So the king and Haman
This phrase highlights the presence of two central figures in the narrative: King Ahasuerus (Xerxes I) and Haman, the antagonist. The king's authority and Haman's high position as his advisor set the stage for the unfolding drama. Historically, the Persian Empire was vast, and the king's decisions had far-reaching implications. Haman's role as a high-ranking official underscores the gravity of the situation, as he had previously plotted to annihilate the Jewish people (Esther 3:6-13).

went to dine
Dining in the ancient Near East was not merely a meal but a significant social event, often used to discuss important matters or solidify alliances. The act of dining together suggests a level of intimacy and trust, which is ironic given Haman's hidden agenda against Esther's people. This setting provides Esther with the opportunity to reveal her true identity and plead for her people, demonstrating the providential timing and wisdom in her approach.

with Esther the queen
Esther's position as queen is crucial to the narrative. Her ascent from a Jewish orphan to queen of Persia is a testament to divine providence and favor. Esther's role as queen gives her unique access to the king, which she uses to intercede for her people. Her courage and strategic planning are reminiscent of other biblical figures who acted as mediators, such as Joseph in Egypt (Genesis 41) and Daniel in Babylon (Daniel 6). Esther's actions can also be seen as a type of Christ, who intercedes on behalf of His people (Hebrews 7:25).

and as they drank their wine on that second day
This phrase indicates the continuation of a banquet, a common setting for royal decisions in the Persian Empire. Banquets were significant in Persian culture, often used for political and social purposes. The "second day" suggests a period of deliberation and anticipation, highlighting the gravity of Esther's request. This setting is reminiscent of other biblical feasts where significant events unfold, such as the Last Supper in the New Testament.

the king asked once more
The repetition of the king's question underscores his genuine interest and willingness to grant Esther's request. It reflects the king's favor towards Esther, which is crucial given the hierarchical and patriarchal nature of Persian society. This persistence also mirrors the biblical theme of persistence in prayer and petition, as seen in the parable of the persistent widow in Luke 18:1-8.

“Queen Esther, what is your petition?
Addressing her as "Queen Esther" acknowledges her royal status and the respect she commands. Esther's position as queen is pivotal, as it provides her the platform to intercede for her people. This mirrors the intercessory role of Christ, who advocates on behalf of humanity before God, as seen in Hebrews 7:25.

It will be given to you.
The king's assurance reflects the absolute power he holds and his readiness to exercise it in Esther's favor. This promise of fulfillment echoes God's promises to His people throughout Scripture, where faith and obedience lead to divine provision and intervention, as seen in Philippians 4:19.

What is your request?
The king's inquiry invites Esther to speak boldly, highlighting the importance of timing and wisdom in making requests. This moment parallels the biblical principle of approaching God with confidence, as encouraged in Hebrews 4:16, where believers are urged to come boldly to the throne of grace.

Even up to half the kingdom, it will be fulfilled.”
This hyperbolic expression was a common royal idiom, indicating generosity and willingness to grant significant requests. It underscores the king's favor and the potential impact of Esther's petition. This phrase can be seen as a type of Christ's kingdom, where believers are co-heirs with Christ, as stated in Romans 8:17, sharing in the riches of His grace and glory.

Queen Esther replied
Esther, a Jewish woman who became queen of Persia, is speaking to King Xerxes. Her position as queen is significant, as it places her in a unique position to influence the king. Esther's role is reminiscent of Joseph and Daniel, who also rose to prominence in foreign courts. Her courage and wisdom are central themes in the narrative.

If I have found favor in your sight, O king
Esther approaches the king with humility and respect, a common practice in ancient Near Eastern courts. Finding favor is a recurring biblical theme, seen in figures like Noah and Mary, who found favor with God. Esther's approach reflects the cultural norms of the time, where subjects would seek the king's favor before making requests.

and if it pleases the king
This phrase underscores the importance of the king's pleasure in decision-making. In Persian culture, the king's will was paramount, and Esther's deference highlights her understanding of court protocol. It also reflects the biblical principle of submission to authority, as seen in Romans 13:1.

grant me my life as my petition
Esther's request is personal and urgent. By asking for her life, she reveals the gravity of the situation. This plea echoes the intercessory role seen in biblical figures like Moses, who pleaded for the lives of the Israelites. Esther's bravery in risking her life for her people is a type of Christ, who sacrificed Himself for humanity.

and the lives of my people as my request
Esther identifies with her people, the Jews, who are under threat due to Haman's plot. Her solidarity with them is a powerful testament to her faith and identity. This mirrors the biblical theme of God's covenant with Israel and foreshadows the unity of believers in Christ. Esther's advocacy for her people is a precursor to Christ's intercession for believers.

For my people and I have been sold out to destruction, death, and annihilation.
This phrase highlights the dire situation faced by Esther and the Jewish people. The term "sold out" indicates betrayal and a transaction that has taken place, referring to Haman's plot to destroy the Jews, which he financed by offering the king a large sum of money (Esther 3:9). The words "destruction, death, and annihilation" emphasize the totality of the threat, echoing the language of complete eradication found in other biblical texts, such as Deuteronomy 7:2, where God commands the Israelites to utterly destroy the Canaanite nations. This reflects the severity of the decree against the Jews, which was not just a physical threat but also a spiritual and cultural one, aiming to erase their identity. Theologically, this can be seen as a type of the ultimate deliverance from sin and death through Christ, who saves His people from spiritual annihilation.

If we had merely been sold as menservants and maidservants,
Here, Esther contrasts the severity of their situation with a lesser evil. Being sold as servants would have been a common fate in the ancient world, often resulting from debt or war. This reference underscores the gravity of their current predicament, as servitude, while undesirable, would have at least preserved their lives. The mention of "menservants and maidservants" also reflects the social and economic structures of the time, where slavery was a recognized institution. This phrase highlights Esther's wisdom and rhetorical skill in presenting her case to the king, showing that she is not complaining about a lesser misfortune but a matter of life and death.

I would have remained silent,
Esther's statement about remaining silent if the situation were less severe demonstrates her understanding of the king's priorities and the political dynamics at play. Silence in the face of lesser injustices was often a pragmatic choice in ancient courts, where speaking out could lead to personal risk. This also reflects the biblical theme of knowing when to speak and when to remain silent, as seen in Ecclesiastes 3:7. Esther's choice to speak up at this moment is a pivotal act of courage and faith, aligning with the biblical principle of standing up for justice and righteousness.

because no such distress would justify burdening the king.
Esther shows respect for the king's position and responsibilities by acknowledging that lesser issues should not trouble him. This reflects the cultural context of the Persian Empire, where the king was seen as the ultimate authority, and his time was considered precious. By framing her plea in this way, Esther tactfully appeals to the king's sense of justice without appearing to challenge his authority. This approach is consistent with the biblical principle of respecting authority while seeking justice, as seen in Romans 13:1-7. Esther's wisdom in addressing the king is a model of how to navigate complex political and social situations with integrity and faith.

Then King Xerxes spoke up and asked Queen Esther
King Xerxes, also known as Ahasuerus, was the ruler of the Persian Empire, which stretched from India to Ethiopia. His reign is historically placed between 486-465 BC. The setting is the royal palace in Susa, the capital of the Persian Empire. Esther, a Jewish woman who became queen, is in a position of influence, which is significant given the patriarchal society of the time. This moment occurs during a banquet Esther has prepared, highlighting her strategic and courageous approach to addressing the threat against her people. The king's willingness to listen to Esther reflects the favor she has found in his eyes, a recurring theme in the narrative.

“Who is this, and where is the one who would devise such a scheme?”
The king's question is a direct response to Esther's revelation of a plot to annihilate her people, the Jews. This plot was orchestrated by Haman, the king's advisor, who had manipulated Xerxes into signing a decree for the destruction of the Jews. The king's inquiry shows his ignorance of the full implications of Haman's plan, as well as his immediate concern for Esther's safety. This moment is pivotal, as it sets the stage for the exposure and downfall of Haman. The language used indicates a sense of urgency and a demand for justice. This scene echoes themes of divine providence and justice found throughout the Bible, such as in the story of Joseph, where God turns intended harm into good (Genesis 50:20). Esther's role as an intercessor for her people can be seen as a type of Christ, who intercedes on behalf of humanity.

Esther replied,
Esther's response is a pivotal moment in the narrative. Her courage to speak up in the presence of the king and Haman highlights her bravery and the divine timing of her revelation. This moment is a culmination of her fasting and prayer, showing reliance on God's providence.

“The adversary and enemy is this wicked man—Haman!”
Esther identifies Haman as the source of the threat to her people. The term "adversary" is significant, as it echoes the role of Satan as the adversary in other parts of Scripture (e.g., 1 Peter 5:8). Haman's plot against the Jews is a type of the ongoing spiritual battle against God's people. The identification of Haman as "wicked" aligns with the biblical theme of God opposing the proud and wicked (Proverbs 6:16-19).

And Haman stood in terror
Haman's fear is a direct result of his exposure and the realization of the consequences of his actions. This moment reflects the biblical principle that those who plot evil will ultimately face justice (Proverbs 26:27). It also serves as a reminder of the fear of the Lord, which is the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10).

before the king and queen.
The presence of both the king and queen underscores the gravity of the situation. The king's authority and the queen's influence are both pivotal in the unfolding of God's plan for deliverance. This setting also highlights the reversal of fortunes, a common theme in Scripture, where the humble are exalted, and the proud are brought low (Luke 1:52).

In his fury, the king arose from drinking his wine
The king's fury is a pivotal moment in the narrative, highlighting the emotional intensity of the scene. In ancient Persian culture, banquets were significant social and political events, often involving heavy drinking. The king's reaction is immediate and intense, reflecting the gravity of Esther's revelation about Haman's plot. This moment underscores the king's authority and the seriousness of the accusations against Haman. The king's anger can be compared to other biblical instances where leaders react strongly to betrayal or injustice, such as King Saul's anger towards David.

and went to the palace garden
The palace garden serves as a place for the king to collect his thoughts away from the immediate chaos. Gardens in Persian palaces were often luxurious and symbolized peace and reflection. This setting contrasts with the tension inside the banquet hall. The garden may also symbolize a place of decision-making, as the king contemplates the fate of Haman. The use of a garden as a setting can be seen in other biblical narratives, such as the Garden of Gethsemane, where significant decisions and events unfold.

while Haman stayed behind to beg Queen Esther for his life
Haman's decision to stay and plead with Esther highlights his desperation and the reversal of his fortunes. In the cultural context, approaching the queen directly would have been a breach of protocol, indicating Haman's dire situation. This act of begging is a stark contrast to his previous arrogance and power. The narrative demonstrates the theme of divine justice and reversal, where the proud are humbled. This theme is echoed in other scriptures, such as Proverbs 16:18, which warns that pride precedes destruction.

for he realized that the king was planning a terrible fate for him
Haman's realization marks the climax of his downfall. The phrase indicates his awareness of the irreversible consequences of his actions. In the historical context, Persian kings had absolute power, and their decisions were final. Haman's fate is sealed by his own schemes, fulfilling the biblical principle of reaping what one sows, as seen in Galatians 6:7. This moment also foreshadows the ultimate justice that will be served, aligning with the biblical theme of God's sovereignty and justice prevailing over evil.

Just as the king returned from the palace garden to the banquet hall
The king's return from the palace garden signifies a moment of decision and judgment. In the context of Persian royal customs, the garden was often a place for reflection and decision-making. The king's return marks a pivotal moment in the narrative, highlighting the urgency and gravity of the situation. This setting underscores the tension and impending justice about to unfold.

Haman was falling on the couch where Esther was reclining
In ancient Persian culture, reclining on couches during banquets was customary. Haman's action of falling on the couch can be seen as a desperate plea for mercy. However, it is also culturally inappropriate, as it breaches the decorum expected in the presence of the queen. This act is misinterpreted by the king, leading to Haman's downfall. The irony here is profound, as Haman, who sought to destroy the Jews, finds himself in a position of vulnerability before a Jewish queen.

The king exclaimed, “Would he actually assault the queen while I am in the palace?”
The king's exclamation reflects his immediate anger and suspicion. In the Persian court, any perceived threat to the queen was a serious offense. The king's rhetorical question suggests an accusation of impropriety or assault, which would have been considered a grave crime. This moment highlights the theme of divine justice, as Haman's schemes against Esther and her people are turned against him.

As soon as the words had left the king’s mouth, they covered Haman’s face
Covering Haman's face is a symbolic act indicating his impending execution. In Persian culture, this act signified that the person was no longer worthy to see the king or be seen by him. It marks the finality of Haman's fate and the swift execution of justice. This moment can be seen as a type of divine retribution, where Haman's plans are thwarted, and justice is served. The covering of the face also foreshadows the ultimate judgment and separation from God's presence for those who oppose His people.

Then Harbonah, one of the eunuchs attending the king, said:
Harbonah is one of the king's eunuchs, a position of trust and responsibility in the Persian court. Eunuchs often served as close advisors or attendants to royalty, indicating Harbonah's proximity to the king and his influence. This moment highlights the role of divine providence, as Harbonah's timely intervention contributes to the unfolding of justice. The mention of a eunuch also reflects the Persian Empire's administrative structure, where such individuals were often employed in high-ranking positions.

“There is a gallows fifty cubits high at Haman’s house.
The gallows, or more accurately a stake for impalement, is described as being fifty cubits high, approximately 75 feet. This extraordinary height signifies Haman's pride and his desire to make a public spectacle of Mordecai's execution. The location at Haman's house underscores his personal vendetta against Mordecai. The use of such a structure for execution was common in ancient Persia, intended to serve as a deterrent and a display of power.

He had it built for Mordecai,
Haman's intent to execute Mordecai on this gallows is a direct result of his anger and hatred towards Mordecai, who refused to bow to him. This reflects the theme of retribution and the reversal of fortunes, as Haman's plans for Mordecai ultimately lead to his own downfall. The narrative demonstrates the biblical principle that those who plot evil against others often fall into their own traps (Proverbs 26:27).

who gave the report that saved the king.”
Mordecai's earlier act of loyalty in uncovering a plot against King Xerxes is crucial to the story. This act of faithfulness is rewarded, aligning with the biblical theme of divine justice and protection for those who honor God. Mordecai's report is a pivotal moment that sets the stage for the king's favor towards him, contrasting with Haman's treachery.

“Hang him on it!” declared the king.
The king's swift decision to execute Haman on the very gallows intended for Mordecai illustrates the theme of poetic justice. This moment is a turning point in the narrative, where the wicked are punished, and the righteous are vindicated. It reflects the biblical assurance that God will ultimately bring justice and that the plans of the wicked will not prevail (Psalm 37:12-13). The king's declaration also signifies the irreversible nature of Persian royal decrees, emphasizing the finality of Haman's fate.

So they hanged Haman on the gallows he had prepared for Mordecai.
This phrase highlights the principle of poetic justice, where Haman's evil intentions against Mordecai backfire upon himself. The gallows, likely a tall wooden structure, was intended for Mordecai, a Jew who refused to bow to Haman. This reflects the biblical theme of divine retribution, where God turns the plans of the wicked against them, as seen in Proverbs 26:27, "Whoever digs a pit will fall into it." The historical context shows the Persian Empire's use of impalement or hanging as a form of execution, emphasizing the severity of Haman's punishment. This event also underscores the protection and providence of God over His people, a recurring theme in the Old Testament.

Then the fury of the king subsided.
King Ahasuerus's anger was initially kindled by Haman's plot to annihilate the Jews, which included his queen, Esther. The king's fury represents the righteous indignation against injustice and the betrayal of trust. The subsiding of his anger signifies the restoration of justice and order within the kingdom. This moment can be seen as a type of Christ's ultimate victory over evil, where justice is served, and peace is restored. The king's change of heart also reflects the biblical theme of repentance and forgiveness, as seen in the broader narrative of Scripture, where God's wrath is turned away through acts of justice and mercy.