In the biblical context, the terms "widow" and "divorced" refer to women who have lost their husbands either through death or the dissolution of marriage. Both statuses are addressed in various passages throughout the Bible, reflecting the social, economic, and spiritual implications for women in these circumstances.

Widow

The status of a widow in biblical times was often precarious, as women relied heavily on their husbands for financial support and social standing. The Bible frequently emphasizes the need for the community to care for widows, highlighting God's compassion and justice.

In the Old Testament, widows are often mentioned alongside orphans and foreigners as vulnerable groups deserving of protection and justice. Deuteronomy 10:18 states, "He executes justice for the fatherless and widow, and loves the foreigner, giving him food and clothing." The Mosaic Law provided specific instructions to ensure the welfare of widows, such as leaving gleanings in the fields for them to collect (Deuteronomy 24:19-21).

The New Testament continues this theme, with James 1:27 declaring, "Pure and undefiled religion before our God and Father is this: to care for orphans and widows in their distress, and to keep oneself from being polluted by the world." The early church took this mandate seriously, as seen in Acts 6:1-6, where the apostles appointed deacons to ensure the fair distribution of food to widows.

Widows also play significant roles in biblical narratives. The account of Ruth, a Moabite widow, demonstrates loyalty and faithfulness, ultimately leading to her becoming the great-grandmother of King David. In the New Testament, the widow Anna is noted for her devoutness and recognition of Jesus as the Messiah (Luke 2:36-38).

Divorced

Divorce in biblical times was a complex issue, with significant social and religious implications. The Mosaic Law permitted divorce, but it was regulated to protect the rights of the woman. Deuteronomy 24:1-4 outlines the procedure for divorce, requiring a written certificate to formalize the separation.

The prophets often used the imagery of divorce to describe Israel's unfaithfulness to God, as seen in Jeremiah 3:8, where God says, "I gave faithless Israel her certificate of divorce and sent her away because of all her adulteries." This metaphor underscores the seriousness of covenant relationships, both human and divine.

In the New Testament, Jesus addresses the issue of divorce, emphasizing the sanctity and permanence of marriage. In Matthew 19:4-6, Jesus refers to the creation account, stating, "So they are no longer two, but one flesh. Therefore what God has joined together, let man not separate." He acknowledges the allowance for divorce due to "hardness of heart" but calls for a higher standard of marital fidelity.

The Apostle Paul also addresses divorce, particularly in the context of mixed-faith marriages. In 1 Corinthians 7:10-11, he advises, "A wife must not separate from her husband. But if she does, she must remain unmarried or else be reconciled to her husband." This guidance reflects the early Christian community's emphasis on reconciliation and the preservation of marriage.

Overall, the Bible presents a compassionate view towards widows and a cautious approach to divorce, emphasizing the importance of community support, justice, and the sanctity of marriage.