Amos 1:1
New International Version
The words of Amos, one of the shepherds of Tekoa—the vision he saw concerning Israel two years before the earthquake, when Uzziah was king of Judah and Jeroboam son of Jehoash was king of Israel.

New Living Translation
This message was given to Amos, a shepherd from the town of Tekoa in Judah. He received this message in visions two years before the earthquake, when Uzziah was king of Judah and Jeroboam II, the son of Jehoash, was king of Israel.

English Standard Version
The words of Amos, who was among the shepherds of Tekoa, which he saw concerning Israel in the days of Uzziah king of Judah and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash, king of Israel, two years before the earthquake.

Berean Standard Bible
These are the words of Amos, who was among the sheepherders of Tekoa—what he saw concerning Israel two years before the earthquake, in the days when Uzziah was king of Judah and Jeroboam son of Jehoash was king of Israel.

King James Bible
The words of Amos, who was among the herdmen of Tekoa, which he saw concerning Israel in the days of Uzziah king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash king of Israel, two years before the earthquake.

New King James Version
The words of Amos, who was among the sheepbreeders of Tekoa, which he saw concerning Israel in the days of Uzziah king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash, king of Israel, two years before the earthquake.

New American Standard Bible
The words of Amos, who was among the sheepherders from Tekoa, which he saw in visions concerning Israel in the days of Uzziah king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam son of Joash, king of Israel, two years before the earthquake.

NASB 1995
The words of Amos, who was among the sheepherders from Tekoa, which he envisioned in visions concerning Israel in the days of Uzziah king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam son of Joash, king of Israel, two years before the earthquake.

NASB 1977
The words of Amos, who was among the sheepherders from Tekoa, which he envisioned in visions concerning Israel in the days of Uzziah king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam son of Joash, king of Israel, two years before the earthquake.

Legacy Standard Bible
The words of Amos, who was among the sheepherders from Tekoa, which he beheld in visions concerning Israel in the days of Uzziah king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam son of Joash, king of Israel, two years before the earthquake.

Amplified Bible
The words of Amos, who was among the sheepherders of Tekoa, which he saw [in a divine revelation] concerning Israel in the days of Uzziah king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash, king of Israel, two years before the earthquake.

Christian Standard Bible
The words of Amos, who was one of the sheep breeders from Tekoa —what he saw regarding Israel in the days of King Uzziah of Judah and Jeroboam son of Jehoash, king of Israel, two years before the earthquake.

Holman Christian Standard Bible
The words of Amos, who was one of the sheep breeders from Tekoa—what he saw regarding Israel in the days of Uzziah, king of Judah, and Jeroboam son of Jehoash, king of Israel, two years before the earthquake.

American Standard Version
The words of Amos, who was among the herdsmen of Tekoa, which he saw concerning Israel in the days of Uzziah king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash king of Israel, two years before the earthquake.

Contemporary English Version
I am Amos. And I raised sheep near the town of Tekoa when Uzziah was king of Judah and Jeroboam son of Jehoash was king of Israel. Two years before the earthquake, the LORD gave me several messages about Israel,

English Revised Version
The words of Amos, who was among the herdmen of Tekoa, which he saw concerning Israel in the days of Uzziah king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash king of Israel, two years before the earthquake.

GOD'S WORD® Translation
These are the words of Amos, one of the sheep farmers from Tekoa. He saw [a vision] about Israel during the reigns of Judah's King Uzziah and Israel's King Jeroboam, son of Joash. This happened two years before the earthquake.

Good News Translation
These are the words of Amos, a shepherd from the town of Tekoa. Two years before the earthquake, when Uzziah was king of Judah and Jeroboam son of Jehoash was king of Israel, God revealed to Amos all these things about Israel.

International Standard Version
The words of Amos, who was among the sheep breeders of Tekoa, which he spoke concerning Israel during the reign of Uzziah, king of Judah and during the reign of Joash's son Jeroboam, king of Israel, two years before the earthquake.

Majority Standard Bible
These are the words of Amos, who was among the sheepherders of Tekoa—what he saw concerning Israel two years before the earthquake, in the days when Uzziah was king of Judah and Jeroboam son of Jehoash was king of Israel.

NET Bible
The following is a record of what Amos prophesied. He was one of the herdsmen from Tekoa. These prophecies about Israel were revealed to him during the time of King Uzziah of Judah and King Jeroboam son of Joash of Israel, two years before the earthquake.

New Heart English Bible
The words of Amos, who was among the herdsmen of Tekoa, which he saw concerning Israel in the days of Uzziah king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash king of Israel, two years before the earthquake.

Webster's Bible Translation
The words of Amos, who was among the herdmen of Tekoa, which he saw concerning Israel in the days of Uzziah king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash king of Israel, two years before the earthquake.

World English Bible
The words of Amos, who was among the herdsmen of Tekoa, which he saw concerning Israel in the days of Uzziah king of Judah and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash, king of Israel, two years before the earthquake.
Literal Translations
Literal Standard Version
Words of Amos—who has been among herdsmen of Tekoa—that he has seen concerning Israel, in the days of Uzziah king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam son of Joash king of Israel, two years before the shaking;

Young's Literal Translation
Words of Amos -- who hath been among herdsmen of Tekoa -- that he hath seen concerning Israel, in the days of Uzziah king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam son of Joash king of Israel, two years before the shaking;

Smith's Literal Translation
The words of Amos who was among the shepherds of Tekoa, which he saw concerning Israel in the days of Uzziah king of Judah, in the days of Jeroboam son of Joash king of Israel, two years before the shaking.
Catholic Translations
Douay-Rheims Bible
The words of Amos, who was among herdsmen of Thecua: which he saw concerning Israel in the days of Ozias king of Juda, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joas king of Israel two years before the earthquake.

Catholic Public Domain Version
The words of Amos, who was among the shepherds of Tekoa, which he saw about Israel in the days of Uzziah king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash king of Israel, two years before the earthquake.

New American Bible
The words of Amos, who was one of the sheepbreeders from Tekoa, which he received in a vision concerning Israel in the days of Uzziah, king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam, son of Joash, king of Israel, two years before the earthquake.

New Revised Standard Version
The words of Amos, who was among the shepherds of Tekoa, which he saw concerning Israel in the days of King Uzziah of Judah and in the days of King Jeroboam son of Joash of Israel, two years before the earthquake.
Translations from Aramaic
Lamsa Bible
THE words of Amos, who was among the herdsmen of Tekoa, which he saw concerning Israel in the days of Uzziah king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash king of Israel, two years before the earthquake.

Peshitta Holy Bible Translated
The message of Amos who was from the Herdsmen of the children of Tequua which he saw concerning the children of Israel: in the days of Uzzia, King of Judea, and in the days of Yorbaam, son of Yoash, King of Israel, two years before the earthquake
OT Translations
JPS Tanakh 1917
The words of Amos, who was among the herdmen of Tekoa, which he saw concerning Israel in the days of Uzziah king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash king of Israel, two years before the earthquake.

Brenton Septuagint Translation
The words of Amos which came to him in Accarim out of Thecue, which he saw concerning Jerusalem, in the days of Ozias king of Juda, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joas king of Israel, two years before the earthquake.

Additional Translations ...
Audio Bible



Context
Judgment on Israel's Neighbors
1These are the words of Amos, who was among the sheepherders of Tekoa— what he saw concerning Israel two years before the earthquake, in the days when Uzziah was king of Judah and Jeroboam son of Jehoash was king of Israel. 2He said: “The LORD roars from Zion and raises His voice from Jerusalem; the pastures of the shepherds mourn, and the summit of Carmel withers.”…

Cross References
2 Kings 14:23-29
In the fifteenth year of the reign of Amaziah son of Joash over Judah, Jeroboam son of Jehoash became king of Israel, and he reigned in Samaria forty-one years. / And he did evil in the sight of the LORD and did not turn away from all the sins that Jeroboam son of Nebat had caused Israel to commit. / This Jeroboam restored the boundary of Israel from Lebo-hamath to the Sea of the Arabah, according to the word that the LORD, the God of Israel, had spoken through His servant Jonah son of Amittai, the prophet from Gath-hepher. ...

2 Chronicles 26:1-5
All the people of Judah took Uzziah, who was sixteen years old, and made him king in place of his father Amaziah. / Uzziah was the one who rebuilt Eloth and restored it to Judah after King Amaziah rested with his fathers. / Uzziah was sixteen years old when he became king, and he reigned in Jerusalem fifty-two years. His mother’s name was Jecoliah; she was from Jerusalem. ...

Hosea 1:1
This is the word of the LORD that came to Hosea son of Beeri in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah, and of Jeroboam son of Jehoash, king of Israel.

Isaiah 1:1
This is the vision concerning Judah and Jerusalem that Isaiah son of Amoz saw during the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah.

Micah 1:1
This is the word of the LORD that came to Micah the Moreshite in the days of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah—what he saw regarding Samaria and Jerusalem:

Zechariah 14:5
You will flee by My mountain valley, for it will extend to Azal. You will flee as you fled from the earthquake in the days of Uzziah king of Judah. Then the LORD my God will come, and all the holy ones with Him.

Jeremiah 1:1-3
These are the words of Jeremiah son of Hilkiah, one of the priests in Anathoth in the territory of Benjamin. / The word of the LORD came to Jeremiah in the thirteenth year of the reign of Josiah son of Amon king of Judah, / and through the days of Jehoiakim son of Josiah king of Judah, until the fifth month of the eleventh year of Zedekiah son of Josiah king of Judah, when the people of Jerusalem went into exile.

2 Kings 15:1-7
In the twenty-seventh year of Jeroboam’s reign over Israel, Azariah son of Amaziah became king of Judah. / He was sixteen years old when he became king, and he reigned in Jerusalem fifty-two years. His mother’s name was Jecoliah; she was from Jerusalem. / And he did what was right in the eyes of the LORD, just as his father Amaziah had done. ...

2 Chronicles 25:1-4
Amaziah was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned in Jerusalem twenty-nine years. His mother’s name was Jehoaddan; she was from Jerusalem. / And he did what was right in the eyes of the LORD, but not wholeheartedly. / As soon as the kingdom was firmly in his grasp, Amaziah executed the servants who had murdered his father the king. ...

2 Chronicles 27:1-2
Jotham was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned in Jerusalem sixteen years. His mother’s name was Jerushah daughter of Zadok. / And he did what was right in the eyes of the LORD, just as his father Uzziah had done. In addition, he did not enter the temple of the LORD. But the people still behaved corruptly.

Matthew 24:7
Nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in various places.

Acts 7:42-43
But God turned away from them and gave them over to the worship of the host of heaven, as it is written in the book of the prophets: ‘Did you bring Me sacrifices and offerings forty years in the wilderness, O house of Israel? / You have taken along the tabernacle of Molech and the star of your god Rephan, the idols you made to worship. Therefore I will send you into exile beyond Babylon.’

Luke 21:11
There will be great earthquakes, famines, and pestilences in various places, along with fearful sights and great signs from heaven.

Mark 13:8
Nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be earthquakes in various places, as well as famines. These are the beginning of birth pains.

Revelation 6:12
And I watched as the Lamb opened the sixth seal, and there was a great earthquake, and the sun became black like sackcloth of goat hair, and the whole moon turned blood red,


Treasury of Scripture

The words of Amos, who was among the herdsmen of Tekoa, which he saw concerning Israel in the days of Uzziah king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash king of Israel, two years before the earthquake.

The words.

Jeremiah 1:1
The words of Jeremiah the son of Hilkiah, of the priests that were in Anathoth in the land of Benjamin:

Jeremiah 7:27
Therefore thou shalt speak all these words unto them; but they will not hearken to thee: thou shalt also call unto them; but they will not answer thee.

who.

Amos 7:14
Then answered Amos, and said to Amaziah, I was no prophet, neither was I a prophet's son; but I was an herdman, and a gatherer of sycomore fruit:

Exodus 3:1
Now Moses kept the flock of Jethro his father in law, the priest of Midian: and he led the flock to the backside of the desert, and came to the mountain of God, even to Horeb.

1 Kings 19:19
So he departed thence, and found Elisha the son of Shaphat, who was plowing with twelve yoke of oxen before him, and he with the twelfth: and Elijah passed by him, and cast his mantle upon him.

Tekoa.

2 Samuel 14:2
And Joab sent to Tekoah, and fetched thence a wise woman, and said unto her, I pray thee, feign thyself to be a mourner, and put on now mourning apparel, and anoint not thyself with oil, but be as a woman that had a long time mourned for the dead:

2 Chronicles 11:6
He built even Bethlehem, and Etam, and Tekoa,

2 Chronicles 20:20
And they rose early in the morning, and went forth into the wilderness of Tekoa: and as they went forth, Jehoshaphat stood and said, Hear me, O Judah, and ye inhabitants of Jerusalem; Believe in the LORD your God, so shall ye be established; believe his prophets, so shall ye prosper.

he saw.

Isaiah 1:1
The vision of Isaiah the son of Amoz, which he saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah.

Micah 1:1
The word of the LORD that came to Micah the Morasthite in the days of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah, which he saw concerning Samaria and Jerusalem.

in the.

2 Kings 14:21
And all the people of Judah took Azariah, which was sixteen years old, and made him king instead of his father Amaziah.

2 Kings 15:1,2
In the twenty and seventh year of Jeroboam king of Israel began Azariah son of Amaziah king of Judah to reign…

Azariah.

2 Chronicles 26:1-23
Then all the people of Judah took Uzziah, who was sixteen years old, and made him king in the room of his father Amaziah…

Hosea 1:1
The word of the LORD that came unto Hosea, the son of Beeri, in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash, king of Israel.

Jump to Previous
Amos Earthquake Herdmen Herdsmen Israel Jeroboam Joash Judah Tekoa Uzziah Visions Words
Jump to Next
Amos Earthquake Herdmen Herdsmen Israel Jeroboam Joash Judah Tekoa Uzziah Visions Words
Amos 1
1. The time when Amos prophesied.
3. He shows God's judgment upon Syria,
6. upon the Philistines,
9. upon Tyrus,
11. upon Edom,
13. upon Ammon.














The words of Amos
The opening phrase, "The words of Amos," introduces us to the prophet and his message. Amos, whose name means "burden" or "burden-bearer" in Hebrew, was chosen by God to deliver a heavy message of judgment and hope. This phrase emphasizes the divine origin of the message, as Amos speaks not his own words, but those given to him by God. In the ancient Near Eastern context, prophets were seen as messengers of the divine, and Amos stands in this tradition, bearing the weight of God's revelation to His people.

who was among the sheep breeders
Amos is described as being "among the sheep breeders," indicating his humble origins. The Hebrew term used here, "noqed," refers to a specific type of sheep breeder, one who tends to a particular breed known for its wool. This detail highlights Amos's background as a working man, not a professional prophet or priest. His occupation underscores the theme that God calls individuals from all walks of life to serve His purposes, demonstrating that divine calling is not limited by social status or occupation.

from Tekoa
Tekoa was a small town located about ten miles south of Jerusalem in the region of Judah. Its mention situates Amos geographically and culturally, as he was a Judean prophet sent to deliver a message primarily to the northern kingdom of Israel. The town's location in a rugged, rural area further emphasizes Amos's connection to the land and his outsider status when delivering his prophecies to the urban centers of Israel.

which he received in visions
The phrase "which he received in visions" indicates the manner in which Amos received his prophetic message. Visions were a common means of divine communication in the Old Testament, allowing prophets to perceive spiritual realities beyond ordinary human experience. This highlights the supernatural aspect of Amos's message, affirming that it is not a product of human insight but a revelation from God.

concerning Israel
Amos's message is directed "concerning Israel," specifically the northern kingdom, which had separated from Judah after the reign of Solomon. This focus underscores the divided state of God's people and the particular sins and injustices prevalent in Israel at the time. Amos's prophecies address issues of social justice, idolatry, and covenant unfaithfulness, calling Israel to repentance and warning of impending judgment.

in the days of Uzziah king of Judah
The mention of "Uzziah king of Judah" provides a historical anchor for Amos's ministry. Uzziah's reign (approximately 792-740 BC) was marked by relative stability and prosperity in Judah, which contrasts with the moral and spiritual decline in Israel. This context highlights the urgency of Amos's message, as the people were complacent in their prosperity, unaware of the looming divine judgment.

and Jeroboam son of Jehoash king of Israel
Jeroboam II, son of Jehoash, reigned over Israel during a time of economic prosperity and territorial expansion (approximately 793-753 BC). However, this period was also characterized by significant social inequality and religious corruption. By mentioning Jeroboam, Amos's prophecy is situated in a specific historical context, emphasizing the disconnect between Israel's outward success and its spiritual and moral failures.

two years before the earthquake
The reference to "two years before the earthquake" serves as a chronological marker, indicating a significant event that would have been well-known to Amos's original audience. This earthquake, likely a divine act of judgment, underscores the seriousness of Amos's message and serves as a tangible reminder of God's power and the reality of His warnings. The specificity of this detail lends historical credibility to the text and highlights the urgency of the prophetic call to repentance.

The Prologue to the Prophecies of Amos consists of a series of denunciations of the surrounding peoples. The ground of the awful threatenings is the word of Jehovah made known to the prophet. The reason for the doom predicted on such high authority, is the resistance and cruelty that were offered by these nations to the theocratic people, and, still more, their own moral offences, condemned by universal conscience. The denunciations begin with a judgment upon Syria, the age-long enemy of Judah, sometimes confederate with Israel. Then he passes to Philistia, which had been a thorn in the side of Israel and Judah from the days of the Judges till his own. Then he directs his gaze upon Ph?nician cities, the emporium of the most extensive commerce in the world, Next he passes in review other three tribes, or nations, more closely related to Israel in blood, language, and proximity, and which, nevertheless, had often manifested an undying hatred of the covenanted people. After this Judah, his own tribe, does not escape. Lastly, the prophet gathers up all his strength to denounce Israel, then at the height of prosperity and splendour.

(1) See Introduction.

Verse 1. - Heading. The words. So Jeremiah begins his prophecy (Jeremiah 1:1), and the writer of Ecclesiastes (Ecclesiastes 1:1). That the words am not those of Amos, but of Jehovah, is shown by the succeeding clause, "which he saw." Herdmen. The Hebrew word noked used here is found in 2 Kings 3:4, applied to Mesha King of Moab, a great "sheepmaster;" hence some have considered that Amos was not a mere mercenary, but a rich possessor of flocks. His own words, however (Amos 7:14, 15), decide his position as that of a poor labouring man. Tekoah. A small town of Judah (see above in the account of the author, Introduction, § II.). He saw, with inward intuition. Hence his "words" were inspired (comp. Isaiah 2:1; Habakkuk 1:1). Concerning Israel chiefly, mention of Judah being introduced only incidentally and as connected with the destinies of Israel The Septuagint reads, by some mistake, "concerning Jerusalem." In the days. (For the date of the prophecy, see above, Introduction, § III.) Earthquake. No mention is made of this event in the historical books. It was remembered in after years (see Zechariah 14:5), and Amos alludes to it as a token of the judgment which he foretold, such catastrophes being regarded as signs of the majesty of God and his vengeance on sinners (comp. Exodus 19:18: Psalm 68:8; Micah 1:4; Habakkuk 3:6, 10), Josephus ('Ant.,' 9:10. 4) attributes this earthquake to God's displeasure at Uzziah's usurpation of the priest's office (2 Chronicles 26:16).

Parallel Commentaries ...


Hebrew
[These are] the words
דִּבְרֵ֣י (diḇ·rê)
Noun - masculine plural construct
Strong's 1697: A word, a matter, thing, a cause

of Amos,
עָמ֔וֹס (‘ā·mō·ws)
Noun - proper - masculine singular
Strong's 5986: Amos -- an Israelite prophet

who
אֲשֶׁר־ (’ă·šer-)
Pronoun - relative
Strong's 834: Who, which, what, that, when, where, how, because, in order that

was
הָיָ֥ה (hā·yāh)
Verb - Qal - Perfect - third person masculine singular
Strong's 1961: To fall out, come to pass, become, be

among the sheepherders
בַנֹּקְדִ֖ים (ḇan·nō·qə·ḏîm)
Preposition-b, Article | Noun - masculine plural
Strong's 5349: Sheep raiser, sheep dealer, sheep tender

of Tekoa—
מִתְּק֑וֹעַ (mit·tə·qō·w·a‘)
Preposition-m | Noun - proper - feminine singular
Strong's 8620: Tekoa -- a city in Judah

what
אֲשֶׁר֩ (’ă·šer)
Pronoun - relative
Strong's 834: Who, which, what, that, when, where, how, because, in order that

he saw
חָזָ֨ה (ḥā·zāh)
Verb - Qal - Perfect - third person masculine singular
Strong's 2372: To gaze at, to perceive, contemplate, to have a, vision of

concerning
עַל־ (‘al-)
Preposition
Strong's 5921: Above, over, upon, against

Israel
יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל (yiś·rā·’êl)
Noun - proper - masculine singular
Strong's 3478: Israel -- 'God strives', another name of Jacob and his desc

two years
שְׁנָתַ֖יִם (šə·nā·ṯa·yim)
Noun - fd
Strong's 8141: A year

before
לִפְנֵ֥י (lip̄·nê)
Preposition-l | Noun - common plural construct
Strong's 6440: The face

the earthquake,
הָרָֽעַשׁ׃ (hā·rā·‘aš)
Article | Noun - masculine singular
Strong's 7494: Vibration, bounding, uproar

in the days
בִּימֵ֣י ׀ (bî·mê)
Preposition-b | Noun - masculine plural construct
Strong's 3117: A day

[when] Uzziah
עֻזִיָּ֣ה‪‬‪‬ (‘uz·zî·yāh)
Noun - proper - masculine singular
Strong's 5818: Uzziah -- 'my strength is Yah', the name of several Israelites

[was] king
מֶֽלֶךְ־ (me·leḵ-)
Noun - masculine singular construct
Strong's 4428: A king

of Judah
יְהוּדָ֗ה (yə·hū·ḏāh)
Noun - proper - masculine singular
Strong's 3063: Judah -- 'praised', a son of Jacob, also the southern kingdom, also four Israelites

and Jeroboam
יָרָבְעָ֤ם (yā·rā·ḇə·‘ām)
Noun - proper - masculine singular
Strong's 3379: Jeroboam -- 'the people increase', the name of two Israelites kings

son
בֶּן־ (ben-)
Noun - masculine singular construct
Strong's 1121: A son

of Jehoash
יוֹאָשׁ֙ (yō·w·’āš)
Noun - proper - masculine singular
Strong's 3101: Joash

[was] king
מֶ֣לֶךְ (me·leḵ)
Noun - masculine singular construct
Strong's 4428: A king

of Israel.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל (yiś·rā·’êl)
Noun - proper - masculine singular
Strong's 3478: Israel -- 'God strives', another name of Jacob and his desc


Links
Amos 1:1 NIV
Amos 1:1 NLT
Amos 1:1 ESV
Amos 1:1 NASB
Amos 1:1 KJV

Amos 1:1 BibleApps.com
Amos 1:1 Biblia Paralela
Amos 1:1 Chinese Bible
Amos 1:1 French Bible
Amos 1:1 Catholic Bible

OT Prophets: Amos 1:1 The words of Amos who was among (Amo. Am)
Joel 3:21
Top of Page
Top of Page