(n.) One skilled in magic; a sorcerer; one who practices the black art; an enchanter; a necromancer; a sorcerer or sorceress; a conjurer.MAGIC; MAGICIAN

maj'-ik, ma-jish'-an:

I. DEFINITION

II. DIVISION OF THE SUBJECT

1. Magic as Impersonal

2. Margic as Personal

III. MAGIC AND RELIGION

IV. MAGIC IN THE BIBLE

1. Hostility to Magic

2. Potency of Magical Words

3. Influence of Charms

V. MAGICAL TERMS USED IN THE BIBLE

1. Divination

2. Sorcery

3. Enchantment

4. Amulets

5. Incantation

6. Repeated Utterances

7. Impostors

8. Witchcraft

LITERATURE

The word comes from a Greek adjective (magike) with which the noun techne, "art," is understood. The full phrase is "magical art" (The Wisdom of Solomon 17:10). But the Greek word is derived from the magi or Zarathustran (Zoroastrian) priests. Magic is therefore historically the art practiced in Persia by the recognized priests of the country. It is impossible in the present article, owing to exigencies of space, to give a full account of this important subject and of the leading views of it which have been put forth. The main purpose of the following treatment will be to consider the subject from the Biblical standpoint.

I. Definition.

In its modern accepted sense magic may be described as the art of bringing about results beyond man's own power by superhuman agencies. In the wide sense of this definition divination is only a species of magic, i.e. magic used as a means of securing secret knowledge, especially a knowledge of the future. Divination and magic bear a similar relation to prophecy and miracle respectively, the first and third implying special knowledge, the second and fourth special power. But divination has to do generally with omens, and it is better for this and other reasons to notice the two subjects-magic and divination-apart as is done in the present work.

II. Division of the Subject.

1. Magic as Impersonal:

There are two kinds of magic:

(1) impersonal;

(2) personal.

In the first, magic is a species of crude science, for the underlying hypothesis is that there are forces in the world which can be utilized on certain conditions, incantations, magical acts, drugs, etc. The magician in this case connects what on a very slender induction he considers to be causes and effects, mainly on the principle of post hoc ergo propter hoc. He may not know much of the causal agency; it is enough for him to know that by performing some act or reciting some formula (see CHARM) or carrying some object (see AMULET) he can secure some desired end. Frazer (Golden Bough(2), I, 61) says: "Magic is a kind of savage logic, an elementary species of reasoning based on similarity, contiguity and contrast." But why does the savage draw conclusions from association of ideas? There must be an implied belief in the uniformly of Nature or in the controlling power of intelligent beings.

2. Magic as Personal:

In personal magic, living, intelligent, spiritual beings are made the real agents which men by incantations, etc., influence and even control. The magical acts may in an advanced stage include sacrifice, the incantations become prayer.

Impersonal magic is regarded by most anthropologists, including E.B. Tylor and J. Frazer, as more primitive than the second and as a lower form of it. This conclusion rests on an assumption that human culture is always progressive, that the movement is uniformly onward and upward. But this law does not always hold. The religion of Israel as taught in the 8th century B.C. stands on a higher level ethically and intellectually than that taught in the writings of Haggai, Zechariah and Eccelesiastes centuries later. Among the ancient Indians, the Rig Veda occupies much loftier ground than the much later Atharva Veda.

III. Magic and Religion.

Personal magic in its higher forms shades off into religion, and very commonly the two exist together. It is the practice to speak of sacrifice and prayer as constituting elements of the ancient and modern religions of India. But it is doubtful whether either of these has the same connotation that it bears in the Jewish and Christian Scriptures. J. Frazer (Golden Bough(2), I, 67;) says that where the operation of spirits is assumed (and "these cases are exceptional"), magic is "tinged and alloyed with religion." Such an assumption is, he admits, often made and the present writer thinks it is generally made, for even the operation of the laws of association implies it. But Frazer concludes from various considerations that "though magic is.... found to fuse and amalgamate with religion in many ages and in many lands, there are some grounds for thinking that this fusion is not primitive." It is of course personal magic to which religion stands in closest relations. As soon as man comes to see in the beings by whose power marvels are wrought, personalities capable of emotions like himself and susceptible to persuasion, his magical art becomes an intelligent effort to propitiate these superior beings and his incantations become hymns and prayers. In all religions, Jewish, Moslem, Christian or pagan, when the act or prayer as such is held to produce certain results or to secure certain desired boons, we have to do with a species of magic. The word "religion" is inapplicable, unless it includes the idea of personal faith in a God or gods whose favor depends on moral acts and on ritual acts only in so far as they have a voluntary and ethical character. If it be granted that magic, the lower, precedes religion, the higher, this does not necessarily negative the validity of the religious concept. Mature knowledge is preceded by elementary impressions and beliefs which are subjective without objective correspondences. But this higher knowledge is none the less valid for its antecedents. If it can be proved that the Christian or any other religion has become what it is by gradual ascent from animism, magic, etc., its validity is not by this destroyed or even impaired. Religion must be judged according to its own proper evidence. But see II, end.

IV. Magic in the Bible.

1. Hostility to Magic:

The general remarks made on the Bible and divination in DIVINATION, V, have an equal application to the attitude of the Bible toward magic. This attitude is distinctly hostile, as it could not but be in documents professing to inculcate the teaching of the ethical and spiritual religion of Israel (see Deuteronomy 18:10; 2 Kings 21:6 2 Chronicles 33:6, etc.). Yet it is equally clear that the actual power of magic is acknowledged as clearly as its illegitimacy is pointed out. In P's account of the plagues (Exodus 7-11) it is assumed that the magicians of Egypt had real power to perform superhuman feats. They throw their rods and they become serpents; they turn the waters of the Nile into blood. It is only when they try to produce gnats that they fail, though Aaron had succeeded by Yahweh's power in doing this and thus showed that Yahweh's power was greatest. But that the magicians had power that was real and great is not so much as called in question.

2. Potency of Magical Words:

Among the ancient Semites (Arabs, Assyrians, Hebrews, etc.) there was a strong belief in the potency of the magical words of blessing and of curse. The mere utterance of such words was regarded as enough to secure their realization. That the narrator of Numbers 22-24 (Jahwist) ascribed to Balaam magical power is clear from the narrative, else why should Yahweh be represented as transferring Balaam's service to the cause of Israel? We have other Biblical references to the power of the spoken word of blessing in Genesis 12:3 Exodus 12:32 Judges 17:2 2 Samuel 21:3, and of curse in Genesis 27:29 Judges 5:23 Job 3:8 (compare the so-called Imprecatory Psalms, and see Century Bible, "Psalms," volume II, 216). On the prevalence of the belief among the Arabs, see the important work of Goldziher, Abhandlungen zur arabischen Philologie, Theil I, 23;.

3. Influence of Charms:

In Genesis 30:14 (Jahwist) we have an example of the belief in the power of plants (here mandrakes) to stir up and strengthen sexual love, and we read in Arabic literature of the very same superstition in connection with what is called Yabruch, almost certainly the same plant. Indeed one of the commonest forms in which magic appears is as a love-charm, and as this kind of magic was often exercised by women, magic and adultery are frequently named together in the Old Testament (see 2 Kings 9:22 Nahum 3:4 Malachi 3:5; and compare Exodus 22:18 (17), where the sorceress (the King James Version "witch") is to be condemned to death). We have an instance of what is called sympathetic magic (for a description of which see Jevons, Introduction to History of Religion, 28;, and Frazer, Golden Bough(2), I, 49;) in Genesis 30:37;. Jacob placed before the sheep and goats that came to drink water peeled rods, so that the pregnant ones might bring forth young that were spotted and striped. The teraphim mentioned in Genesis 31:19; and put away with wizards during the drastic reforms of Josiah (2 Kings 23:24; compare Zechariah 10:2) were household objects supposed capable of warding off evil of every kind. The Babylonians and Assyrians had a similar custom. We read of an Assyrian magician that he had statues of the gods Lugalgira and Alamu put on each side of the main entrance to his house, and in consequence he felt perfectly impregnable against evil spirits (see Tallquist, Assyrian. Beach, 22).

In Isaiah 3:2 the qocem ("magician" or "diviner") is named along with the knight warrior, the judge, prophet and elder, among the stays and supports of the nation; no disapproval is expressed or implied with regard to any of them. Yet it is not to be denied that in its essential features pure Yahwism, which enforced personal faith in a pure spiritual being, was radically opposed to all magical beliefs and practices. The fact that the Hebrews stood apart as believers in an ethical and spiritual religion from the Semitic and other peoples by which they were surrounded suggests that they were Divinely guided, for in other respects-art, philosophy, etc.-this same Hebrew nation held a lower place than many contemporary nations.

V. Magical Terms Used in the Bible.

Many terms employed in the Old Testament in reference to divination have also a magical import. SeeDIVINATION, VII. For a fuller discussion of Biblical terms connected with both subjects, reference may be made to T. Witton Davies, Magic, Divination and Demonology among the Hebrews and Their Neighbours, 44 iff, 78;; see also articles "Divination" and "Magic" in EB, by the present writer.

1. Divination:

Here a few brief statements are all that can be attempted. Qecem, usually rendered "divination" (see Numbers 23:23), has primarily a magical reference (Fleischer), though both Wellhausen (Reste des arabischen Heidenthums 2,133, note 5) and W. Robertson Smith (Jour. Phil., XIII, 278) hold that its first use was in connection with divination. The Arabic verb ("to exorcise") and noun ("an oath") have magical meanings. But it must be admitted that the secondary meaning ("divination") has almost driven out the other. Seeunder I, where it is held that at bottom magic and divination are one.

2. Sorcery:

The verb kashaph, the Revised Version (British and American) "to practice sorcery," comes, as Fleischer held, from a root denoting "to have a dark appearance," to look gloomy, to be distressed, then as a suppliant to seek relief by magical means. The corresponding nouns kashshaph and mekashsheph are rendered "sorcerer" in English Versions of the Bible.

3. Enchantment:

Lachash, English Versions of the Bible "enchantment," etc. (see Isaiah 3:3, nebhon lachash, the Revised Version (British and American) "the skillful enchanter"), is connected etymologically with nachash, "a serpent," the "n" and "l" often interchanging in Semitic Lachash is, therefore, as might have been expected from this etymology, used specifically of serpent charming (see Jeremiah 8:17 Ecclesiastes 10:11; compare melachesh in Psalm 58:5 (6), English Versions of the Bible "charmer").

4. Amulets:

Chebher occurs in the plural only (Isaiah 47:9, 12, English Versions of the Bible, "enchantments"). It comes from a root meaning "to bind," and it denotes probably amulets of some kind carried on the person to ward off evil. It seems therefore to be the Biblical equivalent of the Talmudic qemia`, literally, equals "something bound" from qama`, "to bind."

5. Incantation:

Shichar (Isaiah 47:11) seems to have an etymological connection with the principal Arabic word for "magic" (sichrun), and is explained by the great majority of recent commentators following J.H. Michaelis (Hitzig, Ewald, Dillmann, Whitehouse in Century Bible, etc.) as meaning "to charm away" (by incantations). So also Targum, Rashi, J H and Jastrow, Dictionary of the Targumim, Talmudim, and Midrashic Literature, Michaelis, Eichhorn, etc.

6. Repeated Utterances:

The verb battologeo in Matthew 6:7 (equals "say not the same thing over and over again") refers to the superstition that the repeated utterance of a word will secure one's wish. In India today it is thought that if an ascetic says in one month the name of Radha, Krishna, or Ro 100,000 times, he cannot fail to obtain what he wants (see 1 Kings 18:26).

SeeREPETITIONS.

7. Impostors:

The term goetes, the Revised Version (British and American) "impostors," the King James Version "seducers," is used of a class of magicians who uttered certain magical formulas in a deep, low voice (compare the verb goao, which = "to sigh," "to utter low moaning tones"). Herodotus (ii.33) says that there were persons of the kind in Egypt, and they are mentioned also by Euripides and Plato.

8. Witchcraft:

Paul in Galatians 5:20 classes with uncleanness, idolatry, etc., what he calls pharmakeia, the King James Version "witchcraft" the Revised Version (British and American) "sorcery." The word has reference first of all to drugs used in exercising the magical article Note the name Simon Magus, which = Simon the magician (Acts 8:9 f), and Bar-Jesus, whom Luke calls a magician (magos, English Versions of the Bible, "sorcerer") and to whom he gives also the proper name Elymas, which is really the Arabic `alim = "learned," and so one skillful in the magical article.

See also under AMULET; CHARM; DEMONOLOGY; WITCHCRAFT.

LITERATURE.

A Very full bibliography of the subject will be found in T. Witton Davies, Magic, Divination and Demonology among the Hebrews and Their Neighbours, xi through xvi. See also the literature under DIVINATION and in addition to the literature cited in the course of the foregoing article, note the following: A. Lehmann, Aberglaube und Zauberei2, 1908; A.C. Haddon, Magic and Fetishism, 1906; Blau, Das altjudische Zauberwesen, 1898; Smith, "Witchcraft in the Old Testament," Biblical Soc., 1902, 23-35; W.R. Halliday, Greek Divination; A Study of Its Methods and Principles, London, Macmillan (important) and the valuable article on "Magic" by Northwest Thomas in the Encyclopedia Brittanica, and also the relevant articles in the Bible dictionaries.

T. Witton Davies

3097. magos -- a Magian, ie an (Oriental) astrologer, by impl. a ...
... a magician. Part of Speech: Noun, Masculine Transliteration: magos Phonetic Spelling:
(mag'-os) Short Definition: a sorcerer, magician, wizard Definition: a ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/3097.htm - 7k

5333. pharmakos -- a poisoner, sorcerer, magician
... a poisoner, sorcerer, magician. Part of Speech: Noun, Masculine Transliteration:
pharmakos Phonetic Spelling: (far-mak-os') Short Definition: a magician ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/5333.htm - 6k

1681. Elumas -- Elymas, a magician
... Elymas, a magician. Part of Speech: Noun, Masculine Transliteration: Elumas Phonetic
Spelling: (el-oo'-mas) Short Definition: Elymas Definition: Elymas, the ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/1681.htm - 6k

5332. pharmakeus -- sorcerer.
... a person using drug-based incantations or drugging religious enchantments; a
-practitioner who "mixes up distorted religious potions" like a sorcerer-magician. ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/5332.htm - 6k

919. Bariesous -- "son of Joshua," Bar-Jesus, a false prophet
... Transliteration: Bariesous Phonetic Spelling: (bar-ee-ay-sooce') Short Definition:
Bar-Jesus Definition: Bar-Jesus, the name of the magician and false prophet ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/919.htm - 6k

Genesis 41:8
And it came to pass in the morning that his spirit was troubled; and he sent and called for all the magicians of Egypt, and all the wise men thereof: and Pharaoh told them his dream; but there was none that could interpret them to Pharaoh.
Topicalbible.org

Revelation 22:15
For without are dogs, and sorcerers, and fornicators, and murderers, and idolaters, and whoever loves and makes a lie.
Topicalbible.org

Revelation 21:8
But the fearful, and unbelieving, and the abominable, and murderers, and fornicators, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all liars, shall have their part in the lake which burns with fire and brimstone: which is the second death.
Topicalbible.org

2749. chartom -- magician
... 2748, 2749. chartom. 2750 . magician. Transliteration: chartom Phonetic
Spelling: (khar-tome') Short Definition: magicians. ... magician. ...
/hebrew/2749.htm - 6k

2748. chartom -- an engraver, writer
... magician. From the same as cheret; a horoscopist (as drawing magical lines or circles)
-- magician. see HEBREW cheret. 2747, 2748. chartom. 2749 . ...
/hebrew/2748.htm - 6k

3907. lachash -- to whisper, charm
... charmer, whisper together. A primitive root; to whisper; by implication, to mumble
a spell (as a magician) -- charmer, whisper (together). 3906, 3907. ...
/hebrew/3907.htm - 6k

2797. Charsha -- an Israelite
... NASB Word Usage Harsha (2). Harsha. From Cheresh; magician; Charsha, one of the
Nethinim -- Harsha. see HEBREW Cheresh. 2796, 2797. Charsha. 2798 . ...
/hebrew/2797.htm - 6k

3786. kashshaph -- sorcerer
... Word Origin from the same as kesheph Definition sorcerer NASB Word Usage sorcerers
(1). sorcerer. From kashaph; a magician -- sorcerer. see HEBREW kashaph. ...
/hebrew/3786.htm - 6k

Was Christ not a Magician?
... Chapter XXX."Was Christ not a magician? But lest any one should meet us
with the question, What should prevent that He whom we ...
/.../justin/the first apology of justin/chapter xxx was christ not a.htm

Ham the First Magician.
... Book IV. Chapter XXVII."Ham the First Magician. "For these and some other
causes, a flood was brought upon the world, [740] as ...
/.../unknown/recognitions of clement /chapter xxvii ham the first magician.htm

Of the Truth of the Christian Doctrine, and the Vanity of Its ...
... Chap. III."Of the Truth of the Christian Doctrine, and the Vanity of
Its Adversaries; And that Christ Was Not a Magician. The ...
/.../lactantius/the divine institutes/chap iii of the truth of.htm

April the Twenty-First Love as the Great Magician
... APRIL The Twenty-first LOVE AS THE GREAT MAGICIAN. 1 John 2:1-11. A new
commandment! And yet it is an old one with a new meaning. ...
/.../my daily meditation for the circling year/april the twenty-first love as.htm

The Release of Saint George.
... languishes, even now, a brother knight, one for whose country I have a fond regard,
Saint David, of Wales, in the gloomy castle of the Magician Ormandine, on ...
/.../kingston/the seven champions of christendom/chapter eleven the release of.htm

Further Facts. Christian Continence of virgins and Ascetics. ...
... Martyrs. The power of the Cross against demons and magic. Christ by His Power shews
Himself more than a man, more than a magician, more than a spirit. ...
/.../select works and letters or athanasius/section 48 further facts christian.htm

Synopsis. --Biblical Miracles the Effluence of Extraordinary Lives ...
... V SYNOPSIS."Biblical miracles the effluence of extraordinary lives."Life the world's
magician and miracle worker; its miracles now termed prodigies ...
/.../v synopsis biblical miracles the effluence.htm

Simon's Practices.
... "For we hear that Simon the magician, being worsted at Cæsarea in the discussion
with our lord Peter, immediately hastened hither, and is doing much mischief. ...
/.../unknown/the clementine homilies/chapter ii simons practices.htm

Pilate Says to Jesus: Hearest Thou what These Testify against Thee ...
... Pilate said: Consequently you lie who say that his birth is from sin. They say
again to Pilate: All the people testify that he is a magician. ...
/.../unknown/the gospel of nicodemus /chapter 2 pilate says to.htm

And Pilate Seeing, Fear Seized Him, and Immediately He Wished to ...
... And the Jews answering, said to Pilate: Did we not say to thee that he is
a magician? Lo, he has sent a vision of dreams to thy wife. ...
/.../unknown/the gospel of nicodemus /chapter 2 and pilate seeing 2.htm

Magician (5 Occurrences)
... Standard Bible Encyclopedia. MAGIC; MAGICIAN. maj'-ik, ma-jish'-an: I. DEFINITION
II. DIVISION OF THE SUBJECT 1. Magic as Impersonal 2. Margic as Personal III. ...
/m/magician.htm - 24k

Witchcraft (8 Occurrences)
... It naturally comes then to stand for the magician's art, as in the present passage
and also in The Wisdom of Solomon 12:4; 18:13; and in the Septuagint of ...
/w/witchcraft.htm - 23k

Witch (2 Occurrences)
... It naturally comes then to stand for the magician's art, as in the present passage
and also in The Wisdom of Solomon 12:4; 18:13; and in the Septuagint of ...
/w/witch.htm - 24k

Bar-jesus (1 Occurrence)
... This characteristic explains the presence of a magos among his staff and his desire
to hear Barnabas and Saul. Bar-Jesus was the magician's Jewish name. ...
/b/bar-jesus.htm - 9k

Magic (12 Occurrences)
... Simon, a magician, was found by Philip at Samaria (Acts 8:9-24); and Paul and Barnabas
encountered Elymas, a Jewish sorcerer, at Paphos (13:6-12). ...
/m/magic.htm - 29k

Rabmag (2 Occurrences)
... Thus it might be interpreted the "allwise" or "all-powerful" prince, the
chief magician or physician. It is, therefore, a title ...
/r/rabmag.htm - 9k

Rab-mag (2 Occurrences)
... Thus it might be interpreted the "allwise" or "all-powerful" prince, the
chief magician or physician. It is, therefore, a title ...
/r/rab-mag.htm - 8k

Enchanter (5 Occurrences)
... Noah Webster's Dictionary (n.) One who enchants; a sorcerer or magician; also,
one who delights as by an enchantment. Multi-Version Concordance ...
/e/enchanter.htm - 8k

Barjesus (1 Occurrence)
... This characteristic explains the presence of a magos among his staff and his desire
to hear Barnabas and Saul. Bar-Jesus was the magician's Jewish name. ...
/b/barjesus.htm - 9k

Magus
... shim`on; Gesenius gives the meaning of the Hebrew word as "hearing with acceptance";
it is formed from [?] shama`, "to hear"): 1. Simon, a Magician 2. Simon ...
/m/magus.htm - 23k

Magician (5 Occurrences)

Acts 13:6 When they had gone through the whole length of the island as far as Paphos, they there met with a Jewish magician and false prophet, Bar-Jesus by name,
(WEY DBY NAS RSV)

Acts 13:8 But Elymas (or 'the Magician,' for such is the meaning of the name)
(WEY DBY NAS RSV)

Isaiah 3:3 The captain of fifty, and the man of high position, and the wise guide, and the wonder-worker, and he who makes use of secret powers.
(See RSV)

Daniel 2:10 The Chaldeans answered before the king, and said, There is not a man on the earth who can show the king's matter, because no king, lord, or ruler, has asked such a thing of any magician, or enchanter, or Chaldean.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS NAS RSV NIV)

Daniel 2:27 Daniel answered before the king, and said, The secret which the king has demanded can neither wise men, enchanters, magicians, nor soothsayers, show to the king;
(Root in WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS NAS RSV NIV)

Magician

Magician: A Person Who Claims to Understand and Explain Mysteries by Magic

Magician: Failed to Interpret Pharaoh's Dreams

Magician: Nebuchadnezzars

Magician: Wrought Apparent Miracles

Witchcraft (8 Occurrences)

Witch (2 Occurrences)

Bar-jesus (1 Occurrence)

Magic (12 Occurrences)

Rabmag (2 Occurrences)

Rab-mag (2 Occurrences)

Enchanter (5 Occurrences)

Barjesus (1 Occurrence)

Magus

Magicians (16 Occurrences)

Opposed (23 Occurrences)

Length (135 Occurrences)

Wizard (3 Occurrences)

Elymas (2 Occurrences)

Magical (1 Occurrence)

Meaning (41 Occurrences)

Chaldean (4 Occurrences)

Conjurer (1 Occurrence)

Charmer (5 Occurrences)

Astrologer (1 Occurrence)

Sorcerer (3 Occurrences)

Jewish (49 Occurrences)

Met (118 Occurrences)

Inasmuch (42 Occurrences)

Passed (329 Occurrences)

Simon (75 Occurrences)

Demand (34 Occurrences)

Forasmuch (64 Occurrences)

Scribe (55 Occurrences)

Separate (115 Occurrences)

Powerful (93 Occurrences)

Divination (25 Occurrences)

Solomon (277 Occurrences)

Chaldeans (82 Occurrences)

Apocryphal

Acts (271 Occurrences)

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