection. In a broader biblical context, this can be seen as a call for spiritual leaders to guard the faith and well-being of their communities. The role of the guards is a metaphor for the spiritual watchfulness required to protect against moral and spiritual decline.

on duty at the entrance
The entrance to the royal palace is a place of significance, representing access to power and authority. Being "on duty" implies readiness and alertness, qualities essential for those who serve in positions of leadership and responsibility. This phrase serves as a reminder of the need for constant vigilance in guarding one's heart and life against spiritual threats.

to the royal palace
The royal palace is a symbol of the kingdom's authority and the king's rule. In biblical terms, it represents the center of power and governance. The mention of the palace in this context highlights the contrast between the kingdom's former glory under Solomon and its current state under Rehoboam. It serves as a poignant reminder of the consequences of turning away from God's commandments and the resulting loss of divine favor and blessing.

Whenever the king entered
This phrase indicates a habitual action, suggesting that the king's visits to the house of the LORD were regular and significant. The Hebrew root for "entered" is "בּוֹא" (bo), which often implies coming into a place with purpose or intent. Historically, the king's entrance into the temple was a moment of reverence and responsibility, reflecting his role as both a political and spiritual leader. It underscores the importance of leadership that acknowledges divine authority.

the house of the LORD
This refers to the temple in Jerusalem, a central place of worship and the dwelling place of God's presence among His people. The Hebrew term "בֵּית יְהוָה" (Beit Yahweh) emphasizes the temple's sanctity and its role as a symbol of God's covenant with Israel. The temple was not just a physical structure but a spiritual center, representing God's relationship with His chosen people and His desire for them to live in obedience and worship.

the guards went with him
The presence of guards highlights the king's status and the need for protection, even in sacred spaces. The Hebrew word for "guards" is "רָצִים" (ratsim), which can also mean runners or couriers, indicating their readiness and vigilance. This detail reflects the political realities of the time, where even sacred duties were intertwined with the need for security and order. It also symbolizes the protection and reverence due to the sacred space and the king's role within it.

bearing the shields
The shields were likely ceremonial, representing the king's authority and the nation's strength. The Hebrew word "מָגֵן" (magen) for "shields" can also imply defense and protection. In a spiritual sense, this act of bearing shields into the temple could symbolize the king's acknowledgment of God as the ultimate protector and defender of Israel. It serves as a reminder of the need for divine protection in both personal and national endeavors.

and later they would return them
This phrase suggests a ritualistic practice, where the shields were not left in the temple but returned to their place. The act of returning the shields signifies respect for the sacred space and the orderliness of worship practices. It reflects a disciplined approach to worship, where items used in service to God are treated with care and reverence, emphasizing the importance of maintaining holiness in all aspects of life.

to the guardroom
The guardroom was a place of storage and security, indicating that the shields were valuable and needed protection. The Hebrew term "לִשְׁכָּה" (lishkah) for "guardroom" can also mean chamber or room, suggesting a designated space for specific purposes. This detail highlights the organized structure of temple service and the care taken to preserve items used in worship. It serves as a metaphor for the need to guard and preserve our spiritual lives with the same diligence and respect.

Because Rehoboam humbled himself
The act of humbling oneself is a recurring theme in the Bible, often associated with repentance and a turning back to God. The Hebrew root for "humbled" is "kana," which means to bend the knee or bring low. This indicates a posture of submission and acknowledgment of God's sovereignty. Rehoboam's humility is significant because it demonstrates a change of heart, a willingness to recognize his own limitations and the need for divine guidance. In the broader biblical narrative, humility is a prerequisite for receiving God's grace and favor, as seen in James 4:6, "God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble."

the anger of the LORD turned away from him
The phrase "anger of the LORD" reflects God's righteous indignation against sin and disobedience. In Hebrew, "anger" is often depicted as "aph," which can also mean "nostrils" or "face," suggesting a vivid image of God's displeasure. However, the turning away of God's anger signifies His mercy and readiness to forgive. This turning away is not arbitrary but is a response to genuine repentance. It highlights the conditional nature of God's judgment, where His desire is not to punish but to restore and reconcile His people to Himself.

and He did not destroy him completely
The concept of destruction in the biblical context often refers to divine judgment. The Hebrew word "shachath" can mean to ruin or corrupt. The phrase "did not destroy him completely" underscores God's restraint and mercy. While Rehoboam faced consequences for his actions, God's decision not to destroy him entirely reflects His covenantal faithfulness and the hope of redemption. It serves as a reminder that God's judgments are tempered with mercy, and His ultimate goal is restoration rather than annihilation.

Moreover, conditions were good in Judah
The phrase "conditions were good" suggests a period of peace and stability. In Hebrew, "good" is "tov," which encompasses well-being, prosperity, and moral goodness. This indicates that Rehoboam's humility and God's subsequent mercy resulted in tangible blessings for the nation of Judah. It serves as a testament to the principle that obedience and humility before God lead to communal and personal flourishing. Historically, this period of goodness would have been marked by political stability, economic prosperity, and spiritual renewal, aligning with the biblical theme that righteousness exalts a nation (Proverbs 14:34).

Thus King Rehoboam strengthened his position in Jerusalem
The phrase "strengthened his position" suggests a consolidation of power and authority. In Hebrew, the word often translated as "strengthened" is "חָזַק" (chazaq), which implies becoming strong, firm, or resolute. This indicates that despite previous challenges, Rehoboam managed to establish a stable rule. Historically, Jerusalem was a fortified city, and Rehoboam's efforts to strengthen his position there reflect a strategic move to secure his reign. Jerusalem, being the political and spiritual center, was crucial for maintaining control over the kingdom.

and he reigned
The simple phrase "and he reigned" underscores the continuation of his rule. In the context of the divided kingdom, where the northern tribes had broken away, Rehoboam's reign in Judah was significant. The Hebrew root "מָלַךְ" (malak) means to reign or to be king, emphasizing the legitimacy and authority of his kingship despite the division.

Rehoboam was forty-one years old when he became king
The mention of Rehoboam's age, "forty-one years old," provides a personal detail that humanizes the king. It suggests a level of maturity and experience, although his earlier decisions led to the division of the kingdom. This age detail also helps in understanding the timeline of events in the biblical narrative.

and he reigned seventeen years in Jerusalem
The duration of "seventeen years" signifies a relatively stable period of governance. In biblical terms, the number seventeen can symbolize overcoming the enemy and complete victory. Despite the challenges Rehoboam faced, including the invasion by Shishak, his reign endured for a significant period, indicating a measure of success and stability.

the city the LORD had chosen from all the tribes of Israel in which to put His Name
This phrase highlights the divine selection of Jerusalem as the spiritual center. The Hebrew word for "chosen" is "בָּחַר" (bachar), which conveys a deliberate and purposeful choice by God. Jerusalem's significance is rooted in its role as the location of the Temple, the dwelling place of God's presence among His people. This divine choice underscores the city's centrality in Israel's religious life and God's covenant relationship with His people.

And his mother’s name was Naamah the Ammonite
The mention of "Naamah the Ammonite" provides insight into Rehoboam's lineage and the political alliances of the time. The Ammonites were often in conflict with Israel, and Naamah's presence in the royal lineage suggests a complex relationship between Israel and its neighbors. Her inclusion in the narrative may also reflect the influence of foreign cultures and practices within the kingdom, which were often points of contention in Israel's history.

And he did evil
This phrase refers to King Rehoboam, the son of Solomon, who reigned over the southern kingdom of Judah. The Hebrew word for "evil" is "רַע" (ra), which encompasses not only moral wickedness but also actions that are harmful or destructive. In the context of Rehoboam's reign, this evil is characterized by idolatry and a departure from the ways of the LORD. Historically, Rehoboam's reign was marked by a division in the kingdom and a decline in spiritual fidelity, which led to the invasion by Shishak, king of Egypt. This serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God's commandments.

because he did not set his heart
The phrase "set his heart" is derived from the Hebrew "נָכַן לֵב" (nakan lev), which implies establishing or preparing one's inner being with intention and purpose. In biblical terms, the heart is the center of one's will, emotions, and intellect. Rehoboam's failure to set his heart indicates a lack of deliberate commitment to follow God. This highlights the importance of intentionality in one's spiritual life, emphasizing that a passive or indifferent approach to faith can lead to moral and spiritual decline.

to seek the LORD
The Hebrew word for "seek" is "דָּרַשׁ" (darash), which means to inquire, require, or pursue diligently. Seeking the LORD involves an active pursuit of God's presence, will, and guidance. In the historical context of Israel, seeking the LORD was often associated with worship, prayer, and adherence to the covenant. Rehoboam's failure to seek the LORD reflects a broader theme in the Old Testament, where the prosperity and peace of the nation are directly linked to the king's faithfulness to God. This serves as an inspirational call for believers to earnestly seek God in all aspects of life, recognizing that true wisdom and strength come from a relationship with Him.

Now the acts of Rehoboam
The phrase "acts of Rehoboam" refers to the deeds and events during the reign of Rehoboam, the son of Solomon and king of Judah. The Hebrew word for "acts" is "דִּבְרֵי" (divrei), which can also mean "words" or "matters." This suggests a comprehensive account of Rehoboam's reign, encompassing both his political actions and personal conduct. Rehoboam's reign was marked by significant events, including the division of the united monarchy and the subsequent weakening of the kingdom. His actions are a reminder of the importance of wise leadership and the consequences of failing to seek God's guidance.

from beginning to end
This phrase emphasizes the completeness of the record of Rehoboam's reign. The Hebrew words "מִן־רֵאשִׁית וְעַד־אַחֲרִית" (min-reishit ve'ad-acharit) indicate a full account from the start to the conclusion of his rule. This comprehensive documentation serves as a historical record and a spiritual lesson, illustrating the full scope of a leader's impact on a nation. It underscores the biblical principle that God is interested in the entirety of our lives, from beginning to end.

are they not written in the records of Shemaiah the prophet and of Iddo the seer
The mention of "Shemaiah the prophet and of Iddo the seer" highlights the role of prophetic and historical writings in preserving the history of Israel. Shemaiah and Iddo were contemporaries of Rehoboam, and their records provided an authoritative account of his reign. The Hebrew term for "records" is "סֵפֶר" (sefer), meaning "book" or "scroll," indicating that these were written documents. This phrase underscores the importance of prophetic insight and historical documentation in understanding God's dealings with His people. It also reflects the biblical tradition of recording history through the lens of divine revelation.

concerning genealogies
The inclusion of "genealogies" in the records suggests a focus on lineage and heritage, which were crucial in the biblical context. The Hebrew word "יְחָשִׂים" (yechasim) refers to genealogical records, emphasizing the importance of family lines in the history of Israel. Genealogies were not only a means of establishing identity and inheritance but also a way of tracing God's covenantal promises through generations. This highlights the continuity of God's plan and the faithfulness of His promises to His people.

There was also war between Rehoboam and Jeroboam throughout their days
The phrase "war between Rehoboam and Jeroboam" refers to the ongoing conflict between the southern kingdom of Judah, ruled by Rehoboam, and the northern kingdom of Israel, led by Jeroboam. The Hebrew word for "war" is "מִלְחָמָה" (milchamah), indicating a state of conflict and hostility. This persistent warfare was a consequence of the division of the kingdom, which occurred due to Rehoboam's harsh policies and failure to heed wise counsel. The phrase serves as a sobering reminder of the destructive nature of division and the importance of unity under God's guidance. It also reflects the broader biblical theme of the struggle between obedience to God and the consequences of rebellion.

And Rehoboam rested
The phrase "rested" is a euphemism for death, often used in the Old Testament to denote the passing of a king. The Hebrew word used here is "שָׁכַב" (shakab), which means to lie down or to sleep. This term reflects the belief in a peaceful transition from life to death for those who are in covenant with God. It suggests a hope in the resurrection and eternal rest promised to the faithful. Rehoboam's rest signifies the end of his reign and the continuation of God's sovereign plan through his lineage.

with his fathers
This phrase indicates that Rehoboam was buried in the family tomb, a common practice for kings of Judah. It signifies continuity and the importance of family lineage in the biblical narrative. The phrase also implies a joining with the ancestors in Sheol, the abode of the dead, where the righteous awaited the coming of the Messiah. It underscores the biblical theme of generational legacy and the faithfulness of God to His covenant promises through the line of David.

and was buried in the City of David
The "City of David" refers to Jerusalem, specifically the area that David conquered and established as his capital. This burial location is significant as it highlights the Davidic covenant, where God promised that David's descendants would rule Israel. Archaeological findings in Jerusalem, such as ancient tombs, affirm the historical practice of royal burials in this sacred city. Rehoboam's burial here reinforces his legitimate claim to the throne and the enduring legacy of David's dynasty.

And his son Abijah became king in his place
The succession of "his son Abijah" marks the continuation of the Davidic line, a critical element in the biblical narrative that points to the eventual coming of Jesus Christ, the ultimate fulfillment of the Davidic covenant. The name "Abijah" means "Yahweh is my father," reflecting the theocratic nature of the kingship in Judah. This transition of power, despite Rehoboam's failures, demonstrates God's faithfulness to His promises and His ability to work through imperfect leaders to accomplish His divine purposes.