Should children be allowed to participate in communion and baptism?

Definition and Purpose of Communion and Baptism

Communion, also known as the Lord’s Supper (1 Corinthians 11:20), is a memorial of Christ’s sacrificial death and a proclamation of His resurrection. In partaking of the bread and the cup, believers remember Jesus’ body broken and His blood shed for the forgiveness of sins (Luke 22:19–20). Baptism is the outward symbol of identifying with Christ’s death, burial, and resurrection (Romans 6:3–4). It signifies one’s entrance into the covenant community of believers (Matthew 28:19). Both practices highlight the covenant relationship between God and His people.

Biblical Models of Households and Children

Scripture describes entire households receiving baptism (Acts 16:33; 1 Corinthians 1:16). While the texts do not explicitly state the ages involved, these accounts often form the basis for arguments that children may be included as part of the believing household. Additionally, Peter’s sermon at Pentecost says, “The promise is for you and your children and for all who are far off…” (Acts 2:39). Many interpret this verse to indicate that children are included in the covenant promises.

Jesus welcomes children, as seen in Mark 10:14: “When Jesus saw this, He was indignant and said to them, ‘Let the little children come to Me; do not hinder them, for the kingdom of God belongs to such as these.’” While the passage does not mention baptism or communion specifically, it underscores Jesus’ open-armed attitude toward children. Across the Gospels, children are portrayed as valued members of the faith community (Matthew 18:2–6).

Understanding Spiritual Awareness and Readiness

First Corinthians 11:27–29 cautions believers to examine themselves before partaking of the Lord’s Supper, lest they do so in an unworthy manner. This raises the question of whether children can grasp the significance of Christ’s atoning work and understand the nature of self-examination. Churches that practice a “believer’s communion” often emphasize that a child should possess a basic awareness of sin, grace, and salvation through Christ before partaking in communion.

Similarly, regarding baptism, Romans 10:9–10 points to heartfelt belief and confession of Jesus as Lord. Many traditions teach that a child should display genuine faith and repentance before undergoing baptism. This perspective is guided by the idea that baptism follows conversion (Acts 2:38). The principle of “the age of accountability” is sometimes referenced, though not explicitly named as such in Scripture. Across many Christian communities, leaders and parents look for evidence of personal faith to ensure the child comprehends the commitment involved.

Historical and Denominational Views

1. *Paedobaptist View*: Some traditions have historically practiced infant baptism, citing Old Testament precedents such as circumcision (Genesis 17) as a covenant sign. They draw on household baptism passages in the New Testament and interpret these to include young children.

2. *Credobaptist (Believer’s Baptism) View*: Other traditions emphasize that baptism follows a personal, conscious profession of faith in Christ. They believe Scripture’s examples (e.g., the Ethiopian eunuch in Acts 8:36–38) indicate a need for understanding and belief preceding baptism.

3. *Communion Practices*: Some churches offer “open communion,” allowing baptized children who have expressed faith to partake. Others delay communion until a catechism or confirmation process is completed. Still others permit any professing believer, of any age, to receive the elements.

Behavioral and Developmental Considerations

Because communion involves remembrance (1 Corinthians 11:24–25) and self-examination, leaders often consider a child’s cognitive ability and emotional maturity to grasp spiritual truths. Developmental psychology indicates that children learn through both concrete and abstract means, and active participation in communion can nurture a tangible connection to Christ’s sacrifice. Similarly, a child’s readiness for baptism can benefit from patient guidance, parental mentorship, and a clear understanding of the Gospel.

Biblical Manuscript Evidence and Faith Transmission

The consistency of Scriptural teaching about households and generations (Deuteronomy 6:6–7) provides continuity in mentoring children toward spiritual growth. Archaeological discoveries of ancient manuscripts—such as portions of the New Testament found in various papyri—reinforce the trustworthiness of the biblical text that presents these teachings. Early Christian writings beyond the New Testament (e.g., the Didache) and church history sources also show that instruction of children in the faith has always been a fundamental practice of believers.

Practical Guidance for Parents and Church Leaders

• Instruction and Catechesis: Teach children about the meaning of communion and baptism, situating these sacraments in the larger redemption narrative (Ephesians 1:7–10). Regular family devotions and congregational instruction can lay a solid foundation.

• Discernment and Pastoral Oversight: In many churches, pastors and elders meet with families to discern whether a child’s professed faith is genuine and informed. While no age is set in stone, a careful assessment of the child’s spiritual understanding honors the biblical call to thoughtful participation (1 Corinthians 11:27–29).

• Encouragement of Faith Formation: Welcoming children to observe communion services can cultivate reverence and anticipation for the day when they, having expressed their own faith, join the table. Likewise, celebrating baptisms publicly encourages young believers to see the significance of this step of obedience.

• Community Support: Extended believing communities are encouraged to nurture children’s faith. Testimonies and mentorship from mature believers can guide children into an appreciation for spiritual commitments.

Conclusion

Scripture presents parents and church communities with both a privilege and a responsibility to guide children in the faith. Communion and baptism are sacred ordinances that symbolize the deeper spiritual realities of the Christian life. The Bible shows that “the promise is for… your children” (Acts 2:39), yet it also instructs participants to act with understanding and sincerity of heart. Finding the balance between including children and ensuring genuine faith involves prayer, biblical teaching, and supportive oversight within the church.

In all cases, the goal is to honor God’s Word, encourage true belief in Christ’s redemptive work, and cultivate a life of discipleship. Carefully teaching and preparing children upholds the biblical mandate to “bring them up in the discipline and instruction of the Lord” (Ephesians 6:4) and reminds every believer that our shared faith is rooted in the saving work of Jesus Christ for all generations.