After Saul had returned
This phrase marks a transition in the narrative, indicating a shift in Saul's focus from external threats to internal ones. The Hebrew root for "returned" is "שׁוּב" (shuv), which often implies a turning back or a change in direction. This can symbolize Saul's vacillating nature and his inability to maintain a consistent focus on his duties as king. Historically, Saul's reign was marked by instability, and this return signifies a moment of respite from external conflict, only to be replaced by internal strife.

from pursuing the Philistines
The Philistines were a perennial enemy of Israel, and Saul's military campaigns against them were a significant part of his kingship. The Hebrew word for "pursuing" is "רָדַף" (radaf), which conveys a sense of relentless pursuit or chase. This reflects Saul's role as a warrior king, constantly engaged in battles to secure Israel's borders. The Philistines, known for their advanced iron weaponry and formidable military presence, were a constant threat, and Saul's pursuit of them underscores the ongoing struggle for survival and dominance in the region.

he was told
This phrase introduces the element of external influence on Saul's decisions. The Hebrew verb "נָגַד" (nagad) means to declare or inform, suggesting that Saul's actions were often reactive, based on the information he received from others. This highlights a key aspect of Saul's leadership—his reliance on advisors and informants, which sometimes led to impulsive decisions. In the broader biblical narrative, this can be seen as a contrast to David, who often sought direct guidance from God.

David is in the Wilderness of En Gedi
The mention of "David" immediately shifts the focus to the central figure of this narrative. David, anointed by God to be the future king, represents a new hope for Israel. The "Wilderness of En Gedi" is a significant geographical location, known for its rugged terrain and natural springs. The Hebrew term "מִדְבָּר" (midbar) for "wilderness" implies a desolate, uninhabited area, often associated with testing and divine encounters in the Bible. En Gedi, meaning "spring of the young goat," is an oasis, symbolizing refuge and sustenance amidst desolation. This setting provides a backdrop for the unfolding drama between Saul and David, highlighting themes of pursuit, refuge, and divine providence. Historically, En Gedi was a strategic location, offering both concealment and resources, making it an ideal hideout for David and his men.

So Saul took
The phrase "So Saul took" indicates a decisive action by King Saul. The Hebrew root for "took" is "laqach," which often implies taking possession or seizing. This reflects Saul's determination and authority as king, yet it also foreshadows his misguided pursuit of David, who is anointed by God. Saul's actions are driven by jealousy and fear, contrasting with David's reliance on God's guidance.

three thousand chosen men
The selection of "three thousand chosen men" underscores the seriousness of Saul's mission. These were elite troops, handpicked for their skills and loyalty. Historically, this reflects the military practices of ancient Israel, where kings would select the best warriors for critical missions. Spiritually, it highlights the lengths to which Saul would go to eliminate David, whom he saw as a threat to his throne.

from all Israel
The phrase "from all Israel" signifies the national scope of Saul's campaign. It emphasizes the unity and resources of the kingdom under Saul's command. However, it also contrasts with David's smaller, more diverse group of followers, symbolizing the difference between worldly power and divine favor.

and went to seek David
"and went to seek David" reveals Saul's relentless pursuit of David. The Hebrew word for "seek" is "baqash," which can mean to search diligently or to desire earnestly. Saul's obsession with finding David illustrates his spiritual blindness and inability to submit to God's will, as David is the chosen successor.

and his men
The mention of "and his men" highlights the loyalty and camaraderie of David's followers. Despite being outnumbered and on the run, David's men remain faithful to him, reflecting the biblical theme of God using the weak and humble to accomplish His purposes.

in front of the Rocks of the Wild Goats
The "Rocks of the Wild Goats" refers to a specific geographical location, likely the rugged terrain near En Gedi. This area is known for its steep cliffs and caves, providing a natural fortress for David and his men. The imagery of wild goats suggests agility and survival in harsh conditions, symbolizing David's resourcefulness and God's provision in times of trial.

So he came to the sheepfolds along the way
The phrase "sheepfolds along the way" refers to the enclosures used by shepherds to protect their flocks. In the ancient Near East, these sheepfolds were often simple stone structures or natural formations like caves. The Hebrew word for "sheepfolds" is "gederot," which implies a place of protection and enclosure. This setting is significant as it highlights the pastoral and rugged terrain of the Judean wilderness, where David and his men were hiding. The sheepfolds symbolize a place of safety and provision, contrasting with Saul's vulnerability as he enters the cave.

and there was a cave
Caves in the Judean wilderness were common and served various purposes, from burial sites to places of refuge. The Hebrew word "me'arah" for "cave" suggests a natural hiding place, which is fitting for David and his men. Historically, caves were strategic locations for those seeking to evade capture, providing concealment and a vantage point. This cave becomes a pivotal setting for the unfolding drama between David and Saul, representing both a physical and moral crossroads.

and Saul went in to relieve himself
The phrase "to relieve himself" is a euphemism for attending to personal needs, indicating Saul's vulnerability. The Hebrew verb "sakak" used here can mean to cover or to shield, suggesting a moment of privacy. This act of vulnerability is crucial in the narrative, as it places Saul in a defenseless position, unaware of David's presence. It underscores the theme of divine providence and the testing of David's character, as he is given an opportunity to harm Saul but chooses restraint.

Now David and his men were hiding in the recesses of the cave
The "recesses of the cave" indicates the innermost parts, where David and his men were concealed. The Hebrew word "yarkete" implies the farthest or most hidden parts, emphasizing the depth of their hiding place. This setting illustrates the tension and suspense of the moment, as David is close enough to Saul to take action. Theologically, this scene highlights themes of divine protection and the moral integrity of David, who respects Saul's anointed position despite personal risk and the urging of his men.

So David’s men said to him
This phrase introduces the counsel of David's men, who were loyal and eager to see David ascend to the throne. The Hebrew root for "said" (אָמַר, 'amar) often implies a declaration or proclamation, suggesting the men spoke with conviction. Historically, David's men were likely motivated by the hardships they faced while on the run from Saul, and they saw this moment as a divine opportunity for deliverance.

This is the day the LORD spoke of
The phrase reflects a belief in divine timing and prophecy. The Hebrew word for "day" (יוֹם, yom) can signify a specific time appointed by God. The men believed that this was a fulfillment of God's promise to David. This reflects a common biblical theme where God’s timing is perfect, and His promises are sure, encouraging believers to trust in His providence.

when He said to you
This phrase implies a previous divine communication to David, though not explicitly recorded in earlier texts. It suggests that David had received personal revelation or assurance from God about his future. This highlights the intimate relationship between David and God, serving as an inspiration for believers to seek and trust in personal guidance from the Lord.

‘I will deliver your enemy into your hand
The promise of deliverance is central to this narrative. The Hebrew root for "deliver" (נָתַן, natan) means to give or hand over, indicating God's active role in David's destiny. This phrase reassures believers of God's sovereignty and His ability to bring about justice and victory over adversaries in His perfect timing.

so you may do with him as you wish.’
This part of the verse suggests a test of David's character and his understanding of justice and mercy. The Hebrew word for "wish" (טוֹב, tov) often means good or pleasing, indicating that David had the freedom to choose his course of action. This moment is pivotal, as it demonstrates David's restraint and respect for God's anointed, teaching believers the importance of mercy and integrity.

Then David crept up secretly
David's stealthy approach is significant, as it shows his careful consideration and respect for Saul, despite the opportunity to harm him. The Hebrew root for "crept" (נָטַשׁ, natash) implies a deliberate and cautious action. This act of restraint is a powerful lesson in humility and respect for authority, even when it seems unjust.

and cut off a corner of Saul’s robe
The act of cutting the robe symbolizes David's rejection of taking the throne by force. In ancient times, a robe represented authority and identity. By cutting Saul's robe, David demonstrated his refusal to harm Saul, respecting God's timing for his own kingship. This action serves as a profound example of patience and faith in God's plan, encouraging believers to wait on the Lord and act with integrity.

Afterward
This word indicates a sequence of events, suggesting a reflective moment following an action. In the Hebrew context, the narrative often emphasizes the importance of reflection and the consequences of one's actions. Here, it sets the stage for David's introspection, highlighting the moral and spiritual weight of his decisions.

David’s conscience
The Hebrew word for "conscience" is often associated with the heart or inner being, reflecting a deep moral and spiritual awareness. David, a man after God's own heart, is portrayed as sensitive to the Holy Spirit's conviction. This sensitivity is crucial for a leader chosen by God, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a pure heart and a clear conscience before the Lord.

was stricken
The phrase suggests a sudden and intense feeling of guilt or remorse. In the Hebrew tradition, this indicates a divine conviction, where God communicates His displeasure or guidance through the inner turmoil of the individual. David's immediate response to his conscience being stricken shows his commitment to righteousness and his desire to align his actions with God's will.

because he had cut off
This action, though seemingly minor, carries significant symbolic weight. Cutting off a piece of Saul's robe was an act of disrespect towards the anointed king. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, garments often symbolized authority and identity. David's realization of the gravity of his action underscores the importance of respecting God's anointed and the authority He establishes.

a corner of Saul’s robe
The robe represents Saul's royal authority and God's anointing upon him as king. By cutting off a corner, David symbolically undermined Saul's kingship, even if unintentionally. This act serves as a reminder of the sacredness of God's anointing and the respect due to those He appoints, regardless of their personal failings.

So he said to his men
This phrase sets the scene for a moment of profound leadership and moral clarity. David, though surrounded by his men who might have encouraged him to seize the opportunity to kill Saul, chooses to speak words of restraint. The Hebrew root for "said" (אָמַר, 'amar) often implies not just speaking, but declaring or commanding, indicating the authority and conviction behind David's words. This moment highlights the importance of righteous leadership and the influence of a leader's words on their followers.

The LORD forbid
Here, David invokes the name of the LORD (יהוה, Yahweh), the covenantal name of God, to express a strong moral prohibition. The phrase suggests a deep reverence for God's will and commands. In the historical context, invoking the LORD's name in such a manner underscores the seriousness of the vow and the divine authority behind it. David's use of this phrase reflects his understanding that his actions must align with God's will, not merely human opportunity or desire.

that I should do such a thing
David acknowledges the gravity of the potential action against Saul. The phrase "such a thing" (הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה, ha-davar ha-zeh) implies a deed of significant moral consequence. In the cultural and historical context of ancient Israel, actions against a king, especially one anointed by God, were not just political but deeply spiritual and ethical issues. David's recognition of this reflects his commitment to righteousness over expediency.

to my master
By referring to Saul as "my master" (אֲדֹנִי, adoni), David acknowledges Saul's legitimate authority and position, despite Saul's pursuit of him. This term of respect highlights David's humility and recognition of the established order. In a broader scriptural context, it serves as a reminder of the importance of respecting God-ordained authority, even when it is flawed or unjust.

the LORD’s anointed
The term "anointed" (מָשִׁיחַ, mashiach) is significant, as it denotes someone chosen and consecrated by God for a specific purpose. In the historical context, anointing was a sacred act that set individuals apart for divine service, often kings or priests. David's recognition of Saul as "the LORD’s anointed" underscores his respect for God's choice and timing, and his refusal to usurp God's plan.

May I never lift my hand against him
This phrase expresses David's commitment to non-violence against Saul, despite the provocation and opportunity. The Hebrew idiom "lift my hand" (שָׁלַח יָד, shalach yad) implies taking action, particularly aggressive or harmful action. David's restraint is a powerful testament to his faith and trust in God's justice and timing, serving as an example of patience and integrity.

since he is the LORD’s anointed
David reiterates the sacred status of Saul as "the LORD’s anointed," reinforcing the idea that Saul's position is divinely ordained. This repetition emphasizes the gravity of the situation and David's unwavering commitment to honoring God's decisions. In a broader theological context, it highlights the belief in God's sovereignty and the importance of submitting to His will, even when it challenges personal desires or logic.

So with these words
This phrase indicates the power of speech and persuasion. In Hebrew, the word for "words" is "דָּבָר" (dabar), which can mean speech, matter, or thing. David's words were not just a simple command but a profound moral argument that appealed to the conscience of his men. This highlights the importance of righteous leadership and the ability to influence others towards godliness and restraint.

David persuaded his men
The Hebrew root for "persuaded" is "שָׁסָה" (shasah), which implies a strong influence or control. David's leadership is evident here as he exercises moral authority over his men, convincing them to refrain from harming Saul. This reflects David's deep respect for God's anointed and his understanding of divine sovereignty, teaching us about the importance of respecting God's timing and authority.

and did not let them rise up against Saul
The phrase "rise up" comes from the Hebrew "קוּם" (qum), meaning to stand or arise. David's restraint prevented his men from taking action against Saul, demonstrating his commitment to God's will over personal vengeance. This act of mercy and respect for Saul's position as king, despite Saul's pursuit of David, underscores the biblical principle of loving one's enemies and leaving judgment to God.

Then Saul left the cave
The act of leaving the cave signifies a moment of divine intervention and protection for David. The cave, a place of refuge and concealment, becomes a symbol of God's providence. Saul's departure without harm to David illustrates God's control over circumstances and His ability to protect His chosen ones even in seemingly dire situations.

and went on his way
This phrase suggests a continuation of Saul's journey, both physically and spiritually. Saul's departure without incident is a testament to David's faithfulness and God's overarching plan. It serves as a reminder that God's purposes prevail, and His timing is perfect. The narrative encourages believers to trust in God's sovereignty and to act with integrity, even when faced with opportunities for personal gain or revenge.

After that
This phrase indicates a sequence of events, following David's decision not to harm Saul, despite having the opportunity. The Hebrew root here suggests a continuation or consequence, emphasizing David's restraint and moral integrity. It highlights the importance of patience and trust in God's timing, a recurring theme in David's life.

David got up
David's action of rising signifies a transition from contemplation to action. The Hebrew verb used here can imply readiness and determination. David's decision to confront Saul directly, rather than through violence, underscores his commitment to righteousness and his respect for God's anointed king.

went out of the cave
The cave represents a place of refuge and concealment. David's emergence symbolizes stepping into the light, both literally and metaphorically. It reflects his courage and willingness to face potential danger, trusting in God's protection and justice.

called out to Saul
David's calling out is an act of communication and reconciliation. The Hebrew term for "called out" can also mean to proclaim or announce, indicating David's intention to make his presence and intentions known. This act demonstrates his desire for peace and resolution, rather than conflict.

My lord the king!
This respectful address acknowledges Saul's authority and position, despite Saul's pursuit of David. The Hebrew words convey honor and submission, reflecting David's recognition of God's established order. It serves as a reminder of the importance of respecting authority, even when it is unjust.

When Saul looked behind him
Saul's action of looking back signifies a moment of realization and vulnerability. The Hebrew context suggests a turning or change in perspective. This moment is pivotal, as it opens the door for Saul to see David's loyalty and integrity firsthand.

David bowed facedown in reverence
David's physical act of bowing is a profound gesture of humility and respect. The Hebrew root for "bowed" indicates submission and honor. This act not only shows David's respect for Saul as king but also his reverence for God's sovereignty. It exemplifies the Christian virtue of humility, even in the face of adversity.

And David said to Saul
This phrase marks a significant moment of confrontation and dialogue between David and Saul. The Hebrew root for "said" is "אָמַר" (amar), which is often used to denote not just speaking, but a declaration or proclamation. David, though anointed as the future king, approaches Saul with respect and humility, highlighting his character and the divine wisdom guiding him. This encounter takes place in the wilderness of En Gedi, a region known for its rugged terrain and caves, which served as David's refuge. Historically, this setting underscores the tension between the hunted and the hunter, yet David chooses words over weapons, embodying the principle of leaving vengeance to God.

Why do you listen to the words of men
David questions Saul's reliance on the counsel of others, which in Hebrew culture often implied a lack of direct communication with God. The Hebrew word for "listen" is "שָׁמַע" (shama), which means to hear intelligently, often with the implication of obedience. David challenges Saul to discern the truth for himself rather than being swayed by rumors or false reports. This reflects a broader biblical theme of seeking God's voice above human opinion, a call to wisdom and discernment that resonates throughout Scripture.

who say, ‘Look, David intends to harm you’?
The accusation that David intends harm is a fabrication, a product of fear and jealousy. The Hebrew word for "harm" is "רָעָה" (ra'ah), which can mean evil or calamity. David's rhetorical question exposes the baselessness of these claims and highlights his innocence. This moment is pivotal in demonstrating David's integrity and his commitment to God's anointed king, despite Saul's pursuit. It serves as a reminder of the destructive power of false accusations and the importance of truth and righteousness. David's restraint and respect for Saul, despite being wronged, exemplify a Christ-like forbearance and trust in God's justice.

This day
The phrase "This day" emphasizes the immediacy and significance of the event. In the Hebrew context, "this day" (הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה, hayyom hazeh) often marks a pivotal moment in biblical narratives. It underscores the divine orchestration of events, reminding us that God's timing is perfect and His plans unfold in His appointed time.

you have seen with your own eyes
The act of seeing "with your own eyes" (בְּעֵינֶיךָ, be'eynekha) is a powerful testament to personal experience and undeniable evidence. In biblical times, witnessing an event firsthand was crucial for establishing truth. This phrase highlights the transparency and authenticity of David's actions, as he appeals to Saul's own perception to validate his integrity.

how the LORD delivered you into my hand
The phrase "the LORD delivered you into my hand" (נְתָנְךָ יְהוָה בְּיָדִי, netan'kha YHWH beyadi) reflects the belief in divine sovereignty and providence. The Hebrew word for "delivered" (נָתַן, natan) implies a purposeful act of giving or entrusting. This underscores the theological conviction that God is actively involved in the affairs of men, orchestrating circumstances according to His will.

in the cave
The setting "in the cave" (בַּמְּעָרָה, bamma'arah) is significant both geographically and symbolically. Caves in the ancient Near East were often places of refuge and concealment. This particular cave becomes a stage for a profound moral and spiritual test, where David's restraint and respect for God's anointed are vividly displayed.

Some urged me to kill you
The phrase "Some urged me to kill you" (וַיֹּאמְרוּ לִי לַהֲרָגְךָ, vayomeru li laharogkha) reveals the pressure and temptation David faced from his men. The Hebrew verb "urged" (אָמַר, amar) can also mean "said" or "commanded," indicating the strong influence and counsel David received. This highlights the internal and external conflicts leaders often face when making ethical decisions.

but I spared you
The decision "but I spared you" (וָאֶחְמָל עָלֶיךָ, va'ekhmol aleikha) demonstrates David's mercy and self-control. The Hebrew verb "spared" (חָמַל, chamal) conveys compassion and restraint. David's choice to spare Saul, despite having the opportunity to harm him, exemplifies a commitment to righteousness and a deep respect for God's authority.

saying, ‘I will not lift my hand against my master
The declaration "I will not lift my hand against my master" (לֹא אֶשְׁלַח יָדִי בַּאדֹנִי, lo eshlach yadi ba'adoni) reflects David's recognition of Saul's God-given authority. The phrase "lift my hand" (אֶשְׁלַח יָדִי, eshlach yadi) is a Hebrew idiom for taking action, particularly violent action. David's refusal to harm Saul underscores his submission to God's order and his understanding of legitimate authority.

because he is the LORD’s anointed
The reason "because he is the LORD’s anointed" (כִּי מְשִׁיחַ יְהוָה הוּא, ki meshiach YHWH hu) is rooted in the sacredness of God's chosen leaders. The term "anointed" (מְשִׁיחַ, meshiach) signifies one who is consecrated and set apart by God for a specific purpose. David's respect for Saul as the LORD's anointed reflects a profound reverence for God's decisions and the sanctity of His appointments. This principle of honoring God's anointed extends beyond the immediate context, serving as a timeless reminder of the importance of respecting those whom God has placed in positions of authority.

See, my father
The term "father" here is a term of respect and endearment, reflecting the close relationship that once existed between David and Saul. In Hebrew, the word "אָבִי" (avi) is used, which denotes not only a biological father but also a mentor or a figure of authority. David's use of this term underscores his respect for Saul's God-given position as king, despite Saul's pursuit of him. It is a reminder of the biblical principle of honoring those in authority, as seen in Exodus 20:12.

look at the corner of your robe in my hand!
The "corner of your robe" refers to the piece of Saul's garment that David cut off in the cave. In ancient Israel, the robe was a symbol of authority and identity. The Hebrew word for "corner" is "כָּנָף" (kanaph), which can also mean "wing" or "extremity." By cutting off the corner of Saul's robe, David demonstrated that he had the opportunity to harm Saul but chose not to. This act is significant in showing David's restraint and his respect for God's anointed king.

For I cut it off, but I did not kill you
David's action of cutting the robe instead of taking Saul's life is a powerful testament to his integrity and his trust in God's justice. The Hebrew verb "כָּרַת" (karat) means "to cut" or "to cut off," and it is often used in the context of making covenants. David's choice to cut the robe rather than Saul himself is symbolic of his commitment to God's covenant and his refusal to take matters into his own hands.

See that there is no evil or rebellion in my hands
David emphasizes his innocence and the purity of his intentions. The Hebrew word for "evil" is "רָעָה" (ra'ah), which encompasses wickedness, harm, and wrongdoing. "Rebellion" is translated from "פֶּשַׁע" (pesha), indicating transgression or revolt. David's declaration is a profound statement of his moral stance and his reliance on God to vindicate him.

I have not sinned against you
David's assertion of his innocence is rooted in the Hebrew concept of "חָטָא" (chata), meaning "to miss the mark" or "to sin." By stating he has not sinned, David is affirming his adherence to God's law and his respect for Saul's kingship. This reflects the biblical theme of righteousness and the importance of maintaining a clear conscience before God and man.

even though you are hunting me down to take my life
The phrase "hunting me down" uses the Hebrew verb "צָדָה" (tsadah), which conveys the idea of pursuing or chasing with intent to capture or kill. David acknowledges Saul's relentless pursuit, yet he contrasts it with his own restraint and righteousness. This highlights the biblical principle of trusting in God's protection and justice, as seen in Psalm 37:32-33, where the wicked lie in wait for the righteous, but the Lord will not leave them in their power.

May the LORD judge
The Hebrew word for "judge" is "שָׁפַט" (shaphat), which means to govern, vindicate, or punish. In the context of ancient Israel, the role of a judge was not only to make legal decisions but also to act as a leader and deliverer. David is appealing to God as the ultimate authority and arbiter, recognizing that true justice comes from the Lord. This reflects a deep trust in God's sovereignty and righteousness, acknowledging that human judgment is fallible, but God's judgment is perfect.

between you and me
This phrase indicates a personal and relational conflict. David and Saul's relationship was complex, marked by Saul's jealousy and David's loyalty. By invoking God as the judge between them, David is seeking divine intervention in a deeply personal matter. This highlights the biblical principle that God is intimately involved in human relationships and cares about justice and reconciliation between individuals.

and may the LORD avenge me
The Hebrew root for "avenge" is "נָקַם" (naqam), which means to take vengeance or to punish. David is expressing his desire for God to be the one who enacts justice on his behalf. This is significant because it shows David's restraint and his refusal to take matters into his own hands, despite having the opportunity to harm Saul. It underscores the biblical teaching that vengeance belongs to the Lord (Deuteronomy 32:35), and believers are called to trust God to right the wrongs done to them.

against you
This phrase acknowledges the adversarial nature of Saul's actions towards David. Saul's pursuit of David was unjust and driven by jealousy. By stating "against you," David is clearly identifying Saul as the aggressor. However, David's appeal to God for justice rather than seeking personal revenge demonstrates his commitment to righteousness and his respect for Saul's position as the Lord's anointed king.

but my hand will never be against you
David's declaration here is a powerful testament to his integrity and his commitment to non-violence against Saul. Despite being wronged, David chooses to honor God by not retaliating. This reflects the biblical principle of loving one's enemies and doing good to those who persecute you (Matthew 5:44). David's restraint is an example of godly character and trust in God's timing and justice. It serves as an inspiration for believers to respond to personal injustice with faith and integrity, leaving room for God's intervention.

As the old proverb says
This phrase introduces a piece of wisdom that is recognized and accepted by the community. In ancient Israel, proverbs were a means of conveying moral truths and practical advice. The use of a proverb here suggests that David is appealing to a common understanding or shared cultural knowledge. Proverbs in the Hebrew tradition often encapsulate deep truths in simple, memorable phrases, reflecting the collective wisdom of the people.

Wickedness proceeds from the wicked
This part of the verse highlights a fundamental biblical principle: the nature of a person's heart is revealed through their actions. The Hebrew root for "wickedness" (רֶשַׁע, "resha") implies moral wrongness or injustice. The proverb suggests that evil actions are the natural outflow of an evil heart. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative that emphasizes the importance of inner purity and righteousness. In the context of David's life, this statement serves as a defense of his own integrity and a subtle indictment of Saul's unjust pursuit.

but my hand will never be against you
David's declaration here is a powerful testament to his commitment to righteousness and his respect for God's anointed king, Saul. The phrase "my hand" symbolizes personal action or intervention. By stating that his hand will never be against Saul, David is expressing his refusal to take vengeance or harm Saul, despite having the opportunity. This reflects a deep trust in God's justice and timing. The Hebrew concept of "hand" (יָד, "yad") often denotes power or control, and David's restraint is a demonstration of his submission to God's authority rather than taking matters into his own hands.

Against whom has the king of Israel come out?
This phrase is a rhetorical question posed by David, highlighting the absurdity of King Saul's pursuit. The Hebrew root for "come out" (יָצָא, yatsa) often implies a military campaign or a significant action. David is emphasizing the disproportionate nature of Saul's actions, as the king of Israel, anointed by God, is expending resources and energy to chase someone as insignificant as David, who poses no real threat. Historically, this reflects the tension between David and Saul, where Saul's jealousy and fear of losing his throne drive him to irrational actions.

Whom are you pursuing?
David continues with another rhetorical question, further emphasizing the futility of Saul's pursuit. The Hebrew word for "pursuing" (רָדַף, radaph) suggests a relentless chase, often used in contexts of hunting or warfare. This highlights Saul's obsession and the lengths he is willing to go to eliminate David. In a broader scriptural context, this pursuit can be seen as a metaphor for the spiritual battles believers face, where the enemy relentlessly pursues those who are anointed by God.

A dead dog?
In ancient Near Eastern culture, dogs were often seen as unclean and despised animals. By referring to himself as a "dead dog," David is using a self-deprecating metaphor to illustrate his perceived insignificance and harmlessness. The Hebrew word for "dog" (כֶּלֶב, kelev) is often used derogatorily, and adding "dead" amplifies the sense of worthlessness. This phrase underscores David's humility and his recognition of his lowly status compared to the king. It also serves as a reminder of the biblical theme that God often chooses the lowly and despised to accomplish His purposes.

A flea?
Continuing with the theme of insignificance, David compares himself to a "flea," a tiny, bothersome insect. The Hebrew word for "flea" (פַּרְעֹשׁ, par'osh) is used to convey the idea of something small and inconsequential. This imagery reinforces the absurdity of Saul's pursuit and highlights David's humility. In a spiritual sense, this can inspire believers to recognize that, despite their perceived insignificance, God values them and has a purpose for their lives. It also serves as a reminder of the futility of human pride and the importance of humility before God.

May the LORD be our judge
The invocation of the LORD as judge reflects a deep trust in divine justice. The Hebrew word for "judge" is "shaphat," which implies not only judgment but also governance and vindication. In the historical context, David is appealing to God as the ultimate arbiter, recognizing that human judgment is fallible. This phrase underscores the belief that God is the supreme authority who discerns truth and righteousness, a comforting assurance for believers facing unjust persecution.

and decide between you and me
The phrase "decide between" comes from the Hebrew "yakach," meaning to prove or correct. David is seeking God's intervention to reveal the truth and establish justice between him and Saul. This reflects a profound faith in God's ability to discern the heart's intentions, a theme prevalent throughout Scripture. It encourages believers to rely on God's wisdom rather than human understanding in resolving conflicts.

May He see
The Hebrew word "ra'ah" for "see" implies more than mere observation; it suggests a deep, penetrating insight. David is confident that God sees beyond outward appearances to the heart's true condition. This assurance that God sees all encourages believers to live transparently before Him, knowing that nothing is hidden from His sight.

and plead my case
The phrase "plead my case" is derived from the Hebrew "rib," which means to contend or argue. David is asking God to be his advocate, to argue on his behalf against false accusations. This reflects the biblical theme of God as the defender of the innocent and oppressed. It inspires believers to trust in God's advocacy, especially when facing falsehoods or injustice.

and deliver me from your hand
The word "deliver" comes from the Hebrew "natsal," meaning to snatch away or rescue. David is expressing his reliance on God's power to save him from Saul's pursuit. This plea for deliverance is a recurring theme in the Psalms and throughout Scripture, emphasizing God's role as a savior and protector. It reassures believers of God's ability to rescue them from any peril, reinforcing the promise of divine protection and salvation.

When David had finished saying these things
This phrase marks the conclusion of a significant dialogue between David and Saul. David's words were a heartfelt appeal for reconciliation and a demonstration of his integrity. The Hebrew root for "finished" (כָּלָה, kalah) implies completion or fulfillment, suggesting that David's speech was thorough and intentional. Historically, this moment occurs in the wilderness of En Gedi, a place of refuge and confrontation. David's restraint in sparing Saul's life, despite having the opportunity to kill him, underscores his respect for God's anointed king and his reliance on divine justice rather than personal vengeance.

Saul called back
The act of calling back indicates a response to David's speech, showing that Saul was moved by David's words. The Hebrew verb קָרָא (qara) means to call or proclaim, often used in contexts of significant announcements or declarations. Saul's response is not just a casual reply but a profound acknowledgment of David's righteousness. This moment is pivotal in the narrative, highlighting the tension between Saul's pursuit of David and the recognition of David's rightful character.

Is that your voice, David my son?
Saul's question is both rhetorical and emotional, revealing a moment of vulnerability and recognition. The phrase "David my son" is particularly poignant, as it reflects a personal and familial connection that Saul acknowledges despite his previous hostility. The use of "son" (בֵּן, ben) in Hebrew signifies a relationship that goes beyond mere acquaintance, suggesting a bond that Saul momentarily remembers. This question underscores the internal conflict within Saul, torn between his jealousy and the undeniable truth of David's loyalty and righteousness.

Then Saul wept aloud
Saul's weeping is a powerful expression of his inner turmoil and the impact of David's mercy. The Hebrew verb בָּכָה (bakah) for "wept" conveys deep emotional distress and sorrow. This public display of emotion indicates a moment of clarity and remorse for Saul, as he confronts the reality of his actions against David. In the broader scriptural context, weeping often accompanies repentance or a realization of one's sins, suggesting that Saul is momentarily touched by the grace and forgiveness shown by David. This scene serves as a reminder of the power of mercy and the potential for reconciliation, even amidst deep-seated conflict.

You are more righteous than I
This phrase is a profound admission by Saul, acknowledging David's superior moral standing. The Hebrew word for "righteous" is "צַדִּיק" (tsaddiq), which denotes someone who is just, lawful, and morally upright. In the context of ancient Israel, righteousness was not merely about personal morality but was deeply connected to one's relationship with God and adherence to His laws. Saul's acknowledgment here is significant because it reflects a moment of clarity and humility, recognizing David's adherence to God's ways despite Saul's own failings. This admission is a pivotal moment in the narrative, highlighting the contrast between Saul's declining kingship and David's rise as a man after God's own heart.

he said
The phrase "he said" indicates Saul's verbal confession, which is crucial in the biblical narrative. In the Hebrew text, the verb "אָמַר" (amar) is used, which is a common term for speaking or saying. This moment of speech is important because it is a public acknowledgment of David's righteousness. In the cultural and historical context of the time, spoken words held significant weight, often seen as binding and reflective of one's true intentions or realizations. Saul's declaration is not just a personal admission but a public recognition of David's integrity.

You have rewarded me with good
The word "rewarded" in Hebrew is "גָּמַל" (gamal), which means to deal bountifully or to recompense. David's actions towards Saul, despite being pursued and threatened by him, were characterized by mercy and kindness. This reflects the biblical principle of returning good for evil, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture and is later echoed in the teachings of Jesus Christ. David's behavior exemplifies the godly character that is expected of those who follow God's ways, demonstrating forgiveness and grace even towards one's enemies.

whereas I have rewarded you with evil
Here, Saul contrasts David's goodness with his own actions, using the Hebrew word "רָעָה" (ra'ah) for "evil," which signifies harm, wickedness, or adversity. Saul's admission of having rewarded David with evil is a moment of self-awareness and confession. Historically, Saul's pursuit of David was driven by jealousy and fear, leading him to act contrary to God's will. This acknowledgment by Saul serves as a reminder of the destructive nature of sin and the importance of repentance. It also underscores the biblical theme of the triumph of good over evil, as David's righteousness ultimately prevails despite Saul's malevolent intentions.

And you have shown today
This phrase highlights the immediacy and the present nature of David's actions. The Hebrew root for "shown" is "ra'ah," which means to see or to perceive. In this context, it implies a demonstration or revelation of character. David's actions are a visible testament to his integrity and righteousness. The word "today" emphasizes the specific moment in time when David's mercy was evident, underscoring the immediacy of his decision to spare Saul's life.

how well you have dealt with me
The phrase "how well" is derived from the Hebrew word "tov," which means good, pleasant, or agreeable. This reflects the moral and ethical quality of David's actions. "Dealt with me" comes from the Hebrew "asah," meaning to do or to make. Together, these words convey the idea of David's just and honorable treatment of Saul, despite having the opportunity to harm him. This highlights David's adherence to God's standards of righteousness and his respect for Saul as the anointed king.

for when the LORD delivered me into your hand
The phrase "the LORD delivered" uses the Hebrew "nathan," meaning to give or to deliver. This indicates that Saul's presence in David's grasp was not by chance but by divine orchestration. The term "into your hand" is a common biblical expression denoting power or control over someone. This phrase acknowledges God's sovereignty in the situation, suggesting that David's restraint was an act of obedience to God's will, recognizing that it was God who allowed Saul to be vulnerable.

you did not kill me
The Hebrew word for "kill" is "harag," which means to slay or to destroy. This phrase is a powerful testament to David's mercy and self-control. Despite having the opportunity and perhaps even the justification to kill Saul, David chose to spare his life. This decision reflects David's deep respect for God's anointed and his trust in God's timing and justice. It serves as an example of the Christian principle of loving one's enemies and leaving vengeance to the Lord.

When a man finds his enemy
This phrase sets the stage for a profound moral and spiritual lesson. In the historical context of ancient Israel, enemies were often dealt with harshly, and vengeance was a common practice. The Hebrew word for "enemy" is "oyev," which implies hostility and opposition. David's encounter with Saul in the cave is a pivotal moment where the expected response would be to seize the opportunity for retribution. However, David's restraint highlights a higher moral standard, reflecting the biblical principle of loving one's enemies, which is later echoed in the teachings of Jesus Christ.

does he let him go away unharmed?
The rhetorical question underscores the rarity and unexpected nature of David's mercy. The Hebrew root "shalach" for "let go" conveys the idea of sending away or releasing. In a culture where honor and revenge were paramount, David's decision to let Saul go unharmed is countercultural and demonstrates a profound trust in God's justice rather than human retribution. This act of mercy is a testament to David's character and his understanding of divine sovereignty.

May the LORD reward you with good
This blessing invokes the covenant name of God, "Yahweh," emphasizing the personal and relational aspect of God's interaction with His people. The Hebrew word for "reward" is "shalam," which is related to "shalom," meaning peace or completeness. It suggests a divine recompense that is holistic, encompassing both material and spiritual well-being. David's hope for divine reward reflects a deep faith in God's justice and benevolence, trusting that God will honor those who act righteously.

for what you have done for me this day
The phrase acknowledges the specific act of mercy David showed towards Saul. The Hebrew word "asah" for "done" implies action and accomplishment. This moment is not just a passive decision but an active choice to align with God's will. The historical context reveals the tension between David and Saul, where Saul's pursuit of David was relentless. Yet, David's choice to spare Saul's life is a powerful demonstration of grace and forgiveness, setting a precedent for godly leadership and foreshadowing the ultimate act of forgiveness through Christ.

Now I know for sure
This phrase signifies a moment of revelation and certainty. In the Hebrew text, the word for "know" is "yada," which implies an intimate understanding or recognition. Saul, who speaks these words, has been pursuing David out of jealousy and fear. This acknowledgment marks a turning point, where Saul recognizes the divine will. It reflects the biblical theme that God's plans are often revealed through unexpected circumstances, and even those who oppose His will can come to recognize His sovereignty.

that you will be king
The declaration that David will be king is significant, as it confirms the divine anointing that Samuel had performed earlier in David's life (1 Samuel 16:13). The Hebrew word for "king" is "melek," which denotes not just a political leader but one who is divinely appointed to shepherd God's people. This acknowledgment by Saul, the current king, underscores the legitimacy of David's future reign and highlights the biblical principle that God raises leaders according to His purpose, often in ways that defy human expectations.

and that the kingdom of Israel
The "kingdom of Israel" refers to the united tribes under a single monarch, a concept that was still relatively new in the time of Saul and David. Historically, this period marks the transition from a loose confederation of tribes to a centralized monarchy. Theologically, it represents God's covenantal promise to establish a nation through which He would bless the world. Saul's recognition of David's future role in this kingdom underscores the unfolding of God's redemptive plan through Israel.

will be established
The Hebrew root for "established" is "kun," which means to be firm, stable, or secure. This word conveys the idea of divine assurance and permanence. Saul's use of this term indicates a recognition that David's kingship is not just a temporary or human arrangement but is ordained and sustained by God. It reflects the biblical truth that what God establishes, no man can thwart, and it points to the enduring nature of God's promises.

in your hands
The phrase "in your hands" symbolizes authority and responsibility. In the ancient Near Eastern context, hands were often associated with power and action. By stating that the kingdom will be in David's hands, Saul acknowledges David's future role as the executor of God's will for Israel. This phrase also implies trust and stewardship, reminding us that leadership in God's kingdom is a sacred duty that requires faithfulness and obedience to His commands.

Now swear to me by the LORD
This phrase reveals the solemnity and seriousness of the request being made. The act of swearing by the LORD indicates a binding oath, invoking the highest authority. In the Hebrew context, the word for "swear" (שָׁבַע, shaba) is deeply rooted in the idea of making a solemn promise or covenant. This reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice where oaths were often made in the presence of a deity to ensure their fulfillment. Saul, recognizing the LORD's authority, seeks assurance from David, highlighting the gravity of the situation and the trust he places in David's integrity.

that you will not cut off my descendants
The phrase "cut off" (כָּרַת, karath) in Hebrew often refers to the act of making a covenant but can also mean to destroy or eliminate. Saul's plea is for the preservation of his lineage, a common concern in ancient times where family legacy and name were of utmost importance. This request underscores the fear of obliteration that often accompanied the transfer of power in monarchies, where new kings might eliminate potential rivals to secure their throne. Saul's appeal to David is a poignant moment, reflecting his awareness of the divine favor on David and the potential threat to his own family line.

or wipe out my name from my father’s house
The concept of a "name" (שֵׁם, shem) in Hebrew culture is more than just an identifier; it represents one's reputation, legacy, and memory. To "wipe out" (שָׁמַד, shamad) a name is to erase one's existence and impact from history, a fate feared by many in the ancient world. Saul's concern here is not just for his immediate descendants but for the enduring remembrance of his family. This plea for mercy and preservation of his house is a testament to the human desire for legacy and the hope that one's life and lineage will not be forgotten.

So David gave his oath to Saul
The phrase "David gave his oath" signifies a solemn promise or commitment. In the Hebrew context, an oath was a binding agreement, often invoking God as a witness. The Hebrew word for oath, "שְׁבוּעָה" (shevu'ah), underscores the seriousness of David's promise. This moment is pivotal, as it reflects David's integrity and respect for Saul's position as the Lord's anointed, despite Saul's pursuit to kill him. David's commitment to his oath demonstrates his faithfulness to God’s commandments and his trust in God's timing for his own ascension to kingship.

Then Saul returned home
The phrase "Saul returned home" indicates a temporary cessation of hostilities. Saul's return to his home, likely Gibeah, marks a moment of reprieve in the ongoing conflict between him and David. Historically, this reflects the transient nature of Saul's repentance and the unstable peace between the two. Saul's return home can be seen as a moment of reflection, where he acknowledges David's righteousness and spares his life, albeit temporarily. This action also highlights the ongoing tension and the tragic trajectory of Saul's reign, as he continues to struggle with jealousy and fear.

but David and his men went up to the stronghold
The phrase "David and his men went up to the stronghold" indicates a strategic move for safety and security. The "stronghold" likely refers to a fortified place in the wilderness, such as the stronghold of En Gedi or the caves of Adullam. In the Hebrew context, a stronghold, "מְצוּדָה" (metzudah), was a place of refuge and defense. This action reflects David's prudence and leadership, ensuring the safety of his men while continuing to trust in God's protection and provision. It also symbolizes the ongoing struggle and preparation for the future that David faces, as he awaits God's promise of kingship to be fulfilled. David's choice to retreat to the stronghold rather than confront Saul further demonstrates his reliance on God's justice rather than taking matters into his own hands.