Now the heads of the families
This phrase introduces the leaders or patriarchs of the family units within the tribe. In ancient Israel, family heads held significant authority and responsibility, often acting as representatives in legal and communal matters. The Hebrew word for "heads" is "רָאשִׁים" (roshim), which implies leadership and prominence. This reflects the structured and hierarchical nature of Israelite society, where family lineage and tribal affiliation were crucial.

of the sons of Gilead son of Machir, the son of Manasseh
This lineage traces back to Manasseh, one of Joseph's sons, highlighting the importance of tribal identity and inheritance. Gilead and Machir are significant figures within the tribe of Manasseh, with Gilead often associated with a region east of the Jordan River. The mention of these ancestors underscores the continuity of God's promises to the patriarchs and the fulfillment of His covenant through successive generations.

who were from the clans of the descendants of Joseph
Joseph, one of Jacob's twelve sons, received a double portion of inheritance through his sons, Ephraim and Manasseh. This phrase emphasizes the connection to Joseph, a key figure in Israel's history, known for his faithfulness and God's providential care in his life. The "clans" (Hebrew: "מִשְׁפָּחוֹת" mishpachot) indicate sub-divisions within the tribe, each with its own leadership and responsibilities.

approached and addressed Moses and the leaders
The act of approaching Moses and the leaders signifies a formal request or concern being brought before the highest authority. Moses, as the mediator between God and Israel, and the leaders, as representatives of the people, were responsible for interpreting and applying God's law. This reflects the theocratic nature of Israel's governance, where divine guidance was sought in communal decisions.

the heads of the Israelite families
This reiteration of leadership underscores the collective responsibility and unity among the tribes. The "Israelite families" (Hebrew: "בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל" b'nei Yisrael) refers to the entire nation, bound by covenant to God and each other. This phrase highlights the communal aspect of Israel's identity, where individual tribes and families contribute to the nation's overall well-being and adherence to God's commands.

They said
This phrase introduces the speakers, who are the leaders of the family of Gilead, descendants of Manasseh. In the Hebrew context, the act of speaking often carries weight and authority, especially when it involves leaders or elders. The Hebrew verb "אמר" (amar) is used here, which is a common verb for speaking but can also imply a formal declaration or request. This sets the stage for a serious and significant discussion regarding inheritance laws.

The LORD commanded
The use of "The LORD" (YHWH) emphasizes the divine authority behind the command. In the Hebrew tradition, a command from the LORD is not merely a suggestion but a binding directive that must be followed. The Hebrew word "צוה" (tsavah) for "commanded" indicates an authoritative order, underscoring the importance of obedience to God's will. This reflects the theocratic nature of Israelite society, where God's commands were the ultimate law.

my lord
This phrase refers to Moses, who is addressed with respect and honor. The Hebrew word "אדני" (adoni) is used, which is a term of respect often used for leaders or those in authority. This highlights the hierarchical structure within the Israelite community, where Moses is seen as the intermediary between God and the people.

to give the land as an inheritance by lot
The concept of land inheritance is central to the Israelite identity, as the land was seen as a divine gift. The Hebrew word "נחלה" (nachalah) for "inheritance" signifies a permanent possession, a legacy passed down through generations. The use of "by lot" (גורל, goral) indicates a divinely guided process, as casting lots was believed to reveal God's will. This method ensured fairness and divine involvement in the distribution of the Promised Land.

to the Israelites
This phrase underscores the collective identity of the people of Israel. The Hebrew term "בני ישראל" (Bnei Yisrael) refers to the descendants of Jacob, emphasizing their unity and shared heritage. The land was not just for individuals but for the entire nation, reinforcing the communal aspect of God's covenant with Israel.

My lord was also commanded by the LORD
Reiterating the divine command to Moses, this phrase emphasizes the continuity and consistency of God's instructions. It reflects the importance of adhering to God's commands as communicated through His chosen leader, Moses. This repetition underscores the seriousness of the matter at hand.

to give the inheritance of our brother Zelophehad to his daughters
This specific command addresses the unique situation of Zelophehad's daughters, who were granted the right to inherit their father's land in the absence of male heirs. The Hebrew name "צלפחד" (Tzelophehad) is significant, as his case set a precedent for inheritance laws in Israel. The mention of "daughters" (בנות, banot) highlights the progressive nature of this command, as it provided rights to women in a patriarchal society. This reflects God's justice and care for all members of the community, ensuring that no family would lose their inheritance due to a lack of male heirs.

Now if they marry men from other Israelite tribes
This phrase introduces a potential issue concerning inheritance and tribal identity. The Hebrew root for "marry" (נָשָׂא, nasa) implies a lifting up or carrying away, suggesting the significant change and responsibility that marriage entails. In ancient Israel, marriage was not just a personal union but a communal and tribal affair, deeply affecting family lineage and property rights. The historical context here is crucial: the Israelites were organized into twelve tribes, each with its own land allotment. Marrying outside one's tribe could lead to the transfer of land inheritance, which was a serious concern for maintaining tribal boundaries and identity.

their inheritance will be taken away
The phrase "inheritance will be taken away" underscores the importance of land as a divine gift and a symbol of God's promise to the Israelites. The Hebrew word for "inheritance" (נַחֲלָה, nachalah) conveys not just property but a heritage or legacy. In the ancient Near Eastern context, land was a critical component of economic stability and social status. The potential loss of inheritance through inter-tribal marriage posed a threat to the continuity of God's covenant promises to each tribe. This reflects the broader biblical theme of stewardship and the responsibility to preserve what God has entrusted to His people.

and added to the inheritance of the tribe into which they marry
This part of the verse highlights the transfer of property rights through marriage. The concept of "added to the inheritance" suggests an increase or expansion, which in this context, could disrupt the divinely ordained distribution of land among the tribes. The Hebrew root for "added" (יָסַף, yasaph) implies an increase or augmentation, which, while generally positive, here presents a challenge to maintaining tribal integrity. Historically, this reflects the broader societal structures in ancient Israel, where land was not just an economic asset but a sacred trust. The concern was that such transfers could dilute tribal distinctiveness and undermine the social and religious fabric of the nation.

So it will be taken from the lot of our inheritance
The phrase "taken from the lot of our inheritance" emphasizes the zero-sum nature of land distribution among the tribes. The Hebrew word for "lot" (גּוֹרָל, goral) refers to the method by which land was apportioned, often by casting lots, which was seen as a way of discerning God's will. This underscores the belief that the land was not merely a possession but a divine allotment. The potential loss of land through inter-tribal marriage was not just a personal or familial issue but a communal one, affecting the entire tribe's future. This reflects the biblical principle of communal responsibility and the need to safeguard the blessings God has given to His people.

And when the Jubilee of the Israelites comes
The phrase "And when the Jubilee of the Israelites comes" refers to the Year of Jubilee, a significant event in the Hebrew calendar occurring every 50th year, as outlined in Leviticus 25. The Hebrew word for Jubilee, "yovel," signifies a time of liberation and restoration. Historically, the Jubilee was a time when debts were forgiven, slaves were freed, and land was returned to its original owners. This concept underscores God's desire for justice, mercy, and equality among His people. It serves as a reminder of God's ultimate sovereignty over the land and His provision for His people, ensuring that no family would permanently lose their inheritance.

their inheritance will be added to that of the tribe into which they marry
The phrase "their inheritance will be added to that of the tribe into which they marry" addresses the concern of land inheritance when daughters marry outside their tribe. In ancient Israel, land was a crucial aspect of identity and sustenance, and it was vital to maintain tribal boundaries as originally allocated by God. This provision ensured that land would not permanently transfer from one tribe to another through marriage, preserving the distinctiveness and heritage of each tribe. It reflects the importance of maintaining the God-given order and structure within the community of Israel.

so their inheritance will be taken away from the tribe of our fathers
The phrase "so their inheritance will be taken away from the tribe of our fathers" highlights the potential loss of tribal land due to inter-tribal marriages. The concern here is the dilution of tribal identity and the potential weakening of a tribe's economic and social standing. In the broader biblical narrative, this reflects the importance of heritage and the continuity of God's promises to each tribe. It underscores the need for careful stewardship of God's gifts and the importance of maintaining the integrity of the community as a whole. This provision was a safeguard to ensure that the blessings and responsibilities given by God to each tribe were preserved for future generations.

So at the word of the LORD
This phrase underscores the divine authority behind Moses' actions. The Hebrew term for "word" is "דָּבָר" (dabar), which signifies not just a spoken word but a matter or thing decreed. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a king's word was law, and here, the ultimate King, the LORD, speaks. This highlights the importance of divine guidance in decision-making, reminding believers that God's word is the ultimate authority and should be sought in all matters.

Moses commanded the Israelites
Moses, as the leader appointed by God, acts as the intermediary between God and His people. The Hebrew root for "commanded" is "צָוָה" (tsavah), which implies a directive given with authority. Historically, Moses' role was not just as a leader but as a prophet who conveyed God's will. This reflects the structure of leadership within the community of faith, where leaders are expected to act according to God's instructions, ensuring that their guidance aligns with divine principles.

The tribe of the descendants of Joseph
This phrase refers specifically to the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, the sons of Joseph. Joseph's legacy is significant in Israel's history, as he was a key figure in the survival of the Israelites during the famine in Egypt. The mention of Joseph's descendants here is a reminder of God's faithfulness to His promises, as Joseph's lineage was blessed and multiplied. It also emphasizes the importance of heritage and the continuation of God's covenant through generations.

is right
The Hebrew word for "right" is "כֵּן" (ken), which means correct or just. This affirmation by Moses, under God's direction, validates the concerns of the tribe of Joseph regarding inheritance laws. It highlights the justice and fairness inherent in God's laws, ensuring that the rights and concerns of all tribes are addressed. This serves as an inspiration for believers to seek justice and fairness in their own communities, trusting that God's ways are always righteous and equitable.

This is what the LORD commands
This phrase establishes the divine authority behind the instruction. The Hebrew word for "commands" is "tsavah," which implies a directive given with authority and purpose. In the context of Numbers, this underscores the importance of obedience to God's will, as He is the ultimate lawgiver. Historically, the Israelites were a theocratic society, meaning their laws were directly given by God, and this command reflects that structure.

for the daughters of Zelophehad
This specific mention highlights the unique case of Zelophehad's daughters, who were granted the right to inherit their father's property in the absence of a male heir. This was a significant development in Israelite law, as it addressed issues of inheritance and women's rights within the tribal system. The historical context here is crucial, as it shows a progressive step in the treatment of women, ensuring their protection and provision within the community.

They may marry anyone they please
This phrase indicates a level of autonomy and freedom given to the daughters, which was not commonly afforded to women in ancient times. The Hebrew root "tov" for "please" suggests what is good or desirable, emphasizing that their choice should align with what is beneficial and righteous. This freedom, however, is not without boundaries, as it must align with God's overarching plan for His people.

as long as they marry within the clan of their father’s tribe
This condition ensures that the inheritance remains within the tribe, preserving the tribal boundaries and heritage. The Hebrew word "mishpachah" for "clan" refers to a family group within a tribe, highlighting the importance of maintaining tribal identity and unity. This stipulation reflects the broader biblical theme of covenant community, where the integrity and continuity of God's people are paramount.

No inheritance
The concept of "inheritance" in the Hebrew context is deeply tied to the land, which was seen as a divine gift to the Israelites. The Hebrew word for inheritance, "nachalah," implies a possession or heritage that is passed down through generations. In the context of Numbers 36:7, the inheritance refers to the land allotted to each tribe of Israel. This land was not just a physical possession but a symbol of God's promise and faithfulness to His people. The prohibition against transferring inheritance underscores the importance of maintaining the divinely ordained order and blessings within each tribe.

in Israel
The phrase "in Israel" signifies the collective identity and unity of the twelve tribes as God's chosen people. Israel, named after Jacob (who was renamed Israel), represents the covenant community that God established through Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The land of Israel was not merely a geographical location but a sacred space where God's presence dwelled among His people. This phrase emphasizes the national and spiritual significance of the inheritance, which was meant to remain within the boundaries of the tribes to preserve the integrity and unity of the nation.

is to pass
The verb "to pass" in this context indicates the transfer or movement of property from one party to another. In Hebrew, the word "abar" can mean to cross over or to pass through. Here, it highlights the potential for inheritance to change hands, which could disrupt the tribal boundaries established by God. The use of this verb underscores the need for vigilance in maintaining the divinely appointed distribution of land, ensuring that each tribe retains its God-given portion.

from tribe to tribe
This phrase underscores the tribal structure of ancient Israel, where each tribe was allotted a specific portion of land. The tribes, descended from the twelve sons of Jacob, were distinct yet interconnected parts of the nation. The prohibition against inheritance passing from tribe to tribe was intended to prevent the erosion of tribal identities and the potential for conflict or inequality. It reflects God's desire for order and stability within His covenant community, ensuring that each tribe could thrive within its designated inheritance.

For the Israelites
The term "Israelites" refers to the descendants of Jacob, who were chosen by God to be His people. This designation carries with it the weight of the covenant relationship established at Sinai, where God gave the Law and promised to be their God. The Israelites were called to live according to God's statutes and to reflect His holiness to the surrounding nations. The instructions regarding inheritance were part of this covenantal framework, designed to help the Israelites live in obedience and harmony with God's will.

are to retain
The word "retain" implies holding onto or keeping something secure. In Hebrew, the word "chazaq" can mean to strengthen or to hold fast. This command to retain their inheritance emphasizes the responsibility of each tribe to safeguard the land entrusted to them by God. It is a call to stewardship, reminding the Israelites that their inheritance is not merely a possession but a trust from God that must be preserved for future generations.

the inheritance
The repetition of "inheritance" in this verse reinforces its central importance in the life of Israel. It is a tangible expression of God's promise and a vital component of the Israelites' identity and relationship with God. The inheritance is not just about land; it is about the continuity of God's covenant and the assurance of His provision and blessing. By retaining their inheritance, the Israelites affirm their trust in God's faithfulness and their commitment to His covenant.

of their fathers
This phrase connects the present generation of Israelites with their ancestors, highlighting the continuity of God's promises across time. The "fathers" refer to the patriarchs—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—through whom God established His covenant. The inheritance is a link to the past, a reminder of God's enduring faithfulness, and a promise for the future. It calls the Israelites to honor their heritage and to live in a way that reflects the values and faith of their forebears.

Every daughter
This phrase emphasizes the inclusivity of the command, applying to all daughters within the tribes of Israel. In the Hebrew context, the word for "daughter" is "בַּת" (bat), which signifies not only a biological daughter but also a member of a family or community. This reflects the communal nature of Israelite society, where family and tribal affiliations were paramount. The directive underscores the importance of maintaining tribal integrity and heritage, which was a critical aspect of Israelite identity and covenantal faithfulness.

who possesses an inheritance
The term "inheritance" in Hebrew is "נַחֲלָה" (nachalah), which refers to a portion of land or property passed down through generations. In the ancient Near Eastern context, land was not merely a possession but a divine gift and a symbol of God's promise to His people. The inheritance was a tangible representation of God's covenant with Israel, and maintaining it within the tribe was crucial for preserving the tribal boundaries and the fulfillment of God's promises.

in any Israelite tribe
This phrase highlights the tribal structure of Israel, where each tribe had its own allotted territory. The tribes were descendants of the twelve sons of Jacob, and each had a unique role and identity within the nation. The tribal system was integral to the social, political, and religious life of Israel, and it was essential to maintain these divisions to ensure the stability and continuity of the nation as a whole.

must marry
The directive for daughters to marry within their tribe was not merely a social custom but a legal requirement to preserve the tribal inheritance. Marriage in ancient Israel was a covenantal relationship that extended beyond the individuals to their families and tribes. This command reflects the seriousness with which God viewed the preservation of His people's inheritance and the importance of obedience to His laws.

within a clan of the tribe of her father
The word "clan" in Hebrew is "מִשְׁפָּחָה" (mishpachah), which refers to a family group within a tribe. This specification further narrows the marriage requirement to ensure that the inheritance remains as close as possible to the original family line. It underscores the importance of family loyalty and the preservation of God's ordained order within the tribes of Israel.

so that every Israelite will possess the inheritance of his fathers
This concluding phrase reiterates the purpose of the command: to ensure that the inheritance remains within the family and tribe. The phrase "inheritance of his fathers" emphasizes the continuity of God's promises through the generations. It reflects the biblical principle of stewardship, where each generation is responsible for preserving and passing on the blessings and responsibilities given by God. This command serves as a reminder of the faithfulness of God to His covenant and the importance of His people's faithfulness in return.

So no inheritance
The term "inheritance" in this context refers to the land allotted to each tribe of Israel. The Hebrew word used here is "נַחֲלָה" (nachalah), which signifies a possession or property passed down through generations. This concept of inheritance is deeply rooted in the covenantal promises God made to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, emphasizing the perpetual nature of God's promises to His people. The inheritance was not merely a physical possession but a symbol of God's faithfulness and the identity of the tribes within the nation of Israel.

may be transferred
The Hebrew root for "transferred" is "עָבַר" (avar), meaning to pass over or cross over. This prohibition against transferring inheritance underscores the importance of maintaining the distinctiveness and stability of each tribe. It reflects God's desire for order and continuity within the community, ensuring that each tribe retains its God-given portion. This principle can inspire believers today to value and preserve the spiritual heritage and gifts God has entrusted to them.

from one tribe to another
The tribes of Israel were more than just family groups; they were divinely ordained entities with specific roles and territories. The prohibition against transferring inheritance between tribes highlights the importance of respecting God's sovereign distribution of land and roles. Historically, this ensured that the tribal boundaries established by God remained intact, preventing disputes and maintaining harmony among the tribes. Spiritually, it reminds us of the unique calling and purpose God has for each individual and community within the body of Christ.

Each tribe of the Israelites
The phrase emphasizes the collective identity of the Israelites as God's chosen people, while also recognizing the individuality of each tribe. The tribes were united under the covenant with God, yet each had its distinct place and function within the nation. This duality of unity and diversity is a powerful reminder of the body of Christ, where believers are one in Christ yet have diverse gifts and callings. It encourages us to celebrate both our unity in faith and our unique contributions to God's kingdom.

shall keep its own inheritance
The command for each tribe to "keep its own inheritance" reinforces the idea of stewardship. The Hebrew word for "keep" is "שָׁמַר" (shamar), meaning to guard, protect, or preserve. This implies an active responsibility to maintain and cherish what God has provided. For the Israelites, it was a call to honor God's provision and to live in a way that reflects His faithfulness. For Christians today, it serves as a reminder to faithfully steward the spiritual and material blessings God has given us, ensuring that they are used for His glory and the advancement of His kingdom.

So the daughters of Zelophehad
The mention of the "daughters of Zelophehad" refers to Mahlah, Noah, Hoglah, Milcah, and Tirzah, who were the daughters of a man from the tribe of Manasseh. Their account is significant as it highlights the progressive nature of God's law in addressing issues of inheritance and women's rights in ancient Israel. In a patriarchal society, their boldness to approach Moses and the leaders for their inheritance rights is a testament to their faith and courage. The Hebrew root for "daughters" (בָּנוֹת, banot) emphasizes their identity and role within their family and community, showcasing the importance of women in God's plan.

did as the LORD had commanded Moses
This phrase underscores the obedience of the daughters to divine instruction. The Hebrew word for "commanded" (צִוָּה, tzivah) implies a direct order or charge, reflecting the authority of God's word. The daughters' compliance with God's command through Moses demonstrates their reverence for divine authority and their willingness to align their actions with God's will. Historically, this obedience ensured the preservation of their family's inheritance within their tribe, maintaining the integrity of tribal boundaries as ordained by God. This act of obedience is inspirational for believers, emphasizing the importance of following God's commands even when societal norms may differ. It serves as a reminder that God's laws are just and designed for the well-being of His people.

Mahlah, Tirzah, Hoglah, Milcah, and Noah
These names represent the five daughters of Zelophehad, who are significant figures in the narrative of Israel's journey to the Promised Land. Their account is a testament to the progressive nature of God's law, as they successfully petitioned for the right to inherit their father's land in the absence of a male heir (Numbers 27:1-11). The mention of their names here underscores their importance and the recognition of women's rights in a patriarchal society. Each name carries its own meaning and significance: Mahlah means "sickness," Tirzah means "delight," Hoglah means "partridge," Milcah means "queen," and Noah means "motion." These meanings reflect the diverse experiences and roles of women in biblical history.

the daughters of Zelophehad
Zelophehad's daughters are a unique example of faith and courage. Their account is a pivotal moment in the biblical narrative, highlighting the importance of justice and equality. In a time when women had limited rights, their boldness in approaching Moses and the leaders of Israel to claim their inheritance is a powerful reminder of God's fairness and the value He places on each individual, regardless of gender. This account also illustrates the adaptability of the Mosaic Law to address new situations, ensuring that justice prevails.

married cousins on their father’s side
This phrase indicates the daughters' compliance with the command given by God to Moses, ensuring that their inheritance remained within their tribe (Numbers 36:6-9). By marrying within their father's family, they preserved the tribal allotment and maintained the integrity of the inheritance system established by God. This decision reflects the importance of family and tribal identity in ancient Israel, as well as the communal responsibility to uphold God's commands. It also demonstrates the balance between individual rights and communal obligations, a theme that resonates throughout the Scriptures.

They married
The Hebrew root for "married" is "לָקַח" (laqach), which means to take or to receive. In the context of ancient Israel, marriage was not only a personal union but also a communal and covenantal act. It was a means of preserving family lineage and inheritance. This phrase highlights the importance of marriage in maintaining the social and spiritual fabric of the Israelite community.

those from the families
The term "families" comes from the Hebrew "מִשְׁפָּחוֹת" (mishpachot), indicating extended family units or clans. In ancient Israel, these family groups were foundational to societal structure, providing identity and support. This phrase underscores the communal nature of Israelite society, where family ties were integral to one's identity and inheritance.

of the descendants of Manasseh
"Descendants" is derived from the Hebrew "בְּנֵי" (benei), meaning sons or children. Manasseh, one of Joseph's sons, was a significant tribe in Israel. This phrase situates the narrative within the broader context of Israel's tribal system, emphasizing the continuity of God's promises to the patriarchs through their descendants.

son of Joseph
Joseph, a key figure in Genesis, is remembered for his faithfulness and leadership. His legacy continued through his sons, Ephraim and Manasseh, who became tribes in Israel. This reference to Joseph connects the narrative to the larger account of God's providence and faithfulness to His people, as seen in Joseph's life.

and their inheritance
The Hebrew word for "inheritance" is "נַחֲלָה" (nachalah), which refers to a possession or heritage. In Israel, land inheritance was a divine gift, a tangible sign of God's covenant with His people. This phrase highlights the sacred nature of inheritance, which was to be preserved within the tribe to maintain the integrity of God's promises.

remained within the tribe
The concept of remaining within the tribe underscores the importance of tribal identity and cohesion. The Hebrew root "שָׁאַר" (sha'ar) means to remain or to be left. This phrase emphasizes the necessity of keeping inheritances within the tribe to ensure the stability and continuity of the tribal system established by God.

of their father’s clan
The term "clan" is "מִשְׁפָּחָה" (mishpachah) in Hebrew, similar to "families." It refers to a subgroup within a tribe, often consisting of several extended families. This phrase highlights the patriarchal structure of Israelite society, where the father's lineage determined one's place and inheritance within the community.

These are the commandments and ordinances
This phrase underscores the divine authority and comprehensive nature of the laws given to the Israelites. The Hebrew words for "commandments" (מִצְוֹת, mitzvot) and "ordinances" (חֻקִּים, chukim) reflect a dual aspect of God's law: mitzvot often refer to specific commands, while chukim can imply decrees that may not be fully understood by human reasoning. This highlights the importance of obedience to God's will, even when His reasons are beyond human comprehension. Historically, these laws were foundational for the community's identity and cohesion, setting them apart as God's chosen people.

that the LORD gave
The phrase emphasizes the divine origin of the laws. The Hebrew name for God used here is YHWH (יהוה), often rendered as "LORD" in English translations. This name signifies God's eternal, self-existent nature and His covenant relationship with Israel. The giving of the law is an act of grace, as it provides guidance and structure for living in a way that pleases God. It also reflects God's desire for a personal relationship with His people, as He directly communicates His will to them.

the Israelites
This term refers to the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel, who became the twelve tribes of the nation. The Israelites were chosen by God to be a holy nation and a kingdom of priests (Exodus 19:6). Their identity was deeply tied to their covenant relationship with God, and the laws given to them were meant to set them apart from other nations. Historically, the Israelites' journey and experiences, including receiving the law, were pivotal in shaping their national and spiritual identity.

through Moses
Moses is a central figure in the Old Testament, serving as the mediator between God and the Israelites. His role as a prophet and leader is crucial, as he faithfully conveys God's commandments to the people. The phrase "through Moses" highlights the importance of leadership and obedience in the community of faith. Moses' life and ministry exemplify humility and dedication to God's purposes, serving as an inspiration for believers to follow God's calling with perseverance and faithfulness.

on the plains of Moab
This geographical reference situates the events in a specific historical and physical context. The plains of Moab were located east of the Jordan River, near the Promised Land. This setting is significant as it represents a transitional phase for the Israelites, who were on the brink of entering the land God had promised to their ancestors. The plains of Moab serve as a place of preparation and instruction, where the Israelites receive final teachings and reminders of God's covenant before crossing into Canaan.

by the Jordan
The Jordan River is a prominent geographical feature in the biblical narrative, symbolizing transition and new beginnings. For the Israelites, it represented the boundary between their wilderness wanderings and the fulfillment of God's promise to give them a land of their own. The mention of the Jordan here underscores the imminence of entering the Promised Land and the importance of adhering to God's commandments as they prepare to establish themselves in a new territory.

across from Jericho
Jericho is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world and holds significant archaeological and historical importance. In the biblical narrative, it is the first city conquered by the Israelites in the Promised Land, symbolizing the beginning of God's fulfillment of His promises to Israel. The mention of Jericho in this verse serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness and the victories that await those who trust and obey Him. It also foreshadows the challenges and triumphs the Israelites will face as they take possession of the land.