So Rachel gave Jacob her servant Bilhah as a wife
In the cultural context of the ancient Near East, it was not uncommon for a barren wife to offer her maidservant to her husband as a surrogate to bear children on her behalf. This practice is also seen with Sarah and Hagar in Genesis 16. Rachel's decision reflects her desperation and desire to compete with her sister Leah, who had already borne several children to Jacob. The giving of a servant as a wife was a legal and socially accepted practice, though it often led to familial strife, as seen in the tensions between Sarah and Hagar. This act also highlights the polygamous nature of some patriarchal families, which, while recorded in Scripture, often led to complications and was not God's original design for marriage (Genesis 2:24).

and he slept with her
This phrase indicates the consummation of the relationship, which was necessary for Bilhah to conceive and bear children for Rachel. The act of sleeping with Bilhah was not merely a physical union but also a legal one, as it established Bilhah's role as a secondary wife or concubine. This action set the stage for the birth of Dan and Naphtali, two of the twelve tribes of Israel. The narrative underscores the theme of God's sovereignty and the fulfillment of His promises despite human manipulation and flawed decisions. It also foreshadows the complex family dynamics that would later affect the tribes of Israel.

1. Rachel
The beloved wife of Jacob, who was initially barren and desperate to bear children. Her actions in this verse reflect her struggle with infertility and her desire to fulfill societal and personal expectations of motherhood.

2. Jacob
The patriarch who is married to both Leah and Rachel. His relationships with his wives and their maidservants are central to the account of the twelve tribes of Israel.

3. Bilhah
Rachel's maidservant, given to Jacob as a wife to bear children on Rachel's behalf. This reflects the customs of the time, where a servant could bear children for her mistress.

4. Marriage Custom
The practice of giving a maidservant as a wife to bear children was a cultural norm in ancient times, reflecting the importance of lineage and inheritance.

5. The Birth of Dan and Naphtali
The children born to Bilhah through Jacob, who become two of the twelve tribes of Israel.Cultural Context and God's Sovereignty
Understanding the cultural practices of the time helps us see how God works within human customs to fulfill His purposes. Despite human manipulation, God's plans prevail.

Desperation and Faith
Rachel's actions reflect a lack of faith in God's timing. This teaches us to trust in God's plan and timing, even when circumstances seem dire.

The Role of Patience in God's Promises
The account encourages believers to wait patiently for God's promises, rather than taking matters into our own hands, which can lead to complications.

The Complexity of Human Relationships
The dynamics between Rachel, Leah, Jacob, and their maidservants illustrate the complexities of human relationships and the consequences of favoritism and competition.

God's Grace in Imperfect Situations
Despite the flawed actions of the individuals involved, God uses these circumstances to build the nation of Israel, demonstrating His grace and sovereignty.Verse 4. - And she gave him Bilhah her handmaid to wife: and Jacob went in unto her. "Whence we gather that there is no end of sin where once the Divine institution of marriage is neglected" (Calvin). Jacob began with polygamy, and is now drawn into concubinage. Though God overruled this for the development of the seed of Israel, he did not thereby condone the offense of either Jacob or Rachel.

Parallel Commentaries ...


So Rachel gave
וַתִּתֶּן־ (wat·tit·ten-)
Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Consecutive imperfect - third person feminine singular
Strong's 5414: To give, put, set

[Jacob]
אֶת־ (’eṯ-)
Direct object marker
Strong's 853: Untranslatable mark of the accusative case

her servant
שִׁפְחָתָ֖הּ (šip̄·ḥā·ṯāh)
Noun - feminine singular construct | third person feminine singular
Strong's 8198: Maid, maidservant

Bilhah
בִּלְהָ֥ה (bil·hāh)
Noun - proper - feminine singular
Strong's 1090: Bilhah -- a concubine of Jacob

as his wife,
לְאִשָּׁ֑ה (lə·’iš·šāh)
Preposition-l | Noun - feminine singular
Strong's 802: Woman, wife, female

and [he]
יַעֲקֹֽב׃ (ya·‘ă·qōḇ)
Noun - proper - masculine singular
Strong's 3290: Jacob -- a son of Isaac, also his desc

slept with
וַיָּבֹ֥א (way·yā·ḇō)
Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Consecutive imperfect - third person masculine singular
Strong's 935: To come in, come, go in, go

her,
אֵלֶ֖יהָ (’ê·le·hā)
Preposition | third person feminine singular
Strong's 413: Near, with, among, to


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OT Law: Genesis 30:4 She gave him Bilhah her handmaid as (Gen. Ge Gn)